CINXE.COM

More Superstorm Sandys In Our Future? | Green Science | Learn Science at Scitable

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> <head> <script src="https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/consent-bundle-8-latest.js"></script> <title>More Superstorm Sandys In Our Future? | Green Science | Learn Science at Scitable</title> <meta name="title" content="More Superstorm Sandys In Our Future? | Green Science" /> <meta name="keywords" content="More Superstorm Sandys In Our Future?, Green Science" /> <meta name="description" content="Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE ." /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var initScriptsList = ["", "/natedjsp/scripts/commonScripts.jsp", "/natedjsp/empty.jsp", "/natedjsp/scripts/blogMainPageScript.jsp"]; var jsLoadMethod = "blogMainPage"; </script> <script data-cc-script="C04" data-src="/scitable/nated/natedjsp/scripts/jqueryAjaxScripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <link href="/scitable/nated/natedjsp/scripts/commonStylesEmbeddedFonts.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/scitable/nated/natedjsp/scripts/commonStyles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <meta name="WT.cg_n" content="Scitable" /> <meta name="WT.cg_s" content="Blogs" /> <meta name="WT.z_cg_cat" content="Green Science" /> <meta name="WT.z_cg_topic" content="More Superstorm Sandys In Our Future?" /> <meta name="WT.z_cg_level" content="" /> <style type="text/css">#right_Nav_header {display:none;}</style><script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04">function openPageLink(B){var A=document.getElementById(B).value;if(A!=""){location.href=A}}</script></head> <body class="specific-scitable"><p style="background-color: #333; color: #fff; text-align: center; padding: 10px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #000">This page has been archived and is no longer updated</p> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> $(document).ready(function() { if(document.getElementById('facebookLink')!=null){ var replacements = new Array(); replacements[0] = '/'; replacements[1] = '%2F'; var fjs = document.getElementById('facebookLink'); var locationHref = replaceall(location.href,replacements); replacements[0] = ':'; replacements[1] = '%3A'; locationHref = replaceall(locationHref,replacements) fjs.src = fjs.src.replace('link',locationHref); } }); function replaceall( str, replacements ) { if(str=='' || str==null || str==undefined) { return ''; } var idx = str.indexOf( replacements[0] ); while ( idx > -1 ) { str = str.replace( replacements[0], replacements[1] ); idx = str.indexOf( replacements[0] ); } return str; } var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot('/285/scitable.nature.com', 'div-gpt-ad-1424104525371-0-oop').addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting("test","oao"); googletag.defineSlot('/285/scitable.nature.com', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1403213733612-1').addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting("test","oao"); googletag.defineSlot('/285/scitable.nature.com', [160, 600], 'div-gpt-ad-1403213733612-2').addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting("test","oao"); googletag.enableServices(); }); googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot('/285/scitable.nature.com', 'div-gpt-ad-1424104525371-0-oop').addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting("test","oao"); googletag.defineSlot('/285/scitable.nature.com', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1403213733612-1').addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting("test","oao"); googletag.defineSlot('/285/scitable.nature.com', [160, 600], 'div-gpt-ad-1403213733612-2').addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting("test","oao"); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <div class="liveArea noBackground"> <div class="w150 fleft">&nbsp;</div> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1403213733612-1' class="fleft"> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1403213733612-1'); }); </script> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div id="container" class="liveArea box dropshadowSctbl"> <div id="header" class="header"></div> <div class="liveAreaCenter"> <div id="centerContent" class="centerContent"> <div class="blogHeaderMarketting marginbot20px"> <a id="green-science" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science"> <img alt="Green Science" src="/scitable/profileimage/blog-images/180726/1296054040051_blogHeader_GreenSci.jpg"/> </a> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="clearfix hideForPrint"> <div class="fright"> <div class="clearfix w210"> <a class="fright inlineLinks padleft3px" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/entries/rss"> <img class="nomargin borderNone padtop3px" id="forumTopicRssImg" name="forumTopicRssImg" width="17px" height="16px" src="/scitable/natedimages/feed-icon-12.gif" alt="Subscribe To Scitable Forum Topic" title="RSS Feed"/> </a> <div class="fright padleft3px"> <a rel="nofollow" id="redditShareLink" href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=" onClick="shareWithReddit();return false;"><img class="nomargin borderNone pad2px" title="Share Using Reddit" src="/scitable/natedimages/reddit-share-icon.png"/></a> </div> <div class="fright padleft3px"> <a rel="nofollow" id="stumbleUponLink" href="#" onClick="shareWithStubmleUpon();return false;"><img class="nomargin borderNone pad2px" title="StumbleUpon" src="/scitable/natedimages/stumbleupon.png"/></a> </div> <div class="fright padleft3px"> <a rel="nofollow" id="googlePlusLink" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=" onClick="shareWithGooglePlus();return false;"><img class="nomargin borderNone pad2px" title="Share with Google+" src="/scitable/natedimages/gplus-16.png"/></a> </div> <div class="fright padleft3px"> <a id="twitterShareLnk" href="http://twitter.com/share?url=" onClick="normalShareWithTwitter();return false;"><img class="nomargin borderNone pad2px" title="Share with Twitter" src="/scitable/natedimages/icon-twitter.jpg"/></a> </div> <div class="fright padleft3px"> <a id="faceBookShareLnk" href="http://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=" onClick="normalShareWithFaceBook();return false;"><img class="nomargin borderNone pad2px" title="Share with Facebook" src="/scitable/natedimages/icon-facebook.jpg" /></a> </div> <div class="fright padleft3px"> <a title="Email" alt="Email" id="shareEMailSplashAnc" name="shareEMailSplashAnc" href="#" onClick="sendMailToShare('lnkLBMdlLIID', event);hideShareLB();return false;"><img class="nomargin borderNone pad2px" src="/scitable/natedimages/email_icon.gif" alt="Email" /></a> </div> <div class="fright padleft3px"> <a href="javascript:printBlogPostPage()"><img title="Print" class="nomargin borderNone pad2px" src="/scitable/natedimages/print_15.gif"/></a> </div> <div class="fright padleft3px"> <a id="bookmarkTRArtt" name="bookmarkTRArtt" onclick="addBlogToLocker(); return false;" href="#" onmouseover="return displayOnMouseOverText(this);" title="Bookmark"><img title="Bookmark" class="nomargin borderNone pad2px" src="/scitable/natedimages/icon_bookmark.gif"/></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="marginbot20px fontSizeChange" id="fontSizeChange"> <div class="botbordergrey padbot2px"> <div class="fleft bold"> <span class="marginright5px bold">May 26, 2013</span> <span class="marginright5px">|</span> <span class="bold">By:&nbsp;</span> <span class="bold">Samantha Jakuboski</span> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="fright padtop15px hideForPrint"> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize11')"><span id="sizeNo1" class="px11 mousePointerHand lh22">Aa</span></a> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize15')"><span id="sizeNo2" class="px15 mousePointerHand lh22">Aa</span></a> <a class="padright10px" href="javascript:resizeFontScitable('fontSize20')"><span id="sizeNo3" class="mousePointerHand lh22 px20">Aa</span></a> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div id="blogParas" class="botbordergrey padbot4px clearfix margintopn34px "> <h1 id="blogTitle" class="nomargin h2Style fleft w600 padtop5px">More Superstorm Sandys In Our Future?</h1> <div class="articleContent"> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="contentSection"> <div class="sectionParas"> <p class="px13 nomargin"> <div id="orgCntNew"> <div id="trOutLine"></div> <div id="mainCntArtPageDivRedesign"> <p><div class="imageSet Left marginright10px"><div><img alt="" align="left" mce_src="content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/103761752/hurr.jpg" src="http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/103761752/hurr.jpg"></div></div> </p><p>As Superstorm Sandy demonstrated last October, the impact of global warming on Earth's weather and storms is REAL, and it's effects pose an enormous safety threat to people all over. If you thought that Hurricane Sandy was an unusual and rare "freak storm," think again, because pretty soon, the magnitude and power of Sandy might just become the norm for future hurricanes. On May 23, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="http://www.noaa.gov/index.html" mce_href="http://www.noaa.gov/index.html" nated_pk="http://www.noaa.gov/index.html">NOAA</a>) <a href="http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2013/20130523_hurricaneoutlook_atlantic.html">announced</a> that the 2013 Atlantic Hurricane season, beginning on June 1, will bring us "active or extremely active" hurricanes. </p> <p> </p> <p>Normally, the Atlantic is hit with an average of twelve storms per season, with winds of 39 mph or higher. However, according to the NOAA outlook, there is a <a href="http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2013/20130523_hurricaneoutlook_atlantic.html">70%</a> chance that the Atlantic will experience an increase in this number, and that instead of twelve storms, we can experience up to <b>20 storms. </b>In addition, NOAA predicted that up to eleven of these storms will develop into hurricanes, with winds of 74 mph, and that <b>six</b> of these can develop into <b>major </b>hurricanes, with winds greater than 111 mph. Compared to the seasonal average of three major hurricanes, this is a 100% increase, and will cause twice as much damage. If these statistics unfold as predicted, the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season could be very harsh and severe. Who wants to live through another Hurricane Sandy? Just thinking about this makes me anxious and apprehensive. </p> <p><b> </b></p> <p><b> </b></p> <p><b>What is causing this increase in high-activity hurricanes?</b></p> <p><b> </b></p> <p> To understand the answer to this question, you first need to know how hurricanes form. In order for a hurricane to form, the presence of <a href="http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/hurricanes/">warm, moist air</a> is required, which comes from, you named it, warm oceans. As the moist air evaporates and rises rapidly, it creates low air pressure below. Air from high-pressure areas then begins to move into the low-pressure area, where it, too, becomes moist and warm, and eventually evaporates. While the risen air expands and cools off, it forms clouds, due to its high moisture content. This cycle continues, and eventually, a fast swirling mass of moving air forms. However, once a hurricane hits land, it gradually looses its power, due to the fact that it is no longer accessible to its source of power: the warm ocean. </p> <p><b> </b></p> <p> Because a hurricane depends on warm, moist air, when the ocean temperature rises, it gives the storm more energy. This year, the Atlantic Ocean temperature is <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/05/130523-2013-hurricane-forecast-noaa-sandy-prediction-weather-science/">eight-tenths</a> of a degree Fahrenheit greater than the normal temperature for this time of the year. Due to this increase, hurricanes will be able to harness more warm, moist air, and in turn, have more power.</p> <p> </p> <p> According to NOAA, however, warmer water temperatures are not the only factor that will lead to a higher activity of hurricanes this season. A "strong west African monsoon" is held accountable, along with the lack of El Nino. The African monsoon will provide more energy to the hurricanes, and due to the lack of El Nino, which is normally responsible for strong winds that help suppress a hurricane's formation, hurricanes will be more likely to form. </p> <p><b> </b></p> <p> <div class="imageSet Left marginright10px"><div><img alt="" align="left" mce_src="content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/103760019/end.jpg" src="http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/103760019/end.jpg"></div></div>In last November's post about Superstorm Sandy, I tired to hammer down the point that the destruction caused by Sandy was an omen for future high-activity storms, and that it should be a <a href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/hurricane_sandy_wakeup_call">wakeup call</a> for people to learn more about global warming and the impact it has on our daily lives. NOAA's recent outlook further invalidates the notion that global warming is just some abstract idea, so it is time that we stop ignoring the elephant in the room and take action. Although we cannot go back and change the past, we can move forward and become more conscious of our actions and our effect on the planet. By reducing our <a href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/whats_your_carbon_shoe_size">carbon footprint</a> and by spreading awareness, we can make a difference and protect the planet we call home. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p><p> </p><p>Picture Credits:</p> <p>350.org (via <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/350org/8132412591/">flickr</a>) </p> <p>Rob Wiliams (via <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/orangejack/157613524/">flickr</a>) </p> <p>Sources:</p><p>"<a href="http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/hurricanes/">How do hurricanes form</a>" NASA</p><p> "<a href="http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2013/20130523_hurricaneoutlook_atlantic.html">NOAA predicts active 2013 Atlantic hurricane season</a>" <i>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration </i>May 23, 2013</p><p>Willie Drye <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/05/130523-2013-hurricane-forecast-noaa-sandy-prediction-weather-science/">"Improved Forecasting Will Help Track Hurricane Season"</a> <i>National Geographic News </i>May 23, 2013</p><p> </p> <br/><p> </p> <p> </p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"><div class="fright inlineForPrintRightComment"><span class="bold marginright5px">5&nbsp;Comments</span> </div></div> <div class="cleartboth"></div> </div> <div class="comments marginbot25px" id="commentsId"> <div class="barcolor margintop1px marginbot17px h20 padleft10px clearfix"> <img class="padtop1px fleft" alt="Comments" title="Comments" src="/scitable/natedimages/blogcomments.gif"/> </div> <div class="padbot10px padleft10px botbordergreydotted marginbot10px fontSizeChange"> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fleft bold inlineForPrint">June 12, 2013 | 04:14 PM</div> <div class="fright inlineForPrintRight"> <span class="bold">Posted By:&nbsp;</span> <span class="bold">Samantha Jakuboski</span> </div> </div> <div> Yesterday, Mayor Bloomberg announced a new $19.5 billion plan to make a &#8220;stronger, more resilient New York&#8221; when it comes to future storms. The plan calls for the construction of levees, sand dunes, storm barriers, and other initiatives to protect against storm surges. This plan is just what New York City needs, so hopefully, it is put into action and influences other cities and states to follow up with similar protection strategies. <br/> <br/>http://www.nyc.gov/html/sirr/html/report/report.shtml <br/> <br/>http://www.nyc.gov/html/sirr/downloads/pdf/final_report/Ch3_Coastal_FINAL_print_spreads.pdf <br/> <br/>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130612-sea-level-rise-new-york-bloomberg-sandy-climate-change-science/ <br/> </div> </div> <div class="padbot10px padleft10px botbordergreydotted marginbot10px fontSizeChange"> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fleft bold inlineForPrint">June 09, 2013 | 09:20 PM</div> <div class="fright inlineForPrintRight"> <span class="bold">Posted By:&nbsp;</span> <span class="bold">Samantha Jakuboski</span> </div> </div> <div> Sources: <br/> <br/>http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-to-protect-new-york-city-from-storm-surges&page=2 <br/>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/storm-surges-cities.html <br/> </div> </div> <div class="padbot10px padleft10px botbordergreydotted marginbot10px fontSizeChange"> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fleft bold inlineForPrint">June 09, 2013 | 09:20 PM</div> <div class="fright inlineForPrintRight"> <span class="bold">Posted By:&nbsp;</span> <span class="bold">Samantha Jakuboski</span> </div> </div> <div> Unless we build develop some type of flood control, such as the dikes built in the Netherlands, we will be unprepared for the next inevitable storm. There are many ideas on paper- including tidal barriers, sea walls, and other manmade barriers- but unless we act soon and actually implement some of these proposed construction plans, we are absolutely not ready to cope with another storm of Sandy's magnitude. We truly need to take action before it is too late and another storm hits us. Yes, these projects will cost millions, if not billions, of dollars to construct and run, but it is worth it! Preparation and promptness is key, and if we thought that Hurricane Sandy was a disaster, we are in for a rude awakening. Future storms WILL cause equal, if not greater floods than the ones produced by Sandy, and they will be just as destructive, as predicted by NOAA. This problem is one shared by most of the coastal areas, and I hope that a solution can be agreed upon soon. </div> </div> <div class="padbot10px padleft10px botbordergreydotted marginbot10px fontSizeChange"> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fleft bold inlineForPrint">June 09, 2013 | 09:19 PM</div> <div class="fright inlineForPrintRight"> <span class="bold">Posted By:&nbsp;</span> <span class="bold">Samantha Jakuboski</span> </div> </div> <div> Thanks for your comment, Ilona! To answer your question, our cities are definitely NOT ready for another Superstorm. New York City, in particular, is especially vulnerable to such storms and storm surges, due to the fact that it has more than 500 miles of coastline, and many areas of the city are low-lying. As a resident of NYC, I saw firsthand the damage and destruction that Sandy brought about the city, and it was truly horrific. The tunnels and subways were submersed under water, Lower Manhattan was completely flooded, and many people were without power for weeks. My father&#8217;s office building in Lower Manhattan had four subbasements full of water, and the lobby in his building had five feet of water! Even after eight months have passed since the storm, the building is still not fully reconstructed, and this goes for many more buildings in the area! </div> </div> <div class="padleft10px fontSizeChange"> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fleft bold inlineForPrint">May 28, 2013 | 03:18 PM</div> <div class="fright inlineForPrintRight"> <span class="bold">Posted By:&nbsp;</span> <span class="bold">Ilona Miko</span> </div> </div> <div> Wow. Thanks for explaining how a difference of EIGHT TENTHS of a degree can have enormous effects. Also interesting how the lack of El Nino in western North America creates an opening for stronger weather in the eastern North America. Are our cities ready? What about non-urban coastal areas? </div> </div> </div> <div> <input type="hidden" name="weblogEntryId" id="weblogEntryId" value="206622"> <input type="hidden" name="weblogHandle" id="weblogHandle" value="180726"> <input type="hidden" name="weblogEntryAnchor" id="weblogEntryAnchor" value="mor_superstorm_sandys_in_our"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="weblogEntryId" id="weblogEntryId" value="206622"> <input type="hidden" name="weblogHandle" id="weblogHandle" value="180726"> <input type="hidden" name="weblogEntryAnchor" id="weblogEntryAnchor" value="mor_superstorm_sandys_in_our"> <input type="hidden" name="commentPosted" id="commentPosted" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="commentAuthenticated" id="commentAuthenticated" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="isPreview" id="isPreview" value="" /> <div id="shareWIthOthers" class="shareBox"> <div class="edge padleft90px"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/pointedge.gif" alt="" /></div> <div class="bordergrey hideForPrint"> <div class="clearfix bgTan marginbot10px" style="*margin-bottom:0px!important;"> <h2 class="fleft upper">share</h2> <a href="#" class="inlineLinks fright" onclick="hideShareLB();return false;">Close</a> </div> <ul class="nolistType marginleft10px marginright10px dispblock"> <li class="clearfix marginbot5px"><span class="fleft"><img class="h16 w16" src="/scitable/natedimages/digg.gif" alt="Digg" /></span><span class="fleft marginleft10px padtop2px"><a id="diggLink" href="http://digg.com/submit?url=" onClick="shareWithDiggLink();return false;">Digg</a></span></li> <li class="clearfix marginbot5px"><span class="fleft"><img class="h16 w16" src="/scitable/natedimages/myspace_logo.gif" alt="MySpace" /></span><span class="fleft marginleft10px padtop2px"><a id="myspaceLink" href="http://www.myspace.com/Modules/PostTo/Pages/?t=" onClick="shareWithMySpaceLink();return false;">MySpace</a></span></li> <li class="clearfix marginbot5px"><span class="fleft"><img class="h16 w16" src="/scitable/natedimages/gplus-16.png" alt="Google Plus+" /></span><span class="fleft marginleft10px padtop2px"><a rel="nofollow" id="googlePlusLink" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=" onclick="shareWithGooglePlus();return false;">Google+</a></span></li> <li class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <span class="fleft"> <iframe id="facebookLink" src="//www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=link&amp;send=false&amp;layout=button_count&amp;width=108&amp;show_faces=true&amp;font=lucida+grande&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;action=like&amp;height=21" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border:none; overflow:hidden; width:108px; height:21px;" allowTransparency="true"></iframe> </span> </li> <li class="clearfix marginbot5px"><span class="fleft"><img class="h16 w16" src="/scitable/natedimages/stumbleupon.png" alt="StumbleUpon"/></span><span class="fleft marginleft7px padtop2px"><a href="#" onClick="shareWithStubmleUpon();return false;">StumbleUpon</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="fadeShareWIthOthers" class="share_overlay"></div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="clearfix hideForPrint"> <div id="lightShareEmailFrnd" class="lightBoxPopup_contactus lightbox_popup_shareEmailFrnd nopad"> <h2 class="nomargin">Email your Friend</h2> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="padleft10px padright10px padtop10px"> <form id="shareEmailFrndFrm" class="" onsubmit="return false;"> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="fleft"> <label class="upper dispblock textalignleft w170"> <span class="fleft bold">Your First Name</span> <span class="mandatory fright">*</span> <div class="clear"></div> </label> <input id="usrFstNameShareEmailFrnd" class="w170 nomargin h20 text bgSearchGrey" type="text" value="" maxlength="50" name="usrFstNameShareEmailFrnd" readonly=""/> </div> <div class="fleft marginleft5px"> <label class="w170 upper dispblock textalignleft clearfix"> <span class="fleft bold">Your Last Name</span> <span class="mandatory fright">*</span> <div class="clear"></div> </label> <input id="usrLstNameShareEmailFrnd" class="w170 nomargin h20 text bgSearchGrey" type="text" value="" maxlength="50" name="usrLstNameShareEmailFrnd" readonly=""/> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="fleft clearfix marginbot5px"> <label class="w350 upper dispblock textalignleft"> <span class="fleft bold">Your Email Address</span> <span class="mandatory fright">*</span> </label> <input id="mailShareEmailFrndMine" class="w350 nomargin h20 text bgSearchGrey" type="text" value="" maxlength="50" name="mailShareEmailFrndMine"/> </div> <div class="clear nomargin"></div> <div class="fleft clearfix marginbot5px"> <label class="w350 upper dispblock textalignleft"> <span class="fleft bold">Your Friend's Email address</span> <span class="mandatory fright">*</span> </label> <input id="mailShareEmailFrnd" class="w350 nomargin h20 text bgSearchGrey" type="text" value="" maxlength="50" name="mailShareEmailFrnd"/> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="fleft clearfix"> <label class="upper dispblock textalignleft w350"><span class="fleft bold">Your Message</span><span class="mandatory fright">*</span></label> <textarea id="commentShareEmailFrnd" class="h120 w350 bgSearchGrey nomargin" name="commentShareEmailFrnd"></textarea> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="w360 marginbot10px"> <div id="viewButtonpanel" class="fleft"> <a id="loadCMNT" class="inlineLinks" onclick="this.blur(); sendShareEmailFrnd(''); return false;" href="#loadCMNT">Submit</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a id="viewRC" class="inlineLinks" onclick="hideSendMailToShare(); return false;" href="#">Cancel</a> </div> <div class="fright"> <span class="mandatory">*</span> Required </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="fadeShareEmailFrnd" class="transparent_lightbox_overlay"></div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="leftRail blogLeftRail"> <div class="leftRailContent borderNone marginbot10px"> <img title="Blogger Profiles" alt="Blogger Profiles" src="/scitable/profileimage/blog-images/180726/1437494307687_1414175628808_blog_img_leftail_GreenScienceREVISED8.jpg"/> </div> <div class="leftRailContent"> <div id="leftBlog" class="lrContentHead"> <img src="/scitable/natedimages/recent_posts.gif" alt="Recent Posts" title="Recent Posts" /> </div> <div id="blogs-tab-content" class="view-discuss-blog-content"> <ul class="vertIndentList"> <div id="leftBlogPage_1"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/i_leave_and_heave_a_235132'> <b>September 16, 2016</b><br/> I leave and heave a sigh and say goodbye </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/whats_in_your_mattress_part_228632'> <b>September 01, 2015</b><br/> What's in YOUR Mattress? Part II: Flame Prevent... </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/whats_in_your_mattress_part'> <b>July 25, 2015</b><br/> What's in Your Mattress? Part I </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/an_oped_why_we_should'> <b>June 30, 2015</b><br/> Message to My Fellow New Yorkers: Why You Shoul... </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_2" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/stylish_tips_for_staying_in'> <b>April 23, 2015</b><br/> Samm's Savvy Sun Protection Tips </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/dangers_of_the_sun'> <b>March 20, 2015</b><br/> Dangers of the Sun </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/new_york_city_carbon_challenge_223991'> <b>January 13, 2015</b><br/> New York City Carbon Challenge </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/what_you_need_to_know_222245'> <b>October 16, 2014</b><br/> What You Need to Know about the EBOLA OUTBREAK ... </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_3" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/broadway_green_alliance_making_the'> <b>July 24, 2014</b><br/> Making the World a Greener Place, One Broadway ... </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/global_warming_favors_lightcolored_insects'> <b>May 30, 2014</b><br/> Global Warming Favors Light-Colored Insects </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/predicting_the_next_epidemic_outbreak'> <b>February 23, 2014</b><br/> Predicting the Next Epidemic Outbreak </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/the_impact_of_asian_air'> <b>January 23, 2014</b><br/> The Impact of Asian Air Pollution On The World&... </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_4" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/my_unique_stress_reliever'> <b>December 11, 2013</b><br/> My Unique Stress Reliever </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/global_warming_will_continue_even'> <b>November 26, 2013</b><br/> Global Warming Will Continue for Centuries to Come </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/disposing_of_syria8217s_chemical_weapons'> <b>September 30, 2013</b><br/> UN Resolution To Dispose Of Syria&#8217;s Chemi... </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/are_you_hotheaded_blame_global'> <b>August 24, 2013</b><br/> Are You Hotheaded? Blame Global Warming. </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_5" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/heat_wave_health_effects'> <b>July 20, 2013</b><br/> Heat Wave Health Hazards </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/global_crisis_honeybee_population_on'> <b>June 24, 2013</b><br/> Global Crisis: Honeybee Population on the Decline </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/mor_superstorm_sandys_in_our'> <b>May 26, 2013</b><br/> More Superstorm Sandys In Our Future? </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/scienceseeker_award_finalist'> <b>May 16, 2013</b><br/> ScienceSeeker Award Finalist! </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_6" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/scienceonlineteen'> <b>April 10, 2013</b><br/> ScienceOnlineTeen! </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/unforeseen_meteor_explodes_over_russia'> <b>February 16, 2013</b><br/> Unforeseen Meteor Explodes Over Russia </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/my_new_years_resolutions'> <b>January 03, 2013</b><br/> My New Year's Resolutions </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/hurricane_sandy_wakeup_call'> <b>November 11, 2012</b><br/> Hurricane Sandy Wakeup Call </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_7" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/butterflies'> <b>September 29, 2012</b><br/> Butterfly Range Shifts Are A Sign Of Global War... </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/pesky_pollution'> <b>June 25, 2012</b><br/> Perilous Pollution </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/deforestation_and_global_warming'> <b>May 19, 2012</b><br/> Deforestation and Global Warming </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/air_pollution_and_obesity'> <b>April 21, 2012</b><br/> Air Pollution and Childhood Obesity </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_8" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/a_croak_is_worth_a'> <b>March 18, 2012</b><br/> A Croak is Worth a Thousand Words, or in this C... </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/smart_stripes'> <b>February 11, 2012</b><br/> Smart Stripes </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/scienceonline2012'> <b>January 14, 2012</b><br/> ScienceOnline2012 </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/siku_the_new_celebrity_of'> <b>December 27, 2011</b><br/> Siku- The New Celebrity of the Animal Kingdom </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_9" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/be_merry_be_jolly_be'> <b>December 13, 2011</b><br/> Be Merry, Be Jolly, Be Resourceful </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/airlifting_rhinos_to_a_new'> <b>November 17, 2011</b><br/> Airlifting Rhinos to a new Safe Haven </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/environmental_club'> <b>October 11, 2011</b><br/> Environmental Club! </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/shop_smart_and_go_green'> <b>August 27, 2011</b><br/> Shop Smart and Go Green! </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_10" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/the_dangers_of_pesticides'> <b>July 25, 2011</b><br/> The Dangers of Pesticides </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/caution_giant_hogweed_might_be'> <b>July 17, 2011</b><br/> CAUTION: Giant Hogweed might be growing in your... </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/the_link_between_pollution_and'> <b>June 12, 2011</b><br/> The Link Between Pollution and Asthma </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/global_warming_extinction_of_polar'> <b>May 09, 2011</b><br/> The Death of Knut. Also will Global Warming cau... </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_11" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/happy_birthday_planet_earth'> <b>April 20, 2011</b><br/> Happy Birthday Planet Earth!! </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/the_march_11_2011_tsunami'> <b>April 12, 2011</b><br/> The March 11 Cataclysms and the effects on the ... </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/evolution_right_before_our_eyes'> <b>March 16, 2011</b><br/> Evolution Right Before our Eyes </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/toxic_rain_the_effect_of'> <b>February 28, 2011</b><br/> Toxic Rain: The Effect of Acid Rain on the Envi... </a> </li> </div> <div id="leftBlogPage_12" style="display:none"> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/garbage_dump_in_the_middle'> <b>February 25, 2011</b><br/> Garbage Dump in the Middle of the Pacific Ocean </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/whats_your_carbon_shoe_size'> <b>February 12, 2011</b><br/> What's Your Carbon Shoe Size? </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/snow_of_the_century_could'> <b>February 03, 2011</b><br/> Snow of the Century! Could Global Warming reall... </a> </li> <li> <a href='http://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/welcome_to_green_science'> <b>January 27, 2011</b><br/> Welcome to Green Science! </a> </li> </div> </ul> <br/> <span class="inlineLinks fleft w158"> <input type="hidden" id="currentPageNumberBlog" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" id="totalPageNumberBlog" value="12"/> <span id="prevBlogAct" class="fleft padleft5px" style="display:none"> <a id="firstLatestBlogs1" class="" href="javascript:showFirstLatestBlogs();"> &laquo;</a> <a id="prevBlogs1" class="" href="javascript:showPrevLatestBlogs()">Prev</a> </span> <span id="prevBlogInAct" class="fleft padleft5px"> <span id="firstLatestBlogs2" class="inlineLinksDisabled"> &laquo;</span> <span id="prevBlogs2" class="inlineLinksDisabled">Prev</span> </span> <span id="nextBlogAct" class="fright"> <a id="nextBlogs1" class="" href="javascript:showNextLatestBlogs()">Next</a> <a id="lastLatestBlogs1" class="" href="javascript:showLastLatestBlogs();">&raquo;</a> </span> <span id="nextBlogInAct" class="fright" style="display:none"> <span id="nextBlogs2" class="inlineLinksDisabled">Next</span> <span id="lastLatestBlogs2" class="inlineLinksDisabled">&raquo;</span> </span> </span> <div class="clear"></div> <input type="hidden" id="blogEntriesLoaded"/> </div> </div> <br class="clear hide"/> <div class="leftRailContent" id="leftDashboardPlaceID" style="display:none"> <div class="lrContentHead"> <img src="/scitable/natedimages/updateLR.gif" alt="Updates"> </div> <div> <div class="horzAlignCenter padleft10px" id="leftDashboardID"> <img src="/scitable/natedimages/ajaxLoader.gif" class="padleft10px"> <span class="padleft10px bold customContentRestHdr">Loading ...</span> <br/><br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="leftRailContent"> <div class="lrContentHead communityHead"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/connect.gif" alt="Connect" /></div> <div class=""> <img src="/scitable/natedimages/connectLeftRailImg.gif" alt="Connect" usemap="#leftRailConnect" /> <map id="Connect" name="leftRailConnect"> <area shape="rect" coords="66,66,98,86" href="#" id="SendCommonMessage" name="SendCommonMessage" onClick="signInToSendCommonMessage(event);" title="Send a message" alt="Send a message" /> </map> </div> </div> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1403213733612-2'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1403213733612-2'); }); </script> </div> <br class="clear hide"/> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="footer" id="footer"> <div class="footerContent"> <div class="repeatTopNav clearfix"> <div id="fbAutoSharePopup" style="left:0px;width:208px;display:none;" class="articlePageTOCForAuthoringBottom articlePageTOCForAuthoringIE7Bottom"> <div class="borderGrey pad5px clearfix" style="background:#A6B19D !important"> <span class="fleft bold px15 whitefont">LearnCast</span> </div> <div class="bgGreyIMP pad5px"> <div id="toBeShared_FB"> You have authorized LearnCasting of your reading list in Scitable. Do you want to LearnCast this session?<br/> <div class="clearfix pad5px padleft40px"> <div class="bordergrey fleft w20 textaligncenter bgcolorcyan"><a href="javascript:shareWithFBValidator()" class="inlineLinks padright2px">Yes</a></div> <div class="bordergrey fleft w20 textaligncenter bgcolorcyan"><a href="javascript:minimizeAutoShareFBWin()" class="inlineLinks padleft2px">No</a></div> </div> </div> <div id="shrd_FB"> This article has been posted to your Facebook page via Scitable LearnCast. <div class="clearfix pad5px"> <div class="bordergrey fleft w40 textaligncenter bgcolorcyan fright"><a href="javascript:minimizeAutoShareFBWin()" class="inlineLinks padleft2px">Close</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clear borderbottom nopad nomargin h5 marginbot2px">&nbsp;</div> <div class="fright"><a class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/my-profile/social-settings">Change LearnCast Settings</a></div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> <p class="copyright" id="copyRightFooter">&#169; 2014 Nature Education</p> <ul class="fright nolistType marginright10px"> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable/about' >About</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable/contact'>Contact</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable/pressnews' >Press Room</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable/sponsors'>Sponsors</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable/viewTermsOfUse'>Terms of Use</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable/privacyPolicy'>Privacy Notice</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable/glossary'>Glossary</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable/library'>Catalog</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable' >Home</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href='/scitable/topics' >Library</a><span class="padleft4px colorBlack">|</span></li> <li class="dispInline"><a href="/scitable/blogs" >Blogs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="lightPPLSearchMdata" class="lightBoxPopup searchSiteContentLB" style="left:12%;top:15%;z-index:11006;"></div> <div id="fadePPLSearchMdata" class="transparent_lightbox_overlay overlayImageSearch"></div> <div id="sendCommonmessageLight" class="lightBoxPopup lightbox_popup_authorContKeywords LBWidthAdjust pad5px" style="overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div id="sendCommonmessageFade" class="transparent_lightbox_overlay"></div> <div class="clear"></div> <input type="hidden" name="chatEnabled" id="chatEnabled" value="N" /> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="cleartboth"> <div id="chatbox" class="lightBoxPopup lightbox_popup_chat jqDnR" style="display:none;overflow:hidden;" onmousemove="stopBlink()"> <div id="dragId" style="background:#e0e0e0" class="clearfix padright5px padtop2px"> <a name="chatTop"><input type="hidden"/></a><span class="fleft upper bold padleft5px">Scitable Chat</span> <ul class="noListType nomargin fright"> <li onclick ="javascript:WindowSizeChage('min')" class="dispInline marginright2px"><img alt="Minimize" title="Minimize" src="/scitable/natedimages/chat_min.gif" height="16"/></li> <li onclick ="WindowSizeChage('res')" class="dispInline marginright2px"><img alt="Restore" title="Restore" src="/scitable/natedimages/chat_restore.gif" height="16"/></li> <li onclick="javascript:closeChatbox()" class="dispInline marginright2px"><img alt="close" title="close" src="/scitable/natedimages/close_31.gif" height="16"/></li> </ul> </div> <div class="chatbody"> <div class="cleartboth"></div> <div class="navcontainer_search h50"> <ul id="navtab_search_chat" class="chatTabs"></ul> </div> <div class="cleartboth"></div> <div id="chatWin"> <input id="msg-to-input-id" type="hidden"/> <dl id="msg-chat-area" class="chatbox" style="overflow:auto;height:150px;"><dt></dt></dl> <br class="cleartboth"/> <hr/> <div class="msgBox clearfix"> <div class="fleft w85p"><textarea id="msg-type-area" class="typeAreaInput h20 marginbot0px" onkeypress="return sendChatText(event);" rows="1" cols=""></textarea></div> <a class="marginleft2px fright padtop16px" href="#" onclick="return Messaging.sendChat(13);"><img alt="Send" title="Send" src="/scitable/natedimages/send.jpg"/></a> </div> </div> <div class="jqHandle jqResize" style="position:absolute;bottom:0px;"><img alt="Resize" title="Resize" src="/scitable/natedimages/chat_resize.gif"/></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="headerOuter" class="hide"> <div class="headerBG" style="position:relative;"> <img src="/scitable/natedimages/scitable_hdrNew.gif" usemap="#natedHeader" alt="Scitable by Nature Education" /> <map id="natHead" name="natedHeader"> <area shape="rect" coords="16,10,175,82" href="/scitable" title="Nature Education Home" alt="Nature Education Home" /> <area shape="rect" coords="228,32,472,46" href="/scitable/whatisscitable" title="Learn More" alt="Learn More" /> <area shape="rect" coords="230,52,270,62" href="/scitable/whatisscitable" title="About" alt="About" /> <area shape="rect" coords="273,50,320,62" href="/scitable/faculty-page" title="Faculty Page" alt="Faculty Page" /> <area shape="rect" coords="328,50,380,62" href="/scitable/study-center" title="Students Page" alt="Students Page" /> <area shape="rect" coords="879,66,988,76" href="/scitable/feedback" title="Feedback" alt="Feedback" /> </map> <div id="topicRoomTopPanelAD" class="articleTopAdPlaceHolder" style="display:none;*width:180px;"> </div> <span><a href="/scitable/whatisscitable" class="aboutPageAnchor" title="About"><br /></a></span> <span><a href="/scitable/faculty-page" class="classroomPageAnchor" title="Faculty Page"><br /></a></span> <span><a href="/scitable/study-center" class="qaboardPageAnchor" title="Students Page"><br /></a></span> </div> <div class="navBar" id="navBar"> <ul id="navtab_header" class=""> <li><a id='home' href='/scitable' onmouseover="changeImage(this.id);" onmouseout="restoreImage(this.id);"><img src='/scitable/natedimages/home_nav.gif' alt="Home"/> </a></li> <li><img src="/scitable/natedimages/pipe.jpg" alt="" /></li> <li><a class="padtop10px" id="libraryTopics" href='/scitable/topics' onmouseover="changeImage(this.id);" onmouseout="restoreImage(this.id);"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/libraryTopics_nav.gif" alt="Library" /></a></li> <li><img src="/scitable/natedimages/pipe.jpg" alt="" /></li> <li><a id="blogs" href='/scitable/blogs' onmouseover="" onmouseout=""><img src="/scitable/natedimages/blogs_nav_hover.gif" alt="Blogs" /></a></li> <li><img src="/scitable/natedimages/pipe.jpg" alt="" /></li> <li><a id="natjobs" href="http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/science/?WT.mc_id=WEB_NatureJobs_1504_SCITABLE" target="_blank" onmouseover="changeImage(this.id);" onmouseout="restoreImage(this.id);"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/natjobs_nav.gif" alt="NATUREJOBS" /></a></li> <li class="clear hide"></li> </ul> <input type="hidden" id="jsCompileTimeSpan" size="4"/> <ul class="rightNav " id="right_Nav_header"> <li class="nomargin padleft2px"><a class="searchButton" href="javascript:checkField()"><img src="/scitable/natedimages/nav_search.gif" alt="Search Scitable" /></a></li> <li class="nomargin margintop4px"> <input class="padleft5px padtop3px bgSearchGrey w155" id="criteria" name="criteriaString" type="text" size="17" onKeyPress="pressGenericSearchButton(event);"/></li> <li><a href="javascript:DisplayRegisterPage();">Register</a></li> <li class="rightNavPipe">|</li> <li><a href="javascript:DisplaySignInPage();">Sign In</a></li> </ul> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div id="signInSplashLBLight" class="lightBoxPopup lightbox_popup_splash" style="background:#e6e1d5;"> </div> <div id="signInSplashLBFade" class="transparent_lightbox_overlay"></div> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var linkListArray = {}; var globalIndex = -1; var globalHref = -1; </script> <div id="topicAssoDissoLBPopupNew" class="lightBoxPopup lightbox_popup_learnMore nopad" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden; width:720px !important; left:140px !important;"> </div> <div id="topicAssoDissoLBOverlayNew" class="transparent_lightbox_overlay"></div> <hr class='normalStrip'/> <div class="clear hide"></div> <div class='topicHead biology'> <img src="/scitable/natedimages/hdr_blog.gif" alt='Blogs' title='Blogs' /> </div> <div class="clear hide"></div> </div> <div id="siteNewHeaderOuter" class="hide"> </div> <input type="hidden" id="criteriaStringValue1" value="" /> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> //$(document).ready(function(){ try { /*$("#header").html($("#headerOuter").html()) ; $("#headerOuter").html('');*/ var str = document.getElementById("headerOuter").innerHTML; document.getElementById("headerOuter").innerHTML = ""; document.getElementById("header").innerHTML = str; if(document.getElementById("site-new-header-section")){ document.getElementById("site-new-header-section").innerHTML = document.getElementById("siteNewHeaderOuter").innerHTML; document.getElementById("site-new-header-section").style.display = 'block'; } // document.getElementById(). } catch(e) { } //}); placeBool = false; var signINReqMsgNonLoggedIN = "Scitable requires you to be signed in to use this feature. If you are not a member of Scitable, registration is free and easy. As a registered user you can have access to all content in Scitable, interact directly with community members, create a personal locker, start and join groups and discussions, and more"; var signINReqMsgNonLoggedINToolTip = "You have to be logged in to use this feature."; var collapseLabelPage = "View Fewer"; </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var isTopicLandingPageFllg = ''; var topicID = '180726'; var invToJoinGrpGrpID = ""; var currentPagerItem = 1; </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var weblogId = '180726'; var urlLoc = ''; var commentPostedAdmin = ''; var topicPageUrlPresent = ""; var entryId = null; var commentId = null; var commentPostedByUserId = null; var blogSpaceUrl = "green-science"; var isBlogPageVdoPl = 'Y'; var fontSizeCookie = 'null'; function blogMainPage() { $(document).ready(function() { try { executeLoadedScript(document.getElementById('blogPollElement')); document.getElementById('blogPollElement').style.display = 'block'; alignLegend('hp'); } catch (err) { //alert(err); } }); try { loadContentBlockForBlog(); } catch(err) {} loadPermalink(); resizeFontScitable(fontSizeCookie); try { if(document.getElementById('autoShareEnabledForUser')){ window.setTimeout("checkFBLoginStatus('BLG', '"+weblogId+"')", 5000); } } catch(e){} } function loadContentBlockForBlog() { var cleanUrlContextPath = "/scitable"; var imgList = $("img", document.getElementById("blogParas")); var alignClass = "Left"; var marginTopClass = ""; var str = ""; var copyRightStr = ""; var paraelementcaption = ""; var captionprinty = ""; var paraelementlegends = ""; var legendprinty = ""; var paraelementfignums = ""; var paraelementcopyright = ""; var imageinsertyr = ""; var legalowner = ""; var termsofuse = ""; var copyrightflag = ""; var copyrightadditionaltextflag = ""; var copyRightAdditionalText = ""; var customlegalowner = ""; var imageCopyrightURL = ""; var licensetypepk = ""; var displaycopysymbol = ""; var displaylegalowner = ""; var displayimginsertyr = ""; var displaytermsofuse = ""; var displaycopydesc = ""; if (imgList != null) { for (var i=0; i< imgList.size();i++ ) { if (typeof imgList.eq(i).attr("media_src") == 'undefined' || imgList.eq(i).attr("media_src") == false) { if (imgList.eq(i).attr("align") == "right") { alignClass = "Right marginleft10px"; } else if (imgList.eq(i).attr("align") == "middle") { alignClass = "horzAlignCenter"; } else { alignClass = "Left marginright10px"; } if (isFirstParaLine(imgList.eq(i))) { marginTopClass = ""; } else { marginTopClass = "margintop5px"; } width = parseInt(imgList.eq(i).attr("width")) - 6; paraelementcaption = imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementcaption"); if(paraelementcaption && paraelementcaption != '') { paraelementcaption = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(paraelementcaption); } else { paraelementcaption = ""; } captionprinty = imgList.eq(i).attr("captionprinty"); if(captionprinty && captionprinty != '') { captionprinty = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(captionprinty); } else { captionprinty = ""; } paraelementlegends = imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementlegends"); if(paraelementlegends && paraelementlegends != '') { paraelementlegends = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(paraelementlegends); } else { paraelementlegends = ""; } legendprinty = imgList.eq(i).attr("legendprinty"); if(legendprinty && legendprinty != '') { legendprinty = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(legendprinty); } else { legendprinty = ""; } paraelementfignums = imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementfignums"); if(paraelementfignums && paraelementfignums != '') { paraelementfignums = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(paraelementfignums); } else { paraelementfignums = ""; } paraelementcopyright = imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementcopyright"); if(paraelementcopyright && paraelementcopyright != '') { paraelementcopyright = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(paraelementcopyright); } else { paraelementcopyright = ""; } imageinsertyr = imgList.eq(i).attr("imageinsertyr"); if(imageinsertyr && imageinsertyr != '') { imageinsertyr = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(imageinsertyr); } else { imageinsertyr = ""; } legalowner = imgList.eq(i).attr("legalowner"); if(legalowner && legalowner != '') { legalowner = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(legalowner); } else { legalowner = ""; } termsofuse = imgList.eq(i).attr("termsofuse"); if(termsofuse && termsofuse != '') { termsofuse = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(termsofuse); } else { termsofuse = ""; } customlegalowner = imgList.eq(i).attr("customlegalowner"); if(customlegalowner && customlegalowner != '') { customlegalowner = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(customlegalowner); } else { customlegalowner = ""; } licensetypepk = imgList.eq(i).attr("licensetypepk"); if(licensetypepk && licensetypepk != '') { licensetypepk = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(licensetypepk); } else { licensetypepk = ""; } copyrightflag = imgList.eq(i).attr("copyrightflag"); if(copyrightflag && copyrightflag != '') { copyrightflag = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(copyrightflag); } else { copyrightflag = ""; } copyrightadditionaltextflag = imgList.eq(i).attr("copyrightadditionaltextflag"); if(copyrightadditionaltextflag && copyrightadditionaltextflag != '') { copyrightadditionaltextflag = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(copyrightadditionaltextflag); } else { copyrightadditionaltextflag = ""; } copyRightAdditionalText = imgList.eq(i).attr("copyRightAdditionalText"); if(copyRightAdditionalText && copyRightAdditionalText != '') { copyRightAdditionalText = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(copyRightAdditionalText); } else { copyRightAdditionalText = ""; } imageCopyrightURL = imgList.eq(i).attr("imageCopyrightURL"); if(imageCopyrightURL && imageCopyrightURL != '') { imageCopyrightURL = replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(imageCopyrightURL); } else { imageCopyrightURL = ""; } displaycopysymbol = imgList.eq(i).attr("displaycopysymbol"); if(displaycopysymbol && displaycopysymbol != '') { // do nothing } else { displaycopysymbol = ""; } displaylegalowner = imgList.eq(i).attr("displaylegalowner"); if(displaylegalowner && displaylegalowner != '') { // do nothing } else { displaylegalowner = ""; } displayimginsertyr = imgList.eq(i).attr("displayimginsertyr"); if(displayimginsertyr && displayimginsertyr != '') { // do nothing } else { displayimginsertyr = ""; } displaytermsofuse = imgList.eq(i).attr("displaytermsofuse"); if(displaytermsofuse && displaytermsofuse != '') { // do nothing } else { displaytermsofuse = ""; } displaycopydesc = imgList.eq(i).attr("displaycopydesc"); if(displaycopydesc && displaycopydesc != '') { // do nothing } else { displaycopydesc = ""; } if (alignClass == "horzAlignCenter") str = "<div class='imageSet " + alignClass + "' style='width: " + width + "px;'><div style='width: " + width + "px;'>"; else str = "<div class='imageSet " + alignClass + "' style=''><div style=''>"; if(trim(paraelementcaption) != '') { str += "<img title=\"" + replaceSplSequenceWithSpace(imgList.eq(i).attr("paraelementcaption")) + "\" src=\"" + imgList.eq(i).attr("src") + "\"><div class=\"clear\"></div>"; } else { str += "<img src=\"" + imgList.eq(i).attr("src") + "\"><div class=\"clear\"></div>"; } if((captionprinty == "true" || captionprinty == "Y") && paraelementcaption != "") { paraelementcaption = "<div class=\"imageCaption pipeblack bold nopad\">" + paraelementcaption + "</div>"; } else { paraelementcaption = ""; } if((legendprinty == "true" || legendprinty == "Y") && paraelementlegends != "") { paraelementlegends = "<div class=\"imageLegend pipeblack nopad\">" + paraelementlegends + "</div>"; } else { paraelementlegends = ""; } copyRightStr = ""; //if(displaycopysymbol != "") { if(copyrightflag == "Y" || copyrightflag == "true") { if(displaycopysymbol == "Y") { copyRightStr += "&#169; "; } if(displayimginsertyr == "Y" && trim(imageinsertyr) != '') { copyRightStr += imageinsertyr + " "; } if(displaylegalowner == "Y") { if(legalowner == 'Public Domain') { copyRightStr += legalowner + " "; } else { copyRightStr += " <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"" + imageCopyrightURL + "\" class=\"inlineLinks\">" + legalowner + "</a>"; } } if(trim(copyrightadditionaltextflag) != '' && copyrightadditionaltextflag == 'Y' && trim(copyRightAdditionalText) != '') { copyRightStr += copyRightAdditionalText + " "; } if(trim(licensetypepk) != '') { if(displaycopydesc == 'Y') { if(trim(paraelementcopyright) != '') { copyRightStr += " "+paraelementcopyright + " "; } } if(trim(termsofuse) != '' && displaytermsofuse == 'Y') { copyRightStr += "<a href=\"javascript:show_inform('Terms of Use', '" + replaceSpecialSequences(termsofuse) + "');\" class=\"inlineLinks\" title=\"View Terms of Use\">" + "<img class=\"nomargin infoImg nofloat\" height=\"13px\" width=\"13px\" src=\"" + cleanUrlContextPath + "/natedimages/info_icon.png\" /></a>"; } } } //} if(paraelementfignums != "" || paraelementcaption != "" || paraelementlegends != "" || copyRightStr != "") { str += "<div class=\"imageCaption pipeblack bold\" style=\"width:"+width+"px;\">"; if(paraelementcaption != "") { str += replaceSpecialSequences(paraelementcaption); } if(paraelementlegends != "") { str += replaceSpecialSequences(paraelementlegends); } if(copyRightStr != "") { str += "<div class=\"creditLine bold nopad\">" + copyRightStr + "</div>"; } str += "<div class=\"clear\"></div></div>"; } str += "</div></div>"; if (alignClass == "horzAlignCenter") str += "<div class=\"clear\"></div>"; imgList.eq(i).before(str); imgList.eq(i).remove(); } } } } function loadCaptchaImageBlogContent() { now = new Date(); var capchaUrl = baseURL+'jimager?flag=blogComment&count=' + now.getUTCDate() + now.getHours() + now.getMinutes() + now.getSeconds() + now.getUTCMilliseconds(); var msg = "<img src='" + capchaUrl + "' height='50' width='150'/>"; document.getElementById('captchaDivID').innerHTML = msg; } function processVideoFLV() { var videoList = $(".mceItemWindowsMedia", document.getElementById('articleContent')); if (videoList != null) { for (var i=0; i<videoList.size(); i++) { var align = videoList.eq(i).attr("align"); if(align == "left") { align = "Left"; } else if(align == "right") { align = "Right"; } var mediaSrc = videoList.eq(i).attr("media_src"); var videoStr = "<a name=\"anchEmbedImg_" + i + "\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"hidEmbedImg_" + i + "\" name=\"hidEmbedImg\" value=\"" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "\" />"; videoStr = videoStr + "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"hidEmbedPlayerState\" id=\"hidEmbedPlayerState_" + i + "\" value=\"uninitedvideo\"/></a>"; videoStr = videoStr + "<span class=\"Photo imageSet " + align + " margintop20px marginbot20px\" align=\"" + align + "\" style=\"width: 322px !important; float: " + align + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<span id=\"spanVideoPlayer_" + i + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<noscript>"; videoStr = videoStr + "<object classid=\"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8\" "; videoStr = videoStr + "width=\"320\" height=\"220\" id=\"videoPlayer_" + i + "\" >"; videoStr = videoStr + "<param name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<param name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<param name=\"FlashVars\" value=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&javascriptid=videoPlayer_" + i + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "<embed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" pluginspage=\"http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer\" width=\"320\" height=\"220\" name=\"videoPlayer\" src=\"" + cleanBaseURL + "/nated/media/player.swf\" flashvars=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&javascriptid=videoPlayer_" + i + "\">"; videoStr = videoStr + "</embed></object></noscript></span></span>"; videoList.eq(i).before(videoStr); videoList.eq(i).remove(); } } } function processAudio() { var audioList = $(".mceItemRealMedia", document.getElementById('articleContent')); if (audioList != null) { for (var i=0; i<audioList.size(); i++) { var align = audioList.eq(i).attr("align"); if(align == "left") { align = "Left"; } else if(align == "right") { align = "Right"; } var mediaSrc = audioList.eq(i).attr("media_src"); var audioStr = "<span class=\"Photo imageSet " + align + " \" align=\"" + align + "\" style=\"width: 322px !important; float: " + align + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<div class=\"nomargin padleft4px pipeblack bold textalignleft\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<object style=\"margin-top:5px;float:left\" classid=\"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8\" width=\"320\" height=\"20\" id=\"audioPlayer_\"" + i + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"movie\" value=\"" + cleanBaseURL + "/nated/media/mediaplayer.swf\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"bgcolor\" value=\"#ffffff\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"swLiveConnect\" value=\"true\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<param name=\"FlashVars\" value=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&width=320&height=20&javascriptid=audioPlayer_" + i + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "<embed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" pluginspage=\"http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer\" width=\"315\" height=\"20\" name=\"audioPlayer\" src=\"" + cleanBaseURL + "/nated/media/mediaplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=" + cleanBaseURL + mediaSrc + "&width=320&height=20&autostart=false&fullscreen=true&backcolor=0xffffff&stretching=exactfit&javascriptid=audioPlayer_" + i + "\">"; audioStr = audioStr + "</embed></object></div></span>"; audioList.eq(i).before(audioStr); audioList.eq(i).remove(); } } } function processVideoYouTube() { var align = $("span[name='externalMediaSpan']").attr("align"); $("span[name='externalMediaSpan'] img").remove(); $("span[name='externalMediaSpan']").css("margin", "5px").css("float", align); } </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); (function (s) { s.src = gaJsHost + 'google-analytics.com/ga.js'; s.type = 'text/javascript'; document.head.appendChild(s); })(document.createElement('script')); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cc-script="C04"> try { var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-12063924-2"); pageTracker._trackPageview(); } catch(err) {}</script> </div> </body> </html>

Pages： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10