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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Fontem videas et exscribeas: </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="la" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Aeva historica}} '''Historia''' ({{pns|ae|f|historia}}, a verbo [[Graece|Graeco]] ''ἱστορία'' 'indagatio, scientia per explorationem parta') est exploratio rerum praeteritarum, praecipue autem de afflictionibus actionibus [[praeteritum|praeteritis]] ad homines. ''Historiae'' [[nomen substantivum|nomine]] generali aetas praeterita et collectio, distributio, expositio [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] eius complecta est. Continet etiam historiam [[Universum|universalem]], [[Geologia|geologicam]], et [[Organismus|organicam]] historiam, frequentissime autem significatione historiae humanae utitur. Ei qui de rebus historicis scribunt [[Latine]] [[scriptor]]es rerum gestarum vocantur, sive recentius historici. Res quae tempore ante historiam propriam acciderunt [[praehistoria|praehistoricae]] appellantur. [[Fasciculus:AGMA Hérodote.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Herodotus]], [[rerum gestarum scriptor]] qui [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|saeculo quinto a.C.n.]] vixit, est in primis historicis cuius opus superstetit.]] Verbum ''historiae'' etiam quandam 'disciplinam scientificam' significat, qua res praeteritae investigantur et ipsa curatur acta conservare. Illae res non solum enumerantur, sed etiam intellegere quaeruntur. [[Narratio]]nes et [[fabula]]e singulae in [[societas humana|societate]] dissipatae rite non inter textus res gestas continentes numerantur  cum his postulatio disciplinae historicae ut omnia argumenta "sine ira et studio" sunt examinanda, expleri non possit. Eventa ante historiam scriptam acta commune [[praehistoria]]e attributa sunt. [[Herodotus]], scriptor Graecus [[saeculum 5 a.C.n.|quinti saeculi a.C.n.]], rite [[pater]] historiae existimatur, unaque cum [[Thucydides|Thucydide]] disciplinam historiae incohavit. In operibus cum hodiernis quoque temporibus legantur scrutandis conspicue ambo scriptores arte atque stilo inter se differant: Herodotus scribundis [[mos|moribus]] exterarum [[gens|gentium]] maiorem; at Thucydides imprimis [[res militaris|rebus militaribus]] operam dedit. [[Fasciculus:Beda Petersburgiensis f3v.jpg|upright|thumb|Pagina [[Beda]]e ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|Historiae ecclesiasticae gentis Anglorum]].'']] Indagatores hodierni variis rebus operam dant, e.g. studio quarundam regionum vel ipsius historiae mutationumque eius per aeva praeterita. Hodie historia praecipue in [[schola|scholis]] discitur, inter maiores disciplinas academicas numerata. Exemplis quaestionum historicarum: *Quae erat causa illius belli civilis? *Quae erat causa occasus imperii Romani? *Quae erant consecutiones inventionis scripturae? Variis uterentur [[rerum gestarum scriptor]]es fontibus: *Actis scriptis (quae sunt [[archivum|archiva]]) et impressis: [[liber|libris]], [[epistula|epistulis]], [[inscriptio|inscriptionibus]], et ceteris *Colloquiis ("historia verbo tradita") *Rebus ab hominibus [[archaeologia|archaeologicis]] inventis ==Etymologia== [[Fasciculus:History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg|thumb|left|''Historia'' a [[Fridericus Dielman|Friderico Dielman]] depicta (1896)]] Verbum a radice [[Lingua Indoeuropaea|Indoeuropaea]] ''*weid-'' "scire" vel "videre" (cf. etiam verbum Graecum ''eidénai'', scire) derivatum esse apparet. Nomen [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graecum]] ἱστορία (''hístōr'') 'inquisitio' vel 'scientia per inquisitionem adepta' vel 'iudicare' significavit, qua ratione etiam [[Aristoteles]] verbo in opere ''[[Historia animalium]]'' (Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι) usus est. Antiquior notio ''ἵστωρ'' solum in [[Hymni Homerici|Hymnis Homericis]], operibus [[Heraclitus|Heracliti]], in iure iurando ephebi [[Athenae|Atheniensis]] et in [[inscriptio]]nibus [[Boeotia|Boeoticis]] inventa est. Anno [[1390]], verbum primo in sermone [[Anglice|Anglica]] adhiberi testatum 'relationem rerum praeteritarum, res gestas' significavit; aetate [[Lingua Anglica Media|Linguae Anglicae Mediae]] nomen usitate 'relationem', sed [[saeculum 15|saeculo quinto decimo]] significatio verbi ad sensum hodiernum historiae, [[narratio|narrationis]] rerum gestarum, definita est. Etiam [[Franciscus Bacon]] notionem, quam "scientia rerum spatio atque tempore continentium" descripsit, [[saeculum 16|saeculo sexti decuni]] adhibuit cum ''[[Historia naturalis (scientia)|Historiam naturalem]]'' composuit. ==Descriptio== [[Fasciculus:Voltaire-Baquoy.gif|thumb|left|175px|[[Voltarius|Voltarii]] opera historica sunt praeclarum [[scriptura|scriptorum]] historicorum [[Aevum Illuminationis|Aevi Illuminationis]] exemplo, [[Imago|imagine]] [[Petrus Carolus Baquoy|Petri Caroli Baquoy]].]] [[Fasciculus:Edward Gibbon by Henry Walton cleaned.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Eduardus Gibbon|Eduardi Gibbon]] ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' (1776) est magnum opus [[scriptio]]nis historicae [[saeculum 18|saeculo duodevicensimp]].]] Scriptores rerum gestarum obstricti sunt et aetate et notissimis cogitationibus et sententiis de historia recte interpretanda. Nonnumquam quadam exempla ex historia sumpta civibus suis commandare in eorum animo est. Scriptores discurso per descriptiones rerum gestarum accumulato nitantur, quem discursum disciplina hodierna studetur editione documentorum scientificorum augere. Index rerum gestarum ex omnibus actionibus conservatis vel recordatis constat. Est igitur disciplinae historicae fontes utiliores fideque digniores ab indigniores discernere. Quare archivi historici est coartatio fontium generalium per falsificationem nonnullorum testimoniorum adepta. Historia et examinatio eius cum alias [[Humanitates|Humanitatibus]], alias [[scientiae sociales|scientiis socialibus]] attribuatur saepe quasi nexus ambarum existimatur, quod utriusque rationibus scrutandi nititur. [[Saeculum 20|Saeculo vicesimo]] [[Ferdinandus Braudel]] novas rationes historiae examinandae introduxit cum [[oeconomia]]m, [[anthropologia]]m, et [[geographia]]m in studium historiae acciperet. [[Fasciculus:Jebens, Adolf - Leopold von Ranke (detail) - 1875.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Leopoldus de Ranke]], [[pater]] historiae [[academia|academicae]] in [[Germania]], in [[Imago|imagine]] ab [[Iulius Schrader|Iulio Schrader]] picta.]] Saepe scriptores rerum gestarum spoliae adhibent, e.g. [[monumentum|monumenta]], [[inscriptio]]nes, pittacia. Fontes historici tres in partes plerumque dividi possunt: [[scriptura|scripta]], dicta, et quorum spoliae iam exstant. Discrimini autem fuit inventio scripturae, quod solum per eam tempora praehistorica a historicis discernuntur. [[Fasciculus:The Historians' History of the World - Title Page.jpg|thumb|Pagina titularis libri ''[[Historici historia mundi]].'']] [[Archaeologia]] est disciplina in spoliis reliquiisque effodendis et discernendis saepe adhibita. Plerumque autem aliae disciplinae consultatae sunt supplendi causa. Tamen archaeologiae sunt variae rationes et disciplinae quae non ad historiam pertinent. Immo praecepta historiae scriptae nonnumquam inventis archaeologicis contradicunt. Historia variis rationibus atque modis ordinari licet: in sectiones chronologicas, [[Cultura|culturae]] et [[regio]]num distribui potest. ==Historia et praehistoria== Historia mundi plane sunt annotationibus [[species|speciei]] ''[[Homo sapiens|Hominis sapientis]]'' in omnibus partibus orbis terrarum accumulatis et plerumque litteris mandatis. Itaque praehistoria est studium restituendae memoriae aetatum in quibus aut homines non iam litteris utebantur aut quorum scriptura nondum interpretata est. Exquirendo [[pictura]]s, insculptiones aliave relicta historia priscarum aetatum patefieri potest. Ex saeculo vicensimo, intellecta est indagatio praehistoricorum aetatum magni momenti eo consilio ne res gestae quarundam antiquimissimarum civitatum non diu neglegatur, e.g. [[Africa Subsahariana|Africae Subsaharianae]] et [[America praecolumbiana|Americae praecolumbianae]]. Tamen scriptores rerum gestarum saepe reprehenduntur quod solum historiae occidentali operam dent. ==Historiographia== [[Fasciculus:Historybooks.JPG|thumb|[[Liber|Libri]] historici in [[bibliotheca]] coacervati.]] [[Historiographia]] varias res significat: primum rationes atque modos per quas historia conservatur: est historia incrementi rationum historicarum (e.g. quod scriptores consuetudinem singularum vitarum praeclarorum hominum scribendarum cum elaborationibus de universis aetatibus historiae commutaverunt). Deinde ad certum volumen historiam tractans pertinet: exempli gratia ad librum ''Opera de historia mediaevali decennio 1960 confecta.'' Tum ad rationes cur historia sit tractanda refert: dicta [[philosophia historiae]]. ==Philosophia historiae== [[Philosophia]] historiae est [[cogitatio]] quaestionis quotne et quantum historia humani generis mundo contulerit. Cetero hac in ratione etiam num constitutus finis historiae humanae futurus sit meditaretur. ==Disciplinae historiae== Intra disciplinam historiae continentur omnes indagatorum rerum gestarum rationes ad invenienda historiae relicta describendaque. [[Herodotus]] ([[484 a.C.n.|484]]–ca. [[425 a.C.n.]]) saepe pater historiae nuncupatur. Tamen [[Thucydides]] (ca. [[460 a.C.n.|460]]–ca. [[400 a.C.n.]]) primus [[scientia (ratio)|scientiam]] historiae scribendae incoavisse arbitratur quod historiam sponte hominum creatam iri intellexerit. Itaque aliter ac Herodotus qui numina deorum historiam hominum revolvere existimavit res gestas causas actorum mortalium esse descripsit. Praeterea Thucydides res gestas sine ira et studio scribi oportere affirmavit. Multi etiam scriptores rerum gestarum Graeci tunc historiam humanam quasi circulum eventorum imaginaverunt. {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:250px; text-align:left; clear:right;" | style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;"| <center> Disciplinae historiae </center> |- | Hic est index variarum rationum historiae indagandae (ommissis quidem historiis singularum disciplinarum, exempli gratia [[Scientia antiqua|historia scientiae]]) *[[Chronologia]]: disciplina qua eventa accurate in temporibus indicari possunt. *[[Futurologia]]: studium temporis futuri *[[Historia antiquitatis]] : spectat ad res gestas ex antiquissimis temporibus usque ad medium aevum. *[[Historia artium]]: spectat ad mutationes artium per saecula *[[Historia Atlantica]]: studet gentibus mari Atlantico adiacentibus *[[Historia antithetica]]: cogitatio de rebus aliae si condiciones valuissent fortasse gestis *[[Historia comparativa]]: comparantur historiae diversarum gentium *[[Historia culturalis]]: indagatio mutationum cultus humani *[[Historia digitalis]]: utitur rationibus computatoriis ad historiam dilucendam *[[Historia feminarum]]: *[[Historia intellectualis]]: spectat ad historiam mentalem *[[Historia maritima]]: historia navigationis indagatur *[[Historia militaris]]: historia conflictorum inter homines *[[Historia mundi]]: pars historiae quae ad totum mundum spectat. *[[Historia naturalis (scientia)|Historia naturalis]] *[[Historia novae aetatis]] : historia rerum gestarum ex fine aetatis medii aevi *[[Historia oeconomiae]]: studet variationibus revolutionibusque rerum oeconomicarum per historiam *[[Historia politica]]: historia rerum gestarum in ratione politica *[[Historia popularis]]: historia plebis indagatur. *[[Historia scientiae]]: historia progressus scientiarum *[[Historia socialis]]: spectat ad mutationes societatum *[[Historia universalis]] *[[Palaeographia]]: studet interpretationi litterarum antiquarum. *[[Pseudohistoria]]: *[[Psychohistoria]]: spectat ad causas psychologicas eventorum historiae |} {{NexInt}} {{div col|2}} *[[Aetates historiae]] *[[Antiquitas]] *[[Archaeologia]] *[[Annales]] *[[Aetates historiae]] *[[Biographia]] *[[Genius saeculi]] *[[Historia artium]] *[[Historia mundi]] *[[Historia scientiae]] *[[Historia Romae]] *[[Historia terrae]] *[[Index maximarum urbium per historiam]] *''[[Naturalis historia]] (Plinius) *[[Reconstructio historica]] *[[Rerum gestarum scriptor|Rerum gestarum scriptores clari]] *[[Traditio]] {{div col end}} ==Bibliographia== ===Anglice scripta=== *Benjamin, Jules R. [[2009]]. ''A Student's Guide to History.'' *Carr, E. H. [[2001]]. ''What Is History?'' Nova praefatio Richard J. Evans. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0333977017. *Evans, Richard J. [[2000]]. ''In Defence of History.'' W. W. Norton. ISBN 0393319598. *Furay, Conal, et Michael J. Salevouris. [[2010]]. ''The Methods and Skills of History: A Practical Guide.'' *Kelleher, William. [[2008]]. ''Writing History: A Guide for Students.'' *Lingelbach, Gabriele. [[2011]]. The Institutionalization and Professionalization of History in Europe and the United States. In ''The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 4: 1800-1945'' 4:78ff. *Norton, Mary Beth, et Pamela Gerardi, eds. [[1995]]. ''The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature.'' Ed. 3a. Oxford University Press. *Presnell, Jenny L. [[2006]]. ''The Information-Literate Historian: A Guide to Research for History Students.''  *Tosh, John. [[2006]]. ''The Pursuit of History.'' ISBN 1405823518. *Woolf D. R. [[1998]]. ''A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing.'' Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, 2 vol. *Williams, H. S., ed. [[1907]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=g5sFAAAAIAAJ The Historians' History of the World]. ===Francice scripta=== *Badré, Vincent. [[2012]]. ''L'Histoire fabriquée? Ce qu'on ne vous a pas dit à l'école.'' Le Rocher. *Bourdé, Guy, et Hervé Martin. [[1983]]. ''Les Écoles historiques.'' Lutetiae: Seuil. *Duby, Georgesm, ed. [[2006]]. ''Grand atlas historique.'' Lutetiae: Larousse. ISBN 203583340X. *Furet, François. [[1978]]. ''Penser la Révolution Française.'' Folio Histoire. Lutetiae: Gallimard. *Heers, Jacques. [[2006]]. ''L'histoire assassinée: les pièges de la mémoire.'' Lutetiae: Éditions de Paris. *Lamaison, Pierre, ed. [[1994]]. ''Atlas de la civilisation occidentale: Généalogie de l'Europe.'' Lutetiae: Hachette. ISBN 272428528X. *Marrou, Henri-Irénée. [[1954]]. ''De la connaissance historique.'' Lutetiae: Seuil. *Moore, R. I., ed. [[1980]]. ''Atlas Historique.'' Nathan. *Poirrier, Philippe. [[2009]]. ''Introduction à l'historiographie.'' Lutetiae: Belin. *Veyne, Paul. [[1979]]. ''Comment on écrit l'histoire.'' Lutetiae: Seuil. ===Theodisce scripta=== *Arnold, John H. [[2001]]. ''Geschichte: Eine kurze Einführung.'' Ditzingen: Reclam. ISBN 9783150170267. *Baberowski, Georg. [[2005]]. ''Der Sinn der Geschichte: Geschichtstheorien von Hegel bis Foucault.'' Monaci: Beck. ISBN 3406527930. *Bayer, Erich, et Frank Wende, eds. [[1995]]. ''Wörterbuch der Geschichte.'' Ed. 5a. Stuttgardiae: Kroener Verlag. ISBN 3520289059. *[[Marcus Bloch|Bloch, Marcus]], Peter Schöttlerm [[Iacobus Le Goff]], Wolfram Bayer. [[2002]]. ''Apologie der Geschichtswissenschaft oder Der Beruf des Historikers.'' Ed. nova. Stuttgardiae: Klett-Cotta. ISBN 3608941703. *Brunner, Otto, et al., eds. [[1972]]–[[1992]]. ''Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland.'' 8 vol. Stuttgardiae. *[[Iacobus Burckhardt|Burckhardt, Iacobus]]. ''Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen.'' Ed. Jacob Oeri. Berolini et Stuttgardiae. *Mai, Manfred. [[2002]]. ''Weltgeschichte.'' Monaci et Vindobonae: Hanser. ISBN 3446201912. *Ploetz, Carl, ed. [[2005]]. ''Der große Ploetz: Die Daten-Enzyklopädie der Weltgeschichte; Daten, Fakten, Zusammenhänge.'' Ed. 34a. Coloniae: Komet. ISBN 3898364607. *Raphael, Lutz. [[2003]]. ''Geschichtswissenschaft im Zeitalter der Extreme: Theorien, Methoden, Tendenzen von 1900 bis zur Gegenwart.'' Monaci. ISBN 3406494722. *Rossi, Pietro, ed. [[1987]]. ''Theorie der modernen Geschichtsschreibung.'' Francofurti. ISBN 3518113909. *Rüsen, Jörn. [[1983]], [[1989]]. ''Grundzüge einer Historik.'' 3 vol. Gottingae: Vandenhoeck und Rupprecht. *Schuler, Peter-Johannes. [[2007]]. ''Historisches Abkürzungslexikon.'' Historische Grundwissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen, 4. Stuttgardiae: Steiner. 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