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noprint"> For Wikipedia's policy on the use of secondary sources, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Secondary" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research#Secondary</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Secondary sector of the economy</a>. </div> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scholarly_method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scholarly method">scholarship</a>, a <b>secondary source</b><sup id="cite_ref-UMD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UMD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JCU_2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JCU_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Document?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Document">document</a> or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. A secondary source contrasts with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primary source">primary, or original, source</a> of the information being discussed. A primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation or it may be a document created by such a person.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HasekuraBookItalian.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HasekuraBookItalian.jpg/250px-HasekuraBookItalian.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HasekuraBookItalian.jpg/375px-HasekuraBookItalian.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HasekuraBookItalian.jpg/500px-HasekuraBookItalian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="967"></a> <figcaption> Scipione Amati's <i>History of the Kingdom of Woxu</i> (1615), an example of a secondary source. </figcaption> </figure> <p>A secondary source is one that gives information about a primary source. In a secondary source, the original information is selected, modified and arranged in a suitable format. Secondary sources involve <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Generalization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Generalization">generalization</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analysis">analysis</a>, interpretation, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evaluation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evaluation">evaluation</a> of the original information.</p> <p>The most accurate classification for any given source is not always obvious. <i>Primary</i> and <i>secondary</i> are relative terms, and some sources may be classified as primary or secondary, depending on how they are used.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third level, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertiary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertiary source">tertiary source</a>, such as an encyclopedia or dictionary, resembles a secondary source in that it contains analysis, but a tertiary source has a different purpose; it aims to elaborate a broad introductory overview of the topic at hand.<sup id="cite_ref-UMD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UMD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classification_of_sources"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification of sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Science,_technology,_and_medicine"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Science, technology, and medicine</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Library_and_information_science"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Library and information science</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mathematics"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mathematics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Humanities_and_history"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Humanities and history</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Law"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Law</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Family_history"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Family history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autobiographies"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Autobiographies</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Classification_of_sources">Classification of sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Classification of sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Information can be interpreted from a wide variety of found objects, but source classification for primary or secondary status, etc., is applicable only to <b>symbolic sources</b>, which are those objects meant to communicate information, either publicly or privately, to some person, known or unknown. Typical symbolic sources include written documents such as letters, notes, receipts, ledgers, manuscripts, reports, or public signage, or graphic art, etc,; but do not include, for example, bits of broken pottery or scraps of food excavated from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Midden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Midden">midden</a>—and this regardless of how much information can be extracted from an ancient trash heap, or how little can be extracted from a written document.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Making distinctions between <i>primary</i> and <i>secondary</i> symbolic sources is both subjective and contextual,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such that precise definitions can sometimes be difficult to make.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And indeed many sources can be classified as either primary or secondary based upon the context in which they are being considered.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if in careful study a historical text discusses certain old documents to the point of disclosing a new historical conclusion, then that historical text may now be considered a primary source for the new conclusion, but it is still a secondary source as regarding the old documents.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples for which a source can be assigned both primary and secondary roles would include an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obituary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obituary">obituary</a> or a survey of several volumes of a journal to count the frequency of articles on a certain topic.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Duffin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Further, whether a source is regarded as primary or secondary in a given context may change over time, depending upon the past and present states of knowledge within the field of study.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if a certain document refers to the contents of a previous but undiscovered letter, that document may be considered "primary", because it is the closest known thing to an original source—but if the missing letter is later found, that certain document may then be considered "secondary".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Attempts to map or model scientific and scholarly communications need the concepts of primary, secondary and further "levels" of classification. One such model is provided by the United Nations as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNISIST_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNISIST model">UNISIST model</a> of information dissemination. Within such a model, source classification concepts are defined in relation to each other, and acceptance of a particular way of defining the concepts for classification are connected to efficiently using the model. (Note: <i>UNISIST</i> is the United Nations International Scientific Information System; it is a model of a social system for communications between knowledge producers, knowledge users, and their intermediaries. The system also comprises institutions such as libraries, research institutes, and publishers.) <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern language">modern languages</a> use more than one word for the English word "source". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German language">German</a> usually uses <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sekundärliteratur</i></span></i> ("secondary literature") for secondary sources regarding historical facts, leaving <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sekundärquelle</i></span></i> ("secondary source") to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historiography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. A <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sekundärquelle</i></span></i> may be a source, perhaps a letter, that quotes from a lost <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Primärquelle</i></span></i> ("primary source")—say a report of minutes that is not known to still exist—such that the report of minutes is unavailable to the researcher as the sought-after <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Primärquelle</i></span></i>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Science,_technology,_and_medicine"><span id="Science.2C_technology.2C_and_medicine"></span>Science, technology, and medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Science, technology, and medicine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In general, secondary sources in a scientific context may be referred to as "secondary literature",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be self-described as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Review_journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Review journal">review articles</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meta-analysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>.</p> <p>Primary source materials are typically defined as "original research papers written by the scientists who actually conducted the study." An example of primary source material is the Purpose, Methods, Results, Conclusions sections of a research paper (in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IMRAD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IMRAD">IMRAD</a> style) in a scientific journal by the authors who conducted the study.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrand2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Garrand2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some fields, a secondary source may include a summary of the literature in the introduction of a scientific paper, a description of what is known about a disease or treatment in a chapter in a reference book, or a synthesis written to review available literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrand2010_17-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Garrand2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey of previous work in the field in a primary peer-reviewed source is secondary source information. This allows secondary sourcing of recent findings in areas where full review articles have not yet been published.</p> <p>A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book review">book review</a> that contains the judgment of the reviewer about the book is a primary source for the reviewer's opinion, and a secondary source for the contents of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Princeton-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaTech_19-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-VirginiaTech-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A summary of the book within a review is a secondary source.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Library_and_information_science">Library and information science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Library and information science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_and_information_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library and information science">library and information sciences</a>, secondary sources are generally regarded as those sources that summarize or add commentary to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primary_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sources">primary sources</a> in the context of the particular information or idea under study.<sup id="cite_ref-UMD_1-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UMD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JCU_2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JCU_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mathematics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An important use of secondary sources in the field of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mathematics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> has been to make difficult mathematical ideas and proofs from primary sources more accessible to the public;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in other sciences <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertiary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertiary source">tertiary sources</a> are expected to fulfill the introductory role.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Humanities_and_history">Humanities and history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Humanities and history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Secondary sources in history and humanities are usually <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academic_journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academic journal">scholarly journals</a>, from the perspective of a later interpreter, especially by a later scholar. In the humanities, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peer_review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peer review">peer reviewed</a> article is always a secondary source. The delineation of sources as primary and secondary first arose in the field of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historiography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, as historians attempted to identify and classify the sources of historical writing. In scholarly writing, an important objective of classifying sources is to determine the independence and reliability of sources.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In original scholarly writing, historians rely on primary sources, read in the context of the scholarly interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leopold von Ranke">Rankean model</a> established by German scholarship in the 19th century, historians use <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archive">archives</a> of primary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most undergraduate research projects rely on secondary source material, with perhaps snippets of primary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Law">Law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Law" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the legal field, source classification is important because the persuasiveness of a source usually depends upon its history. Primary sources may include cases, constitutions, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statute">statutes</a>, administrative regulations, and other sources of binding legal authority, while secondary legal sources may include books, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Headnote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Headnote">headnotes</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Case_reports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Case reports">case reports</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Article_(publishing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Article (publishing)">articles</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedias">encyclopedias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal writers usually prefer to cite primary sources because only primary sources are authoritative and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precedent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precedent">precedential</a>, while secondary sources are only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persuasive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persuasive">persuasive</a> at best.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Family_history">Family history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Family history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>"A secondary source is a record or statement of an event or circumstance made by a non-eyewitness or by someone not closely connected with the event or circumstances, recorded or stated verbally either at or sometime after the event, or by an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eye-witness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye-witness">eye-witness</a> at a time after the event when the fallibility of memory is an important factor."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, according to this definition, a first-hand account written long after the event "when the fallibility of memory is an important factor" is a secondary source, even though it may be the first published description of that event.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Autobiographies">Autobiographies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Autobiographies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autobiography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> or a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Memoir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Memoir">memoir</a> can be a secondary source in history or the humanities when used for information about topics other than its subject.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, many first-hand accounts of events in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a> written in the post-war years were influenced by the then prevailing perception of the war, which was significantly different from contemporary opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Original_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Original research">Original research</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UMD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UMD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UMD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UMD_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lib.guides.umd.edu/c.php?g%3D327327%26p%3D2195975">Primary, secondary and tertiary sources</a>". University Libraries, University of Maryland.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-JCU_2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JCU_2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JCU_2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://libguides.jcu.edu.au/secondary">Secondary sources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106172448/http://libguides.jcu.edu.au/secondary">Archived</a> 2014-11-06 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". James Cook University.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708090540/http://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary">Primary and secondary sources</a>". Ithaca College Library.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKragh1989" class="citation cs2">Kragh, Helge (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOX7d7u_2rF4C%26pg%3DPA121"><i>An Introduction to the Historiography of Science</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 121, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38921-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-38921-6"><bdi>0-521-38921-6</bdi></a>, <q>[T]he distinction is not a sharp one. Since a source is only a source in a specific historical context, the same source object can be both a primary or secondary source according to what it is used for.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Historiography+of+Science&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-38921-6&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOX7d7u_2rF4C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgadilloLynch1999" class="citation cs2">Delgadillo, Roberto; Lynch, Beverly (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://crl.acrl.org/content/60/3/245.full.pdf%2Bhtml">"Future Historians: Their Quest for Information"</a>, <i>College & Research Libraries</i>, <b>60</b> (3): 245–259, at 253, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.5860%252Fcrl.60.3.245">10.5860/crl.60.3.245</a></span>, <q>[T]he same document can be a primary or a secondary source depending on the particular analysis the historian is doing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+%26+Research+Libraries&rft.atitle=Future+Historians%3A+Their+Quest+for+Information&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=245-259%2C+at+253&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5860%2Fcrl.60.3.245&rft.aulast=Delgadillo&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Beverly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrl.acrl.org%2Fcontent%2F60%2F3%2F245.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span>,</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonagahnHartman2001" class="citation cs2">Monagahn, E.J.; Hartman, D.K. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213164929/http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF%3D%252Farticles%252Fhandbook%252Fmonaghan%252Findex.html">"Historical research in literacy"</a>, <i>Reading Online</i>, <b>4</b> (11), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF%3D/articles/handbook/monaghan/index.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-21</span></span>, <q>[A] source may be primary or secondary, depending on what the researcher is looking for.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+Online&rft.atitle=Historical+research+in+literacy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Monagahn&rft.aufirst=E.J.&rft.au=Hartman%2C+D.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readingonline.org%2Farticles%2Fart_index.asp%3FHREF%3D%2Farticles%2Fhandbook%2Fmonaghan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Veit and Christopher Gould, <i>Writing, Reading, and Research</i> (8th ed. 2009) p 335</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKragh1989" class="citation book cs1">Kragh, Helge (1989-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOX7d7u_2rF4C%26pg%3DPA121"><i>An Introduction to the Historiography of Science</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521389211?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780521389211"><bdi>9780521389211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Historiography+of+Science&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989-11-24&rft.isbn=9780521389211&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOX7d7u_2rF4C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaltonCharnigo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, Margaret Steig; Charnigo, Laurie (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crl.acrl.org/index.php/crl/article/viewFile/15685/17131">"Historians and Their Information Sources"</a>. <i>College & Research Libraries</i>: 416 n.3, 419 n.18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+%26+Research+Libraries&rft.atitle=Historians+and+Their+Information+Sources&rft.pages=416+n.3%2C+419+n.18&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Steig&rft.au=Charnigo%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrl.acrl.org%2Findex.php%2Fcrl%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F15685%2F17131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDelgadilloLynch1999">Delgadillo & Lynch 1999</a>, p. 253.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.historydiscussion.net/history/important-sources-of-history-primary-and-secondary-sources/626">"Important Sources of History (Primary and Secondary Sources)"</a>. <i>History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History</i>. 2013-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Discussion+-+Discuss+Anything+About+History&rft.atitle=Important+Sources+of+History+%28Primary+and+Secondary+Sources%29&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historydiscussion.net%2Fhistory%2Fimportant-sources-of-history-primary-and-secondary-sources%2F626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Duffin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Duffin_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffin1999" class="citation cs2">Duffin, Jacalyn (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D__oDQ6yDO7kC%26pg%3DPA366"><i>History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction</i></a>, University of Toronto Press, p. 366, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7912-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7912-1"><bdi>0-8020-7912-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medicine%3A+A+Scandalously+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8020-7912-1&rft.aulast=Duffin&rft.aufirst=Jacalyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__oDQ6yDO7kC%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenige1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Henige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Henige">Henige, David</a> (1986), "Primary Source by Primary Source? On the Role of Epidemics in New World Depopulation", <i>Ethnohistory</i>, <b>33</b> (3), Duke University Press: 292–312, at 292, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F481816">10.2307/481816</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/481816">481816</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11616953">11616953</a>, <q>[T]he term 'primary' inevitably carries a relative meaning insofar as it defines those pieces of information that stand in closest relationship to an event or process <i>in the present state of our knowledge</i>. Indeed, in most instances, the very nature of a primary source tells us that it is actually derivative.…[H]istorians have no choice but to regard certain of the available sources as 'primary' since they are as near to truly original sources as they can now secure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Primary+Source+by+Primary+Source%3F+On+the+Role+of+Epidemics+in+New+World+Depopulation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=292-312%2C+at+292&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11616953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F481816%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F481816&rft.aulast=Henige&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHenige1986">Henige 1986</a>, p. 292.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000648/064862eo.pdf">UNISIST Study Report on the feasibility of a World Science Information System, by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the International Council of Scientific Unions</a>". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unesco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>, Paris, 1971.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Open University, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/mod/oucontent/view.php?id%3D64085%26section%3D4.2">4.2 Secondary literature</a>", <i>Succeeding in postgraduate study</i>, session 5, accessed 22 March 2023.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Garrand2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Garrand2010_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Garrand2010_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrard,_Judith2010" class="citation book cs1">Garrard, Judith (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCSbfIcjQUcsC%26pg%3DPA30"><i>Health Sciences Literature Review Made Easy</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-1868-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-1868-1"><bdi>978-1-4496-1868-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Sciences+Literature+Review+Made+Easy&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-1868-1&rft.au=Garrard%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSbfIcjQUcsC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Princeton_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinceton2011" class="citation web cs1">Princeton (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s%3Dbook%2520review">"Book reviews"</a>. <i>Scholarly definition document</i>. Princeton<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scholarly+definition+document&rft.atitle=Book+reviews&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Princeton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3Dbook%2520review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-VirginiaTech-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-VirginiaTech_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University2011" class="citation web cs1">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910082750/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html">"Book reviews"</a>. <i>Scholarly definition document</i>. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html">the original</a> on September 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scholarly+definition+document&rft.atitle=Book+reviews&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.vt.edu%2Ffind%2Fbyformat%2Fbookreviews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Edwards_(mathematician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Edwards (mathematician)">Edwards, H.M.</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D5uLAoued_dIC%26q%3D%2522primary%2Bsources%2522%26pg%3DPR9"><i>Riemann's Zeta Function</i></a>, Mineola, New York: Courier Dover Publications, p. xi, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-41740-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-41740-9"><bdi>0-486-41740-9</bdi></a>, <q>The purpose of a secondary source is to make the primary sources accessible to you. If you can read and understand the primary sources without reading this book, more power to you. If you read this book without reading the primary sources you are like a man who carries a sack lunch to a banquet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riemann%27s+Zeta+Function&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-486-41740-9&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5uLAoued_dIC%26q%3D%2522primary%2Bsources%2522%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helge (1989), p. 121.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCipolla1992" class="citation cs2">Cipolla (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGIqRTlepwmoC%26q%3Dcipolla"><i>Between Two Cultures: An Introduction to Economic History</i></a>, W.W. Norton & Co., <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30816-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30816-7"><bdi>978-0-393-30816-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Cultures%3A+An+Introduction+to+Economic+History&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30816-7&rft.au=Cipolla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIqRTlepwmoC%26q%3Dcipolla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_C._Beiser2011" class="citation book cs1">Frederick C. Beiser (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DfQ1k6w0dFIMC%26pg%3DPA254"><i>The German Historicist Tradition</i></a>. Oxford U.P. p. 254. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199691555?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780199691555"><bdi>9780199691555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Historicist+Tradition&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199691555&rft.au=Frederick+C.+Beiser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQ1k6w0dFIMC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_CamicNeil_GrossMichele_Lamont2011" class="citation book cs1">Charles Camic; Neil Gross; Michele Lamont (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0l7iDZY-MSoC%26pg%3DPA107"><i>Social Knowledge in the Making</i></a>. U. of Chicago Press. p. 107. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226092096?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780226092096"><bdi>9780226092096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Knowledge+in+the+Making&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=U.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780226092096&rft.au=Charles+Camic&rft.au=Neil+Gross&rft.au=Michele+Lamont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0l7iDZY-MSoC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouchoux2000" class="citation cs2">Bouchoux, Deborah E. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/citecheckerhands0000bouc"><i>Cite Checker: A Hands-On Guide to Learning Citation Form</i></a>, Thomson Delmar Learning, p. 45, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7668-1893-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7668-1893-4"><bdi>0-7668-1893-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cite+Checker%3A+A+Hands-On+Guide+to+Learning+Citation+Form&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Thomson+Delmar+Learning&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7668-1893-4&rft.aulast=Bouchoux&rft.aufirst=Deborah+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitecheckerhands0000bouc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBouchoux2000">Bouchoux 2000</a>, p. 45.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harland, p. 39</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallach2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wallach, Jennifer J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23540526">"Building a bridge of words: the literary autobiography as historical source material"</a>. <i>Biography</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 446–61<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Building+a+bridge+of+words%3A+the+literary+autobiography+as+historical+source+material&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=446-61&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wallach&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23540526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+source" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_source?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, particularly the introduction</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Secondary_source&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li>Jules R. Benjamin, <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/studentsguidetoh00benj" class="extiw" title="iarchive:studentsguidetoh00benj">A Student's Guide to History</a></i> (2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781457621444?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781457621444">9781457621444</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_H._Carr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Carr">Edward H. Carr</a>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/What_is_History%3F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="What is History?">What is History?</a></i> (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333977019?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780333977019">9780333977019</a></li> <li>Wood Gray, <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/historianshandbo0000gray" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historianshandbo0000gray">Historian's handbook, a key to the study and writing of history</a></i> (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1991, ©1964) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881336269?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780881336269">9780881336269</a></li> <li>Derek Harland, <i>A Basic Course in Genealogy: Volume two, Research Procedure and Evaluation of Evidence</i> (Bookcraft Inc, 1958) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60197787">WorldCat record</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Richard Holmes</a>, <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/tommybritishsold0000holm_r2i1" class="extiw" title="iarchive:tommybritishsold0000holm r2i1">Tommy</a></i> (HarperCollins, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007137510?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780007137510">9780007137510</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martha_C._Howell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martha C. Howell">Martha C. Howell</a> and Walter Prevenier, <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/fromreliablesour0000howe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:fromreliablesour0000howe">From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods</a></i> (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801435737?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780801435737">9780801435737</a></li> <li>Richard A. Marius and Melvin E. Page, <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/shortguidetowrit0000mari" class="extiw" title="iarchive:shortguidetowrit0000mari">A Short Guide to Writing About History</a></i> (8th Edition) (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780205118601?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780205118601">9780205118601</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hayden_White?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hayden White">Hayden White</a>, <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/metahistoryhisto00whit" class="extiw" title="iarchive:metahistoryhisto00whit">Metahistory: the historical imagination in nineteenth-century Europe</a></i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801814693?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780801814693">9780801814693</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%258A" title="مصدر ثانوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصدر ثانوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0kinci_d%25C9%2599r%25C9%2599c%25C9%2599li_m%25C9%2599nb%25C9%2599" title="İkinci dərəcəli mənbə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci dərəcəli mənbə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A7%258E%25E0%25A6%25B8" title="মাধ্যমিক উৎস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাধ্যমিক উৎস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_secund%25C3%25A0ria" title="Font secundària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Font secundària" 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data-title="2차 자료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekundarna_literatura" title="Sekundarna literatura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sekundarna literatura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_sekunder" title="Sumber sekunder – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumber sekunder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte_secondaria" title="Fonte secondaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonte secondaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8_%25D7%259E%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599" title="מקור משני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקור משני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A1sodlagos_forr%25C3%25A1s" title="Másodlagos forrás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Másodlagos forrás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Вторичен извор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вторичен извор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_sekunder" title="Sumber sekunder – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumber sekunder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D1%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2587_%25D1%258D%25D1%2585_%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B6" title="Хоёрдогч эх сурвалж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хоёрдогч эх сурвалж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundaire_bron" title="Secundaire bron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Secundaire bron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BA%258C%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E8%25B3%2587%25E6%2596%2599" title="二次資料 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="二次資料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25B9r%25C3%25B3d%25C5%2582o_wt%25C3%25B3rne" title="Źródło wtórne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Źródło wtórne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte_secund%25C3%25A1ria" title="Fonte secundária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonte secundária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burime_dyt%25C3%25ABsore" title="Burime dytësore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Burime dytësore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Secondary source" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekundarna_literatura" title="Sekundarna literatura – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sekundarna literatura" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekundarna_literatura" title="Sekundarna literatura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sekundarna literatura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekund%25C3%25A4%25C3%25A4ril%25C3%25A4hde" title="Sekundäärilähde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sekundäärilähde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekund%25C3%25A4rk%25C3%25A4lla" title="Sekundärkälla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sekundärkälla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2587%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%2588_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2582%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="இரண்டாம் நிலை மூலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் நிலை மூலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BD%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%2597" title="Вторинне джерело інформації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вторинне джерело інформації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BA%258C%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%258C%25AE" title="二次文献 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二次文献" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 11:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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