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<div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Skydd_för_ryggmärgen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skydd_för_ryggmärgen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Skydd för ryggmärgen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skydd_för_ryggmärgen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ryggradens_stötdämpning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryggradens_stötdämpning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ryggradens stötdämpning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryggradens_stötdämpning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ryggradens_rörelsemodus_och_lyftmodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryggradens_rörelsemodus_och_lyftmodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ryggradens rörelsemodus och lyftmodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryggradens_rörelsemodus_och_lyftmodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ryggrad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 119 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werwelkolom" title="Werwelkolom – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Werwelkolom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbels%C3%A4ule" title="Wirbelsäule – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wirbelsäule" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%B5" title="ደንደስ – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደንደስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="عمود فقري – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمود فقري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%95%DC%90_%DC%A6%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܥܡܘܕܐ ܦܩܪܝܐ – arameiska" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܡܘܕܐ ܦܩܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototokwakan" title="Ototokwakan – atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ototokwakan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atukupe_kangue_rys%C3%BDi" title="Atukupe kangue rysýi – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Atukupe kangue rysýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Мугъзагьод – avariska" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мугъзагьод" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikhani_k%27ili" title="Jikhani k'ili – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jikhani k'ili" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur%C4%9Fa_s%C3%BCtunu" title="Onurğa sütunu – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onurğa sütunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="اونورغا سوتونو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اونورغا سوتونو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="মেরুদণ্ড – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরুদণ্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-chui" title="Chek-chui – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chek-chui" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Пазваночнік – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пазваночнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Хрыбетнік – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрыбетнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B1" title="Гръбначен стълб – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръбначен стълб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Dma" title="Kičma – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kičma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalenn_ar_c%27hein" title="Gwalenn ar c'hein – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwalenn ar c'hein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Çурăм туни – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурăм туни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1te%C5%99" title="Páteř – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Páteř" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgwrn_cefn" title="Asgwrn cefn – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asgwrn cefn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rygs%C3%B8jle" title="Rygsøjle – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rygsøjle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbels%C3%A4ule" title="Wirbelsäule – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirbelsäule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgroog" title="Selgroog – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Selgroog" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Σπονδυλική στήλη – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπονδυλική στήλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vertebral column" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebraro" title="Vertebraro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vertebraro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizkarrezur" title="Bizkarrezur – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizkarrezur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ستون مهره‌ها – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستون مهره‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonne_vert%C3%A9brale" title="Colonne vertébrale – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonne vertébrale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringe_(r%C3%AAchbonke)" title="Wringe (rêchbonke) – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wringe (rêchbonke)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAn_veirteabrach" title="Colún veirteabrach – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colún veirteabrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poi-n%C3%B2ng-kut" title="Poi-nòng-kut – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Poi-nòng-kut" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%99%EC%B6%94" title="척추 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="척추" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ողնաշար – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ողնաշար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="मेरूदण्ड – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेरूदण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEnica" title="Kralježnica – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kralježnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spino" title="Spino – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Spino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koluma_vertebra" title="Koluma vertebra – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koluma vertebra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryggs%C3%BAla" title="Hryggsúla – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hryggsúla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_vertebrale" title="Colonna vertebrale – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonna vertebrale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94" title="עמוד השדרה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמוד השדרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86" title="ಬೆನ್ನುಮೂಳೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆನ್ನುಮೂಳೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galudgud" title="Galudgud – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Galudgud" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ხერხემალი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხერხემალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Омыртқа бағанасы – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омыртқа бағанасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellkeyn" title="Mellkeyn – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mellkeyn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uti_wa_mgongo" title="Uti wa mgongo – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uti wa mgongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Сюрса лы – kome" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сюрса лы" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="kome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birrbirreya_pi%C5%9Ft%C3%AA" title="Birrbirreya piştê – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Birrbirreya piştê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D3%80" title="БархӀ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="БархӀ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebralis" title="Columna vertebralis – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Columna vertebralis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugurkauls" title="Mugurkauls – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mugurkauls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ckstrank" title="Réckstrank – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Réckstrank" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuburas" title="Stuburas – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stuburas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokesa" title="Mokesa – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokesa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerinc" title="Gerinc – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerinc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98%D0%A0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1" title="‘Рбетен столб – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="‘Рбетен столб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazondamosina" title="Hazondamosina – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hazondamosina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D" title="നട്ടെല്ല് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നട്ടെല്ല്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="پشت‌مرزی – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پشت‌مرزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turus_ruas_tulang_belakang" title="Turus ruas tulang belakang – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turus ruas tulang belakang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-t%C3%B9i" title="Cék-tùi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-tùi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Карязбакарсь – moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Карязбакарсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Нугалам нуруу – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нугалам нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wervelkolom" title="Wervelkolom – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wervelkolom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="मेरुदण्ड – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेरुदण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E" title="脊椎 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脊椎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggs%C3%B8yle" title="Ryggsøyle – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ryggsøyle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggs%C3%B8yle" title="Ryggsøyle – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ryggsøyle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomna_vertebrala" title="Colomna vertebrala – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colomna vertebrala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umurtqa_pog%CA%BBonasi" title="Umurtqa pogʻonasi – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umurtqa pogʻonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੀੜ ਦੀ ਹੱਡੀ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੀੜ ਦੀ ਹੱਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%91" title="کنگریڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنگریڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99gos%C5%82up" title="Kręgosłup – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kręgosłup" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluna_vertebral" title="Coluna vertebral – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coluna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloan%C4%83_vertebral%C4%83" title="Coloană vertebrală – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coloană vertebrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasa_tullu" title="Wasa tullu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wasa tullu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Позвоночник – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Позвоночник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="कशेरुः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कशेरुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig-bane" title="Rig-bane – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rig-bane" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtylla_kurrizore" title="Shtylla kurrizore – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtylla kurrizore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutruzzu" title="Cutruzzu – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cutruzzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="කශේරුව – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කශේරුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine" title="Spine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%88" title="ڪرنگھو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرنگھو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrbtica" title="Chrbtica – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chrbtica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrbtenica" title="Hrbtenica – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hrbtenica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafdhabar_(yadhax)" title="Lafdhabar (yadhax) – somaliska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Lafdhabar (yadhax)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%95" title="بڕبڕە – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕبڕە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кичма – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кичма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Dma" title="Kičma – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kičma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_tonggong" title="Tulang tonggong – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tulang tonggong" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selk%C3%A4ranka" title="Selkäranka – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selkäranka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulugod" title="Gulugod – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gulugod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="முள்ளந்தண்டு நிரல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முள்ளந்தண்டு நிரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajgu_n_uzagur" title="Ajgu n uzagur – kabyliska" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ajgu n uzagur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95" title="వెన్నెముక – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెన్నెముక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="กระดูกสันหลัง – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระดูกสันหลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сутунмуҳра – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сутунмуҳра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurga" title="Omurga – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omurga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Хребет – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хребет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%91%DA%BE_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DB%81%DA%88%DB%8C" title="ریڑھ کی ہڈی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریڑھ کی ہڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ئومۇرتقا – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئومۇرتقا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoksaen" title="Ndoksaen – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndoksaen" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99t_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Cột sống – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cột sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4lgruuts" title="Sälgruuts – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sälgruuts" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schene_(antomeye)" title="Schene (antomeye) – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Schene (antomeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut%C3%B3gut%C3%B3" title="Gutógutó – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gutógutó" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E" title="脊椎 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脊椎" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="רוקן ביין – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוקן ביין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AA%A8" title="脊骨 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脊骨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%9F%B1" title="脊柱 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脊柱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q482853#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ryggrad"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Ryggrad" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Ryggrad" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&oldid=49698476" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Ryggrad&id=49698476&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRyggrad"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRyggrad"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ryggrad"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ryggrad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vertebral_column" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q482853" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png/150px-Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="515" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png/225px-Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Ryggrad. Lateral vy.<br />Illustration: Gray's Anatomy, 1918. (PD)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ryggraden</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>: <i>columna vertebralis</i>) är hos alla <a href="/wiki/Ryggradsdjur" title="Ryggradsdjur">ryggradsdjur</a> den kotpelare som sträcker sig från <a href="/wiki/Kranium" title="Kranium">kraniet</a> till <a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">svansen</a>. Ryggraden bildar tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6stkorg" title="Bröstkorg">bröstkorgen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Thorax" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax">thorax</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Hals" title="Hals">halsen</a> och kraniet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Axialskelett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axialskelett [inte skriven än]">axialskelettet</a> till vilket <a href="/wiki/Nedre_extremiteten" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedre extremiteten">nedre</a> och <a href="/wiki/%C3%96vre_extremiteten" class="mw-redirect" title="Övre extremiteten">övre extremiteterna</a> förbinder sig genom <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4cken" title="Bäcken">bäckenet</a> och <a href="/wiki/Skulderg%C3%B6rdel" title="Skuldergördel">skuldergördeln</a>. Sjukdomar i ryggraden kallas <a href="/wiki/Dorsopati" title="Dorsopati">dorsopati</a>. </p><p>I <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontalplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frontalplan [inte skriven än]">frontalplanet</a> är ryggraden normalt rak och symmetrisk (se <a href="/wiki/Skolios" title="Skolios">skolios</a>) men i <a href="/wiki/Sagittalplan" title="Sagittalplan">sagittalplanet</a> kröker sig ryggraden flera gånger. De kurvor som vetter bakåt (är dorsalt <a href="/wiki/Konvex" class="mw-disambig" title="Konvex">konvexa</a>) kallas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyfos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyfos [inte skriven än]">kyfoser</a> och de som vetter framåt (är ventralt konvexa) kallas <a href="/wiki/Lordos" title="Lordos">lordoser</a>. </p><p>Ryggraden består av 32–34 <a href="/wiki/Ryggkota" title="Ryggkota">ryggkotor</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a></i>) och kan uppdelas i fem delar: <a href="/wiki/Hals" title="Hals">halsdelen</a> (<i>pars cervicalis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6st" title="Bröst">bröstdelen</a> (<i>pars thoracica</i>), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4nd" class="mw-redirect" title="Länd">länddelen</a> (<i>pars lumbalis</i>), <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4cken" title="Bäcken">bäckendelen</a> (<i>pars pelvina</i>) och bakpartiet<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inledning_och_sammanhang#Förklara_sammanhanget" title="Wikipedia:Inledning och sammanhang">[<span title="det närmaste är Svanskotor foper en wikilänk? (2016-02)"><i>förtydliga</i></span>]</a></sup> (<i>pars caudalis</i>). </p><p>Det finns 24 "presakrala" kotor: sju <a href="/wiki/Halskota" title="Halskota">halskotor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cervikalkota" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervikalkota">cervikalkotor</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrae_cervicales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae cervicales">vertebrae cervicales</a></i>), tolv <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6stkota" title="Bröstkota">bröstkotor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorakalkota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorakalkota">thorakalkotor</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrae_thoracicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae thoracicae">vertebrae thoracicae</a></i>), fem <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4ndkota" title="Ländkota">ländkotor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumbalkota" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbalkota">lumbalkotor</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrae_lumbales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae lumbales">vertebrae lumbales</a></i>). </p><p>Dessutom bildar fem <a href="/wiki/Sakralkota" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakralkota">sakralkotor</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrae_sacrales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrae sacrales [inte skriven än]">vertebrae sacrales</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Korsben" title="Korsben">korsbenet</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Os_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Os sacrum">os sacrum</a></i>) och tre till fem <a href="/wiki/Svanskota" class="mw-redirect" title="Svanskota">svanskotor</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrae_coccygeae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrae coccygeae [inte skriven än]">vertebrae coccygeae</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Svansben" title="Svansben">svansbenet</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Os_coccygis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Os coccygis [inte skriven än]">os coccygis</a></i>). </p><p>Ryggkotorna skiljs åt av 23 <a href="/wiki/Mellankotskiva" title="Mellankotskiva">mellankotskivor</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Disci_intervertebrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Disci intervertebrales">disci intervertebrales</a></i>). </p><p>Thorakalkyfos är bröstryggradens utbuktning bakåt. <i>Thorakal</i> betyder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%B6strygg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bröstrygg [inte skriven än]">bröstrygg</a> och <i>kyfos</i> betyder kut (motsats till <a href="/wiki/Svank" title="Svank">svank</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skydd_för_ryggmärgen"><span id="Skydd_f.C3.B6r_ryggm.C3.A4rgen"></span>Skydd för ryggmärgen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Skydd för ryggmärgen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Skydd för ryggmärgen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ryggraden är ett fast skydd för <a href="/wiki/Ryggm%C3%A4rg" title="Ryggmärg">ryggmärgen</a> som innesluts i dess benhåla, ryggradskanalen eller vertebralkanalen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ryggradens_stötdämpning"><span id="Ryggradens_st.C3.B6td.C3.A4mpning"></span>Ryggradens stötdämpning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ryggradens stötdämpning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ryggradens stötdämpning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ryggradens S-form och dess växlande uppbyggnad av hårda och mjuka element gör att den är rörlig, elastisk och kan uppta elastisk energi som strävar efter att föra den tillbaka till neutralställningen. Stötdämpningen bidrar till att skydda synen, balansorganet och hjärnan. En av de frekvenser som systemet tål sämst ligger i området 4-6 Hz. Maskinbuller och dylikt som ligger i det frekvensområdet betecknas som arbetsbelastning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ryggradens_rörelsemodus_och_lyftmodus"><span id="Ryggradens_r.C3.B6relsemodus_och_lyftmodus"></span>Ryggradens rörelsemodus och lyftmodus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ryggradens rörelsemodus och lyftmodus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ryggradens rörelsemodus och lyftmodus"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ryggraden är en bärande konstruktion som kan vara utformad som en rak oelastisk pelare (lyftmodus) eller som en C- eller S-formad elastisk stav (rörelsemodus). Den har således två konstruktionsprinciper att alternera mellan. Lyftmodus: en central, longitudinell belastning av den raka pelaren ger en fördelning av kraften som är lika stor på alla kotorna och därmed en maximal belastningskapacitet av ryggraden. Rörelsemodus: en bågformad elastisk stav kommer däremot alltid har skarpa kurvor där belastningen koncentreras och eventuellt överstiger frakturgränsen; i gengäld kommer den dock ha egenskaperna av att vara rörlig, elastisk och stötdämpande. En analys av ryggradens delar visar att den utgörs av ett kompressionselement (corpora och disci), ett styrningselement (art. zygapophysiales) och ett traktionselement (proc. transversi et spinosi med mellanliggande ligament och ovanliggande fascia thoracolumbalis) Övergången mellan rörelsemodus och lyftmodus fås genom: lutning av bäckenet varpå ländryggens kompressionselement rätas ut till en rak pelare således att den svaga arcusdelen inte blir bärande, sträckning av traktionselementets kollagena fibrer varpå ryggradens elastiska styvhet ökar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskans_skelett" title="Människans skelett">Människans skelett</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Anatomisk atlas</i>, Michael Budowick, Jan G. Bjålie, Bent Rolstad, Kari C. Toverud, Liber, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-47-00091-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-47-00091-0">ISBN 91-47-00091-0</a></li> <li><i>Rörelseapparatens anatomi</i>, Finn Bojsen-Møller, Liber, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-47-04884-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-47-04884-0">ISBN 91-47-04884-0</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&oldid=49698476">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryggrad&oldid=49698476</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Skelettet" title="Kategori:Skelettet">Skelettet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ryggen" title="Kategori:Ryggen">Ryggen</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dolda kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_f%C3%B6rtydligas_2016-02" title="Kategori:Artiklar som behöver förtydligas 2016-02">Artiklar som behöver förtydligas 2016-02</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_f%C3%B6rtydligas-samtliga" title="Kategori:Artiklar som behöver förtydligas-samtliga">Artiklar som behöver förtydligas-samtliga</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 3 oktober 2021 kl. 11.37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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