CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kura–Araxes culture - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"514902f2-bd6b-4558-bf3e-21430f6690e6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kura–Araxes_culture","wgTitle":"Kura–Araxes culture","wgCurRevisionId":1258479324,"wgRevisionId":1258479324,"wgArticleId":956689,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles needing examples","Articles needing examples from August 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from August 2024", "Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012","Commons category link from Wikidata","Kura-Araxes culture","Bronze Age cultures of Asia","Chalcolithic cultures of Asia","Archaeological cultures of West Asia","Archaeological cultures of the Caucasus","Archaeological cultures in Armenia","Archaeological cultures in Azerbaijan","Archaeological cultures in Georgia (country)","Archaeological cultures in Iran","Archaeological cultures in Turkey","Urartu","Nakh peoples","Prehistoric Anatolia","Prehistoric Azerbaijan","Prehistoric Iran","Leyla-Tepe culture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kura–Araxes_culture","wgRelevantArticleId":956689,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q169349","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Influencedurartu1.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="901"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Influencedurartu1.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="601"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kura–Araxes culture - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kura–Araxes_culture rootpage-Kura–Araxes_culture skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expansion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iranian_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Iranian sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultural connections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_connections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural connections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallurgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallurgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Metallurgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallurgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Burial customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethno-linguistic_makeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethno-linguistic_makeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethno-linguistic makeup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethno-linguistic_makeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kura–Araxes culture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7-_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="حضارة كورا- أراكسيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضارة كورا- أراكسيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCr-Araz_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="Kür-Araz mədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kür-Araz mədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кура-аракская культура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кура-аракская культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Kura-Araxes" title="Cultura de Kura-Araxes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura de Kura-Araxes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura-araksk%C3%A1_kultura" title="Kura-arakská kultura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kura-arakská kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura-Araxes-Kultur" title="Kura-Araxes-Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kura-Araxes-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_kur%C3%A1-araxes" title="Cultura kurá-araxes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura kurá-araxes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%E2%80%93%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="تمدن کورا–ارس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن کورا–ارس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Kouro-Araxe" title="Culture Kouro-Araxe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture Kouro-Araxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Կուր-Արաքսյան մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուր-Արաքսյան մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Kura-Araxes" title="Cultura Kura-Araxes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura Kura-Araxes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მტკვარ-არაქსის კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მტკვარ-არაქსის კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuros-Arakso_kult%C5%ABra" title="Kuros-Arakso kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuros-Arakso kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur_Kura-Araxes" title="Cultur Kura-Araxes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur Kura-Araxes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მტკვარ-არაქსიშ კულტურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მტკვარ-არაქსიშ კულტურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koera-Araxescultuur" title="Koera-Araxescultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koera-Araxescultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Transcauc%C3%A0sia_anciana" title="Cultura de Transcaucàsia anciana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cultura de Transcaucàsia anciana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_kuro-arakska" title="Kultura kuro-arakska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura kuro-arakska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Куро-араксская культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Куро-араксская культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Kura%E2%80%93Araks" title="Kultura Kura–Araks – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultura Kura–Araks" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kura–Araxes culture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxesin_kulttuuri" title="Kura–Araxesin kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kura–Araxesin kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaz_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Karaz kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karaz kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Куро-аракська культура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Куро-аракська культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169349#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&oldid=1258479324" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&id=1258479324&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKura%25E2%2580%2593Araxes_culture"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKura%25E2%2580%2593Araxes_culture"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169349" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological culture from the Caucasus region</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Kura–Araxes culture, Kur–Araz culture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Influencedurartu1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Influencedurartu1.PNG/220px-Influencedurartu1.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Influencedurartu1.PNG/330px-Influencedurartu1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Influencedurartu1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Early expansion of the Kuro-Araxes culture (light shading) shown in relation to subsequent cultures in the area, such as Urartu (dark shading).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>circa</i> 3,400 B.C.E. — <i>circa</i> 2,000 B.C.E.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shengavit_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengavit Settlement">Shengavit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri-Shomu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulaveri-Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_culture" title="Nakhchivan culture">Nakhchivan culture</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kura–Araxes culture</b> (also named <i>Kur–Araz culture, Mtkvari–Araxes culture, Early Transcaucasian culture, Shengavitian culture</i><sup id="cite_ref-o766_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o766-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> that existed from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has traditionally been regarded as the date of its end; in some locations it may have disappeared as early as 2600 or 2700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence for this culture is found on the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararat plain">Ararat plain</a>; it spread north in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> by 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens54_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altogether, the early <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasian</a> culture enveloped a vast area approximately 1,000 km by 500 km,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mostly encompassed the modern-day territories of the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> (except western Georgia), northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">northeastern Caucasus</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and as far as northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Turkey_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Turkey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the culture is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Kura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Araks_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Araks river">Araxes</a> river valleys. Some local variations of the Kura–Araxes culture are sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Shengavit_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengavit Settlement">Shengavitian</a>, Karaz (<a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>), Pulur (after a site renamed later as <a href="/wiki/Sakyol,_%C3%87emi%C5%9Fgezek" title="Sakyol, Çemişgezek">Sakyol</a>), and Yanik Tepe (Iranian Azerbaijan, near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a>) cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kerak" title="Khirbet Kerak">Khirbet Kerak-ware culture</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a> of the South Caucasus and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhchivan region">Nakhchivan region</a> and nearby areas, Kura-Araxes culture was followed by <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_culture" title="Nakhchivan culture">Nakhchivan culture</a>. </p><p>This civilization was characterized by an agricultural <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> economy with more than a thousand settlements covering the fertile riverside valleys, high plateaus and high mountain zones of the Armenian highlands and neighboring regions. The Early Bronze Age artificial hill-settlements were characterized by multiple cultural layers, which in some places spread to tens of meters (Mokhrablur of <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhijevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C5%9Funtepe" title="Norşuntepe">Norsun-Tepe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8_1.JPG/220px-%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8_1.JPG/330px-%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8_1.JPG/440px-%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Kura-Araxes pottery fragments and obsidian from the <a href="/wiki/Shengavit_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengavit Settlement">Shengavit Settlement</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The formative processes of the Kura-Araxes cultural complex, and the date and circumstances of its rise, have been long debated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri-Shomu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulaveri-Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu culture</a> preceded the Kura–Araxes culture in the area. There were many differences between these two cultures<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (August 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, so the connection was not clear. Later, it was suggested that the Sioni culture of eastern Georgia possibly represented a transition from the Shulaveri to the Kura-Arax cultural complex. </p><p>At many sites, the Sioni culture layers can be seen as intermediary between Shulaver-Shomu-Tepe layers and the Kura-Araxes layers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of stratigraphy warrants a chronological place of the Sioni culture at around 4000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars consider the <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a> areas as key to forming the earliest phase of the Kura–Araxes culture.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To a large extent, this appears as an indigenous culture of Caucasus that was formed over a long period, and at the same time incorporating foreign influences. </p><p>There are some indications (such as at <a href="/wiki/Arslantepe" title="Arslantepe">Arslantepe</a>) of the overlapping in time of the Kura-Araxes and <a href="/wiki/Uruk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruk culture">Uruk cultures</a>; such contacts may go back even to the Middle Uruk period.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have suggested that the earliest manifestation of the Kura-Araxes phenomenon should be dated at least to the last quarter of the 5th millennium BC. This is based on the recent data from <a href="/wiki/Ov%C3%A7ular_Tepesi" title="Ovçular Tepesi">Ovçular Tepesi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Late Chalcolithic</a> settlement located in <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Akhuryan_(river)" title="Akhuryan (river)">Arpaçay river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_archaeological_cultures_in_Europe_and_Caucasus_before_and_after_3000_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Distribution_of_archaeological_cultures_in_Europe_and_Caucasus_before_and_after_3000_BCE.png/350px-Distribution_of_archaeological_cultures_in_Europe_and_Caucasus_before_and_after_3000_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Distribution_of_archaeological_cultures_in_Europe_and_Caucasus_before_and_after_3000_BCE.png/525px-Distribution_of_archaeological_cultures_in_Europe_and_Caucasus_before_and_after_3000_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Distribution_of_archaeological_cultures_in_Europe_and_Caucasus_before_and_after_3000_BCE.png/700px-Distribution_of_archaeological_cultures_in_Europe_and_Caucasus_before_and_after_3000_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>The Kura–Araxes culture (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffd700"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFD700;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) and distribution of archaeological cultures in Europe and Caucasus before and after 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion">Expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rather quickly, elements of Kura–Araxes culture started to proceed westward to the <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> plain, southwest to <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, and to the southeast into the area of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>, and below the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Urmia</a> basin in Iran, such as to <a href="/wiki/Godin_Tepe" title="Godin Tepe">Godin Tepe</a>. Finally, it proceeded into the present-day <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amuq_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuq valley">Amuq valley</a>), and as far as <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </p><p>Its territory corresponds to large parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia">North Ossetia</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Turkey_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Turkey-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Sos_Hoyuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sos Hoyuk">Sos Hoyuk</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum Province</a>, Turkey, early forms of Kura-Araxes pottery were found in association with local ceramics as early as 3500-3300 BC. During the Early Bronze Age in 3000-2200 BC, this settlement was part of the Kura-Araxes phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Arslantepe" title="Arslantepe">Arslantepe</a>, Turkey, around 3000 BCE, there was widespread burning and destruction, after which Kura-Araxes pottery appeared in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Geoffrey Summers, the movement of Kura-Araxes peoples into Iran and the Van region, which he interprets as quite sudden, started shortly before 3000 BC, and may have been prompted by the 'Late Uruk Collapse' (end of the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>), taking place at the end of Uruk IV phase <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_sites">Iranian sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iranian sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many important Kura-Araxes sites located along the Araxes river, south of which is modern Iran. <a href="/wiki/Kultepe,_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kultepe, Azerbaijan">Kultepe, Azerbaijan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic</a> close to Araxes river, has already been known for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-Marro_Bakhshaliyev_Berthon_Thomalsky_2019_pp._81–113_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marro_Bakhshaliyev_Berthon_Thomalsky_2019_pp._81–113-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abedi2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abedi2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iran, the excavations especially accelerated in the 21st century. <a href="/wiki/Kul_Tepe_Jolfa" title="Kul Tepe Jolfa">Kul Tepe Jolfa</a>, a related site, is seen as an important gateway for Kura-Araxes culture on its way south towards <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a> area. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> trade and distribution are particularly revealing of cultural connections, and Kul Tepe Jolfa was an important transshipment point for the movement of Caucasian obsidian to Iranian sites. This trade was probably conducted by groups of mobile pastoralists from Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in Iran downstream the Araxes river, two additional sites from the same period have recently been excavated, <a href="/wiki/Kohne_Pasgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohne Pasgah">Kohne Pasgah</a> and Kohne Tepesi.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziar_2019_pp._51–74_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziar_2019_pp._51–74-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other Iranian sites have come to light recently and have been excavated already.<sup id="cite_ref-Maziar_2019_pp._51–74_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maziar_2019_pp._51–74-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_connections">Cultural connections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kura–Araxes culture is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Kura–Araxes culture is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x03" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_3000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 3000 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-3000</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_44x62" style="position:absolute; left:44px; top:62px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_dot_(semi-transparent).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/25px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/38px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/50px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></span></div><div id="annotation_46x93" style="position:absolute; left:46px; top:93px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SUMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_73x90" style="position:absolute; left:73px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Proto-<br />Elamite</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x85" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:85px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">EBLA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_282x75" style="position:absolute; left:282px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Jeul-<br />mun</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x95" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">INDUS<br />VALLEY<br />CIVILIZATION</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_1x30" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:30px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Corded Ware<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x40" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Yamnaya<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_45x65" style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:65px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Kura-<br />Araxes</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x37" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:37px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Afanasievo<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x27" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:27px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Botai_culture" title="Botai culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Botai<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_145x27" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Bolshemys_culture" title="Bolshemys culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Bolshemys<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x67" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:67px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sarazm<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x40" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Ancient<br />Northeast Asians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x63" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:63px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Hongshan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x75" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:75px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Long-<br />shan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_253x75" style="position:absolute; left:253px; top:75px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Dawen-<br />kou</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_260x93" style="position:absolute; left:260px; top:93px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Liang-<br />zhu</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_206x73" style="position:absolute; left:206px; top:73px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Majia-<br />yao</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x100" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:100px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Qujia-<br />ling</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_01x105" style="position:absolute; left:01px; top:105px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EARLY<br />DYNASTIC<br />EGYPT</b></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Kura–Araxes culture and main other contemporary cultures <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>Kura–Araxes culture is closely linked to the approximately contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> of the North Caucasus. The two cultures seem to have influenced one another.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economy was based on <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>-raising (especially of cattle and sheep).<sup id="cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaimoukhaKura-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They grew grain and orchard crops, and are known to have used implements to make <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>. They raised cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, and in later phases, horses.<sup id="cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaimoukhaKura-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Kura-Araxes period, horse bones were not found in Transcaucasia. Later, beginning about 3300 BCE, they became widespread, with signs of domestication.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence of trade with Mesopotamia as well as <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaimoukhaKura-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is, however, considered above all to be indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and its major variants characterized (according to Caucasus historian Amjad Jaimoukha) later major cultures in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaimoukhaKura-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was at this period that the irrigation systems built on the slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Aragats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gegham_mountains" title="Gegham mountains">Geghama</a> mountains were formed and at the sources of canals, artificial water pools and springs, dragon stones (vishapakar) made from one piece basalt were erected. Another prerequisite for unprecedented economic development was copper production. A large number of weapon and tools made of arsenical bronze are attested by both the finds near Yerevan and the stone and clay molds found in various ancient sites of <a href="/wiki/Shengavit_(site)" title="Shengavit (site)">Shengavit civilization</a> (Shengavit, <a href="/wiki/Margahovit" title="Margahovit">Margahovit</a>, etc.). In the Shengavit ancient site, weight standards similar to those used in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> were found, which testify the Armenia's involvement in the newly formed international trade relations in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>. These weapons that are found were arrows, daggers, battle axes, spears and other weapons made of obsidian, flint, bone and bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological evidence of inhabitants of the Kura–Araxes culture showed that ancient settlements were found along the <a href="/wiki/Hrazdan_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrazdan river">Hrazdan river</a>, as shown by drawings at a mountainous area in a cave nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structures in settlements have not revealed much differentiation, nor was there much difference in size or character between settlements,<sup id="cite_ref-Edens54_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> facts that suggest they probably had a poorly developed social hierarchy for a significant stretch of their history. Some, but not all, settlements were surrounded by stone walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens54_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the settlements with an area of 1-10 ha, the central ones were surrounded by fortified walls built of stone (Shengavit, <a href="/wiki/Garni" title="Garni">Garni</a>, Persi, Khorenia-Javakhk) and of mud-brick (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokhrablur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokhrablur (page does not exist)">Mokhrablur</a>, Goy-tepe, Gudaberteke), with artificial puddles (Norabats, Kvatskhelebi, Khizannat-gora). The Shengavit fortified wall is noteworthy with its stone foundations, reinforced with rectangular masonry walls and a tiled secret passage leading to <a href="/wiki/Hrazdan_(river)" title="Hrazdan (river)">Hrazdan river</a>. The central urban areas, which are characterized by dense construction (Shengavit, Mokhrablur, etc.), were surrounded by satellite residences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Kura-Araxes built mud-brick houses, originally round, but later developing into subrectangular designs with structures of just one or two rooms, multiple rooms centered around an open space, or rectilinear designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens54_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mud-brick was made from sandy clay with the help of mold forms and dried in the sun. It was the main building material from which 10 to 11 walls, temples, residential and economic buildings and hydro-engineering structures were built. The foundations of the houses were made of river stones, cracked or unprocessed <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> (Shengavit, Harich, Karaz, Amiranis-gora, etc.), on which mud-brick walls were raised. Round buildings with a diameter of 4-10 m and rectangular floorplan were widespread. The latter had a flat, log roof, and the buildings with round floorplan had primitive roofs of “hazarashen” type, covered with clay mud-bricks with reed, with a skylights hole in the centre of the roof, that solved the issues of light and ventilation of the house (Shengavit, Mokhrablur). The floors were of rammed earth. There were also plaster covered, up to 10 cm thick (Shengavit) and red painted (Garakepek-Tepe) floors. There are found samples of attempts to enliven the monotonous clay walls with decoration and with shaped arrangement of bricks of different color and to enlighten the monotonous appearance of the walls with various colors (Shengavit, Mokhrablur in Nakhijevan, Yanik-tepe, etc).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some point<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the culture's settlements and burial grounds expanded out of lowland river valleys and into highland areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens55_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens55-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some scholars have suggested that this expansion demonstrates a switch from agriculture to <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> and that it serves as possible proof of a large-scale arrival of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a>, facts such as that settlement in the lowlands remained more or less continuous suggest merely that the people of this culture were diversifying their economy to encompass crop and livestock <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens55_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens55-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shengavit_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengavit Settlement">Shengavit Settlement</a> is a prominent Kura-Araxes site in present-day <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. It was inhabited from approximately 3200 BC cal to 2500 BC cal. Later on, in the Middle Bronze Age, it was used irregularly until 2200 BC cal. The town occupied an area of six hectares, which is large for Kura-Araxes sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metallurgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the earliest phase of the Kura–Araxes culture, metal was scarce. In comparison, the preceding <a href="/wiki/Leilatepe_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Leilatepe culture">Leilatepe culture</a>'s metalwork tradition was far more sophisticated.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially after 3000 BC, a significant increase in the use of metal objects occurred at Kura-Araxes sites. Also the variation in copper alloys increased during this time. The rich tomb of a woman at Kvazchela is a good example of this, which is quite similar to the 'royal tomb' from <a href="/wiki/Arslantepe" title="Arslantepe">Arslantepe</a>. The use of an arsenical component up to 25% in copper objects resulted in a shiny greyish, silvery colour. So it's quite possible that these unusually high arsenical alloys were intended to imitate silver.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kura–Araxes culture would later display "a precocious metallurgical development, which strongly influenced surrounding regions".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They worked <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Edens54_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens55_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens55-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their metal goods were widely distributed, from the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_River,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River, Russia">Don</a>-<a href="/wiki/Donets" title="Donets">Donets</a> river systems in the north to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp,_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG/220px-Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG/330px-Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG/440px-Saxs%C4%B1_k%C3%BCp%2C_T%C9%99p%C9%99yata%C4%9F%C4%B1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="4065" /></a><figcaption>Pottery</figcaption></figure> <p>Their <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> was distinctive. The spread of their pottery along trade routes into surrounding cultures was much more impressive than any of their achievements domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens54_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was painted black and red, using geometric designs. Examples have been found as far south as <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and as far north as <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of this pottery, along with archaeological evidence of invasions, suggests that the Kura-Araxes people may have spread outward from their original homes and, most certainly, had extensive trade contacts. <a href="/wiki/Amjad_Jaimoukha" title="Amjad Jaimoukha">Jaimoukha</a> believes that its southern expanse is attributable primarily to <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaimoukhaKura-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Giulio Palumbi (2008), the typical red-black ware of Kura–Araxes culture originated in eastern Anatolia, and then moved on to the Caucasus area. But then these cultural influences came back to Anatolia mixed in with other cultural elements from the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6hne_Shahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Köhne Shahar">Köhne Shahar</a> is a very large Kura-Araxes archaeological site in Iran located close to the Turkish border. Situated in a narrow valley at the altitude of 1905m asl, it was excavated in 2012-2014. It was located on the trade route between Iran and Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Samei_Alizadeh_2020_p._e0229339_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samei_Alizadeh_2020_p._e0229339-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a> and wine-making were widely practised in the area from the earliest times. Viticulture even goes back to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri-Shomu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulaveri-Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu culture</a>. </p><p>The earliest evidence of domesticated grapes in the world has been found at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadachrili_Gora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadachrili Gora (page does not exist)">Gadachrili Gora</a>, near the village of Imiri, <a href="/wiki/Marneuli_Municipality" title="Marneuli Municipality">Marneuli Municipality</a>, in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Republic of Georgia</a>; carbon-dating points to the date of about 6000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grape pips dating back to the V-IVth millennia BC were found in Shulaveri; others dating back to the IVth millennium BC were found in Khizanaant Gora—all in this same 'Shulaveri area' of the Republic of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A theory has been suggested by Stephen Batiuk that the Kura-Araxes folk may have spread <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> vine and wine technology to the "<a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>"—to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of the <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">wine-goblet form</a>, such as represented by the <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kerak" title="Khirbet Kerak">Khirbet Kerak</a> ware, is clearly associated with these peoples. The same applies to the large ceramic vessels used for grape fermentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bearers of the Shengavit culture had a complex religious system. In the central part of the Mokhrablur settlement III construction horizon, a volume-spatial creation was uncovered: a structure-tower with a rectangular plan (7,4x5,5 m) constructed with hard tuff, in the eastern part of which a 3,9 m long one-piece basalt altar was placed. Near this stone structure, clay buildings and ash pits were uncovered, in which the ashes of the sacred hearths had been accumulated. Many tufa idols and clay hearths were excavated in the Shengavit settlement. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a> year, a complex cult system was excavated-a room with a rectangular plan, designed specifically for ritual ceremonies, inside which a clay altar decorated with relief ornaments on its front was uncovered. A statue of an idol was affixed into the altar and goblets for libation were placed in front of the heart. To the right from the stairs, leading to the semi-subterranean room of the shrine, two clay–packed basins were found, in which the ashes from sacred fires were kept. A phallic pendant-idol was found in the shrine, which was the identifying symbol of the priestess. The adjacent room of the complex reflects household activities of the time. A similar cultic complex was found at the ancient site of Pulur (Sakyol). At the inside of the religious structures, terracotta cult hearths that were unique to the Shengavit culture were located in the altars front. They had diameters of up to one meter, with the edges of the inner space resembling a ship bow divided into three parts, with the upper platforms were red-painted and decorated with geometric figures. Statuettes of women and men and worshiped animals like horses, bulls and rams were found near these hearths. The horseshoe-shaped mobile shrines with ram protomes, threelegged pedestals, phallus-shaped pendant figures were also of religious nature.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shengavit,_black-polished_karas_29th-27th_cc._BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shengavit%2C_black-polished_karas_29th-27th_cc._BC.png/220px-Shengavit%2C_black-polished_karas_29th-27th_cc._BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Shengavit%2C_black-polished_karas_29th-27th_cc._BC.png/330px-Shengavit%2C_black-polished_karas_29th-27th_cc._BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Shengavit%2C_black-polished_karas_29th-27th_cc._BC.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Shengavit, black-polished karas 29th–27th cc. BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_customs">Burial customs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burial customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kura-Araxes_admixture_analysis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kura-Araxes_admixture_analysis.png/220px-Kura-Araxes_admixture_analysis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kura-Araxes_admixture_analysis.png/330px-Kura-Araxes_admixture_analysis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kura-Araxes_admixture_analysis.png/440px-Kura-Araxes_admixture_analysis.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Kura-Araxes admixture analysis: a combination of <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer">Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer</a> (CHG), <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic">Anatolian Neolithic</a> (AN) and <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherer</a> (WHG).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the spheres of religious practice was the burial ritual. Outside the settlements, burial grounds were formed in their immediate vicinity. Both individual <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a> with earthen and tiled walls, as well as wide ancestral tombs with stone walls were revealed, in which the deceased (Joghaz) of the upper-class family were sequentially buried. In the final stage of this civilization, collective burials were performed, which included human sacrifices. These tombs contain numerous artifacts that indications of social stratification: gold and silver jewelry, bronze tools and weapons, imported valuable items.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Inhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhumation">Inhumation</a> practices are mixed. Flat graves are found but so are substantial <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a> burials, the latter of which may be surrounded by dolmen. This points to a heterogeneous ethno-linguistic population (see section below).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Analyzing the situation in the Kura-Araxes period, T. A. Akhundov notes the lack of unity in funerary monuments, which he considers more than strange in the framework of a single culture; for the funeral rites reflect the deep culture-forming foundations and are weakly influenced by external customs. There are non-kurgan and kurgan burials, burials in ground pits, in stone boxes and crypts, in the underlying ground strata and on top of them; using both the round and rectangular burials; there are also substantial differences in the typical corpse position.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burial complexes of Kura–Araxes culture sometimes also include cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here one can come to the conclusion that the Kura–Araxes culture developed gradually through a synthesis of several cultural traditions, including the ancient cultures of the Caucasus and nearby territories. </p><p>Late Kura-Araxes sites often featured Kurgans of greatly varying sizes, with larger, wealthier kurgans surrounded by smaller kurgans containing less wealth. These kurgans also contained a wide assortment metalworks.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend suggests the eventual emergence of a marked social hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their practice of storing relatively great wealth in burial kurgans was probably a cultural influence from the more ancient civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Edens_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 3rd millennium B.C., one particular group of mounds of the Kura–Araxes culture is remarkable for their wealth. This was the final stage of culture's development. These burial mounds are known as the <a href="/wiki/Martqopi" title="Martqopi">Martqopi</a> (or Martkopi) period mounds. Those on the left bank of the river Alazani are often 20–25 meters high and 200–300 meters in diameter. They contain especially rich artefacts, such as gold and silver jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethno-linguistic_makeup">Ethno-linguistic makeup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethno-linguistic makeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While it is unknown what languages were present in Kura-Araxes, the two most widespread theories suggest a connection with <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were likely spoken in the region as well. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_(Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/375px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kura–Araxes culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Legend of Kartlos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Georgia">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Campaign of Pompey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Iberian–Armenian War">Iberian–Armenian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Arsacid dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Georgia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule in Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Duchy of Tao</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Duchy of Klarjeti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Theme of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Duchy of Kldekari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racha" title="Duchy of Racha">Duchy of Racha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine–Georgian wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion" title="Great Turkish Invasion">Great Turkish Invasion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Georgian–Seljuk wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia_(1256%E2%80%931329)" title="Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)">Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkoman invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aragvi" title="Duchy of Aragvi">Duchy of Aragvi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Collapse of the Georgian realm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Georgia">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ksani" title="Duchy of Ksani">Duchy of Ksani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir Eyalet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Georgia">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_Georgian_plot" title="1832 Georgian plot">1832 Georgian plot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Georgia (country) since 1991">Georgia since 1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tbilisi" title="History of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Georgian battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of <span class="fn org label">Armenia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Armenia"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Armenia</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Legend of Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lchashen%E2%80%93Metsamor_culture" title="Lchashen–Metsamor culture">Lchashen–Metsamor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Arme–Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu (Kingdom of Van)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Armenia" title="Ancient Armenia">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Armenian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sophene" title="Kingdom of Sophene">Kingdom of Sophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Muslim conquest of Armenia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Emirate of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hamamshen" title="Principality of Hamamshen">Principality of Hamamshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Kingdom of Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tashir-Dzoraget" title="Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget">Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syunik" title="Kingdom of Syunik">Kingdom of Syunik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Kingdom of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khachen" title="Principality of Khachen">Principality of Khachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Early_Modern_period" title="History of Armenia">Early modern age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melikdoms_of_Karabakh" title="Melikdoms of Karabakh">Five Melikdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Oblast" title="Armenian Oblast">Armenian Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_question" title="Armenian question">Armenian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">National movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#20th_century" title="History of Armenia">Modern age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian S.S.R.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Contemporary Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">Timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Etymology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Armenia" title="Template:History of Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Armenia" title="Template talk:History of Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iran" title="Category:History of Iran">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of <span class="fn org label">Iran</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/200px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/300px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/400px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1857" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE / BC</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 36,000–18,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000–10,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000–5000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zayandeh_River_Culture" title="Zayandeh River Culture">Zayandeh River Culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th millennium</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dalma_culture" title="Dalma culture">Dalma culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th millennium</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Prehistory" title="History of Iran">Ancient period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kura–Araxes culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3400–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–2200</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3200–2700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi Kingdom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zamua" title="Zamua">Zamua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100-675</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2700–539</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhaši</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550-2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400–1700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2400–2150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1155</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–500</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 911–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 860–590</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mannaea" title="Mannaea">Mannaea</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 850–616</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zikirti" title="Zikirti">Zikirti</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750-521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saparda" title="Saparda">Saparda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 720-670</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">Imperial period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Median_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Median state">Median Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 678–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 652–625 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Anshanite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 635 BC–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 626 BC–539 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century BC</span>–11th century AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550 BC–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 331 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 323 BC</span>–226 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 320s BC–17 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 312 BC–63 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 281 BC–62 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Fratarakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratarakas">Fratarakas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3rd-century BC–132 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 147 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 141 BC–222 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 132 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 19 AD–224/5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 125–300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 224–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarmihrids" title="Zarmihrids">Zarmihrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 6th century–785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty" title="Qarinvand dynasty">Qarinvandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550s–11th century</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Medieval_period" title="History of Iran">Medieval period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE / AD</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 632-661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty" title="Dabuyid dynasty">Dabuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 642–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–1349</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand" title="Masmughans of Damavand">Masmughans of Damavand</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baduspanids" title="Baduspanids">Baduspanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 665–1598</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Justanids" title="Justanids">Justanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 791 – 11th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 864 – 14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 819–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 861–1003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> pre-879 – 1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 889–929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 919–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 930–1090</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Ilyasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 932–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 934–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 955–1070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 959–1095</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 977–1186</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 990/1–1117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1008–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty_(Sistan)" title="Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)">Nasrid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1029–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1030–1355</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1135–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Yazd" title="Atabegs of Yazd">Atabegs of Yazd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1141–1319</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Salghurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1148–1282</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1424</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pishkinid_dynasty" title="Pishkinid dynasty">Pishkinid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty" title="Khorshidi dynasty">Khorshidi dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1184-1597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1223-1306</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mihrabanids" title="Mihrabanids">Mihrabanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1236–1537</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt dynasty">Kurt dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1244–1396</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sarbadars" title="Sarbadars">Sarbadars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty" title="Afrasiyab dynasty">Afrasiyab dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1349–1504</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mar%27ashis" title="Mar'ashis">Mar'ashis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1359–1596</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kar-Kiya_dynasty" title="Kar-Kiya dynasty">Kar-Kiya dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370s–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1406–1468</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1468–1508</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_modern_period" title="History of Iran">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1501–1736</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> (<a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1722–1729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1736–1796</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1751–1794</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Modern_period" title="History of Iran">Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1789–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1925–1979</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Contemporary_period" title="History of Iran">Contemporary period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Iran">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran" title="List of wars involving Iran">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history" title="Timeline of Iranian history">Timeline</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Iran" title="Template talk:History of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Azerbaijan">Prehistoric Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1mollahasan_h%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşağımollahasan höyük">Aşağımollahasan höyük</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-o766-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o766_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/view-highlands-history-shengavit-armenia-4th-and-3rd-millennia-bce">"A View from the Highlands: The History of Shengavit, Armenia in the 4th and 3rd Millennia BCE"</a>. <i>The Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Shelby+White+and+Leon+Levy+Program+for+Archaeological+Publications&rft.atitle=A+View+from+the+Highlands%3A+The+History+of+Shengavit%2C+Armenia+in+the+4th+and+3rd+Millennia+BCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitelevy.fas.harvard.edu%2Fview-highlands-history-shengavit-armenia-4th-and-3rd-millennia-bce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tert.nla.am/archive/HAY%20GIRQ/Ardy/1981-2000/chartarapet_hator1_1996.pdf"><i>Հայկական ճարտարապետության պատմություն</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Երևան: ՀՀ ԳԱԱ «Գիտություն» հրատարակչություն. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6&rft.place=%D4%B5%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.pub=%D5%80%D5%80+%D4%B3%D4%B1%D4%B1+%C2%AB%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%C2%BB+%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftert.nla.am%2Farchive%2FHAY%2520GIRQ%2FArdy%2F1981-2000%2Fchartarapet_hator1_1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The early Trans-Caucasian culture</i>, I.M. Diakonoff, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edens-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edens_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdens1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Edens, Christoper (Aug–Nov 1995). "Transcaucasia at the End of the Early Bronze Age". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. 299/300 (The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 53, pp. 53–64 [56]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357345">10.2307/1357345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357345">1357345</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163585471">163585471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Transcaucasia+at+the+End+of+the+Early+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=299%2F300&rft.issue=The+Archaeology+of+Empire+in+Ancient+Anatolia&rft.pages=53%2C+pp.+53-64+56&rft.date=1995-08%2F1995-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163585471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357345&rft.aulast=Edens&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edens54-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edens54_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens54_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens54_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens54_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens54_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens54_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdens1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Edens, Christoper (Aug–Nov 1995). "Transcaucasia at the End of the Early Bronze Age". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. 299/300 (The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357345">10.2307/1357345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357345">1357345</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163585471">163585471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Transcaucasia+at+the+End+of+the+Early+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=299%2F300&rft.issue=The+Archaeology+of+Empire+in+Ancient+Anatolia&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1995-08%2F1995-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163585471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357345&rft.aulast=Edens&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hurro-Urartian people – John A.C. Greppin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Kh. Kushnareva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44">[The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C."</a> UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 1 Jan. 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-924171-50-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-924171-50-2">0-924171-50-2</a> p 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Turkey-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Turkey_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Turkey_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Sagona" title="Antonio Sagona">Antonio Sagona</a>, Paul Zimansky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsLKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163">"Ancient Turkey"</a> Routledge 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-44027-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-134-44027-8">1-134-44027-8</a> p 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rothman, Mitchell S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522795">"Early Bronze Age migrants and ethnicity in the Middle Eastern mountain zone"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>112</b> (30): 9190–9195. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.9190R">2015PNAS..112.9190R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1502220112">10.1073/pnas.1502220112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522795">4522795</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26080417">26080417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Early+Bronze+Age+migrants+and+ethnicity+in+the+Middle+Eastern+mountain+zone&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=9190-9195&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4522795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26080417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1502220112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..112.9190R&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4522795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFՍիմոնյան2013" class="citation book cs1">Սիմոնյան, Հ. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29399745"><i>Շենգավիթ: Շարքային բնակավայր թե՞ վաղ քաղաք: «Հուշարձան» տարեգիրք, հատոր Ը</i></a>. Երևան.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9%3A+%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80+%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%9E+%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B2+%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%3A+%C2%AB%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%C2%BB+%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84%2C+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80+%D4%B8&rft.place=%D4%B5%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.aufirst=%D5%80.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29399745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakob_Simonyan_and_Mitchell_S_Rothma2023" class="citation book cs1">Hakob Simonyan and Mitchell S Rothma (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/publications/shengavit-kura-araxes-center-armenia"><i>Shengavit: Շենգավիթ. A Kura-Araxes Center in Armenia</i></a>. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda publishers. p. 300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shengavit%3A+%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A9.+A+Kura-Araxes+Center+in+Armenia&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+California&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Mazda+publishers&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Hakob+Simonyan+and+Mitchell+S+Rothma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitelevy.fas.harvard.edu%2Fpublications%2Fshengavit-kura-araxes-center-armenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kighuradze T. 1998:19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guram Mirtskhulava, Guram Chikovani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9535165/">PHASE OF TRANSITION TO THE KURA-ARAXES CULTURE IN EASTERN GEORGIA.</a> <i>Problems of Early Metal Age Archaeology of Caucasus and Anatolia</i>. Proceedings of International Conference. Tbilisi, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgi Leon Kavtaradze (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8352216">On the Importance of the Caucasian Chronology for the Foundation of the Common Near Eastern – East European Chronological System</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. MARRO, R. BERTHON, V. BAKHSHALIYEV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mae.u-paris10.fr/the-kura-araxes-culture-from-the-caucasus-to-iran-anatolia-and-the-levant-between-unity-and-diversity/">On the Genesis of the Kura-Araxes phenomenon: New evidence from Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan).</a> in <i>The Kura-Araxes culture from the Caucasus to Iran, Anatolia and the Levant: Between unity and diversity.</i> Paléorient 40.2 – 2014, C. Chataigner et G. Palumbi, eds. CNRS Édidtions <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-271-08271-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-271-08271-8">978-2-271-08271-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Chuan-Chao (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330855366">"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Ancient+human+genome-wide+data+from+a+3000-year+interval+in+the+Caucasus+corresponds+with+eco-geographic+regions&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F330855366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology – Page 246 by Barbara Ann Kipfer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibaroğluSagonaSatir2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Sagona, Antonio; Satir, Muharrem (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1043968">"Petrographic and geochemical investigations of the late prehistoric ceramics from Sos Höyük, Erzurum (Eastern Anatolia)"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>38</b> (11): 3072–3084. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JArSc..38.3072K">2011JArSc..38.3072K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2011.07.006">10.1016/j.jas.2011.07.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Petrographic+and+geochemical+investigations+of+the+late+prehistoric+ceramics+from+Sos+H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk%2C+Erzurum+%28Eastern+Anatolia%29&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3072-3084&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2011.07.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JArSc..38.3072K&rft.aulast=Kibaro%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft.au=Sagona%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Satir%2C+Muharrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1043968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrangipane2015" class="citation journal cs1">Frangipane, Marcella (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522825">"Different types of multiethnic societies and different patterns of development and change in the prehistoric Near East"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>112</b> (30): 9182–9189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.9182F">2015PNAS..112.9182F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1419883112">10.1073/pnas.1419883112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522825">4522825</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26015583">26015583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Different+types+of+multiethnic+societies+and+different+patterns+of+development+and+change+in+the+prehistoric+Near+East&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=9182-9189&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4522825%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26015583&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1419883112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..112.9182F&rft.aulast=Frangipane&rft.aufirst=Marcella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4522825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey D. Summers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_2014_num_40_2_5640">The Early Trans-Caucasian Culture in Iran: Perspectives and problems.</a> Paléorient 2014 Volume 40 Numéro 2 pp. 155-168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marro_Bakhshaliyev_Berthon_Thomalsky_2019_pp._81–113-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marro_Bakhshaliyev_Berthon_Thomalsky_2019_pp._81–113_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarroBakhshaliyevBerthonThomalsky2019" class="citation journal cs1">Marro, Catherine; Bakhshaliyev, Veli; Berthon, Rémi; Thomalsky, Judith (2019-06-01). "New light on the Late Prehistory of the South Caucasus: Data from the recent excavation campaigns at Kültepe I in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan (2012-2018)". <i>Paléorient</i> (45–1): 81–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fpaleorient.589">10.4000/paleorient.589</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0153-9345">0153-9345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A9orient&rft.atitle=New+light+on+the+Late+Prehistory+of+the+South+Caucasus%3A+Data+from+the+recent+excavation+campaigns+at+K%C3%BCltepe+I+in+Nakhchivan%2C+Azerbaijan+%282012-2018%29&rft.issue=45%E2%80%931&rft.pages=81-113&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fpaleorient.589&rft.issn=0153-9345&rft.aulast=Marro&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Bakhshaliyev%2C+Veli&rft.au=Berthon%2C+R%C3%A9mi&rft.au=Thomalsky%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abedi2015-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abedi2015_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akbar Abedi, Behrooz Omrani and Azam Karimifar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19848008/">Fifth and fourth millennium BC in north-western Iran: Dalma and Pisdeli revisited</a>, in: Documenta Praehistorica XLII, 2015, p.323 - academia.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khazaee, Mostafa, Michael D. Glascock, P. Masjedi, A. Abedi & F.K. Nadooshan (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Glascock/publication/236850226_The_origins_of_obsidian_tools_from_Kul_Tepe_Iran/links/587bd9bb08ae4445c0643212/The-origins-of-obsidian-tools-from-Kul-Tepe-Iran.pdf">The origins of obsidian tools from Kul Tepe, Iran.</a> International Association of Obsidian Studies Bulletin, 45: 14–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maziar_2019_pp._51–74-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maziar_2019_pp._51–74_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maziar_2019_pp._51–74_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaziar2019" class="citation book cs1">Maziar, Sepideh (2019). "Iran and the Kura-Araxes cultural tradition, so near and yet so far". <i>The Iranian Plateau during the Bronze Age</i>. MOM Éditions. p. 51–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.momeditions.7986">10.4000/books.momeditions.7986</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35668-063-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35668-063-1"><bdi>978-2-35668-063-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+and+the+Kura-Araxes+cultural+tradition%2C+so+near+and+yet+so+far&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Plateau+during+the+Bronze+Age&rft.pages=51-74&rft.pub=MOM+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.momeditions.7986&rft.isbn=978-2-35668-063-1&rft.aulast=Maziar&rft.aufirst=Sepideh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeongWangWilkin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420313210">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904, Figure 1 A, B, C. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0007-77BF-D">21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904%2C+Figure+1+A%2C+B%2C+C&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0007-77BF-D&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ke&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Shevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0092867420313210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_2014_num_40_2_5634">Antonio Sagona. <i>Rethinking the Kura-Araxes Genesis.</i> (2014). pp. 26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webdepot.umontreal.ca/Usagers/tuitekj/MonDepotPublic/cours/3876-PDF/Kohl_The_Making_of_Bronze_Age_Eurasia_%28Chapter3%29.pdf">Philip L. Kohl.<i>The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia</i>. pp. 74, 82</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JaimoukhaKura-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JaimoukhaKura_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaimoukha, Amjad. <i>The Chechens</i>. Pages 25-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Anthony, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC&pg=PA298"><i>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World.</i></a> Princeton University Press, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400831105" title="Special:BookSources/1400831105">1400831105</a> p298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManoukian_N.,_Whelton_H.,_Dunne_J.,_Badalyan_R.,_Smith_A.,_Simonyan_H.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Manoukian N., Whelton H., Dunne J., Badalyan R., Smith A., Simonyan H. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9770345">"Diverse dietary practices across the Early Bronze Age 'Kura-Araxes culture' in the South Caucasus"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (12): e0278345. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1778345M">2022PLoSO..1778345M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0278345">10.1371/journal.pone.0278345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9770345">9770345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36542561">36542561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Diverse+dietary+practices+across+the+Early+Bronze+Age+%27Kura-Araxes+culture%27+in+the+South+Caucasus&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e0278345&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9770345%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36542561&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0278345&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1778345M&rft.au=Manoukian+N.%2C+Whelton+H.%2C+Dunne+J.%2C+Badalyan+R.%2C+Smith+A.%2C+Simonyan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9770345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonyan_Hakob_and_Rothman_Mitchell2023" class="citation book cs1">Simonyan Hakob and Rothman Mitchell (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781803274485"><i>New data on the construction and meaning of the Shengavit settlement wall. Aramazd, Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies (AJNES). Paradise Lost: The Phenomenon of the Kura-Araxes Tradition along the Fertile Crescent</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 406-427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803274485" title="Special:BookSources/9781803274485"><bdi>9781803274485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+data+on+the+construction+and+meaning+of+the+Shengavit+settlement+wall.+Aramazd%2C+Armenian+Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies+%28AJNES%29.+Paradise+Lost%3A+The+Phenomenon+of+the+Kura-Araxes+Tradition+along+the+Fertile+Crescent&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=406-427&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781803274485&rft.au=Simonyan+Hakob+and+Rothman+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeopress.com%2FArchaeopress%2FProducts%2F9781803274485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFՍիմոնյան2012" class="citation book cs1">Սիմոնյան, Հ. (2012). <i>Հայաստանը և միջազգային առևտուրը վաղ բրոնզի դարում. «Հայաստանի քաղաքակրթական ավանդը Մետաքսի ճանապարհի պատմության մեջ»</i>. Երևան. p. 18-37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8+%D6%87+%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A8+%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B2+%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%AB+%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4.+%C2%AB%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A8+%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB+%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%AB+%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BB%C2%BB&rft.place=%D4%B5%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.pages=18-37&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.aufirst=%D5%80.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z. page 52 by Jamie Stokes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edens55-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edens55_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens55_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edens55_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdens1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Edens, Christoper (Aug–Nov 1995). "Transcaucasia at the End of the Early Bronze Age". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. 299/300 (The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357345">10.2307/1357345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357345">1357345</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163585471">163585471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Transcaucasia+at+the+End+of+the+Early+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=299%2F300&rft.issue=The+Archaeology+of+Empire+in+Ancient+Anatolia&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1995-08%2F1995-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163585471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357345&rft.aulast=Edens&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tufan Isaakoglu Akhundov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9535165/">AT THE BEGINNING OF CAUCASIAN METALLURGY.</a> Problems of Early Metal Age Archaeology of Caucasus and Anatolia. Proceedings of International Conference. Tbilisi 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Th. Stöllner. I. Gambashidze, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10793594/">The Gold Mine of Sakdrisi and early Mining and Metallurgy in Transcaucasus and the Kura-Valley System.</a> In: Problems of Early Metal Age Archaeology of Caucasus and Anatolia. Proceedings, November 19-23, 2014, Tbilisi, 101-124. p.104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory</a>, James P. (1997). "Kuro-Araxes Culture". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i>. Fitzroy Dearborn: 341–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.atitle=Kuro-Araxes+Culture&rft.pages=341-42&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Pre-history of the Armenian People</i>. I. M. Diakonoff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._T._Potts2012" class="citation book cs1">D. T. Potts (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5q7DDqMbF0C&pg=PA677"><i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 677. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6077-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-6077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=677&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-6077-6&rft.au=D.+T.+Potts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5q7DDqMbF0C%26pg%3DPA677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samei_Alizadeh_2020_p._e0229339-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samei_Alizadeh_2020_p._e0229339_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSameiAlizadeh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Samei, Siavash; Alizadeh, Karim (2020-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7055827">"The spatial organization of craft production at the Kura-Araxes settlement of Köhne Shahar in northwestern Iran: A zooarchaeological approach"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>15</b> (3): e0229339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0229339">10.1371/journal.pone.0229339</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7055827">7055827</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32130253">32130253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+spatial+organization+of+craft+production+at+the+Kura-Araxes+settlement+of+K%C3%B6hne+Shahar+in+northwestern+Iran%3A+A+zooarchaeological+approach&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0229339&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7055827%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32130253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0229339&rft.aulast=Samei&rft.aufirst=Siavash&rft.au=Alizadeh%2C+Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7055827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nana Rusishvili, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwa.ge/upload/file/Georgia%20-%20Homeland%20of%20Wine.pdf"><i>The grapevine Culture in Georgia on Basis of Palaeobotanical Data.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065053/http://www.gwa.ge/upload/file/Georgia%20-%20Homeland%20of%20Wine.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Mteny" Association, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Boisseau, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.utoronto.ca/how-wine-making-spread-through-ancient-world-u-t-archaeologist"><i>How wine-making spread through the ancient world: U of T archaeologist.</i></a> June 17, 2015 – news.utoronto.ca</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malkhaz Kharbedia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.vinoge.com/history/history-georgian-wine">THE HISTORY OF GEORGIAN WINE</a> 01/20/2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatiuk2013" class="citation journal cs1">Batiuk, Stephen D. (2013). "The fruits of migration: Understanding the 'longue dureé' and the socio-economic relations of the Early Transcaucasian Culture". <i>Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 449–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2013.08.002">10.1016/j.jaa.2013.08.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+fruits+of+migration%3A+Understanding+the+%27longue+dure%C3%A9%27+and+the+socio-economic+relations+of+the+Early+Transcaucasian+Culture&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=449-477&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2013.08.002&rft.aulast=Batiuk&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМартиросян_А.,_Мнацаканян_А.1973" class="citation book cs1">Мартиросян А., Мнацаканян А. (1973). <i>Приереванский клад древней бронзы</i>. p. 122-127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%8B&rft.pages=122-127&rft.date=1973&rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD+%D0%90.%2C+%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD+%D0%90.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFԽանզադյան1967" class="citation book cs1">Խանզադյան, Է. Վ. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.flib.sci.am/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=110129"><i>Հայկական լեռնաշխարհի մշակույթը Ք. ա. III հազարամյակում</i></a>. Երևան.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%AB+%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%A8+%D5%94.+%D5%A1.+III+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4&rft.place=%D4%B5%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.aufirst=%D4%B7.+%D5%8E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopac.flib.sci.am%2Fcgi-bin%2Fkoha%2Fopac-detail.pl%3Fbiblionumber%3D110129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Chuan-Chao (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330855366">"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Ancient+human+genome-wide+data+from+a+3000-year+interval+in+the+Caucasus+corresponds+with+eco-geographic+regions&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F330855366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonyan2022" class="citation book cs1">Simonyan, Hakob (2022). <i>HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF ARMENIA</i>. Yerevan: Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports of the Republic of Armenia / “Scientific Research Center of Historical and Cultural Heritage” SNCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9939-9087-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9939-9087-1-7"><bdi>978-9939-9087-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HISTORICAL+AND+CULTURAL+HERITAGE+OF+ARMENIA&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Science%2C+Culture+and+Sports+of+the+Republic+of+Armenia+%2F+%E2%80%9CScientific+Research+Center+of+Historical+and+Cultural+Heritage%E2%80%9D+SNCO&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9939-9087-1-7&rft.aulast=Simonyan&rft.aufirst=Hakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Севда Сулейманова, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1819&lang=ru">ДРЕВНЕЙШИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ СВЯЗИ В БЛИЖНЕВОСТОЧНО-КАВКАЗСКОМ АРЕАЛЕ</a> Баку 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">А.И. Мартынов, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1797&lang=ru"><i>Кавказский центр металлургии. Культуры долин и гор</i></a> 5-е изд., перераб. - М.: Высш. шк., 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstantine_Pitskhelauri2012" class="citation journal cs1">Konstantine Pitskhelauri (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054232/http://www.science.org.ge/moambe/6-2/153-161%20Pitskhelauri.pdf">"Uruk Migrants in the Caucasus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>6</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.org.ge/moambe/6-2/153-161%20Pitskhelauri.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Georgian+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Uruk+Migrants+in+the+Caucasus&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Konstantine+Pitskhelauri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org.ge%2Fmoambe%2F6-2%2F153-161%2520Pitskhelauri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. C. Greppin and I. M. Diakonoff. <i>Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians</i>.(1991) pp. 720-730. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603403#?seq=1">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Burney. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Hittites</i>. (2004) pp. 129. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=azPl5Jzv930C&dq=early+trans+caucasian+hurro-urartian&pg=PA129">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marilyn Kelly- Buccellati. <i>Andirons at Urkesh: New Evidence for the Hurrian Identity of the Early Trans-Caucasian Culture</i>. (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://urkesh.org/EL-MZ/Kelly-Buccellati_2004_Andirons_at_Urkesh.pdf">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexei Kassian. <i>Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios</i>. (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2014/cdlj2014_004.html">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petra Goedegebuure. <i>Anatolians on the Move: From Kurgans to Kanesh</i>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe4jnBdVxjw">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renfrew, A. C., 1987, <i>Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins</i>, London: Pimlico. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6612-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6612-5">0-7126-6612-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._V._GamkrelidzeV._V._Ivanov1990" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamaz_V._Gamkrelidze" title="Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze">T. V. Gamkrelidze</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">V. V. Ivanov</a> (March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106143844/http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/sciam1.htm">"The Early History of Indo-European Languages"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. Vol. 262, no. 3. pp. 110–116. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/sciam1.htm">the original</a> on 2014-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Indo-European+Languages&rft.volume=262&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=110-116&rft.date=1990-03&rft.au=T.+V.+Gamkrelidze&rft.au=V.+V.+Ivanov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FClassic%2Fsciam1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew2003" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European". <i>Languages in Prehistoric Europe</i>. Winter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-1449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-1449-1"><bdi>978-3-8253-1449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time+Depth%2C+Convergence+Theory%2C+and+Innovation+in+Proto-Indo-European&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Prehistoric+Europe&rft.pub=Winter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8253-1449-1&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/JP_Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Mallory">James P. Mallory</a>, "Kuro-Araxes Culture", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture</a></i>, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Anthony. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a>: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i> (2007). P. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavtaradze" class="citation web cs1">Kavtaradze, Giorgi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1917730">"The Chronology of the Caucasus during the Early Metal Age: Observations from Central Trans-Caucasus, – A View from the Highlands. Archaeological Studies in Honour of Charles Burney. Edited by Antonio Sagona. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement 12). Leuven: Peeters, 2004, pp. 539-556. ISBN 90-429-1352-5"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+the+Caucasus+during+the+Early+Metal+Age%3A+Observations+from+Central+Trans-Caucasus%2C+%E2%80%93+A+View+from+the+Highlands.+Archaeological+Studies+in+Honour+of+Charles+Burney.+Edited+by+Antonio+Sagona.+%28Ancient+Near+Eastern+Studies%2C+Supplement+12%29.+Leuven%3A+Peeters%2C+2004%2C+pp.+539-556.+ISBN+90-429-1352-5&rft.aulast=Kavtaradze&rft.aufirst=Giorgi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1917730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Stephen Batiuk, Mitchell Rothman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/49-1/Batiuk.pdf">Early Transcaucasian Cultures and Their Neighbors.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916054253/http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/49-1/Batiuk.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania: Expedition, 2007</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascarenhasRainaAstonSanghera2015" class="citation cs2">Mascarenhas, Desmond D.; Raina, Anupuma; Aston, Christopher E.; Sanghera, Dharambir K. (2015), "Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage", <i>BioMed Research International</i>, <b>2015</b>: 1–16, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F651415">10.1155/2015/651415</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605215">4605215</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26491681">26491681</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioMed+Research+International&rft.atitle=Genetic+and+Cultural+Reconstruction+of+the+Migration+of+an+Ancient+Lineage&rft.volume=2015&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4605215%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26491681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2015%2F651415&rft.aulast=Mascarenhas&rft.aufirst=Desmond+D.&rft.au=Raina%2C+Anupuma&rft.au=Aston%2C+Christopher+E.&rft.au=Sanghera%2C+Dharambir+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JP_Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Mallory">James P. Mallory</a>, "Kuro-Araxes Culture", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture</a></i>, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamjav2012" class="citation cs2">Pamjav (2012), "Brief communication: New Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1", <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>, <b>149</b> (4): 611–615, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.22167">10.1002/ajpa.22167</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23115110">23115110</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Brief+communication%3A+New+Y-chromosome+binary+markers+improve+phylogenetic+resolution+within+haplogroup+R1a1&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-615&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.22167&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23115110&rft.au=Pamjav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill2015" class="citation cs2">Underhill, Peter A.; et al. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>, <b>23</b> (1): 124–131, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50">10.1038/ejhg.2014.50</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266736">4266736</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667786">24667786</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+phylogenetic+and+geographic+structure+of+Y-chromosome+haplogroup+R1a&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124-131&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4266736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24667786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rothman, Mitchell S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522795">"Early Bronze Age migrants and ethnicity in the Middle Eastern mountain zone"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>112</b> (30): 9190–9195. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.9190R">2015PNAS..112.9190R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1502220112">10.1073/pnas.1502220112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522795">4522795</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26080417">26080417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Early+Bronze+Age+migrants+and+ethnicity+in+the+Middle+Eastern+mountain+zone&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=9190-9195&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4522795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..112.9190R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26080417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1502220112&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4522795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKura%E2%80%93Araxes+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Giorgi L. Kavtaradze, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptologie.be/anes_s12_2004p539_caucasus_kavtaradze.htm">The Chronology of the Caucasus During the Early Metal Age: Observations from Central Transcaucasus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124936/http://www.egyptologie.be/anes_s12_2004p539_caucasus_kavtaradze.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050430172454/http://www.geocities.com/komblema/observe.htm">(alternative site)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kura-arax.tau.ac.il/sites/karnut%20i/gallery">Kura-Arax Pottery – Karnut I (2900-2500 BC)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114014804/http://kura-arax.tau.ac.il/sites/karnut%20i/gallery">Archived</a> 2013-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Kura-Arax Pottery Technology Database (KAPTech)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021205071003/http://www.geocities.com/komblege/ansch1.htm">The Beginnings of Metallurgy</a> – includes extensive discussion of Kura-Araxes metalworking</li> <li>Toby Wilkinson (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archatlas.org/workshop09/works09-wilkinson.php">Pathways and highways: routes in Bronze Age Eurasia</a>, ArchAtlas, Version 4.1 – Accessed: 9 November 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dienekes.blogspot.nl/2013/07/origin-of-early-transcaucasian-culture.html">Dieneke's Anthropology Blog (2013), <i>Origin of Early Transcaucasian Culture (aka Kura-Araxes culture)</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609194905/http://muse.widener.edu/~msrothma/shengavitweb2.html">Shengavit - a Kura Araxes Culture Site in Yerevan on the Ararat hills, Republic of Armenia.</a> By Hakop Simonyan, 2000-2008 season field director</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.ge/files/G%20Gamyrelidze/PDF/Problems_of_Early_Metal_Age_Archaeology_of_Caucasus__&_Anatolia.pdf"><i>Problems of Early Metal Age Archaeology of Caucasus and Anatolia</i>.</a> Proceedings of International Conference; November 19–23, 2014, Georgia; edited by G. Narimanishvili. Tbilisi, 2014 305 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789941071348" title="Special:BookSources/9789941071348">9789941071348</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229339">The spatial organization of craft production at the Kura-Araxes settlement of Köhne Shahar in northwestern Iran: A zooarchaeological approach</a> - PLOS ONE March 4, 2020 - Siavash Samei and Karim Alizadeh</li> <li>R.M. Munchaev, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apsnyteka.org/2916-munchaev_kavkaz_na_zare_bronzovogo_veka_1975.html">The Caucasus at the Dawn of the Bronze Age</a>, 1975</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bronze_Age" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template talk:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bronze_Age" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↑ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Park_Phase" title="Ewart Park Phase">Ewart Park Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture">Glazkov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia_topics" title="Template talk:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">timeline</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi_(Armenian_usages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairi (Armenian usages)">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Kingdom of Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1508–1828 Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Independent_Armenia_(1991-today)" title="History of Armenia">Independent Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="List of cities and towns in Armenia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Armenia" title="List of earthquakes in Armenia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Armenia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Mountains of Armenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia" title="Municipalities of Armenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Armenia" title="List of rivers of Armenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia" title="List of lakes of Armenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikahogh_State_Reserve" title="Shikahogh State Reserve">Shikahogh State Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Plain" title="Shirak Plain">Shirak Plain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Armenia" title="Category:Geography of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">National Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Armenia" title="President of the National Assembly of Armenia">President of the National Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Armenia" title="Category:Government of Armenia">more on government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Politics of Armenia">on politics</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Stock Exchange">AMX (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Depository_of_Armenia" title="Central Depository of Armenia">Central Depository </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Dram (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Armenia" title="Mineral industry of Armenia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Armenia" title="Pensions in Armenia">Pension reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Railway" title="South Caucasus Railway">South Caucasus Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Armenia" title="Theater of Armenia">Theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Armenia" title="Category:Culture of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Armenia" title="Census in Armenia">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia" title="Crime in Armenia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Armenia" title="Social issues in Armenia">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Demographics of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Islam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Armenia" title="Category:Religion in Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Armenia" title="National symbols of Armenia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">Armenian eternity sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia" title="Outline of Armenia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenia" title="Category:Armenia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Azerbaijan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Template talk:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azerbaijan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Azerbaijan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron age</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_culture" title="Nakhchivan culture">Nakhchivan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughan culture">Mughan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran (Caucasus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">Russo-Persian War (1804–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan#Independent_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Independent Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_name_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the name Azerbaijan">History of the name Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Fire" title="The Land of Fire">The Land of Fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Azerbaijan" title="Coat of arms of Azerbaijan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water_of_Azerbaijan" title="Bodies of water of Azerbaijan">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Azerbaijan" title="Climate change in Azerbaijan">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Azerbaijan" title="Environment of Azerbaijan">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Azerbaijan" title="Environmental issues in Azerbaijan">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Azerbaijan" title="Extreme points of Azerbaijan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Azerbaijan" title="Fauna of Azerbaijan">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flora of Azerbaijan">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geology of Azerbaijan">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves of Azerbaijan">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mountains of Azerbaijan">Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of lakes of Azerbaijan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Azerbaijan" title="National parks of Azerbaijan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Orography of Azerbaijan">Orography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of protected areas of Azerbaijan">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reserves_of_Azerbaijan" title="State reserves of Azerbaijan">State reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Azerbaijan" title="Borders of Azerbaijan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of cities in Azerbaijan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cabinet of Azerbaijan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Children's rights in Azerbaijan">Children's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Azerbaijan" title="Law enforcement in Azerbaijan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of political parties in Azerbaijan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_policy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Migration policy of Azerbaijan">Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Azerbaijan" title="Agriculture in Azerbaijan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of companies of Azerbaijan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Manat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Metallurgy in Azerbaijan">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Azerbaijan" title="Mineral industry of Azerbaijan">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Azerbaijan" title="Natural resources of Azerbaijan">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Tourism in Azerbaijan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing" title="Azerbaijani traditional clothing">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folklore" title="Azerbaijani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_national_identity" title="Azerbaijani national identity">National identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Azerbaijan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_mythology" title="Azerbaijani mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Novruz (New Year)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_tea_culture" title="Azerbaijani tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Azerbaijan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_tradition_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Demographics of Azerbaijan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Azerbaijan" title="Gender equality in Azerbaijan">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_Azerbaijan" title="Medicine in Azerbaijan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Azerbaijan" title="Healthcare in Azerbaijan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of Azerbaijanis">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Azerbaijan" title="National symbols of Azerbaijan">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az%C9%99rbaycan_mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Azərbaycan marşı">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Azerbaijan" title="National emblem of Azerbaijan">National emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Azerbaijan" title="Outline of Azerbaijan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Azerbaijan-related_articles" title="Index of Azerbaijan-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Caucasus#Azerbaijan" title="Bibliography of the history of the Caucasus">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan" title="Category:Azerbaijan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Azerbaijan" title="Portal:Azerbaijan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kura–Araxes_culture&oldid=1258479324">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kura–Araxes_culture&oldid=1258479324</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kura-Araxes_culture" title="Category:Kura-Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze_Age_cultures_of_Asia" title="Category:Bronze Age cultures of Asia">Bronze Age cultures of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chalcolithic_cultures_of_Asia" title="Category:Chalcolithic cultures of Asia">Chalcolithic cultures of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_West_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of West Asia">Archaeological cultures of West Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_the_Caucasus" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of the Caucasus">Archaeological cultures of the Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_in_Armenia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures in Armenia">Archaeological cultures in Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_in_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Archaeological cultures in Azerbaijan">Archaeological cultures in Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Archaeological cultures in Georgia (country)">Archaeological cultures in Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_in_Iran" title="Category:Archaeological cultures in Iran">Archaeological cultures in Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_in_Turkey" title="Category:Archaeological cultures in Turkey">Archaeological cultures in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urartu" title="Category:Urartu">Urartu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nakh_peoples" title="Category:Nakh peoples">Nakh peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_Anatolia" title="Category:Prehistoric Anatolia">Prehistoric Anatolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Prehistoric Azerbaijan">Prehistoric Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_Iran" title="Category:Prehistoric Iran">Prehistoric Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Category:Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_examples" title="Category:All articles needing examples">All articles needing examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_examples_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles needing examples from August 2024">Articles needing examples from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_August_2024" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from August 2024">Vague or ambiguous time from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 23:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ktjkx","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.159","walltime":"1.688","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10210,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":539734,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":44753,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":66,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":234222,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1282.579 1 -total"," 23.85% 305.906 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.25% 221.264 3 Template:Country_topics"," 12.17% 156.043 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.13% 117.103 1 Template:Commons_category"," 8.93% 114.569 1 Template:Sister_project"," 8.91% 114.231 1 Template:History_of_Georgia_(country)"," 8.76% 112.298 1 Template:Side_box"," 7.51% 96.380 1 Template:Armenia_topics"," 7.06% 90.556 2 Template:If_then_show"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.570","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9392114,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w8xh7","timestamp":"20241123105135","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kura\u2013Araxes culture","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169349","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169349","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-04T03:09:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T23:46:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/41\/Influencedurartu1.PNG","headline":"archaeological culture from the Caucasus region"}</script> </body> </html>