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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Füüsikalised_omadused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Füüsikalised_omadused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Füüsikalised omadused</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Füüsikalised_omadused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keemilised_omadused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keemilised_omadused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Keemilised omadused</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keemilised_omadused-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Keemilised omadused"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Keemilised_omadused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aatomorbitalide_kirjeldamisel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aatomorbitalide_kirjeldamisel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aatomorbitalide kirjeldamisel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aatomorbitalide_kirjeldamisel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ühendid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ühendid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ühendid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ühendid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levik_ja_tootmine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levik_ja_tootmine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Levik ja tootmine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levik_ja_tootmine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rakendused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rakendused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rakendused</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rakendused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Värvid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Värvid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Värvid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Värvid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirjandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirjandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kirjandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Väärisgaasid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 123 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgasse" title="Edelgasse – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edelgasse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="غاز نبيل – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاز نبيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytundyry_apojovai%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Pytundyry apojovai'ỹ – guaranii" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pytundyry apojovai'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99sirsiz_qazlar" title="Təsirsiz qazlar – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təsirsiz qazlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="نجیب قاز – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نجیب قاز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gas mulia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gas adi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia – bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gas mulia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="নিষ্ক্রিয় গ্যাস – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিষ্ক্রিয় গ্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-i%C3%BA_kh%C3%AC-th%C3%A9" title="Hi-iú khì-thé – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-iú khì-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Затлы газдар – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Затлы газдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Інертныя газы – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інертныя газы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Інэртныя газы – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інэртныя газы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="नोबल गैस – bihaari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नोबल गैस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འདྲེས་སྦྱོར་དཀའ་བའི་རླུང་གཟུགས། – tiibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འདྲེས་སྦྱོར་དཀའ་བའི་རླུང་གཟུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tiibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" title="Plemeniti plinovi – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plemeniti plinovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Благороден газ – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Благороден газ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B3%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Сӳрĕк газсем – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сӳрĕк газсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cn%C3%A9_plyny" title="Vzácné plyny – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzácné plyny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwy_nobl" title="Nwy nobl – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nwy nobl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86delgas" title="Ædelgas – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ædelgas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="غاز نبيل – Maroko araabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="غاز نبيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgase" title="Edelgase – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edelgase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ευγενή αέρια – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευγενή αέρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Куло коштнэ – ersa" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Куло коштнэ" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ersa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gases_nobles" title="Gases nobles – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gases nobles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobla_gaso" title="Nobla gaso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobla gaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="گاز نجیب – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاز نجیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – Fidži hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidži hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tey_%C3%B3virknu_gassini" title="Tey óvirknu gassini – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tey óvirknu gassini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_noble" title="Gaz noble – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaz noble" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgas" title="Edelgas – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edelgas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathgh%C3%A1s" title="Triathghás – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Triathghás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_ooasle" title="Gas ooasle – mänksi" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gas ooasle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mänksi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gas nobre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эздий газаш – inguši" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эздий газаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="惰性氣體 – kani" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="惰性氣體" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="kani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AE-y%C3%B9_hi-th%C3%AD" title="Hî-yù hi-thí – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hî-yù hi-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%99%9C%EC%84%B1_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="비활성 기체 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비활성 기체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իներտ գազեր – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իներտ գազեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="उत्कृष्ट गैस – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्कृष्ट गैस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drohop%C5%82un" title="Drohopłun – ülemsorbi" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Drohopłun" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ülemsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" title="Plemeniti plinovi – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plemeniti plinovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nobile" title="Gas nobile – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gas nobile" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0allofttegund" title="Eðallofttegund – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðallofttegund" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nobili" title="Gas nobili – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gas nobili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96_%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C" title="גז אציל – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גז אציל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulya" title="Gas mulya – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gas mulya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠಾನಿಲಗಳು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠಾನಿಲಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ინერტული აირები – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინერტული აირები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Инертті газдар – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инертті газдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Инерттүү газдар – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инерттүү газдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesi_adimu" title="Gesi adimu – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gesi adimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_n%C3%B2b" title="Gaz nòb – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gaz nòb" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasia_nobilia" title="Gasia nobilia – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gasia nobilia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93lg%C4%81zes" title="Cēlgāzes – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cēlgāzes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eedelgas" title="Eedelgas – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eedelgas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertin%C4%97s_dujos" title="Inertinės dujos – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Inertinės dujos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedelgaas" title="Aedelgaas – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aedelgaas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/navni" title="navni – ložban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="navni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_n%C3%B2bil" title="Gas nòbil – lombardi" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gas nòbil" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesg%C3%A1zok" title="Nemesgázok – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemesgázok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Благороден гас – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Благороден гас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഉൽകൃഷ്ടവാതകം – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉൽകൃഷ്ടവാതകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="निष्क्रिय वायू – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निष्क्रिय वायू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-i%C5%AB_k%C3%A9-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Hĭ-iū ké-tā̤ – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-iū ké-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Инерт хий – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Инерт хий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="နိုဘယ်ဂက်စ် – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုဘယ်ဂက်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgas" title="Edelgas – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edelgas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नोबल ग्यास – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नोबल ग्यास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नोबल ग्यास – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नोबल ग्यास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC18%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第18族元素 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第18族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eedelgas" title="Eedelgas – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eedelgas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgass" title="Edelgass – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edelgass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgass" title="Edelgass – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edelgass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_n%C3%B2ble" title="Gas nòble – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gas nòble" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Суаппез-влак – niidumari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Суаппез-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="niidumari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8" title="ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ – oria" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8" title="ਨੋਬਲ ਗੈਸ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਬਲ ਗੈਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="جوگی گیساں – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوگی گیساں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_inerto" title="Gas inerto – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gas inerto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddelgas" title="Eddelgas – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eddelgas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helowce" title="Helowce – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Helowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1s_nobre" title="Gás nobre – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gás nobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_nobil" title="Gaz nobil – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaz nobil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umi%C3%B1a_wapsi" title="Umiña wapsi – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Umiña wapsi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Благородные газы – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Благородные газы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мааны гаастар – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мааны гаастар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasu_n%C3%B2bile" title="Gasu nòbile – sardi" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gasu nòbile" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_tet%C3%ABmb%C3%ABdhjet%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i tetëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i tetëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94" title="උච්ච වායු – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උච්ච වායු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cny_plyn" title="Vzácny plyn – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vzácny plyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlahtni_plin" title="Žlahtni plin – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žlahtni plin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neefta_Gobta" title="Neefta Gobta – somaali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Neefta Gobta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Племенити гас – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Племенити гас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeniti_gas" title="Plemeniti gas – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plemeniti gas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulya" title="Gas mulya – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gas mulya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalokaasut" title="Jalokaasut – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jalokaasut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84delgas" title="Ädelgas – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ädelgas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariringal_na_mga_hangin" title="Mariringal na mga hangin – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mariringal na mga hangin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81" title="அருமன் வாயு – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அருமன் வாயு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="ఉత్కృష్ట వాయువు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్కృష్ట వాయువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="แก๊สมีสกุล – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แก๊สมีสกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_hi%E1%BA%BFm" title="Khí hiếm – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí hiếm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Газҳои асил – tadžiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Газҳои асил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_gaz" title="Soy gaz – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soy gaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Благородні гази – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Благородні гази" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="نوبل گیسیں – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبل گیسیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5z_n%C3%B4be" title="Gåz nôbe – vallooni" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gåz nôbe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="貴氣體 – klassikaline hiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="貴氣體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassikaline hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="稀有气体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%96" title="איידעלער גאז – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איידעלער גאז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80f%C3%BA%C3%B9f%C3%B9_ab%C3%ADire" title="Ẹ̀fúùfù abíire – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀fúùfù abíire" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="惰性氣體 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="惰性氣體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="稀有气体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19609#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-ga" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:A-klassi_artiklid" title="See on A-klassi artikkel. Lisateabe saamiseks klõpsa siia."><img alt="See on A-klassi artikkel. Lisateabe saamiseks klõpsa siia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/15px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/23px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/31px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Väärisgaasid</b> (vananenud nimetusega <b>inertgaasid</b>) on sarnaste omadustega <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element">keemiliste elementide</a> rühm: nad on <a href="/wiki/Standardtingimused" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardtingimused">standardtingimustel</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B5hn" title="Lõhn">lõhnatud</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rv" title="Värv">värvitud</a>, monoaatomilised <a href="/wiki/Gaas" title="Gaas">gaasid</a>, millel on madal <a href="/wiki/Reaktsiooniv%C3%B5ime" title="Reaktsioonivõime">reaktsioonivõime</a>. </p><p>Kuus looduses esinevat väärisgaasi on <a href="/wiki/Heelium" title="Heelium">heelium</a> (He), <a href="/wiki/Neoon" title="Neoon">neoon</a> (Ne), <a href="/wiki/Argoon" title="Argoon">argoon</a> (Ar), <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%BCptoon" title="Krüptoon">krüptoon</a> (Kr), <a href="/wiki/Ksenoon" title="Ksenoon">ksenoon</a> (Xe) ja <a href="/wiki/Radoon" title="Radoon">radoon</a> (Rn). Kõiki neid leidub vähesel määral <a href="/wiki/Maa_(planeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maa (planeet)">Maa</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Atmosfäär">atmosfääris</a> ja heelium on <a href="/wiki/Universum" title="Universum">universumis</a> levikult teine element. Aastal 2002 avastasid teadlased <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_s%C3%BCntees" title="Keemiline süntees">sünteetilise</a> väärisgaasi <a href="/wiki/Oganessoon" title="Oganessoon">oganessooni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nash_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nash-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mille <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsikalised_omadused" title="Füüsikalised omadused">füüsikalisi</a> ega <a href="/wiki/Keemilised_omadused" title="Keemilised omadused">keemilisi omadusi</a> pole võimalik otseselt määrata väga lühikese <a href="/wiki/Poolestusaeg" title="Poolestusaeg">poolestusaja</a> (0,89 ms<sup id="cite_ref-livescience_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) tõttu. </p><p>Väärisgaasid kuuluvad <a href="/wiki/Keemiliste_elementide_perioodilisuss%C3%BCsteem" title="Keemiliste elementide perioodilisussüsteem">keemiliste elementide perioodilisussüsteemi</a> 18. ehk VIIIA rühma. Looduslikud väärisgaasid on tüüpiliselt väga madala <a href="/wiki/Reaktsiooniv%C3%B5ime" title="Reaktsioonivõime">reaktsioonivõimega</a>, välja arvatud ekstreemsetes tingimustes. <a href="/wiki/Inertsus_(keemia)" title="Inertsus (keemia)">Inertsuse</a> tõttu saab neid kasutada keskkondades, kus soovitakse vältida <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_reaktsioon" title="Keemiline reaktsioon">keemilist reaktsiooni</a>. </p><p>Väärisgaaside omadused on hästi seletatavad tänapäevaste teooriatega aatomistruktuuri kohta. Nende <a href="/wiki/Elektronkate" title="Elektronkate">elektronkatte</a> väliskihis on 8 (heeliumil 2) elektroni ehk välimine <a href="/wiki/Elektronkiht" title="Elektronkiht">elektronkiht</a> on "täis". Seetõttu on neil vähe kalduvusi <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_reaktsioon" title="Keemiline reaktsioon">keemilistes reaktsioonides</a> osalemiseks. Väärisgaase sisaldavaid ühendeid on suudetud valmistada vaid mõnisada. Väärisgaaside <a href="/wiki/Sulamistemperatuur" title="Sulamistemperatuur">sulamis-</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Keemistemperatuur" title="Keemistemperatuur">keemistemperatuuride</a> vahe on väga väike, erinevus on alla 10 °C. See tähendab, et nad on vedelas olekus väga väikeses temperatuuride vahemikus. </p><p>Neooni, argooni ja ksenooni saab toota õhust <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaaside_vedeldamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaaside vedeldamine (pole veel kirjutatud)">gaasi vedeldamise</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Fraktsioneeriv_destillatsioon" title="Fraktsioneeriv destillatsioon">fraktsioneeriva destillatsiooni</a> teel. Heeliumit eraldatakse tavaliselt <a href="/wiki/Maagaas" title="Maagaas">maagaasist</a> ja radooni <a href="/wiki/Raadium" title="Raadium">raadiumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Radioaktiivsus" title="Radioaktiivsus">radioaktiivse lagunemise</a> laguproduktidest. Väärisgaase kasutatakse tööstuses valgustites, keevitamise juures ja kosmosetööstuses. Heeliumi-hapniku hingamisgaasi kasutavad tihti tuukrid, kes peavad sukelduma sügavamale kui 55 meetrit. Sellega välditakse kõrgest rõhust põhjustatud <a href="/wiki/Hapnikum%C3%BCrgitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapnikumürgitus">hapnikumürgitust</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4mmastikunarkoos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lämmastikunarkoos (pole veel kirjutatud)">lämmastikunarkoosi</a>. Pärast <a href="/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik">vesiniku</a> tuleohtlikkusest tulenevate riskide ilmnemist hakati selle asemel õhupallides ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerostaat%C3%B5hulaev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerostaatõhulaev (pole veel kirjutatud)">aerostaatõhulaevades</a> kasutama heeliumit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sõna "väärisgaas" tuleb <a href="/wiki/Saksa_keel" title="Saksa keel">saksakeelsest</a> nimisõnast <i>Edelgas</i>, mille <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Erdmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Erdmann (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hugo Erdmann</a> 1898. aastal kasutusele võttis.<sup id="cite_ref-renouf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renouf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Termin tähistas gaaside madalat <a href="/wiki/Reaktsiooniv%C3%B5ime" title="Reaktsioonivõime">reaktsioonivõimet</a> ja sellel on teatud analoogia terminiga "<a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4rismetallid_(reaktsiooniv%C3%B5ime)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väärismetallid (reaktsioonivõime) (pole veel kirjutatud)">väärismetall</a>" (<i>Edelmetalle</i>), mis tähistab metalle, millel on samuti madal reaktsioonivõime. Väärisgaase on nimetatud ka inertgaasideks, kuid see termin on vananenud, sest tänapäevaks on teada mitmeid väärisgaase sisaldavaid ühendeid.<sup id="cite_ref-ojima1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ojima1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neid on nimetatud ka haruldasteks gaasideks,<sup id="cite_ref-ojima2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ojima2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kuid see on samuti ebatäpne, sest argoon moodustab olulise osa <a href="/wiki/Maa_atmosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" class="mw-redirect" title="Maa atmosfäär">Maa atmosfäärist</a> (0,94% mahust ja 1,3% massist).<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium_spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg/220px-Helium_spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg/330px-Helium_spectrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg/440px-Helium_spectrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Heelium avastati Päikeselt talle iseloomulike spektrijoonte tõttu</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Janssen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Janssen (pole veel kirjutatud)">Pierre Janssen</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Norman_Lockyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Norman Lockyer (pole veel kirjutatud)">Joseph Norman Lockyer</a> avastasid uue elemendi <a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a>. aastal, kui nad vaatlesid <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ike" title="Päike">Päikse</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromosfäär (pole veel kirjutatud)">kromosfääri</a>, ja nimetasid selle heeliumiks <a href="/wiki/Kreeka_keel" title="Kreeka keel">kreekakeelse</a> sõna <i>ήλιος</i> (<i>ílios</i> või <i>helios</i>) järgi, mis tähendab Päikest.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siis polnud keemiline analüüs võimalik, kuid hiljem selgus, et heelium on väärisgaas. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> oli enne neid, 1784. aastal, avastanud, et õhk sisaldab väikeses koguses ainet, mis on veel väiksema reaktsioonivõimega, kui <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4mmastik" title="Lämmastik">lämmastik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ojima3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ojima3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_kolmas_parun_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, kolmas parun Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> avastas 1895. aastal, et õhust võetud lämmastikuproovid ja keemilistest reaktsioonidest saadud lämmastikuproovid on erineva tihedusega. Koos šoti teadlase <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ramsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ramsay (pole veel kirjutatud)">William Ramsayga</a> oletas ta, et õhust saadud lämmastik on segunenud mingi teise gaasiga.<sup id="cite_ref-ojima3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ojima3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See viis eksperimendini, mille käigus õnnestus eraldada uus element argoon, mille nimetus tuleb kreekakeelsest sõnast <i>αργός</i> (<i>argós</i>) ehk "mitteaktiivne".<sup id="cite_ref-ojima3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ojima3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selle avastuse valguses taipasid nad, et perioodilisustabelist puudub terve klass gaase. Argooni otsimise käigus õnnestus Ramseyl esimest korda mineraali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleveiit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleveiit (pole veel kirjutatud)">kleveiiti</a> kuumutades eraldada heelium. <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendelejev" title="Dmitri Mendelejev">Dmitri Mendelejev</a>, nõustunud tõenditega argooni ja heeliumi olemasolu kohta, lisas väärisgaasid oma elementide süsteemi 1902. aastal 0-rühmana.<sup id="cite_ref-mendelejev_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendelejev-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tema süsteemist sai hiljem perioodilisussüsteem.<sup id="cite_ref-mendelejev_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendelejev-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ramsey jätkas väärisgaaside otsimist, kasutades vedela õhu komponentideks lahutamiseks <a href="/wiki/Fraktsioneeriv_destillatsioon" title="Fraktsioneeriv destillatsioon">fraktsioneerivat destillatsiooni</a>. Ta avastas 1898. aastal elemendid krüptoon, neoon ja ksenoon ning nimetas need kreeka sõnade "peidetud" (<i>κρυπτός, kryptós</i>), "uus" (<i>νέος, néos</i>) ja "võõras" (<i> ξένος, xénos</i>) järgi. Radooni avastas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Ernst_Dorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Ernst Dorn (pole veel kirjutatud)">Friedrich Ernst Dorn</a> 1898. aastal<sup id="cite_ref-partington_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partington-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ja sellele pandi nimetuseks <i>radium emanation</i>, kuid seda ei peetud väärisgaasiks enne 1904. aastat.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siis avastati, et see sarnaneb omaduste poolest teiste väärisgaasidega.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rayleigh ja Ramsay said 1904. aastal väärisgaaside avastamise eest Nobeli auhinna, vastavalt füüsikas ja keemias.<sup id="cite_ref-noobelfys_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noobelfys-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noobelKeemia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noobelKeemia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rootsi Kuningliku Akadeemia toonane president J. E. Cederblom ütles oma kõnes, et terve uute elementide klassi leidmine on unikaalne sündmus keemia ajaloos.<sup id="cite_ref-noobelKeemia_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noobelKeemia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Väärisgaaside avastamine aitas kaasa teadmiste arenemisele <a href="/wiki/Aatomimudel" title="Aatomimudel">aatomimudeli</a> kohta. Prantsuse keemik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Moissan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Moissan (pole veel kirjutatud)">Henri Moissan</a> üritas ebaõnnestunult reageerima panna <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluori</a>, kõige <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiivsus" title="Elektronegatiivsus">elektronegatiivsemat</a> elementi, ja argooni, ühte väärisgaasidest. Teadlastel ei õnnestunud argooniühendeid valmistada enne 20. sajandi lõppu, kuid katsed selleks aitasid arendada uusi teooriaid aatomi struktuuri kohta. <a href="/wiki/Taani" title="Taani">Taani</a> füüsik <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> oletas 1913. aastal eksperimentidele toetudes, et <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronid</a> aatomis on organiseeritud <a href="/wiki/Elektronkiht" title="Elektronkiht">kihtidena</a>, mis ümbritsevad <a href="/wiki/Aatomituum" title="Aatomituum">tuuma</a>, ja kõigil väärisgaasidel, välja arvatud heelium, on väliskihis alati kaheksa elektroni.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Newton_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis (pole veel kirjutatud)">Gilbert Newton Lewis</a> formuleeris 1916. aastal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oktetireegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oktetireegel (pole veel kirjutatud)">oktetireegli</a>, mis ütleb, et kaheksa elektroni väliskihis on iga aatomi jaoks kõige stabiilsem olukord. Selline paigutus põhjustas väärisgaaside väikese reaktsioonivõime, kuna nad ei vajanud oma <a href="/wiki/Elektronkate" title="Elektronkate">elektronkatte</a> väliskihi täitmiseks enam rohkem elektrone.<sup id="cite_ref-gillespie_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gillespie-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_Bartlet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil Bartlet (pole veel kirjutatud)">Neil Bartlet</a> avastas 1962. aastal esimese väärisgaasiühendi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksenoonheksafluoroplaatina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksenoonheksafluoroplaatina (pole veel kirjutatud)">ksenoonheksafluoroplaatina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bartlett1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartlett1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varsti pärast seda avastati ka teisi väärisgaaside ühendeid: 1962. aastal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radoondifluoriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radoondifluoriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">radoondifluoriid</a> (RnF<sub>2</sub>)<sup id="cite_ref-fields_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fields-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ja 1963. aastal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kr%C3%BCptoondifluoriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krüptoondifluoriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">krüptoondifluoriid</a> (KrF<sub>2</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-grosse_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grosse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teade esimesest stabiilsest argooniühendist saabus 2000. aastal, kui temperatuuril 40 K (−233,2 °C) valmistati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argoonfluoroh%C3%BCdriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argoonfluorohüdriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">argoonfluorohüdriidi</a> (HArF).<sup id="cite_ref-khriachtchev_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khriachtchev-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detsembris 1998 valmistasid <a href="/wiki/Venemaa" title="Venemaa">Venemaal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a> linnas paikneva Tuumauuringute Ühendatud Instituudi teadlased ühe aatomi 114. elementi <a href="/wiki/Fleroovium" title="Fleroovium">flerooviumi</a> (Fl), pommitades <a href="/wiki/Plutoonium" title="Plutoonium">plutooniumit</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaltsium" title="Kaltsium">kaltsiumiga</a><sup id="cite_ref-ognessian_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ognessian-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-woods_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woods-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esialgsed katsed vihjavad, et tegemist võib olla esimese üliraske elemendiga, mis näitab väärisgaasile tüüpilisi omadusi, kuigi kuulub perioodilisustabeli 14. rühma.<sup id="cite_ref-AMuni_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMuni-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aastal 2002 avastasid Vene teadlased <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_s%C3%BCntees" title="Keemiline süntees">sünteetilise</a> väärisgaaside hulka loetava radioaktiivse <a href="/wiki/Oganessoon" title="Oganessoon">oganessooni</a>, mille kolm aatomit moodustusid <a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">kaliforniumi</a> pommitamisel kaltsiumiioonidega 1080 tunni jooksul. Oganessooni <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsikalised_omadused" title="Füüsikalised omadused">füüsikalisi</a> ega <a href="/wiki/Keemilised_omadused" title="Keemilised omadused">keemilisi omadusi</a> pole võimalik otseselt määrata väga lühikese <a href="/wiki/Poolestusaeg" title="Poolestusaeg">poolestusaja</a> (0,89 ms) tõttu. <a href="/wiki/Alfalagunemine" title="Alfalagunemine">Alfalagunemise</a> käigus moodustub oganessoonist <a href="/wiki/Livermoorium" title="Livermoorium">livermoorium</a>. Kuna oganessooni on õnnestunud sünteesida vaid mõni üksik aatom, piirdub elemendi kasutamine vaid teaduslike uurimistöödega.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Füüsikalised_omadused"><span id="F.C3.BC.C3.BCsikalised_omadused"></span>Füüsikalised omadused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Füüsikalised omadused"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Füüsikalised omadused" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float: right; padding-left: 10px;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Omadus<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenwood1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Heelium" title="Heelium">Heelium</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Neoon" title="Neoon">Neoon</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Argoon" title="Argoon">Argoon</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%BCptoon" title="Krüptoon">Krüptoon</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ksenoon" title="Ksenoon">Ksenoon</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Radoon" title="Radoon">Radoon</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tihedus" title="Tihedus">Tihedus</a> (g/<a href="/wiki/Liiter" title="Liiter">dm³</a>)</td> <td>0,1786</td> <td>0,9002</td> <td>1,7818</td> <td>3,708</td> <td>5,851</td> <td>9,97 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Keemistemperatuur" title="Keemistemperatuur">Keemistemperatuur</a> (K)</td> <td>4,4</td> <td>27,3</td> <td>87,4</td> <td>121,5</td> <td>166,6</td> <td>211,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sulamist%C3%A4pp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulamistäpp">Sulamistäpp</a> (K)</td> <td>0,95<span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_a"><sup><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup></span></td> <td>24,7</td> <td>83,6</td> <td>115,8</td> <td>161,7</td> <td>202,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Aurustumissoojus" title="Aurustumissoojus">Aurustumissoojus</a> (kJ/mol)</td> <td>0,08</td> <td>1,74</td> <td>6,52</td> <td>9,05</td> <td>12,65</td> <td>18,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lahustuvus" title="Lahustuvus">Lahustuvus</a> vees 20 °C (cm<sup>3</sup>/kg)</td> <td>8,61</td> <td>10,5</td> <td>33,6</td> <td>59,4</td> <td>108,1</td> <td>230 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Aatomnumber" title="Aatomnumber">Aatomnumber</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>10</td> <td>18</td> <td>36</td> <td>54</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomi_raadius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aatomi raadius (pole veel kirjutatud)">Aatomi raadius</a> (arvutuslik) (<a href="/wiki/Pikomeeter" title="Pikomeeter">pm</a>)</td> <td>31</td> <td>38</td> <td>71</td> <td>88</td> <td>108</td> <td>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ionisatsioonienergia" title="Ionisatsioonienergia">Ionisatsioonienergia</a> (kJ/mol)</td> <td>2372</td> <td>2080</td> <td>1520</td> <td>1351</td> <td>1170</td> <td>1037 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiivsus" title="Elektronegatiivsus">Alleni elektronegatiivsus</a><sup id="cite_ref-leland_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leland-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>4,16</td> <td>4,79</td> <td>3,24</td> <td>2,97</td> <td>2,58</td> <td>2,60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Märkused</td> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 85%" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^a</a></b> </span>Rõhul 25 <a href="/wiki/Baar_(%C3%BChik)" title="Baar (ühik)">bar</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Väärisgaasidele on omased nõrgad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomitevahelised_j%C3%B5ud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aatomitevahelised jõud (pole veel kirjutatud)">aatomitevahelised jõud</a>, mistõttu neil on madalad <a href="/wiki/Sulamistemperatuur" title="Sulamistemperatuur">sulamis-</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Keemistemperatuur" title="Keemistemperatuur">keemistemperatuurid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Normaaltingimused" title="Normaaltingimused">Standardtingimustel</a> on nad üheaatomilised <a href="/wiki/Gaas" title="Gaas">gaasid</a>. See kehtib ka nende elementide kohta, millega sarnase <a href="/wiki/Aatommass" title="Aatommass">aatommassiga</a> ained oleksid tavaliselt tahked.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heeliumil on võrreldes teiste elementidega mitmeid unikaalseid omadusi: selle sulamis- ja keemistemperatuurid on madalamad kui ühelgi teisel tuntud ainel, see on ainus teadaolev element, mille juures ilmneb <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clivoolavus" title="Ülivoolavus">ülivoolavus</a>. See on ainus element, mida ei saa standardtingimustel tahkesse olekusse viia: heeliumi tahkestamiseks tuleb temperatuuril 0,95 K rakendada <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B5hk" title="Rõhk">rõhku</a> 25 <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r_(%C3%BChik)" title="Atmosfäär (ühik)">atm</a> (2500 <a href="/wiki/Paskal" title="Paskal">KPa</a>, 370 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psi (pole veel kirjutatud)">psi</a>). Väärisgaasidel kuni ksenoonini on mitu stabiilset <a href="/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop">isotoopi</a>. Radoonil stabiilseid isotoope ei ole: pikima elueaga isotoobi <sup>222</sup>Rn <a href="/wiki/Poolestusaeg" title="Poolestusaeg">poolestusaeg</a> on 3,8 päeva ning see laguneb heeliumiks ja <a href="/wiki/Poloonium" title="Poloonium">polooniumiks</a>, mis omakorda laguneb <a href="/wiki/Plii" title="Plii">pliiks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ionisatsioonienergiad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ionisatsioonienergiad.svg/400px-Ionisatsioonienergiad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ionisatsioonienergiad.svg/600px-Ionisatsioonienergiad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ionisatsioonienergiad.svg/800px-Ionisatsioonienergiad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>See graafik näitab <a href="/wiki/Ionisatsioonienergia" title="Ionisatsioonienergia">ionisatsioonienergia</a> ja aatominumbri sõltuvust. Väärisgaasidel on iga perioodi kõige suurem ionisatsioonienergia</figcaption></figure> <p>Väärisgaaside <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomi_raadius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aatomi raadius (pole veel kirjutatud)">aatomi raadius</a> kasvab rühmas sujuvalt ülalt alla, nagu ka teiste rühmade elementide puhul. Aatomi suurus on seotud mitmete omadustega, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Ionisatsioonipotentsiaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionisatsioonipotentsiaal">ionisatsioonipotentsiaal</a> väheneb raadiuse kasvades, kuna valentselektronid on suurte aatomite puhul tuumast kaugemal ja seetõttu hoiab tuum neid nõrgemini kinni. Väärisgaasidel on iga perioodi elementidest kõige suurem ionisatsioonienergia, mis väljendub nende elektronkonfiguratsiooni stabiilsuses ja reaktsioonivõime suhtelises puudumises.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mõne raskema väärisgaasi ionisatsioonipotentsiaal on siiski piisavalt madal, et olla võrreldav teiste elementide või molekulidega. Teadmine, et ksenooni ionisatsioonipotentsiaal on võrreldav <a href="/wiki/Hapnik" title="Hapnik">hapniku</a> <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekuli</a> ionisatsioonipotentsiaaliga, viis katseni ksenooni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaatina_heksafluoriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaatina heksafluoriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">plaatina heksafluoriidiga</a> oksüdeerida. Tegemist on hapnikuga reageerimiseks piisavalt tugeva oksüdandiga.<sup id="cite_ref-bartlett1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartlett1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Väärisgaasid ei saa stabiilsetelt <a href="/wiki/Anioon" title="Anioon">anioonidelt</a> elektrone vastu võtta, mis tähendab, et nende <a href="/wiki/Elektronafiinsus" title="Elektronafiinsus">elektronafiinsus</a> on negatiivne.<sup id="cite_ref-wheeler_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheeler-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Väärisgaaside makroskoopilised füüsikalised omadused jäävad nõrkade aatomitevaheliste <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsi_j%C3%B5ud" title="Van der Waalsi jõud">van der Waalsi jõudude</a> varju. Tõmbejõud kasvavad koos aatomi suurusega kuna kasvab polariseeritavus ja väheneb ionisatsioonipotentsiaal. See põhjustab rühmas süstemaatilisi trende: liikudes 18. rühmas ülalt alla, kasvavad aatomi raadius ja aatomitevahelised jõud, mistõttu kasvavad ka sulamistemperatuur, keemistemperatuur, aurustumis entalpia ja <a href="/wiki/Lahustuvus" title="Lahustuvus">lahustuvus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tihedus" title="Tihedus">Tiheduse</a> kasv tuleneb aatomi massi suurenemisest.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Väärisgaasid on standardtingimustel peaaegu <a href="/wiki/Ideaalne_gaas" title="Ideaalne gaas">ideaalsed gaasid</a>, kuid nende kõrvalekalded ideaalse gaasi seadusest annavad vihjeid molekulidevaheliste vastasmõjude uurimiseks. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lennard-Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lennard-Jones (pole veel kirjutatud)">John Lennard-Jones</a> lõi 1924. aastal argooniga tehtud katsete andmete põhjal <a href="/wiki/Lennard-Jonesi_potentsiaal" title="Lennard-Jonesi potentsiaal">Lennard-Jonesi potentsiaalina</a> tuntud matemaatilise mudeli, mida kasutati molekulidevaheliste vastasmõjude kirjeldamisel enne kvantmehaanika leiutamist.<sup id="cite_ref-mott_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mott-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keemilised_omadused">Keemilised omadused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Keemilised omadused"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Keemilised omadused" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg/220px-Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg/330px-Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg/440px-Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Väärisgaasid on standardtingimustes värvitud, lõhnatud, maitsetud ja mittesüttivad. Neid nimetati kunagi perioodilisustabeli 0-rühmaks, kuna arvati, et nende valents on 0 ehk nende aatomid ei saa teiste elementidega ühendeid moodustada. Hiljem avastati, et teatud väärisgaasid siiski moodustavad ühendeid, ja see nimetus pole enam käibel.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nagu ka teiste rühmade puhul, järgivad väärisgaaside <a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfiguratsioon" title="Elektronkonfiguratsioon">elektronkonfiguratsioonid</a> ühtset mustrit, eriti elektronkatte väliskihis, mis mõjutab keemilisi omadusi: </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aatomnumber" title="Aatomnumber">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element">Element</a></th> <th>Elektronide arv / <a href="/wiki/Elektronkiht" title="Elektronkiht">elektronkiht</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heelium" title="Heelium">heelium</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neoon" title="Neoon">neoon</a></td> <td>2, 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argoon" title="Argoon">argoon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%BCptoon" title="Krüptoon">krüptoon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ksenoon" title="Ksenoon">ksenoon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>86</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radoon" title="Radoon">radoon</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Väärisgaaside kõige välimine, valentselektronide kiht, mille elektronid osalevad keemiliste sidemete loomisel, on täitunud. Sellised aatomid on väga stabiilsed ning ei kipu seetõttu keemilisi sidemeid looma, elektrone liitma ega loovutama.<sup id="cite_ref-ojima1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ojima1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aatomorbitalide_kirjeldamisel">Aatomorbitalide kirjeldamisel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Aatomorbitalide kirjeldamisel"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Aatomorbitalide kirjeldamisel" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuna väärisgaaside elektronkatte väliskihis on täiskomplekt elektrone, siis saab neid kasutada teiste elementide elektronkatete kirjeldamiseks. Selleks asendatakse sisekihid lähima kirjeldatavast elemendist perioodilisustabelis eespool asuva väärisgaasiga ja kirjutatakse välja ainult väliskiht. Näiteks süsiniku elektronkate on 1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup> ja väärisgaasi esituses [He]2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>. Selline kirjaviis on lühem ja teeb elementide identifitseerimise lihtsamaks.<sup id="cite_ref-btps_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btps-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ühendid"><span id=".C3.9Chendid"></span>Ühendid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Ühendid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Ühendid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png/220px-Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png/330px-Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png/440px-Xenon-tetrafluoride-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>XeF<sub>4</sub> struktuur</figcaption></figure> <p>Kuna väärisgaaside reaktsioonivõime on ülimadal, on õnnestunud valmistada vaid mõnisada väärisgaasi ühendit. Neutraalseid ühendeid, kus heelium ja neoon oleks seotud keemiliste sidemetega, ei ole valmistatud, kuigi heeliumi ühendite võimalikkuse kohta on mõningaid teoreetilisi tõendeid. Ksenoon, krüptoon ja argoon on demonstreerinud vaid väikest reaktsioonivõimet.<sup id="cite_ref-grochala_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grochala-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaktsioonivõime alusel reastuvad elemendid järgmiselt: Ne < He < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> ennustas 1933. aastal, et väärisgaasid võivad moodustada ühendeid fluori ja hapnikuga. Ta ennustas, et eksisteerivad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kr%C3%BCptoonheksafluoriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krüptoonheksafluoriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">krüptoonheksafluoriid</a> (KrF<sub>6</sub>) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksenoonheksafluoriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksenoonheksafluoriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">ksenoonheksafluoriid</a> (XeF<sub>6</sub>). Pauling spekuleeris, et XeF<sub>8</sub> võib eksisteerida ebastabiilse ühendina ja pakkus, et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksenoonhape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksenoonhape (pole veel kirjutatud)">ksenoonhape</a> võiks moodustada perksenoonsoolasid.<sup id="cite_ref-pauling_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauling-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holloway_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holloway-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Need ennustused osutusid üldiselt täpseks, ainult XeF<sub>8</sub> peetakse nüüd nii <a href="/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamika" title="Termodünaamika">termodünaamiliselt</a> kui ka <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_kineetika" title="Keemiline kineetika">kineetiliselt</a> ebastabiilseks.<sup id="cite_ref-seppelt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seppelt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kõige arvukamalt on valmistatud ksenooniühendeid.<sup id="cite_ref-moody_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moody-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enamikus neist on ksenooniaatom <a href="/wiki/Oks%C3%BCdatsiooniaste" title="Oksüdatsiooniaste">oksüdatsiooniastmes</a> +2, +4, +6 või +8 ning seotud väga elektronegatiivse aatomiga nagu fluor või hapnik, nagu näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksenoondifluoriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksenoondifluoriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">ksenoondifluoriid</a> (XeF<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksenoontetrafluoriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksenoontetrafluoriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">ksenoontetrafluoriid</a> (XeF<sub>4</sub>), ksenoonheksafluoriid (XeF<sub>6</sub>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksenoontetraoksiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksenoontetraoksiid (pole veel kirjutatud)">ksenoontetraoksiid</a> (XeO<sub>4</sub>) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naatriumperksenaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naatriumperksenaat (pole veel kirjutatud)">naatriumperksenaat</a> (Na<sub>4</sub>XeO<sub>6</sub>). Mõningaid neist kasutatakse keemilise sünteesi juures oksüdeerijana. Näiteks XeF<sub>2</sub> on tööstuses vabalt saadaval fluorimiseks.<sup id="cite_ref-zupan_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zupan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aastaks 2007 oli avastatud umbes 500 ühendit, kus ksenoon on keemiliselt seotud teiste elementidega, sealhulgas orgaanoksenoon ühendeid (kus ksenoon on seotud süsinikuga). Ksenooni ühendeid on moodustatud <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4mmastik" title="Lämmastik">lämmastiku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kloor" title="Kloor">kloori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuld" title="Kuld">kulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elavh%C3%B5be" title="Elavhõbe">elavhõbeda</a> ja ksenooni endaga.<sup id="cite_ref-grochala_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grochala-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harding_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harding-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ühendeid, kus ksenoon on seotud <a href="/wiki/Boor" title="Boor">boori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik">vesiniku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">broomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jood" title="Jood">joodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ber%C3%BCllium" title="Berüllium">berülliumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4vel" title="Väävel">väävli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titaan" title="Titaan">titaani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vask" title="Vask">vase</a> ja <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B5be" title="Hõbe">hõbedaga</a> on samuti täheldatud, kuid ainult väga madalatel temperatuuridel väärisgaasides koosnevas maatriksis või ülikiiretes väärisgaasijugades.<sup id="cite_ref-grochala_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grochala-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teoorias on radoon reageerimisvõimelisem, kui ksenoon ja peaks seega keemilisi sidemeid kergemini moodustama. Kuid radooni isotoopide suure radioaktiivsuse ja lühikese poolestusaja tõttu on praktikas valmistatud vaid mõned fluoriidid ja oksiidid.<sup id="cite_ref-avrorin_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avrorin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krüptooni reaktsioonivõime on väiksem kui ksenoonil, kuid siiski on teateid mitmetest ühenditest, kus krüptooni oksüdatsiooniaste on +2.<sup id="cite_ref-grochala_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grochala-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kõige tuntum on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kr%C3%BCptoondifluoriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krüptoondifluoriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">krüptoondifluoriid</a>, kuid on kirjeldatud ka ühendeid, kus krüptoon moodustab ühe sideme lämmastiku või hapnikuga<sup id="cite_ref-lehman_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehman-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kuid need on stabiilsed temperatuuridel −60 °C ja −90 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-grochala_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grochala-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krüptooni aatomid moodustavad sidemeid teiste mittemetallidega (vesinik, kloor, süsinik) ja mõningate siirdemetallidega (vask, hõbe, kuld), kuid seda ainult madalatel temperatuuridel väärisgaasidest koosnevates maatriksites või siis ülikiiretes väärisgaasijugades. Sarnastes tingimustes valmistati 2000. aastatel esimesed argooniühendid (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Argoonfloroh%C3%BCdriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argoonflorohüdriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">argoonflorohüdriid</a> HArF ja mõned sidemed siirdemetallidega vask, hõbe ja kuld. 2007. aasta seisuga pole teada ühtegi stabiilset neutroolset molekuli, mis sisaldaks heeliumi või neooni kovalentset sidet.<sup id="cite_ref-grochala_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grochala-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Väärisgaasid, sealhulgas heelium, võivad moodustada stabiilseid molekulaarseid ioone. Kõige lihtsam neist on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heeliumh%C3%BCdriid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heeliumhüdriid (pole veel kirjutatud)">heeliumhüdriidi</a> ioon, mis avastati 1925. aastal.<sup id="cite_ref-hogness_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogness-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuna see koosneb kahest universumis kõige levinumast elemendist, siis arvatakse, et seda esineb looduslikult tähtedevahelises ruumis, kuigi seda pole veel avastatud.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lisaks ioonidele on teada ka mitu neutraalset väärisgaasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksimeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksimeer (pole veel kirjutatud)">eksimeeri</a>. Need ühendid, näiteks ArF ja KrF, on stabiilsed ainult ergastatud olekus; mõned neist leiavad kasutust eksimeerlaserites. </p><p>Lisaks ühenditele, kus väärisgaas moodustab kovalentse sideme on ka mittekovalentseid ühendeid. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klatraadid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klatraadid (pole veel kirjutatud)">Klatraadid</a>, mida esmakordselt kirjeldati 1949. aastal,<sup id="cite_ref-powell_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> koosnevad väärisgaasi aatomitest, mis on lõksustatud teatud orgaaniliste ja mitteorgaaniliste ainete kristallstruktuuri. Oluline eeltingimus nende moodustumisel on, et sisestatud (väärisgaasi) aatom peab olema sobiva suurusega, et kristallstruktuuris olevatesse tühimikesse mahtuda. Näiteks argoon, krüptoon ja ksenoon moodustavad klatraate <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCdrokinoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hüdrokinoon (pole veel kirjutatud)">hüdrokinooniga</a>, kuid heelium ja neoon mitte, sest nad on liiga väikesed või ebapiisavalt polariseeritavad, et neid kinni hoida.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neoon, argoon, krüptoon ja ksenoon moodustavad klatraate ka hüdraatidega, kui väärisgaas on jäässe lõksu jäänud.<sup id="cite_ref-dyadin_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyadin-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Endohedral_fullerene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/220px-Endohedral_fullerene.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/330px-Endohedral_fullerene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png/440px-Endohedral_fullerene.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Väärisgaasi aatomit sisaldav endoheedriline fullereen</figcaption></figure> <p>Väärisgaasid võivad moodustada ühendeid endoheedriliste <a href="/wiki/Fullereen" title="Fullereen">fullereenidega</a>, kus väärisgaasi aatom on lõksustatud fullereeni sisse. Aastal 1993. avastati, et kui C<sub>60</sub>, 60 süsiniku aatomist moodustunud sfääriline molekul panna kõrge rõhu all väärsigaasi keskkonda, siis tekivad kompleksühendid nagu He@C<sub>60</sub> (@ tähendab, et He paikneb C<sub>60</sub> sees, mitte ei ole sellega kovalentselt seotud).<sup id="cite_ref-saunders1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2008. aasta seisuga on saadud endoheedrilisi komplekse heeliumi, neooni, argooni, krüptooni ja ksenooniga.<sup id="cite_ref-saunders2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neid ühendeid on kasutatud fullereenide struktuuri ja reaktsioonivõime uurimiseks, kasutades väärisgaaside <a href="/wiki/Tuumamagnetresonants" title="Tuumamagnetresonants">tuumamagnetresonantsi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frunzi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frunzi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Väärisgaasi ühendeid, nagu näiteks ksenoondifluoriid (XeF<sub>2</sub>), peetakse hüpervalentseteks, kuna nad rikuvad okteti reeglit. Sidemete moodustamist sellistes ühendites saab seletada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pimentel%E2%80%93Rundle_kolme_keskme_mudel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pimentel–Rundle kolme keskme mudel (pole veel kirjutatud)">Pimentel–Rundle kolme keskme mudeliga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weinhold1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weinhold1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esimest korda 1951. aastal välja pakutud mudeli järgi tekib side kolme kollineaarse aatomi vahel. Näiteks sidemeid XeF<sub>2</sub> kirjeldatakse kolme molekulaarorbitalina, mis on moodustatud iga aatomi p-orbitalidest. Side tekib ksenooni täitunud p-orbitali kombineerumisega kummagi fluoriaatomi pooltühja p-orbitaliga. Selle tulemusel tekib täitunud siduv orbital, täitunud mittesiduv orbital ja tühi <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B5dvendav_orbital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lõdvendav orbital (pole veel kirjutatud)">lõdvendav orbital</a>. Kõrgeim täitunud molekulaarorbital paikneb kahel otsasidemel. See näitab laengu lokaliseerumist, mida soodustab fluori suur elektronegatiivsus.<sup id="cite_ref-pimentel_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pimentel-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levik_ja_tootmine">Levik ja tootmine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Levik ja tootmine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Levik ja tootmine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <center> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Leidumine</th> <th>Heelium</th> <th>Neoon</th> <th>Argoon</th> <th>Krüptoon</th> <th>Ksenoon</th> <th>Radoon </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Päikesesüsteemis (iga räni aatomi kohta)<sup id="cite_ref-lodders_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lodders-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2343</td> <td>2,148</td> <td>0,1025</td> <td>5,515 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td> <td>5,391 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Maa atmosfääris (osa mahust <a href="/wiki/Ppm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ppm">ppm</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-nws_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>5,20</td> <td>18,20</td> <td>9340,00</td> <td>1,10</td> <td>0,09</td> <td>(0,06–18) × 10<sup>−19</sup><sup id="cite_ref-haussinger_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haussinger-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Tardkivimites (osa massist ppm)<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td> <td>7 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td> <td>4 × 10<sup>−2</sup></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,7 × 10<sup>−10</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <p>Mida suurem on väärisgaasi aatominumber, seda vähem see <a href="/wiki/Universum" title="Universum">universumis</a> levinud on. Heelium on vesiniku järel kõige levinum element universumis ja moodustades 24% selle massist. Enamus heeliumist tekkis <a href="/wiki/Suur_Pauk" title="Suur Pauk">Suure Paugu</a> ajal tuumasünteesi käigus, kuid selle hulk kasvab pidevalt tänu <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4ht_(astronoomia)" title="Täht (astronoomia)">tähtedes</a> toimuvale <a href="/wiki/Tuumas%C3%BCntees" title="Tuumasüntees">tuumasünteesile</a> ja väga vähesel määral ka raskemate elementide <a href="/wiki/Alfalagunemine" title="Alfalagunemine">alfalagunemise</a> tagajärjel.<sup id="cite_ref-bigbang_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigbang-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coc_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coc-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levimus Maal järgib veidi teist loogikat, heelium on leidumise järgi maa atmosfääris alles kolmandal kohal, põhjuseks ürgse heeliumi puudumine atmosfäärist. Kuna sellel on väike aatommass ei suuda maa gravitatsiooniväli seda kinni hoida.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maal eksisteeriv heelium pärineb selliste <a href="/wiki/Maakoor" title="Maakoor">maakoores</a> leiduvate elementide nagu <a href="/wiki/Uraan" title="Uraan">uraan</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Toorium" title="Toorium">toorium</a> alfalagunemisest ja see akumuleerub tihti <a href="/wiki/Maagaas" title="Maagaas">maagaasi</a> reservuaarides.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argooni hulk kasvab aga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaltsium-40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaltsium-40 (pole veel kirjutatud)">kaltsium-40</a> <a href="/wiki/Beetalagunemine" title="Beetalagunemine">beetalagunemise</a> käigus, mida leidub samuti maakoores. Nii tekib argoon-40, mis vaatamata suhtelisele haruldusele <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ikeses%C3%BCsteem" title="Päikesesüsteem">Päikesesüsteemis</a> on kõige levinum isotoop Maal. See protsess on kaltsium-argooni dateerimismeetodi aluseks.<sup id="cite_ref-scherer_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scherer-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ksenooni hulk atmosfääris on ootamatult väike ja seda olukorda on nimetatud "puuduva ksenooni probleemiks". Ühe teooria kohaselt võib puuduv ksenoon sisalduda maakoores leiduvates <a href="/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal">mineraalides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sanlop_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanlop-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pärast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksenoon_dioksiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksenoon dioksiid (pole veel kirjutatud)">ksenoon dioksiidi</a> avastamist näitas üks uurimistöö, et ksenoon võib <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">kvartsis</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ni" title="Räni">räni</a> asendada.<sup id="cite_ref-irving_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irving-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radoon tekib <a href="/wiki/Litosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Litosfäär">litosfääris</a> <a href="/wiki/Raadium" title="Raadium">raadiumi</a> alfalagunemise käigus. See võib läbi vundamendipragude hoonetesse imbuda ja akumuleeruda venilatsioonita ruumides. Suure <a href="/wiki/Radioaktiivsus" title="Radioaktiivsus">radioaktiivsuse</a> tõttu on see oluliseks terviseriskiks: ainuüksi Ameerika Ühendriikides põhjustab see <a href="/wiki/Kopsuv%C3%A4hk" title="Kopsuvähk">kopsuvähi</a> näol hinnanguliselt 21 000 surma aastas.<sup id="cite_ref-cgr_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgr-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="float: right; padding-left: 10px;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gaas</th> <th>Hind 2004. aastal (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>/m<sup>3</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-hwang_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hwang-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Heelium (tööstusliku puhtusega)</td> <td>4,20–4,90 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Heelium (labori puhtusega)</td> <td>22,30–44,90 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Argoon</td> <td>2,70–8,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Neoon</td> <td>60–120 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Krüptoon</td> <td>400–500 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Ksenoon</td> <td>4000–5000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Neooni, argooni, krüptooni ja ksenooni toodetakse <a href="/wiki/%C3%95hk" title="Õhk">õhust</a>. Õhk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaaside_vedeldamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaaside vedeldamine (pole veel kirjutatud)">vedeldatakse</a> ja lahutatakse <a href="/wiki/Fraktsioneeriv_destillatsioon" title="Fraktsioneeriv destillatsioon">fraktsioneeriva destilleerimise</a> abil komponentideks. Heeliumit eraldatakse tavaliselt maagaasist ja radooni raadiumi radioaktiivsete laguproduktide hulgast.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Väärisgaaside hinnad sõltuvad nende levikust: argoon on kõige odavam ja ksenoon kõige kallim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rakendused">Rakendused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Rakendused"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Rakendused" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Modern_3T_MRI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/220px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/330px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/440px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Vedelat heeliumit kasutatakse ülijuhtivate magnetite jahutamiseks tänapäevastes magnetresonantstomograafides</figcaption></figure> <p>Väärisgaasidel on väga madalad <a href="/wiki/Keemistemperatuur" title="Keemistemperatuur">keemis-</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Sulamistemperatuur" title="Sulamistemperatuur">sulamistemperatuurid</a>, mis muudab nad kasutatavaks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kr%C3%BCogeenika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krüogeenika (pole veel kirjutatud)">kürogeeniliste</a> jahutusvedelikena.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vedel heelium, mis keeb 4,2 K (−268,95 °C) juures, on levinud <a href="/wiki/Tuumamagnetresonantsspektroskoopia" title="Tuumamagnetresonantsspektroskoopia">tuumamagnetresonantsspektroskoopias</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Magnetresonantstomograafia" title="Magnetresonantstomograafia">magnetresonantstomograafias</a> kasutatavate ülijuhtivate magnetite jahutamisel.<sup id="cite_ref-zzy_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zzy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuigi vedela neooniga ei saavutata nii madalaid temperatuure nagu heeliumiga, on selle külmutusvõimsus 40 suurem kui heeliumil ja kolm korda suurem kui vesinikul.<sup id="cite_ref-haussinger_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haussinger-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heeliumi kasutatakse hingamisgaasides lämmastiku asemel, sest see <a href="/wiki/Lahustuvus" title="Lahustuvus">lahustub</a> halvasti vedelikes, eriti <a href="/wiki/Lipiidid" title="Lipiidid">lipiidides</a>. Rõhu all, näiteks sukeldumisel, absorbeerivad <a href="/wiki/Veri" title="Veri">veri</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Kude" title="Kude">koed</a> gaase, mis põhjustab <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4mmastikunarkoos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lämmastikunarkoos (pole veel kirjutatud)">lämmastikunarkoosina</a> tuntud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anesteesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anesteesia (pole veel kirjutatud)">anesteetilist</a> efekti.<sup id="cite_ref-ackles_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ackles-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuna selle lahustuvus on väike, satub vaid väike kogus heeliumi <a href="/wiki/Rakumembraan" title="Rakumembraan">rakumembraani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bennet1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bennet1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kui kasutada heeliumi hingamisgaasi, näiteks trimixi või helioxi osana, siis väheneb narkootiline efekt.<sup id="cite_ref-bennet1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bennet1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heeliumi vähene lahustuvus tuleb kasuks ka <a href="/wiki/Kessoont%C3%B5bi" title="Kessoontõbi">kessoontõve</a> puhul.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vann_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vann-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Väiksem lahustuvus tähendab väiksema hulga gaasimullide teket sügavusest pinnale tõusmisel. Argooni peetakse parimaks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiv_%C3%BClikond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuiv ülikond (pole veel kirjutatud)">kuiva ülikonna</a> täitegaasiks.<sup id="cite_ref-maiken_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maiken-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heeliumit kasutatakse ka täitegaasina tuumareaktorite kütusevarrastes.<sup id="cite_ref-horohoianu_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horohoianu-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:DIRECTV_Airship_in_North_Carolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DIRECTV_Airship_in_North_Carolina.jpg/220px-DIRECTV_Airship_in_North_Carolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DIRECTV_Airship_in_North_Carolina.jpg/330px-DIRECTV_Airship_in_North_Carolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DIRECTV_Airship_in_North_Carolina.jpg/440px-DIRECTV_Airship_in_North_Carolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Aerostaat</figcaption></figure> <p>Pärast <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg" title="Hindenburg">Hindenburgi</a> katastroofi 1937. aastal<sup id="cite_ref-disaster_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disaster-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on heelium asendanud vesiniku tõstegaasina <a href="/wiki/Aerostaat" title="Aerostaat">aerostaatides</a> ja <a href="/wiki/%C3%95hupall" title="Õhupall">õhupallides</a>, kuna see on kerge ja mittesüttiv, kuigi 8,6%<sup id="cite_ref-blimp_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blimp-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> väiksema <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clesl%C3%BCkkej%C3%B5ud" title="Üleslükkejõud">üleslükkejõuga</a><sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Paljude rakenduste puhul kasutatakse väärisgaase inertse keskkonna tekitamiseks. Õhu ja ka lämmastiku suhtes tundlike ainete sünteesimisel argooni. Tahket argooni kasutatakse väga ebastabiilsete ühendite, näiteks reaktsiooni <a href="/wiki/Intermediaat" title="Intermediaat">vaheühendite</a> uurimiseks, lõksustades viimaseid väga madalal temperatuuril inertsesse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maatriks_(keemiline_anal%C3%BC%C3%BCs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maatriks (keemiline analüüs) (pole veel kirjutatud)">maatriksisse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunkin_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunkin-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heeliumi kasutatakse <a href="/wiki/Gaasikromatograafia" title="Gaasikromatograafia">gaasikromatograafias</a> kandegaasina, täitegaasina <a href="/wiki/Termomeeter" title="Termomeeter">termomeetrites</a> ja radioaktiivsust mõõtvates seadmetes, nagu <a href="/wiki/Geigeri_loendur" title="Geigeri loendur">geigeri loendur</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Mullikamber" title="Mullikamber">mullikamber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hwang_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hwang-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nii heelium kui ka argoon on levinud <a href="/wiki/Kaarkeevitus" title="Kaarkeevitus">keevituskaare</a> ja seda ümbritsevate oksüdeerivate metallide kaitsmiseks atmosfääri eest keevitamise või lõikamise ajal.<sup id="cite_ref-haussinger_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haussinger-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mõlemat kasutatakse ka muudes metallurgiaprotsessides ja räni tootmiseks pooljuhtide tööstuses.<sup id="cite_ref-haussinger_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haussinger-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Xenon_short-arc_bulb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Xenon_short-arc_bulb.jpg/220px-Xenon_short-arc_bulb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Xenon_short-arc_bulb.jpg/330px-Xenon_short-arc_bulb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Xenon_short-arc_bulb.jpg/440px-Xenon_short-arc_bulb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>4 kW ksenoonlamp</figcaption></figure> <p>Väärisgaase kasutatakse tänu nende vähesele reaktsioonivõimele valgustites. Lämmastikuga segatud argoon on kasutusel täitegaasina hõõglampides. Krüptooni kasutatakse kvaliteetsetes pirnides, millel on kõrge <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rvitemperatuur" title="Värvitemperatuur">värvitemperatuur</a>. Eriti halogeenlampides on kasutusel joodi- või bromiidiühenditega segatud krüptoon. Väärisgaasid helendavad iseloomulikult, kui neid kasutada <a href="/wiki/Gaaslahenduslamp" title="Gaaslahenduslamp">gaaslahenduslampides</a>, nn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoonvalgusti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoonvalgusti (pole veel kirjutatud)">neoonvalgustites</a>. Neid valgusteid nimetatakse neooni järgi, kuid need sisaldavad tihti muid gaase ja fosfaate, mis lisavad neooni oranž-punasele värvile varjundeid. Ksenooni kasutatakse peamiselt <a href="/wiki/Ksenoonlamp" title="Ksenoonlamp">ksenoonlampides</a>, mille valgus sarnaneb päevavalgusega ning mis on kasutusel <a href="/wiki/Videoprojektor" title="Videoprojektor">videoprojektorites</a> ja autolaternates.<sup id="cite_ref-haussinger_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haussinger-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mõningaid väärisgaase kasutatakse meditsiinis. Heeliumit kasutatakse mõnikord lihtsustamaks <a href="/wiki/Astma" class="mw-redirect" title="Astma">astmahaigel</a> hingamist.<sup id="cite_ref-haussinger_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haussinger-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ksenooni kasutatakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cldnarkoos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Üldnarkoos (pole veel kirjutatud)">üldnarkoosis</a>, kuna see lahustub hästi lipiidides ja on seetõttu efektiivsem kui <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4mmastikoksii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lämmastikoksii (pole veel kirjutatud)">lämmastikoksiid</a> ja kuna see lahkub kergesti organismist, taastub patsient kiiremini.<sup id="cite_ref-sanders_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanders-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Väga radioaktiivset radooni on saada vaid väikeses koguses ja seda kasutatakse <a href="/wiki/Kiiritusravi" title="Kiiritusravi">kiiritusravis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Värvid"><span id="V.C3.A4rvid"></span>Värvid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Värvid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Värvid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <center> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Väärisgaaside elektriliste gaaslahenduste värvid ja spektrid (alumine rida); puhtad gaasid on teises reas. </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Traadiga ümbritsetud klaastorus helendab violetne valgus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helium-glow.jpg/160px-Helium-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helium-glow.jpg/240px-Helium-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helium-glow.jpg/320px-Helium-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Neon-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Traadiga ümbritsetud klaastorus helendab oranž valgus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Neon-glow.jpg/160px-Neon-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Neon-glow.jpg/240px-Neon-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Neon-glow.jpg/320px-Neon-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1216" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Argon-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Traadiga ümbritsetud klaastorus helendab purpurne valgus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Argon-glow.jpg/160px-Argon-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Argon-glow.jpg/240px-Argon-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Argon-glow.jpg/320px-Argon-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="968" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Krypton-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Traadiga ümbritsetud klaastorus helendab valge valgus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Krypton-glow.jpg/160px-Krypton-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Krypton-glow.jpg/240px-Krypton-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Krypton-glow.jpg/320px-Krypton-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Xenon-glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Traadiga ümbritsetud klaastorus helendab sinine valgus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xenon-glow.jpg/160px-Xenon-glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xenon-glow.jpg/240px-Xenon-glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xenon-glow.jpg/320px-Xenon-glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Klaastorus helendab helepunaselt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/160px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/320px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Neon_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Klaastorus helendab punakasoranžilt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/160px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Neon_discharge_tube.jpg/320px-Neon_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Argon_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Klaastorus helendab purpurselt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/160px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argon_discharge_tube.jpg/320px-Argon_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Klaastorus helendab sinakasvalgelt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg/160px-Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg/320px-Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Klaastorus helendab sinakasvioletselt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/160px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/240px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg/320px-Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:HeTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Punane gaasilahendustoru kujutab tähti H ja e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/160px-HeTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/240px-HeTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/320px-HeTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:NeTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oranžgaasilahendustoru kujutab tähti N ja e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/160px-NeTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/240px-NeTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/320px-NeTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:ArTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Helesinine gaasilahendustoru kujutab tähti A ja r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ArTube.jpg/160px-ArTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ArTube.jpg/240px-ArTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ArTube.jpg/320px-ArTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:KrTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Valge gaasilahendustoru kujutab tähti K ja r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KrTube.jpg/160px-KrTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KrTube.jpg/240px-KrTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KrTube.jpg/320px-KrTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:XeTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Violetne gaasilahendustoru kujutab tähti X ja e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XeTube.jpg/160px-XeTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XeTube.jpg/240px-XeTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XeTube.jpg/320px-XeTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium_spectra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Heeliumi joonspekter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Helium_spectra.jpg/160px-Helium_spectra.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Helium_spectra.jpg/240px-Helium_spectra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Helium_spectra.jpg/320px-Helium_spectra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="63" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Neon_spectra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Neooni joonspekter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neon_spectra.jpg/160px-Neon_spectra.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neon_spectra.jpg/240px-Neon_spectra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Neon_spectra.jpg/320px-Neon_spectra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Argon_Spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Argooni joonspekter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Argon_Spectrum.png/160px-Argon_Spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Argon_Spectrum.png/240px-Argon_Spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Argon_Spectrum.png/320px-Argon_Spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Krypton_Spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Krüptooni joonspekter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Krypton_Spectrum.jpg/160px-Krypton_Spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Krypton_Spectrum.jpg/240px-Krypton_Spectrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Krypton_Spectrum.jpg/320px-Krypton_Spectrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Xenon_Spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ksenooni joonspekter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xenon_Spectrum.jpg/160px-Xenon_Spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xenon_Spectrum.jpg/240px-Xenon_Spectrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Xenon_Spectrum.jpg/320px-Xenon_Spectrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heelium" title="Heelium">Heelium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neoon" title="Neoon">Neoon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argoon" title="Argoon">Argoon</a><br /><small>(Argooni tähist kujutavates torudes on mõnevõrra <a href="/wiki/Elavh%C3%B5be" title="Elavhõbe">elavhõbedat</a>)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%BCptoon" title="Krüptoon">Krüptoon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ksenoon" title="Ksenoon">Ksenoon</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <p>Gaaslahenduse värv sõltub mitmest asjaolust, sealhulgas:<sup id="cite_ref-sidney_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sidney-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Laengu parameetritest (voolu tihedus ja elektrivälja tugevus konkreetses punktis, temperatuur ja muud näitajad). Pane tähele värvi varieerumist gaaslahendustes ülemise rea piltidel.</li> <li>Gaasi puhtus. Teatud gaasid võivad värvi mõjutada ka väikeses koguses.</li> <li>Gaaslahenduse toru materjal. Eelviimases reas olevad elemendisümbolid on tehtud paksust majapidamisklaasist ning neelavad UV-valgust ja siniseid toone.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nash-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nash_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clinton S. Nash <i>Atomic and Molecular Properties of Elements 112, 114, and 118</i>. J. Phys. Chem. 2005 vol. 109-15, lk 3493–3500. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp050736o">doi:10.1021/jp050736o</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16833687">PMID 16833687</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livescience-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-livescience_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-livescience_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/41460-facts-about-ununoctium.html">Facts About Oganesson (Element 118)</a> <i>www.livescience.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renouf-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-renouf_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Renouf, (1901). <i>Noble gases</i>. Science 13 (320): 268–270. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/13/320/268">doi:10.1126/science.13.320.268</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ojima1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ojima1_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ojima1_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ojima, Podosek 2002, lk 30–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ojima2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ojima2_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ojima, Podosek 2002, lk 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/33896/argon-Ar">"argon(Ar)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Inglise keel). 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 8. märtsil 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=argon%28Ar%29&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F33896%2Fargon-Ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AV%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Netiviide" title="Mall:Netiviide">netiviide</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: tundmatu keel (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_tundmatu_keel" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: tundmatu keel">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary (1989), <i>helium</i> Vaadatud 16. detsember 2006 veebiversioonist Oxford English Dictionary Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ojima3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ojima3_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ojima3_8-1">8,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ojima3_8-2">8,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ojima, Podosek 2002, lk 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mendelejev-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mendelejev_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mendelejev_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendelejev 1903, lk 497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-partington-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-partington_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Partington (1957). <i>Discovery of Radon</i> Nature 179 (4566): 912.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v179/n4566/abs/179912a0.html">doi:10.1038/179912a0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-0">11,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-1">11,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-2">11,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-3">11,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-4">11,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-5">11,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-6">11,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-7">11,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-8">11,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-9">11,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_11-10">11,10</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416955/noble-gas">"noble gas"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Inglise keel). 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vaadatud 10. märtsil 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atmosphere&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srh.noaa.gov%2Fjetstream%2F%2Fatmos%2Fatmos_intro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AV%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Netiviide" title="Mall:Netiviide">netiviide</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: tundmatu keel (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_tundmatu_keel" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: tundmatu keel">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haussinger-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haussinger_49-0">49,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haussinger_49-1">49,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haussinger_49-2">49,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haussinger_49-3">49,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haussinger_49-4">49,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-haussinger_49-5">49,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Häussinger, Reinhard Glatthaar, Wilhelm Rhode, Helmut Kick, Christian Benkmann, Josef Weber, Hans-Jörg Wunschel, Viktor Stenke, Edith Leicht, Hermann Stenger 2001. 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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 62 (3): 71–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scherer-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-scherer_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandra Scherer (16. jaanuar 2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014042248/http://geoberg.de/text/geology/07011601.php"><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating and errors</a> (arhiveeritud). Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg. Kasutatud: 9. märts 2013</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanlop-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sanlop_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chrystèle Sanloup et al. (2005). <i>Retention of Xenon in Quartz and Earth's Missing Xenon</i>. Science 310 (5751): 1174–1177. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/310/5751/1174">doi:10.1126/science.1119070</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irving-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-irving_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFTyler_Irving2011" class="citation web cs1">Tyler Irving (mai 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209002317/http://www.accn.ca/index.php?ci_id=2583&la_id=1">"Xenon Dioxide May Solve One of Earth's Mysteries"</a>. <i>L’Actualité chimique canadienne (Canadian Chemical News)</i> (Inglise keel). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accn.ca/index.php?ci_id=2583&la_id=1">Originaali</a> arhiivikoopia seisuga 9. veebruar 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 9. märtsil 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%E2%80%99Actualit%C3%A9+chimique+canadienne+%28Canadian+Chemical+News%29&rft.atitle=Xenon+Dioxide+May+Solve+One+of+Earth%27s+Mysteries&rft.date=2011-05&rft.au=Tyler+Irving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accn.ca%2Findex.php%3Fci_id%3D2583%26la_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AV%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Netiviide" title="Mall:Netiviide">netiviide</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: tundmatu keel (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_tundmatu_keel" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: tundmatu keel">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgr-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cgr_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/citguide.html">"A Citizen's Guide to Radon"</a> (inglise keel). 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Elliott (1998). <i>The Physiology and Medicine of Diving</i>. SPCK Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0702024104" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7020-2410-4</a>.</li> <li>N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.)</i>. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0750633654" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7506-3365-4</a>.</li> <li>John H. Holloway (1968). <i>Noble-Gas Chemistry</i>. London: Methuen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0412211009" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-412-21100-9</a>.</li> <li>Dmitri Mendelejev (1902–1903) (in Russian). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/principlesofchem00menduoft">Основы химии (The Principles of Chemistry, 7th ed.)</a></i>.</li> <li>Minoru Ojima, Frank A. Podosek (2002). <i>Noble Gas Geochemistry</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0521803667" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-80366-7</a>.</li> <li>Sidney F. Ray (1999). <i>Scientific photography and applied imaging</i>. Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0240513231" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-240-51323-1</a>.</li> <li>F. Weinhold, C. Landis (2005). <i>Valency and bonding</i>. 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