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<span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_style_of_the_Gothic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_style_of_the_Gothic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aesthetic style of the Gothic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_style_of_the_Gothic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_flying_buttresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_flying_buttresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery of flying buttresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_flying_buttresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85" title="كتف تدعيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتف تدعيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аркбутан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аркбутан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аркбутан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аркбутан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аркбутан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аркбутан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcbotant" title="Arcbotant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arcbotant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebebogen" title="Strebebogen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strebebogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugikaar" title="Tugikaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tugikaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Επίστεγη αντηρίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επίστεγη αντηρίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbotante" title="Arbotante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arbotante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogarko" title="Apogarko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apogarko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiko-arku" title="Ostiko-arku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ostiko-arku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82" title="پشت‌بند معلق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پشت‌بند معلق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-boutant" title="Arc-boutant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arc-boutant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcobotante" title="Arcobotante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arcobotante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%8C%80%EB%8F%84%EB%A6%AC" title="버팀도리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버팀도리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Արկբուտան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արկբուտան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_rampante" title="Arco rampante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arco rampante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תמיכות דואות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תמיכות דואות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аркбутан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аркбутан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtboog" title="Luchtboog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtboog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="フライング・バットレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フライング・バットレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebebue" title="Strebebue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strebebue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99k_oporowy" title="Łęk oporowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łęk oporowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcobotante" title="Arcobotante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arcobotante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_butant" title="Arc butant – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arc butant" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аркбутан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аркбутан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%8Dni_opornik" title="Ločni opornik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ločni opornik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukikaari" title="Tukikaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tukikaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A4vb%C3%A5ge" title="Strävbåge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strävbåge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ครีบยัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ครีบยัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аркбутан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аркбутан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtboge" title="Luchtboge – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Luchtboge" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E6%89%B6%E5%A3%81" title="飛扶壁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="飛扶壁" 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width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/L%C3%BCbeck_Marienkirche_Strebeb%C3%B6gen.jpg/450px-L%C3%BCbeck_Marienkirche_Strebeb%C3%B6gen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/L%C3%BCbeck_Marienkirche_Strebeb%C3%B6gen.jpg/600px-L%C3%BCbeck_Marienkirche_Strebeb%C3%B6gen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3175" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>Arching above a <a href="/wiki/Aisle#Church_architecture" title="Aisle">side aisle</a> roof, flying buttresses support the main <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vault</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_L%C3%BCbeck" title="St. Mary's Church, Lübeck">St. Mary's Church</a>, in Lübeck, Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>flying buttress</b> (<i><b>arc-boutant</b></i>, <b>arch buttress</b>) is a specific form of <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttress</a> composed of an arch that extends from the upper portion of a wall to a pier of great mass, in order to convey to the ground the lateral forces that push a wall outwards, which are forces that arise from <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaulted</a> ceilings of stone and from wind-loading on roofs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The namesake and defining feature of a flying buttress is that it is not in contact with the wall at ground level, unlike a traditional buttress, and transmits the lateral forces across the span of intervening space between the wall and the pier. To provide lateral support, flying-buttress systems are composed of two parts: (i) a massive <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">pier</a>, a vertical block of masonry situated away from the building wall, and (ii) an <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a> that bridges the span between the pier and the wall – either a segmental arch or a quadrant arch – the <i>flyer</i> of the flying buttress.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aside_00348.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aside_00348.JPG/299px-Aside_00348.JPG" decoding="async" width="299" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aside_00348.JPG/449px-Aside_00348.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aside_00348.JPG/598px-Aside_00348.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Rotunda of Galerius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece, showing an early example of flying buttresses</figcaption></figure> <p>As a lateral-support system, the flying buttress was developed during <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and later flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic period</a> (12th–16th c.) of architecture. Ancient examples of the flying buttress can be found on the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> in Ravenna and on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Rotunda of Galerius</a> in Thessaloniki. The architectural-element precursors of the medieval flying buttress derive from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a>, in the design of churches, such as <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>, where arches transmit the lateral thrust of the stone vault over the aisles; the arches were hidden under the gallery roof, and transmitted the lateral forces to the massive, outer walls. By the decade of 1160, architects in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> region employed similar lateral-support systems that featured longer arches of finer design, which run from the outer surface of the clerestory wall, over the roof of the side aisles (hence the visibility from the outside) to meet a heavy, vertical buttress rising above the top of the outer wall.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flying buttresses of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>, constructed in 1180, were among the earliest to be used in a Gothic cathedral. Flying buttresses were also used at about the same time to support the upper walls of the apse at the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_(abbey)" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés (abbey)">Church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a>, completed in 1163.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VillardButtressReims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/VillardButtressReims.jpg/170px-VillardButtressReims.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/VillardButtressReims.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Flying buttress of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, as drawn by <a href="/wiki/Villard_de_Honnecourt" title="Villard de Honnecourt">Villard de Honnecourt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The advantage of such lateral-support systems is that the outer walls do not have to be massive and heavy in order to resist the lateral-force thrusts of the vault. Instead, the wall surface could be reduced (allowing for larger windows, often glazed with stained glass) because the vertical mass is concentrated onto external buttresses. The design of early flying buttresses tended to be heavier than required for the static loads to be borne, e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (ca. 1210), and around the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Remi_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Remi Basilica">Saint Remi Basilica</a>, which is an extant, early example in its original form (ca. 1170).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later architects progressively refined the design of the flying buttress, and narrowed the flyers, some of which were constructed with one thickness of <a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">voussoir</a> (wedge brick) with a capping stone atop, e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Cathedral" title="Le Mans Cathedral">Le Mans Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a>. </p><p>The architectural design of Late Gothic buildings featured flying buttresses, some of which included flyers decorated with <a href="/wiki/Crocket" title="Crocket">crockets</a> (hooked decorations) and sculpted figures set in <a href="/wiki/Aedicula#Gothic_aediculae" title="Aedicula">aedicules</a> (niches) recessed into the buttresses. </p><p>The architecture of the Renaissance eschewed the lateral support of the flying buttress in favour of thick-wall construction. Despite its disuse for function and style in construction and architecture, in the early 20th century, the flying-buttress design was revived by Canadian engineer <a href="/wiki/William_P._Anderson" title="William P. Anderson">William P. Anderson</a> to build <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Votivkirche_in_Wien;_Denkschrift_des_Baucomit%27es_ver%C3%B6ffentlicht_zur_Feier_der_Einweihung_am_24._April_1879_(1879)_(14597612677).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Die_Votivkirche_in_Wien%3B_Denkschrift_des_Baucomit%27es_ver%C3%B6ffentlicht_zur_Feier_der_Einweihung_am_24._April_1879_%281879%29_%2814597612677%29.jpg/220px-Die_Votivkirche_in_Wien%3B_Denkschrift_des_Baucomit%27es_ver%C3%B6ffentlicht_zur_Feier_der_Einweihung_am_24._April_1879_%281879%29_%2814597612677%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="511" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Die_Votivkirche_in_Wien%3B_Denkschrift_des_Baucomit%27es_ver%C3%B6ffentlicht_zur_Feier_der_Einweihung_am_24._April_1879_%281879%29_%2814597612677%29.jpg/330px-Die_Votivkirche_in_Wien%3B_Denkschrift_des_Baucomit%27es_ver%C3%B6ffentlicht_zur_Feier_der_Einweihung_am_24._April_1879_%281879%29_%2814597612677%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Die_Votivkirche_in_Wien%3B_Denkschrift_des_Baucomit%27es_ver%C3%B6ffentlicht_zur_Feier_der_Einweihung_am_24._April_1879_%281879%29_%2814597612677%29.jpg/440px-Die_Votivkirche_in_Wien%3B_Denkschrift_des_Baucomit%27es_ver%C3%B6ffentlicht_zur_Feier_der_Einweihung_am_24._April_1879_%281879%29_%2814597612677%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="3086" /></a><figcaption>Architectural drawing of a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">Neo-Gothic</a> flying buttress for the late 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Votive_Church,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive Church, Vienna">Votive Church</a>, in Vienna</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaddesley_Corbett_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chaddesley_Corbett_07.jpg/185px-Chaddesley_Corbett_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chaddesley_Corbett_07.jpg/278px-Chaddesley_Corbett_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chaddesley_Corbett_07.jpg/370px-Chaddesley_Corbett_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A flying buttress as remedial support for a church wall in the English village of <a href="/wiki/Chaddesley_Corbett" title="Chaddesley Corbett">Chaddesley Corbett</a> (note the traditional buttress in the foreground)</figcaption></figure> <p>Given that most of the weight-load is transmitted from the ceiling through the upper part of the walls, the flying buttress is a two-part composite support that features a semi-arch that extends to a massive pier far from the wall, and provides most of the <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">load-bearing capacity</a> of a traditional buttress, which is engaged with the wall from top to bottom; thus, the flying buttress is a lighter and more cost-effective architectural structure. </p><p> By relieving the <a href="/wiki/Load-bearing_wall" title="Load-bearing wall">load-bearing walls</a> of excess weight and thickness, in the way of a smaller area of contact, using flying buttresses enables installing windows in a greater wall surface area. This feature and a desire to let in more light, led to flying buttresses becoming one of the defining factors of medieval Gothic architecture and a feature used extensively in the design of churches from then and onwards. In the design of Gothic churches, two arched flyers were applied, one above the other, in which the lower flyer (positioned below the springing point of the vault) resists the lateral-thrust forces of the vault, whilst the upper flyer resists the forces of wind-loading on the roof.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vertical buttresses (piers) at the outer end of the flyers usually were capped with a <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacle</a> (either a cone or a pyramid) usually ornamented with crockets, to provide additional vertical-load support with which to resist the lateral thrust conveyed by the flyer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To build the flying buttress, it was first necessary to construct temporary wooden frames, which are called <a href="/wiki/Centring" title="Centring">centring</a>. The centering would support the weight of the stones and help maintain the shape of the arch until the <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> was cured. The centering was first built on the ground, by the carpenters. Once that was done, they would be hoisted into place and fastened to the piers at the end of one buttress and at the other. These acted as temporary flying buttresses until the actual, stone arch was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <dl><dt>Remedial support application</dt></dl> <p>Another application of the flying-buttress support system is the reinforcement of a leaning wall in danger of collapsing, especially a load-bearing wall; for example, at the village of <a href="/wiki/Chaddesley_Corbett" title="Chaddesley Corbett">Chaddesley Corbett</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>, England, the practical application of a flying buttress to a buckled wall was more practical than dismantling and rebuilding the wall. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aesthetic_style_of_the_Gothic_period">Aesthetic style of the Gothic period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aesthetic style of the Gothic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_transverse_section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_transverse_section.svg/220px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_transverse_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_transverse_section.svg/330px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_transverse_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_transverse_section.svg/440px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_transverse_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>The early-Gothic Notre-Dame de Paris (shown here with buttresses as later modified) features flying buttresses with blocky porticoed <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a>, surrounding a tall nave, a <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>, a wide <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Aisle#Church_architecture" title="Aisle">side aisles</a>. Arrows show structural forces (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_transverse_section.svg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Notre-Dame de Paris transverse section.svg">details</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The need to build large cathedrals that could house many people along multiple <a href="/wiki/Aisle#Church_architecture" title="Aisle">aisles</a> provided the stimulus for the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> style to be developed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flying buttress was the solution to these massive stone buildings that needed additional support. Although the flying buttress originally served a structural purpose, they are now a staple in the aesthetic style of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flying buttress originally helped bring the idea of open space and light to the cathedrals through stability and structure, by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> and the weight of the high roofs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height of the cathedrals and amply sized windows among the clerestory creates an open space giving the illusion of no clear boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> It also makes the space more dynamic and less static separating the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> style from the flatter, more two dimensional, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the introduction of the flying buttress this same concept could be seen on the exterior of the cathedrals as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open space below the arches of the flying buttress has the same effect as the clerestory within the church allowing the viewer to see through the arches. The buttresses also reach into the sky similar to the <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">pillars</a> within the church which creates more upward space,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the exterior space equally as dynamic as the interior space and creating a sense of coherence and continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_flying_buttresses">Gallery of flying buttresses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery of flying buttresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre-Dame de Paris"><img alt="Notre-Dame de Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg/134px-Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg/202px-Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg/269px-Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre Dame of Paris"><img alt="Notre Dame of Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg/180px-Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg/270px-Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg/360px-Notre-Dame-Paris_east_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Notre Dame of Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luchtboogbeelden_Sint_Jan_Den_Bosch_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the very ornate flying buttresses of St. John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands"><img alt="One of the very ornate flying buttresses of St. John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Luchtboogbeelden_Sint_Jan_Den_Bosch_6.jpg/120px-Luchtboogbeelden_Sint_Jan_Den_Bosch_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Luchtboogbeelden_Sint_Jan_Den_Bosch_6.jpg/180px-Luchtboogbeelden_Sint_Jan_Den_Bosch_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Luchtboogbeelden_Sint_Jan_Den_Bosch_6.jpg/240px-Luchtboogbeelden_Sint_Jan_Den_Bosch_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the very ornate flying buttresses of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral,_%27s-Hertogenbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch">St. John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch</a>, The Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Remi_de_Reims-6272373819.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the basilica built ca. AD 1170 at the Abbey of Saint-Remi, in France a flying buttress system is used for lateral-support"><img alt="In the basilica built ca. AD 1170 at the Abbey of Saint-Remi, in France a flying buttress system is used for lateral-support" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Basilique_Saint-Remi_de_Reims-6272373819.jpg/120px-Basilique_Saint-Remi_de_Reims-6272373819.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Basilique_Saint-Remi_de_Reims-6272373819.jpg/180px-Basilique_Saint-Remi_de_Reims-6272373819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Basilique_Saint-Remi_de_Reims-6272373819.jpg/240px-Basilique_Saint-Remi_de_Reims-6272373819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2165" data-file-height="3249" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the basilica built ca. AD 1170 at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Remi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Remi">Abbey of Saint-Remi</a>, in France a flying buttress system is used for lateral-support</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Rose_of_Viterbo_Church_and_Convent,_Santiago_de_Queretaro,_Queretaro,_Mexico_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Rose of Viterbo Church, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico"><img alt="Saint Rose of Viterbo Church, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Saint_Rose_of_Viterbo_Church_and_Convent%2C_Santiago_de_Queretaro%2C_Queretaro%2C_Mexico_.jpg/138px-Saint_Rose_of_Viterbo_Church_and_Convent%2C_Santiago_de_Queretaro%2C_Queretaro%2C_Mexico_.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Saint_Rose_of_Viterbo_Church_and_Convent%2C_Santiago_de_Queretaro%2C_Queretaro%2C_Mexico_.jpg/207px-Saint_Rose_of_Viterbo_Church_and_Convent%2C_Santiago_de_Queretaro%2C_Queretaro%2C_Mexico_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Saint_Rose_of_Viterbo_Church_and_Convent%2C_Santiago_de_Queretaro%2C_Queretaro%2C_Mexico_.jpg/276px-Saint_Rose_of_Viterbo_Church_and_Convent%2C_Santiago_de_Queretaro%2C_Queretaro%2C_Mexico_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Rose of Viterbo Church, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Quer%C3%A9taro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Querétaro">Santiago de Querétaro</a>, Querétaro, Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church,_Easton_Maudit-geograph-4481888-by-Mike-Beale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tower of St Peter and St Paul's Church, Easton Maudit, England"><img alt="Tower of St Peter and St Paul's Church, Easton Maudit, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church%2C_Easton_Maudit-geograph-4481888-by-Mike-Beale.jpg/128px-St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church%2C_Easton_Maudit-geograph-4481888-by-Mike-Beale.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church%2C_Easton_Maudit-geograph-4481888-by-Mike-Beale.jpg/192px-St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church%2C_Easton_Maudit-geograph-4481888-by-Mike-Beale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church%2C_Easton_Maudit-geograph-4481888-by-Mike-Beale.jpg/256px-St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church%2C_Easton_Maudit-geograph-4481888-by-Mike-Beale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tower of St Peter and St Paul's Church, <a href="/wiki/Easton_Maudit" title="Easton Maudit">Easton Maudit</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flyingbuttress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln Cathedral, England"><img alt="Lincoln Cathedral, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flyingbuttress.jpg/120px-Flyingbuttress.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flyingbuttress.jpg/180px-Flyingbuttress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flyingbuttress.jpg/240px-Flyingbuttress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PPkerk(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, Belgium"><img alt="Saint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PPkerk%2804%29.jpg/135px-PPkerk%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PPkerk%2804%29.jpg/202px-PPkerk%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PPkerk%2804%29.jpg/270px-PPkerk%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>, Belgium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bath_Abbey_detail_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bath Abbey, England"><img alt="Bath Abbey, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bath_Abbey_detail_2.JPG/119px-Bath_Abbey_detail_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bath_Abbey_detail_2.JPG/179px-Bath_Abbey_detail_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bath_Abbey_detail_2.JPG/239px-Bath_Abbey_detail_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath Abbey</a>, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cologne Cathedral, Germany"><img alt="Cologne Cathedral, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/135px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/202px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/270px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlyingButtresses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Washington National Cathedral, USA"><img alt="Washington National Cathedral, USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/FlyingButtresses.jpg/135px-FlyingButtresses.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/FlyingButtresses.jpg/202px-FlyingButtresses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/FlyingButtresses.jpg/270px-FlyingButtresses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France"><img alt="Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg/180px-Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg/270px-Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg/360px-Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, Amiens, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Unity_Building_spire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manchester Unity Building in Melbourne, Australia"><img alt="Manchester Unity Building in Melbourne, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Manchester_Unity_Building_spire.jpg/180px-Manchester_Unity_Building_spire.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Manchester_Unity_Building_spire.jpg/270px-Manchester_Unity_Building_spire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Manchester_Unity_Building_spire.jpg/360px-Manchester_Unity_Building_spire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Unity_Building" title="Manchester Unity Building">Manchester Unity Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_(arquitetura)_PT_en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flying buttresses in cross-section"><img alt="Flying buttresses in cross-section" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg/180px-Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg/270px-Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg/360px-Basilica_%28arquitetura%29_PT_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flying buttresses in cross-section</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The architecture and construction of a medieval cathedral with flying buttresses figures prominently into the plot of the historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_the_Earth" title="The Pillars of the Earth">The Pillars of the Earth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a> (1989). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">Buttress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral architecture">Cathedral architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_arch" title="Flying arch">Flying arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_retrofit" title="Seismic retrofit">Seismic retrofit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurls1999" class="citation book cs1">Curls, James Stevens, ed. (1999). <i>A Dictionary of Architecture</i>. Oxford. pp. 113–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=113-114&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the functional mechanics of the flying buttresses, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgMark1973" class="citation journal cs1">Borg, Alan; Mark, Robert (1973). "Chartres Cathedral: A Reinterpretation of its Structure". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art Bulletin">The Art Bulletin</a></i>. <b>55</b> (3): 367–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.1973.10790710">10.1080/00043079.1973.10790710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Chartres+Cathedral%3A+A+Reinterpretation+of+its+Structure&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-372&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043079.1973.10790710&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Mark%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1992" class="citation journal cs1">James, John (September 1992). "Evidence for flying buttresses before 1180". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Society_of_Architectural_Historians" title="Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians">J. Soc. Archit. Hist.</a></i> <b>51</b> (3): 261–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F990687">10.2307/990687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/990687">990687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Soc.+Archit.+Hist.&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+flying+buttresses+before+1180&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-287&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F990687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F990687%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watkin, David, "A History of Western Architecture" (1986), page 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrache1976" class="citation journal cs1">Prache, Anne (1976). "Les Arcs - boutants au XIIe siècle". <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_(journal)" title="Gesta (journal)">Gesta</a></i>. <b>15</b> (1): 31–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F766749">10.2307/766749</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/766749">766749</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193417526">193417526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=Les+Arcs+-+boutants+au+XIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-42&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193417526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F766749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F766749&rft.aulast=Prache&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlett" class="citation web cs1">Rowlett, Russ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/types/Canada/buttressed.htm">"Canadian Flying Buttress Lighthouses"</a>. <i>The Lighthouse Directory</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lighthouse+Directory&rft.atitle=Canadian+Flying+Buttress+Lighthouses&rft.aulast=Rowlett&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Flighthouse%2Ftypes%2FCanada%2Fbuttressed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkJonash1970" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, R.; Jonash, R. S. (1970). "Wind Loads on Gothic Structures". <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 222–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F988611">10.2307/988611</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/988611">988611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Wind+Loads+on+Gothic+Structures&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222-230&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F988611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F988611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Jonash%2C+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurls1999" class="citation book cs1">Curls, James Stevens, ed. (1999). <i>A Dictionary of Architecture</i>. Oxford. p. 501.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Lee, James Arndt, and Shane Goldmacher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/10098/cathedrals.htm">Cathedral Architecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829050213/http://library.thinkquest.org/10098/cathedrals.htm">Archived</a> 2005-08-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_Charles_H.1979" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Charles H. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentcha00moor/page/19"><i>Development + & and character of gothic architecture</i></a>. Longwood. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentcha00moor/page/19">19-20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0893413585" title="Special:BookSources/0893413585"><bdi>0893413585</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/632226040">632226040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+%2B+%26+and+character+of+gothic+architecture.&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Longwood&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F632226040&rft.isbn=0893413585&rft.au=Moore%2C+Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentcha00moor%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankl1962" class="citation book cs1">Frankl, Paul (1962). <i>Gothic Architecture</i>. Baltimore: Penguin Books. pp. 54–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Architecture&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=54-57&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Frankl&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2014" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Robert (2014). <i>Experiments in Gothic Structure</i>. Bibliotheque McLean. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955886867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0955886867"><bdi>978-0955886867</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869186029">869186029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiments+in+Gothic+Structure&rft.pub=Bibliotheque+McLean&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869186029&rft.isbn=978-0955886867&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin1986" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (1986). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Barrie and Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-1279-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-1279-3"><bdi>0-7126-1279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Jenkins&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7126-1279-3&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flying_buttresses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flying buttresses">Flying buttresses</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Flying buttress"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Flying_buttress">"Flying buttress" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 585.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flying+buttress&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=585&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+buttress" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&oldid=1195664162">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_buttress&oldid=1195664162</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gothic_architecture" title="Category:Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architectural_elements" title="Category:Architectural elements">Architectural elements</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 January 2024, at 20:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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