CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Saka - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6b9881db-b4cf-4dd3-8630-6d1920fe040d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Saka","wgTitle":"Saka","wgCurRevisionId":1256767185,"wgRevisionId":1256767185,"wgArticleId":176861,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text","Articles containing Gāndhārī-language text","Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","CS1 interwiki-linked names","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2024","All articles needing copy edit","Use dmy dates from February 2024","Articles containing Old Chinese-language text","Articles containing Akkadian-language text","Articles containing Old Armenian-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Saka","Nomadic groups in Eurasia","Historical Iranian peoples","Iranian nomads","Foreign relations of ancient India","History of Central Asia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Saka","wgRelevantArticleId":176861,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q673001","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg/1200px-Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2870"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg/800px-Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1913"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg/640px-Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1531"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Saka - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Saka rootpage-Saka skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Saka" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Saka" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Saka" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Saka" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Name subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Identification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Modern terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdoms_in_the_Tarim_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdoms_in_the_Tarim_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Kingdoms in the Tarim Basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdoms_in_the_Tarim_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Khotan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Khotan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Kingdom of Khotan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Khotan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shule_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shule_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Shule Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shule_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Southern migrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Scythians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Scythians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Indo-Scythians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Scythians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Historiography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historiography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strabo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strabo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Strabo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strabo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Indian sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Genetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Haplogroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autosomal_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autosomal_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Autosomal DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autosomal_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East-West_migrations_and_cultural_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East-West_migrations_and_cultural_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 East-West migrations and cultural transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East-West_migrations_and_cultural_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Archaeology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Archaeology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arzhan_1_kurgan_(c._800_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arzhan_1_kurgan_(c._800_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arzhan 1 kurgan (c. 800 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arzhan_1_kurgan_(c._800_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shilikty/_Baigetobe_kurgan_(c._700_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shilikty/_Baigetobe_kurgan_(c._700_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Shilikty/ Baigetobe kurgan (c. 700 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shilikty/_Baigetobe_kurgan_(c._700_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arzhan_2_(c._650_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arzhan_2_(c._650_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Arzhan 2 (c. 650 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arzhan_2_(c._650_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleke_Sazy_Burial_Complex_(c._800-400_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleke_Sazy_Burial_Complex_(c._800-400_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Eleke Sazy Burial Complex (c. 800-400 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleke_Sazy_Burial_Complex_(c._800-400_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berel_burial_mound_(c._350-300_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berel_burial_mound_(c._350-300_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Berel burial mound (c. 350-300 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berel_burial_mound_(c._350-300_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pazyryk_culture_(c._300_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pazyryk_culture_(c._300_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Pazyryk culture (c. 300 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pazyryk_culture_(c._300_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Siberian_kurgans_excavated_in_the_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Siberian_kurgans_excavated_in_the_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Southern Siberian kurgans excavated in the 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Siberian_kurgans_excavated_in_the_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tillia_Tepe_treasure_(2nd-1st_century_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tillia_Tepe_treasure_(2nd-1st_century_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Tillia Tepe treasure (2nd-1st century BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tillia_Tepe_treasure_(2nd-1st_century_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Gender roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tattoos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tattoos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Tattoos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tattoos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_depictions_of_"Sakas"_in_China_(1st-3rd_century_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_depictions_of_"Sakas"_in_China_(1st-3rd_century_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Later depictions of "Sakas" in China (1st-3rd century AD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_depictions_of_"Sakas"_in_China_(1st-3rd_century_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saka</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ሳካዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳካዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ساكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saklar" title="Saklar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saklar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80)" title="শক (জনগোষ্ঠী) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শক (জনগোষ্ঠী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80)" title="Сактар (ҡәбиләләр) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сактар (ҡәбиләләр)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Сакі (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сакі (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saces" title="Saces – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saces" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Саккисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Саккисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakov%C3%A9" title="Sakové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sakové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saken" title="Saken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σάκες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάκες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacas_(tribu)" title="Sacas (tribu) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sacas (tribu)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaoj" title="Sakaoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sakaoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka_(herria)" title="Saka (herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saka (herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakas" title="Sakas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sakas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="사카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սակեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սակեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="शक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka_(Skithia)" title="Saka (Skithia) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saka (Skithia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Сактæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сактæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakar" title="Sakar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sakar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saci" title="Saci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="საკები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საკები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сақтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сақтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83" title="Сак уруусу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сак уруусу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacas" title="Sacas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sacas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szak%C3%A1k" title="Szakák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szakák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C3%A0_(vahoaka)" title="Sakà (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sakà (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC" title="ശകർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശകർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saken" title="Saken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="शक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AB" title="サカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka" title="Saka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saklar" title="Saklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ساکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakowie" title="Sakowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sakowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacas" title="Sacas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sacas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Саки (племена) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саки (племена)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сакалар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сакалар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka" title="Saka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakovia" title="Sakovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sakovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saki" title="Saki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka" title="Saka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Saka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka" title="Saka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakat" title="Sakat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sakat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saker_(folk)" title="Saker (folk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saker (folk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சகர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சகர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqlar" title="Saqlar – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Saqlar" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="శాకాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శాకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakalar" title="Sakalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sakalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Саки (племена) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саки (племена)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Saka" title="Người Saka – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Saka" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%A6" title="塞迦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞迦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q673001#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Saka" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saka">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saka">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Saka" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Saka" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&oldid=1256767185" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Saka&id=1256767185&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSaka">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSaka">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Saka&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saka" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q673001" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical group of nomadic Iranian peoples</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sacae" redirects here. For the South Australian College of Advanced Education, see <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the land of the Saka under the Sassanid dynasty, see <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sakastān</a>. Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Sakha (people)</a>, the endonym of the Yakut people of Siberia. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saka_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saka (disambiguation)">Saka (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Saka" title="Special:EditPage/Saka">editing it</a>. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Bukayo_Saka" title="Bukayo Saka">Bukayo Saka</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sakas</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saka is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Saka is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Saka_realm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_the_Saka_realm.png/300px-Map_of_the_Saka_realm.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_the_Saka_realm.png/450px-Map_of_the_Saka_realm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_the_Saka_realm.png/600px-Map_of_the_Saka_realm.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div><div id="annotation_125x50" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">SAKAS</a></div><div id="annotation_162x41" style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:41px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></div><div id="annotation_145x78" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:78px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></div><div id="annotation_253x58" style="position:absolute; left:253px; top:58px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian</a></div><div id="annotation_190x30" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:30px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></div><div id="annotation_170x23" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:23px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></div><div id="annotation_103x60" style="position:absolute; left:103px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></div><div id="annotation_103x73" style="position:absolute; left:103px; top:73px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></div><div id="annotation_175x62" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:62px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi culture</a></div><div id="annotation_225x73" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:73px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos</a></div><div id="annotation_212x116" style="position:absolute; left:212px; top:116px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a></div><div id="annotation_215x80" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:80px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Majiayuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Majiayuan">Majia- yuan</a></div><div id="annotation_125x50" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">SAKAS</a></div><div id="annotation_110x30" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture">Sargat culture</a></div><div id="annotation_50x40" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sauromatian_culture" title="Sauromatian culture">Sauromatian culture</a></div><div id="annotation_90x35" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:35px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Itkul_culture" title="Itkul culture">Itkul culture</a></div><div id="annotation_135x32" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:32px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tasmola_culture" title="Tasmola culture">Tasmola culture</a></div><div id="annotation_82x67" style="position:absolute; left:82px; top:67px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></div><div id="annotation_100x90" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo- Scythians</a></div><div id="annotation_120x113" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:113px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a></div><div id="annotation_130x97" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:97px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Satraps" title="Northern Satraps">Northern Satraps</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of the Saka realm ( ) and main Saka polities throughout their history.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_of_World_History-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The affiliation of the easternmost <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythoïd</a> cultures (<a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majiayuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Majiayuan">Majiayuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Xiajiadian">Upper Xiajiadian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a>) remains uncertain.</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Siberia">South Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">9th century BC to 5th century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakol_culture" title="Karakol culture">Karakol culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Man_(Issyk_kurgan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg/200px-Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg/300px-Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg/400px-Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="3238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">Cataphract</a>-style parade armour of a Saka royal, also known as "The Golden Warrior", from the <a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a>, a historical burial site near <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. Circa 400–200 BC.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> The Saka<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> were a group of nomadic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Eastern Iranian peoples</a> who historically inhabited the northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B_68-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-D_37-9">[8]</a> The Sakas were closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, and both groups formed part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Scythian_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian cultures">Scythian cultures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> through which they ultimately derived from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya cultures</a>, with secondary influence from the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a>, and since the Iron Age, also <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> genetic influx,<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[11]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a> forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian phylum</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>. However, the Sakas of the Asian steppes are to be distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Steppe">Pontic Steppe</a>;<a href="#cite_note-D_37-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> and although the ancient Persians, ancient Greeks, and ancient Babylonians respectively used the names "Saka," "Scythian," and "<a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerian</a>" for all the steppe nomads, the name "Saka" is used specifically for the ancient nomads of the eastern steppe, while "Scythian" is used for the related group of nomads living in the western steppe.<a href="#cite_note-D_37-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-DM_156-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiakonoffNomenclature-15">[14]</a> While the Cimmerians were often described by contemporaries as <a href="/wiki/Scythian_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian cultures">culturally Scythian</a>, they may have differed ethnically from the Scythians proper, to whom the Cimmerians were related, and who also displaced and replaced the Cimmerians.<a href="#cite_note-Cimmerians-16">[15]</a> Prominent archaeological remains of the Sakas include <a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Tunnug,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka_Kurgan_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka Kurgan tombs">Saka Kurgan tombs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Barrows_of_Tasmola" title="Barrows of Tasmola">Barrows of Tasmola</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a>. In the 2nd century BC, many Sakas were driven by the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> from the steppe into <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and then to the northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, where they were known as the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benjamin-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChineseHistory-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith85-24">[23]</a> Other Sakas invaded the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, eventually settling in <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a>, while others may have migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian Kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> of today's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a>, they settled in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> and other places.<a href="#cite_note-Sinor_173-25">[24]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scythian_helmet,_copper_alloy,_Samarkand,_6th-1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Scythian_helmet%2C_copper_alloy%2C_Samarkand%2C_6th-1st_century_BCE.jpg/220px-Scythian_helmet%2C_copper_alloy%2C_Samarkand%2C_6th-1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Scythian_helmet%2C_copper_alloy%2C_Samarkand%2C_6th-1st_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Scythian_helmet%2C_copper_alloy%2C_Samarkand%2C_6th-1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Scythian_helmet%2C_copper_alloy%2C_Samarkand%2C_6th-1st_century_BCE.jpg/440px-Scythian_helmet%2C_copper_alloy%2C_Samarkand%2C_6th-1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption>Scythian helmet, copper alloy, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, 6th–1st century BC.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Szemer%C3%A9nyi" title="Oswald Szemerényi">Oswald Szemerényi</a> studied synonyms of various origins for Scythian and differentiated the following terms: Sakā <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style>𐎿𐎣𐎠, Skuthēs <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1180947483">.mw-parser-output .polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style>Σκύθης, Skudra <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼, and Sugᵘda <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭.<a href="#cite_note-Szemerényi-26">[25]</a> Derived from an Iranian verbal root sak-, "go, roam" (related to "seek") and thus meaning "nomad" was the term Sakā, from which came the names: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎿𐎣𐎠 Sakā, used by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> to designate all nomads of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a>, including the Pontic Scythians<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483">Σάκαι Sákai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r971457066">.mw-parser-output .script-latin{font-family:"Palemonas MUFI","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Garamond Libre","Cormorant Garamond",Cormorant,Cardo,"ETBookOT","ETBembo","Junicode New","Junicode","Andron Freefont LAT","PFEFFER MEDIÆVAL","Open Baskerville","Adobe Garamond Pro","Adobe Caslon Pro","Baskerville Ten","Garamond",serif}</style>Sacae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: शक Śaka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>: 塞 Sək<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></li></ul> From the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European root">Indo-European root</a> (s)kewd-, meaning "propel, shoot" (and from which was also derived the English word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shoot" class="extiw" title="wikt:shoot">shoot</a>), of which *skud- is the <a href="/wiki/Ablaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablaut">zero-grade</a> form, was descended the Scythians' self-name reconstructed by Szemerényi as *Skuδa (roughly "archer"). From this were descended the following exonyms: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: 𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 Iškuzaya and 𒊍𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 Askuzaya, used by the Assyrians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 Skudra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483">Σκύθης Skúthēs (plural <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483">Σκύθαι Skúthai), used by the Ancient Greeks<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Old Armenian</a>: սկիւթ Skiwtʰ is based on <a href="/wiki/Itacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Itacism">itacistic</a> Greek</li></ul></dd></dl> A late <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> sound change from /δ/ to /l/ resulted in the evolution of *Skuδa into *Skula. From this was derived the Greek word Skṓlotoi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483">Σκώλοτοι, which, according to Herodotus, was the self-designation of the Royal Scythians.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Other sound changes have produced <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sugᵘda</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭.<a href="#cite_note-Szemerényi-26">[25]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, Saka and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> were closely related nomadic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic</a> peoples, and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>, ancient <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> respectively used the names "<a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerian</a>," "Saka," and "<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a>" for all the steppe nomads, and early modern historians such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> used the term Scythian to refer to a variety of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples across the Eurasian Steppe, <ul><li>the name "Scythian" in contemporary modern scholarship generally refers to the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic people</a> who from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC dominated the steppe and forest-steppe zones to the north of the Black Sea, Crimea, the Kuban valley, as well as the Taman and Kerch peninsulas,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-nomenclature3-35">[34]</a></li> <li>while the name "Saka" is used specifically for their eastern members who inhabited the northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-nomenclature3-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-SK-36">[35]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identification">edit</a>]</div> The name Sakā was used by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> to refer to all the Iranian nomadic tribes living to the north of their <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">empire</a>, including both those who lived between the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mirzacho%CA%BBl" title="Mirzachoʻl">Hungry steppe</a>, and those who lived to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> meanwhile called these nomads the Ishkuzai (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: 𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 Iškuzaya<a href="#cite_note-Parpola-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a>) or Askuzai (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: 𒊍𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀 Asguzaya, 𒆳𒊍𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 mat Askuzaya, 𒆳𒀾𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀 mat Ášguzaya<a href="#cite_note-Parpola-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a> called them Skuthai (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Σκύθης">Σκύθης</a> Skúthēs, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483">Σκύθοι Skúthoi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483">Σκύθαι Skúthai).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_detail_three_types_of_Sakas_cleaned_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Xerxes_detail_three_types_of_Sakas_cleaned_up.jpg/330px-Xerxes_detail_three_types_of_Sakas_cleaned_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Xerxes_detail_three_types_of_Sakas_cleaned_up.jpg/495px-Xerxes_detail_three_types_of_Sakas_cleaned_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Xerxes_detail_three_types_of_Sakas_cleaned_up.jpg/660px-Xerxes_detail_three_types_of_Sakas_cleaned_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>For the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a>, there were three types of Sakas: the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Sakā tayai paradraya</a> ("beyond the sea", presumably between the Greeks and the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> on the Western side of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Sak%C4%81_Tigraxaud%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakā Tigraxaudā">Sakā Tigraxaudā</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>, "with <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">pointed caps</a>"), the Sakā haumavargā ("<a href="/wiki/Haoma" title="Haoma">Hauma</a> drinkers", furthest East). Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid army">Achaemenid army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> tomb detail, circa 480 BC.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> The Achaemenid inscriptions initially listed a single group of Sakā. However, following <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a>'s campaign of 520 to 518 BC against the Asian nomads, they were differentiated into two groups, both living in Central Asia to the east of the Caspian Sea:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199444-46-42">[41]</a> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Sakā tigraxaudā</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠) – "Sakā who wear <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">pointed caps</a>," who were also known as the Massagetae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Amyrgians" title="Amyrgians">Sakā haumavargā</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠) – interpreted as "Sakā who lay <a href="/wiki/Haoma" title="Haoma">hauma</a> (around the fire)",<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> which can be interpreted as "Saka who revere <a href="/wiki/Haoma" title="Haoma">hauma</a>."<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></li></ul> A third name was added after the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">Darius's campaign</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255-40">[39]</a> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Sakā tayaiy paradraya</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹) – "the Sakā who live beyond the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">(Black) Sea</a>," who were the Pontic Scythians of the East European steppes</li></ul> An additional term is found in two inscriptions elsewhere:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988173-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255-40">[39]</a> <ul><li>the Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶) – "Saka who are beyond <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>", a term was used by Darius for the people who formed the north-eastern limits of his empire at the opposite end to the <a href="/wiki/Kush_(satrapy)" title="Kush (satrapy)">satrapy of Kush</a> (the Ethiopians).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey19831230-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> These Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam have been suggested to have been the same people as the Sakā haumavargā<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985254-255-50">[49]</a></li></ul> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great%27s_Suez_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions">Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions</a> mention two groups of Saka:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198889-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988177-52">[51]</a> <ul><li>the Sꜣg pḥ (𓐠𓎼𓄖𓈉) – "Sakā of the Marshes"</li> <li>the Sk tꜣ (𓋴𓎝𓎡𓇿𓈉) – "Sakā of the Land"</li></ul> The scholar <a href="/wiki/David_Bivar" title="David Bivar">David Bivar</a> had tentatively identified the Sk tꜣ with the Sakā haumavargā,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Manuel_Cook" title="John Manuel Cook">John Manuel Cook</a> had tentatively identified the Sꜣg pḥ with the Sakā tigraxaudā.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985254-255-50">[49]</a> More recently, the scholar <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Rüdiger Schmitt</a> has suggested that the Sꜣg pḥ and the Sk tꜣ might have collectively designated the Sakā tigraxaudā/Massagetae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018-54">[53]</a> The Achaemenid king <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> listed the Saka coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahā</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">𐎭𐏃𐎠) people of Central Asia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey19831230-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985254-255-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988173-47">[46]</a> who might possibly have been identical with the Sakā tigraxaudā.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_terminology">Modern terminology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern terminology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scythian_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian cultures">Scythian cultures</a></div> Although the ancient Persians, ancient Greeks, and ancient Babylonians respectively used the names "Saka," "Scythian," and "<a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerian</a>" for all the steppe nomads, modern scholars now use the term Saka to refer specifically to Iranian peoples who inhabited the northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-B_68-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-eolss-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-D_37-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiakonoffNomenclature-15">[14]</a> and while the Cimmerians were often described by contemporaries as <a href="/wiki/Scythian_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian cultures">culturally Scythian</a>, they may have differed ethnically from the Scythians proper, to whom the Cimmerians were related, and who also displaced and replaced the Cimmerians.<a href="#cite_note-Cimmerians-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Location">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saka is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Saka is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sakas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Map_of_the_Sakas.png/300px-Map_of_the_Sakas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Map_of_the_Sakas.png/450px-Map_of_the_Sakas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Map_of_the_Sakas.png/600px-Map_of_the_Sakas.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div><div id="annotation_275x03" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_325&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 325 (page does not exist)">-325</a></div><div id="annotation_130x35" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:35px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">SAKAS</a></div><div id="annotation_130x45" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:45px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Korgantas_culture" title="Korgantas culture">Korgantas</a></div><div id="annotation_183x72" style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:72px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">YUEZHI</a></div><div id="annotation_115x27" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture">Sargat</a></div><div id="annotation_97x30" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gorokhovo_culture" title="Gorokhovo culture">Goro- khovo</a></div><div id="annotation_210x70" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Sha- jing</a></div><div id="annotation_170x63" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:63px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi</a></div><div id="annotation_220x42" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:42px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture">Slab-grave culture</a></div><div id="annotation_250x63" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:63px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">DONGHU</a></div><div id="annotation_51x136" style="position:absolute; left:51px; top:136px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">SABEANS</a></div><div id="annotation_225x74" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></div><div id="annotation_162x40" style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a></div><div id="annotation_175x29" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:29px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar</a></div><div id="annotation_180x47" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:47px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture">Chandman</a></div><div id="annotation_190x37" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:37px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sagly-Bazhy_culture" title="Sagly-Bazhy culture">Sagly</a></div><div id="annotation_285x80" style="position:absolute; left:285px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">JIN</a></div><div id="annotation_210x110" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian culture</a></div><div id="annotation_38x90" style="position:absolute; left:38px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">MACEDONIAN EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_152x110" style="position:absolute; left:152px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">NANDA EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">ZHOU DYNASTY</a></div><div id="annotation_05x131" style="position:absolute; left:05px; top:131px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">MEROË</a></div><div id="annotation_15x45" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:45px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></div><div id="annotation_55x40" style="position:absolute; left:55px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sauromatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauromatians">Sauro- matians</a></div><div id="annotation_103x60" style="position:absolute; left:103px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></div><div id="annotation_82x67" style="position:absolute; left:82px; top:67px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Sakas ( ), and main Asian polities, circa 325 BC.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_of_World_History-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></div></div></div></div> The Sakā tigraxaudā and Sakā haumavargā both lived in the steppe and highland areas located in northern Central Asia and to the east of the Caspian Sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199444-46-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988168-61">[60]</a> The Sakā tigraxaudā/Massagetae more specifically lived around <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Chorasmia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988184-62">[61]</a> and in the lowlands of Central Asia located to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and the south-east of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt Plateau</a>, most especially between the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Araxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Iaxartes</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018-54">[53]</a> The Sakā tigraxaudā/Massagetae could also be found in the Caspian Steppe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-43">[42]</a> The imprecise description of where the Massagetae lived by ancient authors has however led modern scholars to ascribe to them various locations, such as the Oxus delta, the Iaxartes delta, between the Caspian and Aral seas or further to the north or northeast, but without basing these suggestions on any conclusive arguments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018-54">[53]</a> Other locations assigned to the Massagetae include the area corresponding to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2021-63">[62]</a> The Sakā haumavargā lived around the Pamir Mountains and the Ferghana Valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988184-62">[61]</a> The Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, who may have been identical with the Sakā haumavargā, lived on the north-east border of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Iaxartes</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255-40">[39]</a> Some other Saka groups lived to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> and to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Iaxartes river</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988168-61">[60]</a> as well as in the regions corresponding to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Qirghizia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuva_Depression" title="Tuva Depression">Tuva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988184-62">[61]</a> The Sək, that is the Saka who were in contact with the Chinese, inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Ili_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili (river)">Ili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chu_(river)" title="Chu (river)">Chu</a> valleys of modern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, which was called the "land of the Sək", i.e. "land of the Saka", in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yu_2010_p13-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Arzhan_kurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan kurgan">Arzhan kurgans</a> (9–7th century BC)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:246px;max-width:246px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG/244px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="244" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG/366px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG/488px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arzhan_deer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Arzhan_deer.jpg/140px-Arzhan_deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Arzhan_deer.jpg/210px-Arzhan_deer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Arzhan_deer.jpg/280px-Arzhan_deer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="2534" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_(VIII._-_VII._B._C.)_Tuva.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG/212px-6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG" decoding="async" width="212" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG/318px-6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG/424px-6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:8._Akinak_(dagger)_bural_mound_Arzhan_(VIII.-VII._B.C.)_Tuva.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG/172px-8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG" decoding="async" width="172" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG/258px-8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG/344px-8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="2708" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan</a> kurgan and early Saka artifacts, dated to 8–7th century BC</div></div></div></div> The Scythian/Saka cultures emerged on the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> at the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> in the early 1st millennium BC. Their origins has long been a source of debate among archaeologists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJärve2019-65">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> was initially thought to have been their place of origin, until the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> archaeologist <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Тереножкин, Алексей Иванович">Aleksey Terenozhkin</a> suggested a <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterländer2017-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krzewińska_2018-67">[66]</a> Archaeological evidence now tends to suggest that the origins of <a href="/wiki/Scythian_culture" title="Scythian culture">Scythian culture</a>, characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Kurgans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgans">kurgans</a> (a type of burial mound) and its <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">Animal style</a> of the 1st millennium BC, are to be found among Eastern Scythians rather than their Western counterparts: eastern <a href="/wiki/Kurgans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgans">kurgans</a> are older than western ones (such as the Altai kurgan <a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan 1</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>), and elements of the <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">Animal style</a> are first attested in areas of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei river">Yenisei river</a> and modern-day China in the 10th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-ADD2-68">[67]</a> Genetic evidence corroborates archaeological findings, suggesting an initial eastwards expansion of <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a> towards the Altai region and Western Mongolia, spreading <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, and subsequent contact episodes with local Siberian and Eastern Asian populations, giving rise to the initial (Eastern) Scythian material cultures (Saka). It was however also found that the various later Scythian sub-groups of the Eurasian Steppe had local origins; different Scythian groups arose locally through cultural adaption, rather than via migration patterns from East-to-West or West-to-East.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Järve-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[11]</a> The Sakas spoke a language belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a> in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC are thought to be of Saka chieftains.<a href="#cite_note-LH_443-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-K_94-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-K_103-74">[73]</a> These burials show striking similarities with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nur#Qäwrighul" title="Lop Nur">Gumugou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-K_94-73">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a> of south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-K_103-74">[73]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos Plateau</a> has also been connected with the Saka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky2007125-75">[74]</a> It has been suggested that the ruling elite of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> was of Saka origin, or at least significantly influenced by their Eastern Iranian neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Some scholars contend that in the 8th century BC, a Saka raid from the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> may be "connected" with a raid on <a href="/wiki/Zhou_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou China">Zhou China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBThe_Steppe-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saka_tribute-bearers,_Apadana_staircase_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Saka_tribute-bearers%2C_Apadana_staircase_12.jpg/390px-Saka_tribute-bearers%2C_Apadana_staircase_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Saka_tribute-bearers%2C_Apadana_staircase_12.jpg/585px-Saka_tribute-bearers%2C_Apadana_staircase_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Saka_tribute-bearers%2C_Apadana_staircase_12.jpg/780px-Saka_tribute-bearers%2C_Apadana_staircase_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sak%C4%81_Tigraxaud%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakā Tigraxaudā">Sakā Tigraxaudā</a> tribute bearers to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apadana_of_Persepolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apadana of Persepolis">Apadana</a>, Staircase 12.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></figcaption></figure> The Saka are attested in historical and archaeological records dating to around the 8th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-mallory-80">[79]</a> The Saka tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>/Tigraxaudā rose to power in the 8th to 7th centuries BC, when they migrated from the east into Central Asia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018-54">[53]</a> from where they expelled the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, another nomadic Iranian tribe to whom they were closely related, after which they came to occupy large areas of the region beginning in the 6th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-43">[42]</a> The Massagetae forcing the Early Scythians to the west across the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Araxes</a> river and into the Caucasian and Pontic steppes started a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553-81">[80]</a> following which the Scythians displaced the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a>, who were also nomadic Iranian peoples closely related to the Massagetae and the Scythians, conquered their territories,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-590-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007202-203-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985-85">[84]</a> and invaded <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, where their presence had an important role in the history of the ancient civilisations of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-590-83">[82]</a> During the 7th century BC itself, Saka presence started appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-mallory-80">[79]</a> According to the ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a> rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a>, after which the Parthians put their country and capital city under the protection of the Sakas. This was followed by a long war opposing the Medes to the Saka, the latter of whom were led by the queen <a href="/wiki/Zarinaea" title="Zarinaea">Zarinaea</a>. At the end of this war, the Parthians accepted Median rule, and the Saka and the Medes made peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht202117-18-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:317px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun.Inscript.Skunkha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Behistun.Inscript.Skunkha.jpg/149px-Behistun.Inscript.Skunkha.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Behistun.Inscript.Skunkha.jpg/224px-Behistun.Inscript.Skunkha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Behistun.Inscript.Skunkha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="533" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Captured Saka king <a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Behistun" title="Mount Behistun">Mount Behistun</a>, Iran, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> stone relief from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (r. 522–486 BC)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:317px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_Statue_Sakas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Darius_I_Statue_Sakas.jpg/110px-Darius_I_Statue_Sakas.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Darius_I_Statue_Sakas.jpg/165px-Darius_I_Statue_Sakas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Darius_I_Statue_Sakas.jpg/220px-Darius_I_Statue_Sakas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="867" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Sakas as subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> on the statue of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>, circa 500 BC.</div></div></div></div></div> According to the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>, once the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>'s founder, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a>, had overthrown his grandfather the Median king <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrians</a> accepted him as the heir of Astyages and submitted to him, after which he founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a> on the Iaxartes river as well as seven fortresses to protect the northern frontier of his empire against the Saka. Cyrus then attacked the Sakā haumavargā, initially defeated them and captured their king, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amorges_(Saka_king)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amorges (Saka king) (page does not exist)">Amorges</a>. After this, Amorges's queen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparethra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparethra (page does not exist)">Sparethra</a>, defeated Cyrus with a large army of both men and women warriors and captured <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parmises&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parmises (page does not exist)">Parmises</a>, the brother-in-law of Cyrus and the brother of his wife <a href="/wiki/Cassandane" title="Cassandane">Amytis</a>, as well as Parmises's three sons, whom Sparethra exchanged in return for her husband, after which Cyrus and Amorges became allies, and Amorges helped Cyrus conquer <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988171-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199435–64-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchmittAmorges-94">[93]</a> Cyrus, accompanied by the Sakā haumavargā of his ally Amorges, later carried out a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>/Sakā tigraxaudā in 530 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018-54">[53]</a> According to Herodotus, Cyrus captured a Massagetaean camp by ruse, after which the Massagetae queen <a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a> led the tribe's main force against the Persians, defeated them, and placed the severed head of Cyrus in a sack full of blood. Some versions of the records of the death of Cyrus named the Derbices, rather than the Massagetae, as the tribe against whom Cyrus died in battle, because the Derbices were a member tribe of the Massagetae confederation or identical with the whole of the Massagetae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1994-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018-54">[53]</a> After Cyrus had been mortally wounded by the Derbices/Massagetae, Amorges and his Sakā haumavargā army helped the Persian soldiers defeat them. Cyrus told his sons to respect their own mother as well as Amorges above everyone else before dying.<a href="#cite_note-SchmittAmorges-94">[93]</a> Possibly shortly before the 520s BC, the Saka expanded into the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Ili_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili (river)">Ili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chu_(river)" title="Chu (river)">Chu</a> in eastern Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-yu_2010_p13-64">[63]</a> Around 30 Saka tombs in the form of <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgans</a> (burial mounds) have also been found in the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> area dated to between 550 and 250 BC.<a href="#cite_note-mallory-80">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> waged wars against the eastern Sakas during a campaign of 520 to 518 BC where, according to his <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">inscription at Behistun</a>, he conquered the Massagetae/Sakā tigraxaudā, captured their king <a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunxa</a>, and replaced him with a ruler who was loyal to Achaemenid rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchmittAmorges-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The territories of the Saka were absorbed into the Achaemenid Empire as part of <a href="/wiki/Chorasmia_(satrapy)" title="Chorasmia (satrapy)">Chorasmia</a> that included much of the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Oxus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Iaxartes</a> rivers,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> and the Saka then supplied the Achaemenid army with a large number of mounted bowmen.<a href="#cite_note-D_44-98">[97]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a>, Darius fought against three armies led by three kings, respectively named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacesphares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacesphares (page does not exist)">Sacesphares</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homarges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homarges (page does not exist)">Amorges</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homarges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homarges (page does not exist)">Homarges</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thamyris_(Saka_king)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thamyris (Saka king) (page does not exist)">Thamyris</a>, with Polyaenus's account being based on accurate Persian historical records.<a href="#cite_note-SchmittAmorges-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1992131-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> After Darius's administrative reforms of the Achaemenid Empire, the Sakā tigraxaudā were included within the same tax district as the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1992160-101">[100]</a> During the period of Achaemenid rule, Central Asia was in contact with Saka populations who were themselves in contact with <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the Achaemenid Empire, the Saka resisted his incursions into Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-eolss-58">[57]</a> At least by the late 2nd century BC, the Sakas had founded states in the Tarim Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Sinor_173-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdoms_in_the_Tarim_Basin">Kingdoms in the Tarim Basin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kingdoms in the Tarim Basin">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Khotan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saka_horserider_with_bow,_2nd-1st_century_BCE,_Almaty,_Kazakhstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Saka_horserider_with_bow%2C_2nd-1st_century_BCE%2C_Almaty%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/220px-Saka_horserider_with_bow%2C_2nd-1st_century_BCE%2C_Almaty%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Saka_horserider_with_bow%2C_2nd-1st_century_BCE%2C_Almaty%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/330px-Saka_horserider_with_bow%2C_2nd-1st_century_BCE%2C_Almaty%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Saka_horserider_with_bow%2C_2nd-1st_century_BCE%2C_Almaty%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/440px-Saka_horserider_with_bow%2C_2nd-1st_century_BCE%2C_Almaty%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Saka hunter with bow, 2nd-1st century BC, <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> was a Saka city state on the southern edge of the Tarim Basin. As a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">Han–Xiongnu War</a> spanning from 133 BC to 89 AD, the Tarim Basin (now Xinjiang, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, fell under <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> influence, beginning with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> (r. 141–87 BC).<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg/220px-KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg/330px-KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg/440px-KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Gurgamoya" title="Gurgamoya">Gurgamoya</a>, king of Khotan. Khotan, first century. Obv: <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> legend, "Of the great king of kings, king of Khotan, Gurgamoya. Rev: Chinese legend: "Twenty-four grain copper coin". <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Archaeological evidence and documents from Khotan and other sites in the Tarim Basin provided information on the language spoken by the Saka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The official language of Khotan was initially <a href="/wiki/G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gāndhārī language">Gandhari Prakrit</a> written in Kharosthi, and coins from Khotan dated to the 1st century bear dual inscriptions in Chinese and Gandhari Prakrit, indicating links of Khotan to both India and China.<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-107">[106]</a> Surviving documents however suggest that an Iranian language was used by the people of the kingdom for a long time. Third-century AD documents in Prakrit from nearby <a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a> record the title for the king of Khotan as hinajha (i.e. "<a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">generalissimo</a>"), a distinctively Iranian-based word equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> title <a href="/wiki/Senapati" title="Senapati">senapati</a>, yet nearly identical to the Khotanese Saka hīnāysa attested in later Khotanese documents.<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-107">[106]</a> This, along with the fact that the king's recorded regnal periods were given as the Khotanese kṣuṇa, "implies an established connection between the Iranian inhabitants and the royal power," according to the Professor of Iranian Studies Ronald E. Emmerick.<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-107">[106]</a> He contended that Khotanese-Saka-language royal rescripts of Khotan dated to the 10th century "makes it likely that the ruler of Khotan was a speaker of Iranian."<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-107">[106]</a> Furthermore, he argued that the early form of the name of Khotan, hvatana, is connected semantically with the name Saka.<a href="#cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-107">[106]</a> The region once again came under Chinese <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> with the campaigns of conquest by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a> (r. 626–649).<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> From the late eighth to ninth centuries, the region changed hands between the rival Tang and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> However, by the early 11th century the region fell to the Muslim Turkic peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>, which led to both the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of the region as well as its conversion from <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotanese_animal_zodiac_BLI6_OR11252_1R2_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Khotanese_animal_zodiac_BLI6_OR11252_1R2_1.jpg/220px-Khotanese_animal_zodiac_BLI6_OR11252_1R2_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Khotanese_animal_zodiac_BLI6_OR11252_1R2_1.jpg/330px-Khotanese_animal_zodiac_BLI6_OR11252_1R2_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Khotanese_animal_zodiac_BLI6_OR11252_1R2_1.jpg/440px-Khotanese_animal_zodiac_BLI6_OR11252_1R2_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>A document from <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Khotanese Saka</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, listing the animals of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a> in the cycle of predictions for people born in that year; ink on paper, early 9th century</figcaption></figure> Later Khotanese-Saka-language documents, ranging from medical texts to <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist literature">Buddhist literature</a>, have been found in Khotan and <a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a> (northeast of Kashgar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a> Similar documents in the Khotanese-Saka language dating mostly to the 10th century have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Although the ancient Chinese had called Khotan Yutian (于闐), another more native Iranian name occasionally used was Jusadanna (瞿薩旦那), derived from Indo-Iranian Gostan and Gostana, the names of the town and region around it, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-theobald_2011_yutian-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shule_Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shule Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a></div> Much like the neighboring people of the Kingdom of Khotan, the people of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, the capital of Shule, spoke Saka, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>, the Saka split and formed several states in the region. These Saka states may include two states to the northwest of Kashgar, <a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a> to its northeast, and <a href="/wiki/Tashkurgan_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkurgan Town">Tushkurgan</a> south in the Pamirs.<a href="#cite_note-DaniLitvinsky1996-114">[113]</a> Kashgar also conquered other states such as <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> during the Han dynasty, but in its later history, Kashgar was controlled by various empires, including <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-wechsler-117">[116]</a> before it became part of the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> in the 10th century. In the 11th century, according to <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a>, some non-Turkic languages like Kanchaki and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> were still used in some areas in the vicinity of Kashgar,<a href="#cite_note-LeviSela2010_2-118">[117]</a> and Kanchaki is thought to belong to the Saka language group.<a href="#cite_note-DaniLitvinsky1996-114">[113]</a> It is believed that the Tarim Basin was linguistically Turkified before the 11th century ended.<a href="#cite_note-Akiner2013-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_migrations">Southern migrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Southern migrations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalchayan_Prince_(armour).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg/220px-Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg/330px-Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg/440px-Kalchayan_Prince_%28armour%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Model of a Saka/<a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">cataphract</a> armour with neck-guard, from <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a>. 1st century BC. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan">Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan</a>, nb 40.<a href="#cite_note-SPL56-120">[119]</a></figcaption></figure> The Saka were pushed out of the Ili and Chu River valleys by the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B_290-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChineseHistory-23">[22]</a> An account of the movement of these people is given in <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a>. The Yuehzhi, who originally lived between Tängri Tagh (<a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, China,<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> were assaulted and forced to flee from the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> of Gansu by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a>, who conquered the area in 177–176 BC.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In turn the Yuehzhi were responsible for attacking and pushing the Sai (i.e. Saka) west into Sogdiana, where, between 140 and 130 BC, the latter crossed the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> into Bactria. The Saka also moved southwards toward the Pamirs and northern India, where they settled in Kashmir, and eastward, to settle in some of the oasis-states of Tarim Basin sites, like Yanqi (焉耆, <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a>) and Qiuci (龜茲, <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>).<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The Yuehzhi, themselves under attacks from another nomadic tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a>, in 133–132 BC, moved, again, from the Ili and Chu valleys, and occupied the country of <a href="/wiki/Daxia" title="Daxia">Daxia</a>, (大夏, "Bactria").<a href="#cite_note-yu_2010_p13-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cult_of_Heavenly_horse_bronze_horse_ancient_finial_Bucephalus_Ancient_Akhal_Teke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cult_of_Heavenly_horse_bronze_horse_ancient_finial_Bucephalus_Ancient_Akhal_Teke.jpg/220px-Cult_of_Heavenly_horse_bronze_horse_ancient_finial_Bucephalus_Ancient_Akhal_Teke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cult_of_Heavenly_horse_bronze_horse_ancient_finial_Bucephalus_Ancient_Akhal_Teke.jpg/330px-Cult_of_Heavenly_horse_bronze_horse_ancient_finial_Bucephalus_Ancient_Akhal_Teke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cult_of_Heavenly_horse_bronze_horse_ancient_finial_Bucephalus_Ancient_Akhal_Teke.jpg/440px-Cult_of_Heavenly_horse_bronze_horse_ancient_finial_Bucephalus_Ancient_Akhal_Teke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5146" data-file-height="5146" /></a><figcaption>The Heavenly Horse, commonly known as the Ferghana Horse, is an ancient ceremonial bronze finial. It originates from Bactria, dating back to the 4th-1st century BC, and was skillfully crafted by Saka tribes.</figcaption></figure> The ancient Greco-Roman geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> noted that the four tribes that took down the Bactrians in the Greek and Roman account – the <a href="/wiki/Asii" title="Asii">Asioi</a>, Pasianoi, Tokharoi and Sakaraulai – came from land north of the Syr Darya where the Ili and Chu valleys are located.<a href="#cite_note-Rene-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-yu_2010_p13-64">[63]</a> Identification of these four tribes varies, but Sakaraulai may indicate an ancient Saka tribe, the Tokharoi is possibly the Yuezhi, and while the Asioi had been proposed to be groups such as the Wusun or <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rene-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SakastanMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SakastanMap.jpg/220px-SakastanMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SakastanMap.jpg/330px-SakastanMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SakastanMap.jpg/440px-SakastanMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Sakastan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakastan">Sakastan</a> ("Land of the Sakas"), where the Sakas resettled c. 100 BC</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">René Grousset</a> wrote of the migration of the Saka: "the Saka, under pressure from the Yueh-chih [Yuezhi], overran Sogdiana and then Bactria, there taking the place of the Greeks." Then, "Thrust back in the south by the Yueh-chih," the Saka occupied "the Saka country, Sakastana, whence the modern Persian Seistan."<a href="#cite_note-Rene-132">[131]</a> Some of the Saka fleeing the Yuezhi attacked the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, where they defeated and killed the kings <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B_290-121">[120]</a> These Sakas were eventually settled by <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> in what become known as <a href="/wiki/Sakastan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakastan">Sakastan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B_290-121">[120]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Harold_Walter_Bailey" title="Harold Walter Bailey">Harold Walter Bailey</a>, the territory of <a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a> (now in Afghanistan and Pakistan) became known as "Land of the Sakas", and was called Sakastāna in the Persian language of contemporary Iran, in Armenian as Sakastan, with similar equivalents in Pahlavi, Greek, Sogdian, Syriac, Arabic, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> tongue used in <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, Xinjiang, China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a> This is attested in a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> inscription found on the <a href="/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital" title="Mathura lion capital">Mathura lion capital</a> belonging to the Saka kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> (200 BC – 400 AD) in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a> roughly the same time the Chinese record that the Saka had invaded and settled the country of Jibin 罽賓 (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, of modern-day India and Pakistan).<a href="#cite_note-theobald_2011_saka-134">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iaroslav_Lebedynsky" title="Iaroslav Lebedynsky">Iaroslav Lebedynsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Victor H. Mair</a> speculate that some Sakas may also have migrated to the area of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> in southern China following their expulsion by the Yuezhi. Excavations of the prehistoric art of the <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian Kingdom</a> of Yunnan have revealed hunting scenes of Caucasoid horsemen in Central Asian clothing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200673-135">[134]</a> The scenes depicted on these drums sometimes represent these horsemen practising hunting. Animal scenes of felines attacking oxen are also at times reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian art</a> both in theme and in composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008329–330-136">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">Migrations</a> of the 2nd and 1st century BC have left traces in Sogdia and Bactria, but they cannot firmly be attributed to the Saka, similarly with the sites of <a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> in <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_India" title="Outline of ancient India">ancient India</a>. The rich graves at <a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> are seen as part of a population affected by the Saka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200684-137">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a> clan of India, to which <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, called Śākyamuni "Sage of the Shakyas", belonged, were also likely Sakas, as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Christopher I. Beckwith</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> have alleged. The scholar Bryan Levman however criticised this hypothesis for resting on slim to no evidence, and maintains that the Shakyas were a population native to the north-east Gangetic plain who were unrelated to Iranic Sakas.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indo-Scythians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg/170px-Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg/255px-Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg/340px-Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Head of a Saka warrior, as a defeated enemy of the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, 1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></figcaption></figure> The region in modern Afghanistan and Iran where the Saka moved to became known as "land of the Saka" or <a href="/wiki/Sakastan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakastan">Sakastan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a> This is attested in a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> inscription found on the <a href="/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital" title="Mathura lion capital">Mathura lion capital</a> belonging to the Saka kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> (200 BC – 400 AD) in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a> roughly the same time the Chinese record that the Saka had invaded and settled the country of Jibin 罽賓 (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, of modern-day India and Pakistan).<a href="#cite_note-theobald_2011_saka-134">[133]</a> In the Persian language of contemporary Iran the territory of Drangiana was called Sakastāna, in Armenian as Sakastan, with similar equivalents in Pahlavi, Greek, Sogdian, Syriac, Arabic, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> tongue used in <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, Xinjiang, China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a> The Sakas also captured <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, and migrated to <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sulimirski_1970_113–114-144">[143]</a> The most famous Indo-Scythian king was <a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-I_Kushan-145">[144]</a> An Indo-Scythian kingdom was established in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> (200 BC – 400 AD).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith85-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weer_Rajendra_Rishi" title="Weer Rajendra Rishi">Weer Rajendra Rishi</a>, an Indian linguist, identified linguistic affinities between Indian and Central Asian languages, which further lends credence to the possibility of historical Sakan influence in North India.<a href="#cite_note-Sulimirski_1970_113–114-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> According to historian Michael Mitchiner, the <a href="/wiki/Abhira_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhira tribe">Abhira tribe</a> were a Saka people cited in the Gunda inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_I" title="Rudrasimha I">Rudrasimha I</a> dated to AD 181.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchiner1978-147">[146]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 729px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Later Saka polities</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indo-Scythians ruled in northwestern South Asia from circa 100 BC"><img alt="The Indo-Scythians ruled in northwestern South Asia from circa 100 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png/200px-Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png/300px-Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png/400px-Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> ruled in northwestern South Asia from circa 100 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_(Northern_Sakas).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Northern Satraps ruled in northern India until their replacement by the Kushans circa 150 AD"><img alt="The Northern Satraps ruled in northern India until their replacement by the Kushans circa 150 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg/200px-Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg/300px-Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg/400px-Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Satraps" title="Northern Satraps">Northern Satraps</a> ruled in northern India until their replacement by the Kushans circa 150 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Western Satraps was a Saka dynasty which ruled in western India until circa 400 AD"><img alt="The Western Satraps was a Saka dynasty which ruled in western India until circa 400 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png/200px-Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png/300px-Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png/400px-Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> was a Saka dynasty which ruled in western India until circa 400 AD </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/220px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/330px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/440px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Iranic peoples in Central Asia during the Iron Age. Saka included.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Azes_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coin_of_Azes_II.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Azes_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coin_of_Azes_II.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Azes_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coin_of_Azes_II.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Azes_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian</a> King <a href="/wiki/Azes_II" title="Azes II">Azes II</a> (ruled c. 35–12 BC). Note the royal <a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">tamga</a> on the coin.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> referred to all northern nomads as Sakas. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (IV.64) describes them as Scythians, although they figure under a different name: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Sacae, or Scyths, were clad in trousers, and had on their heads tall stiff caps rising to a point. They bore the bow of their country and the dagger; besides which they carried the battle-axe, or <a href="/wiki/Sagaris" title="Sagaris">sagaris</a>. They were in truth Amyrgian (Western) Scythians, but the Persians called them Sacae, since that is the name which they gave to all Scythians.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strabo">Strabo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Strabo">edit</a>]</div> In the 1st century BC, the Greek-Roman geographer Strabo gave an extensive description of the peoples of the eastern steppe, whom he located in Central Asia beyond Bactria and Sogdiana.<a href="#cite_note-Strabo,_Geography,_11.8.1-148">[147]</a> Strabo went on to list the names of the various tribes he believed to be "Scythian",<a href="#cite_note-Strabo,_Geography,_11.8.1-148">[147]</a> and in so doing almost certainly conflated them with unrelated tribes of eastern Central Asia. These tribes included the Saka. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Now the greater part of the Scythians, beginning at the Caspian Sea, are called <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Däae</a>, but those who are situated more to the east than these are named <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> and Sacae, whereas all the rest are given the general name of Scythians, though each people is given a separate name of its own. They are all for the most part nomads. But the best known of the nomads are those who <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">took away Bactriana</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greeks</a>, I mean the <a href="/wiki/Asii" title="Asii">Asii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasiani">Pasiani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria#Daxia,_Tukhara_and_Tokharistan" title="Bactria">Tochari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacaraucae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacaraucae">Sacarauli</a>, who originally came from the <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">country on the other side</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Iaxartes River</a> that adjoins that of the Sacae and the Sogdiani and was occupied by the Sacae. And as for the Däae, some of them are called <a href="/wiki/Aparni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparni">Aparni</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Xanthii" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthii">Xanthii</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Pissuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pissuri">Pissuri</a>. Now of these the Aparni are situated closest to <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a> and the part of the sea that borders on it, but the remainder extend even as far as the country that stretches parallel to <a href="/wiki/Aria_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria (satrapy)">Aria</a>. Between them and Hyrcania and <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> and extending as far as the Arians is a <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">great waterless desert</a>, which they traversed by long marches and then overran Hyrcania, <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nesaea</a>, and the plains of the Parthians. And these people agreed to <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">pay tribute</a>, and the tribute was to allow the invaders at certain appointed times to overrun the country and carry off booty. But when the invaders overran their country more than the agreement allowed, war ensued, and in turn their quarrels were composed and new wars were begun. Such is the life of the other nomads also, who are always attacking their neighbors and then in turn settling their differences.</blockquote> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(Strabo, Geography, 11.8.1; transl. 1903 by H. C. Hamilton & W. Falconer.)<a href="#cite_note-Strabo,_Geography,_11.8.1-148">[147]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_sources">Indian sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indian sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></div> The Sakas receive numerous mentions in Indian texts, including the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Purāṇas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmṛiti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Rāmāyaṇa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahābhāṣya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Issyk inscription</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Issyk_Dish_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Issyk_Dish_1.JPG/179px-Issyk_Dish_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Issyk_Dish_1.JPG/269px-Issyk_Dish_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Issyk_Dish_1.JPG/358px-Issyk_Dish_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Issyk dish with inscription.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Issyk_inscription.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Issyk_inscription.png/135px-Issyk_inscription.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Issyk_inscription.png/203px-Issyk_inscription.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Issyk_inscription.png/270px-Issyk_inscription.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Issyk_inscription" title="Issyk inscription">Issyk inscription</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Modern scholarly consensus is that the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian language</a>, ancestral to the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the medieval Saka language of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, was one of the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Evidence of the Middle Iranian "Scytho-Khotanese" language survives in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>, where Khotanese-Saka-language documents, ranging from medical texts to <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a>, have been found primarily in Khotan and <a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a> (northeast of Kashgar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a> They largely predate the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_and_Turkification_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang">Islamization of Xinjiang</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">[104]</a> Similar documents, the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a>, were discovered written in the Khotanese <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a> and date mostly from the tenth century.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Attestations of the Saka language show that it was an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian language</a>. The linguistic heartland of Saka was the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>, which had two varieties, corresponding to the major settlements at Khotan (now called <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a>) and Tumshuq (now titled <a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a>).<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Tumshuqese and Khotanese varieties of Saka contain many borrowings from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan languages</a>, but also share features with the modern Eastern Iranian languages <a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> The Issyk inscription, a short fragment on a silver cup found in the <a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> is believed to be the earliest example of Saka, constituting one of very few autochthonous epigraphic traces of that language.<a href="#cite_note-CBAUMER-154">[153]</a> The inscription is in a variant of <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a>. Harmatta suggests that the inscriptions are a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> language, while Christopher Baumer has said that they closely resemble the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a> runic alphabet. From Khotanese Saka, Harmatta translates the inscription as: "The vessel should hold wine of grapes, added cooked food, so much, to the mortal, then added cooked fresh butter on".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9U6RlVVjpakCpgPA421_420–421]-155">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">Linguistic</a> evidence suggest the Wakhi language is descended from Saka languages.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> According to the Indo-Europeanist Martin Kümmel, Wakhi may be classified as a Western Saka dialect; the other attested Saka dialects, Khotanese and Tumshuqese, would then be classified as Eastern Saka.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scythian_cultures#Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian cultures">Scythian cultures § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians#Genetics" title="Scythians">Scythians § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians#Genetics" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture#Genetics" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture § Genetics</a></div> The earliest studies could only analyze segments of mtDNA, thus providing only broad correlations of affinity to modern West Eurasian or East Eurasian populations. For example, in a 2002 study the mitochondrial DNA of Saka period male and female skeletal remains from a double inhumation <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a> at the Beral site in Kazakhstan was analysed. The two individuals were found to be not closely related. The HV1 mitochondrial sequence of the male was similar to the Anderson sequence which is most frequent in European populations. The HV1 sequence of the female suggested a greater likelihood of Asian origins.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> More recent studies have been able to type for specific <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mtDNA lineages</a>. For example, a 2004 study examined the <a href="/wiki/Hypervariable_region" title="Hypervariable region">HV1 sequence</a> obtained from a male "Scytho-Siberian" at the <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kizil</a> site in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a>. It belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup N (mtDNA)">N1a</a> maternal lineage, a geographically West Eurasian lineage.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Another study by the same team, again of mtDNA from two Scytho-Siberian skeletons found in the Altai Republic, showed that they had been typical males "of mixed Euro-Mongoloid origin". One of the individuals was found to carry the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_F_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup F (mtDNA)">F2a</a> maternal lineage, and the other the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D</a> lineage, both of which are characteristic of East Eurasian populations.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pazyryk_man_(reconstruction,_Anokhin_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pazyryk_man_%28reconstruction%2C_Anokhin_Museum%29.jpg/170px-Pazyryk_man_%28reconstruction%2C_Anokhin_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pazyryk_man_%28reconstruction%2C_Anokhin_Museum%29.jpg/255px-Pazyryk_man_%28reconstruction%2C_Anokhin_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pazyryk_man_%28reconstruction%2C_Anokhin_Museum%29.jpg/340px-Pazyryk_man_%28reconstruction%2C_Anokhin_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>A Saka man from the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a> (reconstruction from burials, <a href="/wiki/Anokhin_Museum" title="Anokhin Museum">Anokhin Museum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ST-164">[163]</a></figcaption></figure> These early studies have been elaborated by an increasing number of studies by Russian and western scholars. Conclusions are (i) an early, Bronze Age mixing of both west and east Eurasian lineages, with western lineages being found far to the east, but not vice versa; (ii) an apparent reversal by Iron Age times, with an increasing presence of East Eurasian <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> lineages in the Western steppe; (iii) the possible role of migrations from the south, the Balkano-Danubian and Iranian regions, toward the steppe.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterländerPalstraLazaridisPilipenko2017-166">[165]</a> Unterländer, et al. (2017) found genetic evidence that the modern-day descendants of Eastern Scythians are found "almost exclusively" among modern-day <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian Turkic</a> speakers, suggesting that future studies could determine the extent to which the Eastern Scythians were involved in the early formation of Turkic-speaking populations.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haplogroups">Haplogroups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Haplogroups">edit</a>]</div> Ancient Y-DNA data was finally provided by Keyser et al in 2009. They studied the haplotypes and haplogroups of 26 ancient human specimens from the <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> dated from between the middle of the 2nd millennium BC and the 4th century AD (Scythian and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> timeframe). Nearly all subjects belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M17_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R-M17 (Y-DNA)">haplogroup R-M17</a>. The authors suggest that their data shows that between the Bronze and the Iron Ages the constellation of populations known variously as Scythians, <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovians</a>, etc. were blue- (or green-) eyed, fair-skinned and light-haired people who might have played a role in the early development of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> civilisation. Moreover, this study found that they were genetically more closely related to modern populations in eastern Europe than those of central and southern Asia.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The ubiquity and dominance of the R1a Y-DNA lineage contrasted markedly with the diversity seen in the mtDNA profiles. In May 2018, a genetic study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> examined the remains of twenty-eight Inner Asian Sakas buried between ca. 900 BC to AD 1, compromising eight Sakas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Siberia">southern Siberia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a>), eight Sakas of the <a href="/wiki/Central_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Central steppe">central steppe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmola_culture" title="Tasmola culture">Tasmola culture</a>), and twelve Sakas of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>. The six samples of <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> extracted from the Tian Shan Saka belonged to the West Eurasian haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)">R</a> (four samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1" title="Haplogroup R1">R1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a1</a>. Four samples of Y-DNA extracted from central Steppe sakas belonged to haplogroup R1 and R1a, while one individual belonged to haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M123" title="Haplogroup E-M123">E1b1b</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-169">[168]</a> The samples of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> extracted from the Tian Shan Saka belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H4" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H4d</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T2a1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5a1d2b</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H2" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H2a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5a1a1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_HV_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)">HV6</a> (two samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)#D4" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D4j8</a> (two samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_W_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup W (mtDNA)">W1c</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup G (mtDNA)">G2a1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-169">[168]</a> According to Tikhonov, et al. (2019), the Eastern Scythians and the Xiongnu "possibly bore proto-Turkic elements", based on a continuation of maternal and paternal haplogroups.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_DNA">Autosomal DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Autosomal DNA">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_to_Iron_Age_Steppe_peoples_genetic_makeup.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bronze_to_Iron_Age_Steppe_peoples_genetic_makeup.png/231px-Bronze_to_Iron_Age_Steppe_peoples_genetic_makeup.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bronze_to_Iron_Age_Steppe_peoples_genetic_makeup.png/347px-Bronze_to_Iron_Age_Steppe_peoples_genetic_makeup.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bronze_to_Iron_Age_Steppe_peoples_genetic_makeup.png/462px-Bronze_to_Iron_Age_Steppe_peoples_genetic_makeup.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="766" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Genetic makeup of Bronze and Iron Age Steppe populations</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_makeup_of_the_Saka_and_Scythian_cultures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Genetic_makeup_of_the_Saka_and_Scythian_cultures.png/231px-Genetic_makeup_of_the_Saka_and_Scythian_cultures.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Genetic_makeup_of_the_Saka_and_Scythian_cultures.png/347px-Genetic_makeup_of_the_Saka_and_Scythian_cultures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Genetic_makeup_of_the_Saka_and_Scythian_cultures.png/462px-Genetic_makeup_of_the_Saka_and_Scythian_cultures.png 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of Scythian cultures, including different Saka populations with genetic profiles, combining Steppe_MLBA, BMAC, and Khövsgöl LBA ancestries.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Scythian_genetic_makeup.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Scythian_genetic_makeup.png/231px-Scythian_genetic_makeup.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Scythian_genetic_makeup.png/347px-Scythian_genetic_makeup.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Scythian_genetic_makeup.png/462px-Scythian_genetic_makeup.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="576" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Genetic makeup of Iron Age Central Asian Scythians. The three main ancestry components are shown in green, red and violet representing the ancestries maximized in <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic_Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic Farmers">Anatolian farmers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Iranian farmers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_hunter-gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="West Siberian hunter-gatherer">Hunter Gatherers from West Siberia</a>, respectively.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arzhan-2_forensic_reconstruction_of_the_King_and_Queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Arzhan-2_forensic_reconstruction_of_the_King_and_Queen.jpg/220px-Arzhan-2_forensic_reconstruction_of_the_King_and_Queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Arzhan-2_forensic_reconstruction_of_the_King_and_Queen.jpg/330px-Arzhan-2_forensic_reconstruction_of_the_King_and_Queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Arzhan-2_forensic_reconstruction_of_the_King_and_Queen.jpg/440px-Arzhan-2_forensic_reconstruction_of_the_King_and_Queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="2774" /></a><figcaption>Forensic reconstruction of the Saka King and Queen of <a href="/wiki/Arzhan-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan-2">Arzhan-2</a>, in their burial costumes (650-600 BC).<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></figcaption></figure> The 2018 in study detected significant genetic differences between analyzed Inner Asian Saka-associated samples and Scythian samples of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a>, as well as between different Saka subgroups of southern Siberia, the central steppe and the Tian Shan. While Scythians (or "Hungarian Saka") harbored exclusively ancestry associated with <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a>, Inner Asian Saka displayed additional Neolithic Iranian (BMAC) and Southern Siberian hunter-gatherer (represented through a proxy of modern <a href="/wiki/Altaians" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaians">Altaians</a>) components in varying degrees. Tian Shan Sakas were found to be of about 70% <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herder" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Steppe Herder">Western Steppe Herder</a> (WSH) ancestry, 25% Southern Siberian Hunter-Gatherer ancestry and 5% Iranian Neolithic ancestry. The Iranian Neolithic ancestry was probably from the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a>. Sakas of the Tasmola culture were found to be of about 56% WSH ancestry and 44% Southern Siberian Hunter-Gather ancestry. The peoples of the Tagar culture had about 83.5% WSH ancestry, 9% <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> (ANE) ancestry and 7.5% Southern Siberian Hunter-Gatherer ancestry. The study suggested that the Inner Asian Saka were the source of West Eurasian ancestry among the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, and that the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> probably emerged through minor male-driven geneflow into the Saka through westward migrations by the Xiongnu.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> A genetic study published in 2020 in <a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020-173">[172]</a> modeled the ancestry of several Saka groups as a combination of <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Baikal_EBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal EBA">Baikal EBA</a> ancestry (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Western Baikal</a> early Bronze Age hunter-gatherers, a profile consisting of about 80% <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Northeast Asians">Ancient Northeast Asian</a> and 20% <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> ancestries),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020"Previously,_we_reported_a_shared_genetic_profile_among_EBA_western_Baikal_hunter-gatherers_(Baikal_EBA)_and_Late_Bronze_Age_(LBA)_pastoralists_in_northern_Mongolia_(Khövsgöl_LBA)_(Jeong_et_al.,_2018)._This_genetic_profile,_composed_of_major_and_minor_ANA_and_ANE_ancestry_components,_respectively,_is_also_shared_with_the_earlier_eastern_Baikal_(Fofonovo_EN)_and_Mongolian_(centralMongolia_preBA)_groups_analyzed_in_this_study_(Figures_3A,_3B,_and_4A),_suggesting_a_regional_persistence_of_this_genetic_profile_for_nearly_three_millennia."_(...)_"Ancient_ANA_individuals_fall_close_to_the_cluster_of_present-day_Tungusic-_and_Nivkh-speaking_populations_in_northeast_Asia,_indicating_that_their_genetic_profile_is_still_present_in_indigenous_populations_of_the_Far_East_today"_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020"Previously,_we_reported_a_shared_genetic_profile_among_EBA_western_Baikal_hunter-gatherers_(Baikal_EBA)_and_Late_Bronze_Age_(LBA)_pastoralists_in_northern_Mongolia_(Khövsgöl_LBA)_(Jeong_et_al.,_2018)._This_genetic_profile,_composed_of_major_and_minor_ANA_and_ANE_ancestry_components,_respectively,_is_also_shared_with_the_earlier_eastern_Baikal_(Fofonovo_EN)_and_Mongolian_(centralMongolia_preBA)_groups_analyzed_in_this_study_(Figures_3A,_3B,_and_4A),_suggesting_a_regional_persistence_of_this_genetic_profile_for_nearly_three_millennia."_(...)_"Ancient_ANA_individuals_fall_close_to_the_cluster_of_present-day_Tungusic-_and_Nivkh-speaking_populations_in_northeast_Asia,_indicating_that_their_genetic_profile_is_still_present_in_indigenous_populations_of_the_Far_East_today"-174">[173]</a> with varying degrees of an additional Neolithic Iranian (<a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a>) component.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020-173">[172]</a> Specifically, Central Sakas of the <a href="/wiki/Tasmola_culture" title="Tasmola culture">Tasmola culture</a> were found to be of about 43% Sintashta ancestry, 50% Baikal_EBA ancestry and 7% BMAC ancestry. Tagar Sakas (<a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a>) were found to have an elevated Sintashta proportion (69% Sintashta, 24% Baikal_EBA, and 7% BMAC), while <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> Sakas had an elevated BMAC proportion at 24% (50% Sintashta, 26% Baikal_EBA, and 24% BMAC). The eastern Uyuk Sakas (<a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan culture</a>) had 50% Sintashta, 44% Baikal_EBA, and 6% BMAC ancestry. The <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a> Sakas had elevated Baikal_EBA ancestry, with a nearly non-existent BMAC component (32% Sintashta, 68% Baikal_EBA, and ~0% BMAC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020Visualization:_Figure_3C_Statistics:_Table_S5._Population_Modeling,_Related_to_Figures_3,_4,_and_5._(D)-175">[174]</a> Two other genetic studies published in 2021 and 2022 found that the Saka originated from a shared WSH-like (<a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>) background with additional BMAC and East Eurasian-like ancestry. The Eastern ancestry among the Saka can also be represented by Lake Baikal (Shamanka_EBA-like) groups. The spread of Saka-like ancestry can be linked with the dispersal of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Khotanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotanese language">Khotanese</a>).<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> A later different Eastern influx is evident in three outlier samples of the <a href="/wiki/Tasmola_culture" title="Tasmola culture">Tasmola culture</a> (Tasmola Birlik) and one of the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a> (Pazyryk Berel), which displayed c. 70-83% additional <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a> ancestry represented by the Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Devil%E2%80%99s_Gate_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil’s Gate Cave">Devil’s Gate Cave</a> specimen, suggesting them to be recent migrants from further East. The same additional Eastern ancestry is found among the later groups of Huns (Hun Berel 300CE, Hun elite 350CE), and the Karakaba remains (830CE). At the same time, western <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a>-like and minor additional BMAC-like ancestry spread eastwards, with a Saka-associated sample from southeastern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (Konyr Tobe 300CE) displaying around 85% Sarmatian and 15% BMAC ancestry. Sarmatians are modeled to derive primarily from the preceding Western Steppe Herders of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-178">[177]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asian_haplogroups_through_time.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Central_Asian_haplogroups_through_time.png/330px-Central_Asian_haplogroups_through_time.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Central_Asian_haplogroups_through_time.png/495px-Central_Asian_haplogroups_through_time.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Central_Asian_haplogroups_through_time.png/660px-Central_Asian_haplogroups_through_time.png 2x" data-file-width="2158" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>The Sakas represent a unique period of West-East admixture along the Altai line during the Iron Age, which has been a defining characteristic of Central Asian populations until modern times.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></figcaption></figure>The most closely related modern population to the Saka (and other Scythian groups) are the <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> indigenous to Southern Central Asia, which display genetic continuity to Bronze and Iron age Central Asians. These genetic links are paralleled by previous proposed "linguistic and physical anthropological links between the Tajiks and Scythians".<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> There is also increasing evidence for genetic affinities between the Eastern Scythians (such as the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking groups,<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> which formed via admixture events during the Iron Age between local Saka groups and geneflow from the Eastern Steppe,<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Paleo-Siberian</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> The admixture with West Eurasian sources was found to be "in accordance with the linguistically documented language borrowing in Turkic languages".<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East-West_migrations_and_cultural_transmission">East-West migrations and cultural transmission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: East-West migrations and cultural transmission">edit</a>]</div> Genetic data across Eurasia suggest that the Scythian cultural phenomenon was accompanied by some degree of migration from east to west, starting in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MJ-185">[184]</a> In particular, the Classical Scythians of the western Eurasian steppe were not direct descendants of the local Bronze Age populations, but partly resulted from this east-west spread.<a href="#cite_note-MJ-185">[184]</a> This also suggests that Scythoïd cultural characteristics were not simply the result of the transfer of material culture, but were also accompanied by human migrations of Saka populations from the east.<a href="#cite_note-MJ-185">[184]</a> The region between the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and of the Southern Urals originally had populations of <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Srubnaya">Srubnaya</a> (1900 BC–1200 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Andronovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo">Andronovo</a> (c. 2000–1150 BCE) ancestry ancestry, but, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (c.1000 BCE) became a region of intense ethnic and cultural interaction between European and Asian components.<a href="#cite_note-MJE4-186">[185]</a> From the 7th century BCE, Early Saka nomads started to settle in the Southern Urals, coming from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Altai-Sayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Altai-Sayan">Altai-Sayan</a> region, and Central and Northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MJE4-186">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Itkul_culture" title="Itkul culture">Itkul culture</a> (7th-5th century BCE) is one of these Early Saka cultures, based in the eastern foothills of the Urals, which was assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Sauromatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauromatian">Sauromatian</a> and Early <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> cultures.<a href="#cite_note-MJE4-186">[185]</a> Circa 600 BCE, groups from the Saka <a href="/wiki/Tasmola_culture" title="Tasmola culture">Tasmola culture</a> settled in the southern Urals.<a href="#cite_note-MJE4-186">[185]</a> Circa 500 BCE, other groups from the area of Ancient <a href="/wiki/Khorezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorezm">Khorezm</a> settled in the western part of the southern Urals, who also assimilated into the Early Sarmatians.<a href="#cite_note-MJE4-186">[185]</a> As a result, a large-scale integrated union of nomads from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> formed in the area in the 5th–4th century BCE, with fairly uniformized cultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-MJE4-186">[185]</a> This cultural complex, with notable ‘‘foreign elements’’, corresponds to the ‘‘royal’’ burials of <a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippovka kurgan">Filippovka kurgan</a>, and define the "Prokhorovka period" of the Early Sarmatians.<a href="#cite_note-MJE4-186">[185]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippovka,_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade,_Kurgan_4,_Burial_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warriors with daggers and bows. Dagger blade decoration from Kurgan 4, Burial 2, Filippovka kurgans, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 5th-4th century BCE.[186]"><img alt="Warriors with daggers and bows. Dagger blade decoration from Kurgan 4, Burial 2, Filippovka kurgans, Late Sauromatian-Early Sarmatian, 5th-4th century BCE.[186]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg/200px-Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg/300px-Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg/400px-Filippovka%2C_individuals_on_a_dagger_blade%2C_Kurgan_4%2C_Burial_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="484" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Warriors with daggers and bows. Dagger blade decoration from Kurgan 4, Burial 2, <a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a>, Late <a href="/wiki/Sauromatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauromatian">Sauromatian</a>-Early <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a>, 5th-4th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_(reconstruction,_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Golden Lady " from the Taksai kurgans, c. 500 BCE.[187][188]"><img alt=""Golden Lady " from the Taksai kurgans, c. 500 BCE.[187][188]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg/123px-Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg/185px-Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg/246px-Taksai-1_Barrow_6_lady_%28reconstruction%2C_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1344" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Golden Lady " from the <a href="/wiki/Taksai_kurgans" title="Taksai kurgans">Taksai kurgans</a>, c. 500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-spacing:0; background:#F2E4C3;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:115%; background:#DEB887;">Saka kurgans<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #3E7C32;"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:265px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:265px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:265px"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saka is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Saka is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/265px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/398px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/530px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.632%;left:61.749%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Salbyk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.593%;left:64.44%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Arzhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ar%C5%BEan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Aržan culture">Arzhan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.746%;left:59.212%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Pazyryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.81%;left:49.379%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Issyk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.799%;left:48.673%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Boralday" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.014%;left:25.447%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Taksai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Taksai_kurgans" title="Taksai kurgans">Taksai</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.293%;left:53.619%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Eleke Sazy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Eleke_Sazy" title="Eleke Sazy">Eleke Sazy</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.965%;left:48.75%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Tasmola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Barrows_of_Tasmola" title="Barrows of Tasmola">Tasmola</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.539%;left:38.391%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Ingala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture">Ingala</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.605%;left:38.252%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Tillya Tepe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:#F2E4C3"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan-1</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan-2</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 650 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Besshatyr_Burial_Ground" title="Besshatyr Burial Ground">Bes Shatyr</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Taksai_kurgans" title="Taksai kurgans">Taksai</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ingala_Valley" title="Ingala Valley">Ingala</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Barrows_of_Tasmola" title="Barrows of Tasmola">Tasmola</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">7th-5th centuries BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600-400 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600-400 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eleke_Sazy" title="Eleke Sazy">Eleke Sazy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600-400 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Berel_kurgan" title="Berel kurgan">Berel-1</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk-1,2</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Berel_kurgan" title="Berel kurgan">Berel-11</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400-200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1st century BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saka_kurgans" title="Template:Saka kurgans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Saka_kurgans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Saka kurgans (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saka_kurgans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saka kurgans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScythianC14AsiaEuropeFig6SketchEn_3dGraph.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/ScythianC14AsiaEuropeFig6SketchEn_3dGraph.gif/220px-ScythianC14AsiaEuropeFig6SketchEn_3dGraph.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/ScythianC14AsiaEuropeFig6SketchEn_3dGraph.gif/330px-ScythianC14AsiaEuropeFig6SketchEn_3dGraph.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/ScythianC14AsiaEuropeFig6SketchEn_3dGraph.gif/440px-ScythianC14AsiaEuropeFig6SketchEn_3dGraph.gif 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Compative timeline of Scythian kurgans in Asia and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></figcaption></figure> The spectacular grave-goods from <a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan</a>, and others in <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>, have been dated from about 800 BC onward, and the kurgans of <a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> circa 700 BC, and are associated with the Early Sakas.<a href="#cite_note-Amir-192">[191]</a> Burials at <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Altay_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay Mountains">Altay Mountains</a> have included some spectacularly preserved Sakas of the "Pazyryk culture" – including the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_Ice_Maiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazyryk Ice Maiden">Ice Maiden</a> of the 5th century BC. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arzhan_1_kurgan_(c._800_BC)">Arzhan 1 kurgan (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Arzhan 1 kurgan (c. 800 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan culture</a></div> Arzhan-1 was excavated by M. P. Gryaznov in the 1970s, establishing the origins of Scythian culture in the region in the 10th to 8th centuries BC:<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Arzhan-1 was carbon-dated to circa 800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Many of the styles of the artifacts found in Arzhan 1 (such as the animal style images of deer, boar, and panther) soon propagated to the west, probably following a migration mouvement from the east to the west in the 9th-7th centuries BC, and ultimately reaching European Scythia and influencing artistic styles there.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Arzhan-1, dated to circa 800 BC, partly looted in Antiquity"><img alt="Arzhan-1, dated to circa 800 BC, partly looted in Antiquity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD-1.JPG/200px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD-1.JPG/300px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD-1.JPG/400px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1413" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arzhan-1, dated to circa 800 BC, partly looted in Antiquity</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arzhan_animal_ring.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curled-up feline animal from Arzhan-1, circa 800 BC.[195]"><img alt="Curled-up feline animal from Arzhan-1, circa 800 BC.[195]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arzhan_animal_ring.jpg/200px-Arzhan_animal_ring.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arzhan_animal_ring.jpg/300px-Arzhan_animal_ring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arzhan_animal_ring.jpg/400px-Arzhan_animal_ring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3947" data-file-height="3139" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Curled-up feline animal from Arzhan-1, circa 800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shilikty/_Baigetobe_kurgan_(c._700_BC)">Shilikty/ Baigetobe kurgan (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Shilikty/ Baigetobe kurgan (c. 700 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></div> Shilikty is an archaeological site in eastern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> with numerous 8-6th century BC Early Saka <a href="/wiki/Kurgans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgans">kurgans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pan-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Carbon-14 dating suggests date of 730-690 BC for the kurgans, and a broad contemporaneity with the <a href="/wiki/Arzhan-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan-2">Arzhan-2</a> kurgan in Tuva.<a href="#cite_note-Pan-197">[196]</a> The Kurgans contained vast quantities of precious golden jewelry.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Remains of a "golden man" (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a> golden man) were found in 2003, with 4262 gold finds.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arzhan_2_(c._650_BC)">Arzhan 2 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 650 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Arzhan 2 (c. 650 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aldy-Bel_culture" title="Aldy-Bel culture">Aldy-Bel culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG/220px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG/330px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG/440px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_-_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Arzhan 2 kurgan (7th-6th centuries BC, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Aldy-Bel_culture" title="Aldy-Bel culture">Aldy-Bel culture</a>).<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> Arzhan-2 was an undisturbed burial.<a href="#cite_note-Man20-202">[201]</a> Archaeologists found a royal couple, sixteen murdered attendants, and 9,300 objects.<a href="#cite_note-Man20-202">[201]</a> 5,700 of these artifacts were made of gold, weighing a Siberian record-breaking twenty kilograms.<a href="#cite_note-Man20-202">[201]</a> The male, who researchers guess was some sort of king, wore a golden <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torc</a>, a jacket decorated with 2,500 golden panther figurines, a gold-encrusted dagger on a belt, trousers sewn with golden beads, and gold-cuffed boots.<a href="#cite_note-Man20-202">[201]</a> The woman wore a red cloak that was also covered in 2,500 golden panther figurines, as well as a golden-hilted iron dagger, a gold comb, and a wooden ladle with a golden handle.<a href="#cite_note-Man20-202">[201]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arzhan_deer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Animal style" deer, (7-6th century BC) Tuva."><img alt=""Animal style" deer, (7-6th century BC) Tuva." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Arzhan_deer.jpg/137px-Arzhan_deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Arzhan_deer.jpg/206px-Arzhan_deer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Arzhan_deer.jpg/274px-Arzhan_deer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="2534" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Animal style" deer, (7-6th century BC) Tuva.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_(VIII._-_VII._B._C.)_Tuva.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pectoral plate, from burial mound Arzhan (7-6th century BC) Tuva."><img alt="Pectoral plate, from burial mound Arzhan (7-6th century BC) Tuva." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG/180px-6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG/270px-6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG/360px-6._Pectorale_burial_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII._-_VII._B._C.%29_Tuva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pectoral plate, from burial mound Arzhan (7-6th century BC) Tuva.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:8._Akinak_(dagger)_bural_mound_Arzhan_(VIII.-VII._B.C.)_Tuva.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Akinak (dagger) burial mound Arzhan (7-6th century BC) Tuva."><img alt="Akinak (dagger) burial mound Arzhan (7-6th century BC) Tuva." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG/180px-8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG/270px-8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG/360px-8._Akinak_%28dagger%29_bural_mound_Arzhan_%28VIII.-VII._B.C.%29_Tuva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="2708" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Akinak (dagger) burial mound Arzhan (7-6th century BC) Tuva.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleke_Sazy_Burial_Complex_(c._800-400_BC)">Eleke Sazy Burial Complex (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800-400 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eleke Sazy Burial Complex (c. 800-400 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recumbent_stag_plaque_(EKRM_inv._no._K%D0%9FO93-38625);_gold_with_turquoise_and_lapis_lazuli_inlays;_Kurgan_4,_group_II,_Eleke_Sazy,_Tarbagatai_mountains,_Kazakhstan;_8th_to_6th_century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Recumbent_stag_plaque_%28EKRM_inv._no._K%D0%9FO93-38625%29%3B_gold_with_turquoise_and_lapis_lazuli_inlays%3B_Kurgan_4%2C_group_II%2C_Eleke_Sazy%2C_Tarbagatai_mountains%2C_Kazakhstan%3B_8th_to_6th_century_BC.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Recumbent_stag_plaque_%28EKRM_inv._no._K%D0%9FO93-38625%29%3B_gold_with_turquoise_and_lapis_lazuli_inlays%3B_Kurgan_4%2C_group_II%2C_Eleke_Sazy%2C_Tarbagatai_mountains%2C_Kazakhstan%3B_8th_to_6th_century_BC.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Recumbent_stag_plaque_%28EKRM_inv._no._K%D0%9FO93-38625%29%3B_gold_with_turquoise_and_lapis_lazuli_inlays%3B_Kurgan_4%2C_group_II%2C_Eleke_Sazy%2C_Tarbagatai_mountains%2C_Kazakhstan%3B_8th_to_6th_century_BC.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Recumbent stag plaque, Eleke Sazy, Kazakhstan; 8th to 6th century BC</figcaption></figure> In 2020, archaeologists excavated multiple burial mounds in the Eleke Sazy Valley in East Kazakhstan. Here, a large number of gold artifacts were found. These artifacts included golf harness fittings, pendants, chains, appliqués, and more – most of which are in the <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">Animal Style</a> of the Scythian-Saka era dating back to the 5th–4th centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berel_burial_mound_(c._350-300_BC)">Berel burial mound (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350-300 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Berel burial mound (c. 350-300 BC)">edit</a>]</div> Near the selo of Berel in the <a href="/wiki/Katonkaragay_District" title="Katonkaragay District">Katonkaragay District</a> of eastern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saka&params=49.3732082_N_86.4380264_E_scale:20000&title=Berel">49°22′24″N 86°26′17″E / 49.3732082°N 86.4380264°E / 49.3732082; 86.4380264 (Berel)</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a>) excavations of ancient burial mounds have revealed artefacts the sophistication of which are encouraging a revaluation of the nomadic cultures of the 3rd and 4th centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:31._Catlike_predator_with_protomas_of_two_elk_burial_mound_Berel_(IV.-III._B.C.)_Kazakhstan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Catlike predator with protomas of two elk, burial mound Berel (4th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture."><img alt="Catlike predator with protomas of two elk, burial mound Berel (4th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/31._Catlike_predator_with_protomas_of_two_elk_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG/98px-31._Catlike_predator_with_protomas_of_two_elk_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/31._Catlike_predator_with_protomas_of_two_elk_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG/147px-31._Catlike_predator_with_protomas_of_two_elk_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/31._Catlike_predator_with_protomas_of_two_elk_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG/196px-31._Catlike_predator_with_protomas_of_two_elk_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="2959" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Catlike predator with protomas of two elk, burial mound <a href="/wiki/Berel,_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Berel, Kazakhstan">Berel</a> (4th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1._Deer_in_Griffin%27s_beak,_burial_mound_Berel_(IV-III._B.C.)_Kazakstan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Deer in Griffin's beak, burial mound Berel (4th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan."><img alt="Deer in Griffin's beak, burial mound Berel (4th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1._Deer_in_Griffin%27s_beak%2C_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV-III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG/120px-1._Deer_in_Griffin%27s_beak%2C_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV-III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1._Deer_in_Griffin%27s_beak%2C_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV-III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG/180px-1._Deer_in_Griffin%27s_beak%2C_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV-III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1._Deer_in_Griffin%27s_beak%2C_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV-III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG/240px-1._Deer_in_Griffin%27s_beak%2C_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV-III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3673" data-file-height="2829" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deer in Griffin's beak, burial mound Berel (4th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:12._Tigergriffin_arthor_work_based_on_Scytian-_saka_animal_style_burial_mound_Berel_(V._-_III._B.C.)_Kazakstan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tigergriffin arthor work based on Scytian- saka animal style, burial mound Berel (5th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan."><img alt="Tigergriffin arthor work based on Scytian- saka animal style, burial mound Berel (5th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/12._Tigergriffin_arthor_work_based_on_Scytian-_saka_animal_style_burial_mound_Berel_%28V._-_III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG/90px-12._Tigergriffin_arthor_work_based_on_Scytian-_saka_animal_style_burial_mound_Berel_%28V._-_III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/12._Tigergriffin_arthor_work_based_on_Scytian-_saka_animal_style_burial_mound_Berel_%28V._-_III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG/135px-12._Tigergriffin_arthor_work_based_on_Scytian-_saka_animal_style_burial_mound_Berel_%28V._-_III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/12._Tigergriffin_arthor_work_based_on_Scytian-_saka_animal_style_burial_mound_Berel_%28V._-_III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG/180px-12._Tigergriffin_arthor_work_based_on_Scytian-_saka_animal_style_burial_mound_Berel_%28V._-_III._B.C.%29_Kazakstan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tigergriffin arthor work based on Scytian- saka animal style, burial mound Berel (5th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:28._Griffins_burial_mound_Berel_(V.-III._B.C.)_Kazakhstan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Griffins, burial mound Berel (5th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan."><img alt="Griffins, burial mound Berel (5th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/28._Griffins_burial_mound_Berel_%28V.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG/90px-28._Griffins_burial_mound_Berel_%28V.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/28._Griffins_burial_mound_Berel_%28V.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG/135px-28._Griffins_burial_mound_Berel_%28V.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/28._Griffins_burial_mound_Berel_%28V.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG/180px-28._Griffins_burial_mound_Berel_%28V.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Griffins, burial mound Berel (5th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:34._Frontal_decoration_(harness)_burial_mound_Berel_(IV.-III._B.C.)_Kazakhstan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Frontal decoration (harness), burial mound Berel (4th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture."><img alt="Frontal decoration (harness), burial mound Berel (4th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/34._Frontal_decoration_%28harness%29_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG/70px-34._Frontal_decoration_%28harness%29_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/34._Frontal_decoration_%28harness%29_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG/104px-34._Frontal_decoration_%28harness%29_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/34._Frontal_decoration_%28harness%29_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG/139px-34._Frontal_decoration_%28harness%29_burial_mound_Berel_%28IV.-III._B.C.%29_Kazakhstan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2234" data-file-height="3845" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frontal decoration (harness), burial mound Berel (4th-3rd centuries BC) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pazyryk_culture_(c._300_BC)">Pazyryk culture (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pazyryk culture (c. 300 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/170px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/255px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/340px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a> horseman in a felt painting from a burial around 300 BC. The Pazyryks appear to be closely related to the Scythians.<a href="#cite_note-Parragon-206">[205]</a></figcaption></figure> Saka burials documented by modern archaeologists include the <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgans</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ulagan" title="Ulagan">Ulagan</a> (Red) district of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> (near Mongolia). Archaeologists have extrapolated the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a> from these finds: five large burial mounds and several smaller ones between 1925 and 1949, one opened in 1947 by Russian archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rudenko" title="Sergei Rudenko">Sergei Rudenko</a>. The burial mounds concealed chambers of larch-logs covered over with large <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairns</a> of boulders and stones.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The Pazyryk culture flourished between the 7th and 3rd century BC in the area associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sacae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacae">Sacae</a>. Ordinary Pazyryk graves contain only common utensils, but in one, among other treasures, archaeologists found the famous <a href="/wiki/File:Scythiancarpet.jpg" title="File:Scythiancarpet.jpg">Pazyryk Carpet</a>, the oldest surviving wool-pile <a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">oriental rug</a>. Another striking find, a 3-metre-high four-wheel funerary chariot, survived well-preserved from the 5th to 4th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Siberian_kurgans_excavated_in_the_18th_century">Southern Siberian kurgans excavated in the 18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Southern Siberian kurgans excavated in the 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Approximate_location_of_the_finds_of_the_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Approximate_location_of_the_finds_of_the_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.png/220px-Approximate_location_of_the_finds_of_the_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Approximate_location_of_the_finds_of_the_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.png/330px-Approximate_location_of_the_finds_of_the_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Approximate_location_of_the_finds_of_the_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.png/440px-Approximate_location_of_the_finds_of_the_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Approximate location of the finds of the Siberian Collection of Peter the Great.<a href="#cite_note-BM-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a></figcaption></figure> During the 18th century and the Russian expansion into Siberia, many Saka kurgans were plundered, sometimes by independent grave-robbers or sometimes officially at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, but usually without any archaeological records being taken.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Only the general location where they were excavated is known, between modern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BM-209">[208]</a> ru Many of these artefacts were part of the archaeological presents sent by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matvey_Gagarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matvey Gagarin (page does not exist)">Matvey Gagarin</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Гагарин, Матвей Петрович">ru</a>], Governor of Siberia based in <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Petersburg">Saint-Petersburg</a> in 1716.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> They are now located in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Petersburg">Saint-Petersburg</a>, and form the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a>. Their estimated datation ranges from the 7th century BC to the 1st century BC, depending on the artefacts.<a href="#cite_note-BM-209">[208]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great_An_aigrette._State_Hermitage._Inv._Si_1727_1-131.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aigrette, 4th-3rd century BC. Siberian Collection of Peter the Great.[212]"><img alt="Aigrette, 4th-3rd century BC. Siberian Collection of Peter the Great.[212]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great_An_aigrette._State_Hermitage._Inv._Si_1727_1-131.jpg/156px-Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great_An_aigrette._State_Hermitage._Inv._Si_1727_1-131.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great_An_aigrette._State_Hermitage._Inv._Si_1727_1-131.jpg/234px-Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great_An_aigrette._State_Hermitage._Inv._Si_1727_1-131.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great_An_aigrette._State_Hermitage._Inv._Si_1727_1-131.jpg/312px-Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great_An_aigrette._State_Hermitage._Inv._Si_1727_1-131.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2220" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aigrette, 4th-3rd century BC. <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum), 2nd-1st century BC.[213]"><img alt="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum), 2nd-1st century BC.[213]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg/200px-Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg/300px-Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg/400px-Steppes_horseman_hunting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="747" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a>, 2nd-1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belt plaque from the Siberian collection of Peter the Great, probably Ingala Valley"><img alt="Belt plaque from the Siberian collection of Peter the Great, probably Ingala Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-3.jpg/200px-%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-3.jpg/300px-%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-3.jpg/400px-%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1368" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Belt plaque from the Siberian collection of Peter the Great, probably <a href="/wiki/Ingala_Valley" title="Ingala Valley">Ingala Valley</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Siberian_gold,_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siberian gold, Siberian Collection of Peter the Great"><img alt="Siberian gold, Siberian Collection of Peter the Great" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Siberian_gold%2C_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.jpg/200px-Siberian_gold%2C_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Siberian_gold%2C_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.jpg/300px-Siberian_gold%2C_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Siberian_gold%2C_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.jpg/400px-Siberian_gold%2C_Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="965" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Siberian gold, Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tillia_Tepe_treasure_(2nd-1st_century_BC)">Tillia Tepe treasure (2nd-1st century BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tillia Tepe treasure (2nd-1st century BC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tillia_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillia Tepe">Tillia Tepe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TilliaTepeReconstitution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TilliaTepeReconstitution.jpg/280px-TilliaTepeReconstitution.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TilliaTepeReconstitution.jpg/420px-TilliaTepeReconstitution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TilliaTepeReconstitution.jpg/560px-TilliaTepeReconstitution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Artifacts found the tombs 2 and 4 of <a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a> and reconstitution of their use on the man and woman found in these tombs</figcaption></figure> A site found in 1968 in <a href="/wiki/Tillia_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillia Tepe">Tillia Tepe</a> (literally "the golden hill") in northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (former Bactria) near <a href="/wiki/Shebergan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebergan">Shebergan</a> consisted of the graves of five women and one man with extremely rich jewelry, dated to around the 1st century BC, and probably related to that of Saka tribes normally living slightly to the north.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Altogether the graves yielded several thousands of pieces of fine jewelry, usually made from combinations of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lapis-lazuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapis-lazuli">lapis-lazuli</a>. A high degree of cultural <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> pervades the findings, however. <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> cultural and artistic influences appear in many of the forms and human depictions (from <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">amorini</a> to rings with the depiction of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and her name inscribed in Greek), attributable to the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid empire">Seleucid empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> kingdom in the same area until around 140 BC, and the continued existence of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a> in the northwestern Indian sub-continent until the beginning of our era. This testifies to the richness of cultural influences in the area of Bactria at that time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gender roles">edit</a>]</div> Recently, evidence confirmed by the full-genomic analysis of a Scythian child's remains found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, which was discovered in Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva, revealed that the individual, previously thought to be male because it had items that were associated with the belief that Scythian society was male-dominated, was actually female. Along with the leather skirt, the burial also contained a leather headdress painted with red pigment, a coat sewn from jerboa fur, a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles, a leather quiver with arrows with painted ornaments on the shafts, a fully-preserved battle pick, and a bow. These items provide valuable insights into the material culture and lifestyle of the Scythians, including their hunting and warfare practices, and their use of animal hides for clothing.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg/440px-Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg/660px-Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg/880px-Orlat_plaque_encounter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="1622" /></a><figcaption>Battle scenes between "<a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a>" Saka warriors, from the <a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a>. 1st century AD.</figcaption></figure> The art of the Saka was of a similar styles as other Iranian peoples of the steppes, which is referred to collectively as <a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian art</a>. In 2001, the discovery of an undisturbed royal Scythian burial-barrow at <a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan</a> illustrated Scythian animal-style gold that lacks the direct influence of Greek styles. Forty-four pounds of gold weighed down the royal couple in this burial, discovered near <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kyzyl</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> republic of <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>. Ancient influences from Central Asia became identifiable in China following contacts of metropolitan China with nomadic western and northwestern border territories from the 8th century BC. The Chinese adopted the Scythian-style animal art of the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> (descriptions of animals locked in combat), particularly the rectangular belt-plaques made of gold or bronze, and created their own versions in <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatite">steatite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Following their expulsion by the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, some Saka may also have migrated to the area of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> in southern China. Saka warriors could also have served as mercenaries for the various kingdoms of ancient China. Excavations of the prehistoric art of the <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a> civilisation of Yunnan have revealed hunting scenes of <a href="/wiki/Caucasoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasoid">Caucasoid</a> horsemen in Central Asian clothing.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Saka influences have been identified as far as Korea and Japan. Various Korean artifacts, such as the royal crowns of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, are said to be of "Scythian" design.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Similar crowns, brought through contacts with the continent, can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Kofun_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofun era">Kofun era</a> Japan.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majiayuan_tomb_figurines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Majiayuan_tomb_figurines.jpg/220px-Majiayuan_tomb_figurines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Majiayuan_tomb_figurines.jpg/330px-Majiayuan_tomb_figurines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Majiayuan_tomb_figurines.jpg/440px-Majiayuan_tomb_figurines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Saka-style <a href="/wiki/Majiayuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Majiayuan">Majiayuan culture</a> tomb figurines (3rd-2nd century BC).<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></figcaption></figure> Similar to other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranians">eastern Iranian peoples</a> represented on the reliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, Sakas are depicted as wearing long trousers, which cover the uppers of their boots. Over their shoulders they trail a type of long mantle, with one diagonal edge in back. One particular tribe of Sakas (the Saka tigraxaudā) wore <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">pointed caps</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in his description of the Persian army mentions the Sakas as wearing trousers and tall pointed caps.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_bronze_warrior_figurine_in_Greeco-Bactrian_style._Central_Asian,_5th_Cnetury_BC_-_3rc_Century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kneeling_bronze_warrior_figurine_in_Greeco-Bactrian_style._Central_Asian%2C_5th_Cnetury_BC_-_3rc_Century_BC.jpg/170px-Kneeling_bronze_warrior_figurine_in_Greeco-Bactrian_style._Central_Asian%2C_5th_Cnetury_BC_-_3rc_Century_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kneeling_bronze_warrior_figurine_in_Greeco-Bactrian_style._Central_Asian%2C_5th_Cnetury_BC_-_3rc_Century_BC.jpg/255px-Kneeling_bronze_warrior_figurine_in_Greeco-Bactrian_style._Central_Asian%2C_5th_Cnetury_BC_-_3rc_Century_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kneeling_bronze_warrior_figurine_in_Greeco-Bactrian_style._Central_Asian%2C_5th_Cnetury_BC_-_3rc_Century_BC.jpg/340px-Kneeling_bronze_warrior_figurine_in_Greeco-Bactrian_style._Central_Asian%2C_5th_Cnetury_BC_-_3rc_Century_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="3935" /></a><figcaption>Statuette from the Saka culture in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, from a 3rd-century BC burial site north of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Region_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Region Museum">Xinjiang Region Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDi_Cosmo1999[httpswwwresearchgatenetfigureStatuette-of-warrior-a-and-bronze-cauldron-b-Saka-culture-Xinjiang-From-Mu_fig3_286685537_13.5._Statuette_of_warrior_(a),_and_bronze_cauldron_(b),_Saka...]_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDi_Cosmo1999[httpswwwresearchgatenetfigureStatuette-of-warrior-a-and-bronze-cauldron-b-Saka-culture-Xinjiang-From-Mu_fig3_286685537_13.5._Statuette_of_warrior_(a),_and_bronze_cauldron_(b),_Saka...]-224">[223]</a> Could alternatively be a Greek hoplite.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a></figcaption></figure> Men and women wore long trousers, often adorned with metal plaques and often embroidered or adorned with felt appliqués; trousers could have been wider or tight fitting depending on the area. Materials used depended on the wealth, climate and necessity.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Herodotus says Sakas had "high caps tapering to a point and stiffly upright." Asian Saka headgear is clearly visible on the Persepolis Apadana staircase bas-relief – high pointed hat with flaps over ears and the nape of the neck.<a href="#cite_note-saka_bas_relief-227">[226]</a> From China to the Danube delta, men seemed to have worn a variety of soft headgear – either conical like the one described by Herodotus, or rounder, more like a Phrygian cap. Saka women dressed in much the same fashion as men. A Pazyryk burial, discovered in the 1990s, contained the skeletons of a man and a woman, each with weapons, arrowheads, and an axe. Herodotus mentioned that Sakas had "high caps and … wore trousers." Clothing was sewn from plain-weave wool, hemp cloth, silk fabrics, felt, leather and hides. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalry_and_Horse_Warring_States_period_475-221_BCE_Terracotta_Warriors_2013_exhibit_at_San_Francisco%27s_Asian_Art_Museum_20130320-110726_C4A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cavalry_and_Horse_Warring_States_period_475-221_BCE_Terracotta_Warriors_2013_exhibit_at_San_Francisco%27s_Asian_Art_Museum_20130320-110726_C4A.jpg/290px-Cavalry_and_Horse_Warring_States_period_475-221_BCE_Terracotta_Warriors_2013_exhibit_at_San_Francisco%27s_Asian_Art_Museum_20130320-110726_C4A.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cavalry_and_Horse_Warring_States_period_475-221_BCE_Terracotta_Warriors_2013_exhibit_at_San_Francisco%27s_Asian_Art_Museum_20130320-110726_C4A.jpg/435px-Cavalry_and_Horse_Warring_States_period_475-221_BCE_Terracotta_Warriors_2013_exhibit_at_San_Francisco%27s_Asian_Art_Museum_20130320-110726_C4A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cavalry_and_Horse_Warring_States_period_475-221_BCE_Terracotta_Warriors_2013_exhibit_at_San_Francisco%27s_Asian_Art_Museum_20130320-110726_C4A.jpg/580px-Cavalry_and_Horse_Warring_States_period_475-221_BCE_Terracotta_Warriors_2013_exhibit_at_San_Francisco%27s_Asian_Art_Museum_20130320-110726_C4A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Taerpo_horserider" class="mw-redirect" title="Taerpo horserider">Taerpo horserider</a>, a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Warrior-State Qin</a> terracotta figurine from a tomb in the Taerpo cemetery near <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaanxi Province">Shaanxi Province</a>, 4th-3rd century BC. This is the earliest known representation of a cavalryman in China.<a href="#cite_note-MK-228">[227]</a> The outfit is of Central Asian style, probably Scythian,<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> and the rider with his high-pointed nose appears to be a foreigner.<a href="#cite_note-MK-228">[227]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Zheng_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zheng of Qin">Zheng of Qin</a> (246–221 BC) is known to have employed steppe cavalry men in his army, as seen in his <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a></figcaption></figure> Pazyryk findings give the most almost fully preserved garments and clothing worn by the Scythian/Saka peoples. Ancient Persian bas-reliefs, inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behistun" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun">Behistun</a> and archaeological findings give visual representations of these garments. Based on the Pazyryk findings (can be seen also in the south Siberian, Uralic and Kazakhstan rock drawings) some caps were topped with zoomorphic wooden sculptures firmly attached to a cap and forming an integral part of the headgear, similar to the surviving nomad helmets from northern China. Men and warrior women wore tunics, often embroidered, adorned with felt applique work, or metal (golden) plaques. Persepolis Apadana again serves a good starting point to observe the tunics of the Sakas. They appear to be a sewn, long-sleeved garment that extended to the knees and was girded with a belt, while the owner's weapons were fastened to the belt (sword or dagger, <a href="/wiki/Gorytos" title="Gorytos">gorytos</a>, battle-axe, whetstone etc.). Based on numerous archeological findings, men and warrior women wore long-sleeved tunics that were always belted, often with richly ornamented belts. The Kazakhstan Saka (e.g. Issyk Golden Man/Maiden) wore shorter and closer-fitting tunics than the Pontic steppe Scythians. Some Pazyryk culture Saka wore short belted tunic with a lapel on the right side, with upright collar, 'puffed' sleeves narrowing at the wrist and bound in narrow cuffs of a color different from the rest of the tunic. Men and women wore coats: e.g. Pazyryk Saka had many varieties, from fur to felt. They could have worn a riding coat that later was known as a Median robe or Kantus. Long sleeved, and open, it seems that on the Persepolis Apadana Skudrian delegation is perhaps shown wearing such coat. The Pazyryk felt tapestry shows a rider wearing a billowing cloak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tattoos">Tattoos</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tattoos">edit</a>]</div> Men and women of eastern saka are known to have been extensively tattooed. The men in the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a> had extensive tattoos in the Siberian <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">animal style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nomads-231">[230]</a> A Pazyryk chief in burial mound 2, had his body covered in <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">animal style</a> tattoos, but not his face.<a href="#cite_note-SP106-232">[231]</a> Parts of the body had deteriorated, but much of the tattooing was still clearly visible (see <a href="/wiki/File:Scythian_tatoo.jpg" title="File:Scythian tatoo.jpg">image</a>). Subsequent investigation using reflected <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">infrared photography</a> revealed that all five bodies discovered in the Pazyryk kurgans were tattooed.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> No instruments specifically designed for tattooing were found, but the Pazyryks had extremely fine needles with which they did miniature <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>, and these were probably used for tattooing. The chief was elaborately decorated with an interlocking series of striking designs representing a variety of fantastic beasts. The best preserved <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a> were images of a <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">mountain ram</a>, two highly stylized <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> with long antlers and an imaginary <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a> on the right arm. Two monsters resembling <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffins</a> decorate the chest, and on the left arm are three partially obliterated images which seem to represent two deer and a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">mountain goat</a>. On the front of the right leg a <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> extends from the foot to the knee. A monster crawls over the right foot, and on the inside of the shin is a series of four running rams which touch each other to form a single design. The left leg also bears tattoos, but these designs could not be clearly distinguished. In addition, the chief's back was tattooed with a series of small circles in line with the vertebral column.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a> is also known for her extensive tattoos.<a href="#cite_note-siberiantimes.com-235">[234]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pazyryk-2_tattoos.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tattoos of the Pazyryk-2 chief.[235]"><img alt="Tattoos of the Pazyryk-2 chief.[235]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pazyryk-2_tattoos.png/161px-Pazyryk-2_tattoos.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pazyryk-2_tattoos.png/241px-Pazyryk-2_tattoos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pazyryk-2_tattoos.png/322px-Pazyryk-2_tattoos.png 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1508" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tattoos of the Pazyryk-2 chief.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pazyryk_tatoo_design_with_zoomorphic_symbols,_4th_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tattoos of the chief's right arm, with zoomorphic symbols.[234]"><img alt="Tattoos of the chief's right arm, with zoomorphic symbols.[234]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pazyryk_tatoo_design_with_zoomorphic_symbols%2C_4th_century_BCE.jpg/200px-Pazyryk_tatoo_design_with_zoomorphic_symbols%2C_4th_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pazyryk_tatoo_design_with_zoomorphic_symbols%2C_4th_century_BCE.jpg/300px-Pazyryk_tatoo_design_with_zoomorphic_symbols%2C_4th_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pazyryk_tatoo_design_with_zoomorphic_symbols%2C_4th_century_BCE.jpg/400px-Pazyryk_tatoo_design_with_zoomorphic_symbols%2C_4th_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="698" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tattoos of the chief's right arm, with zoomorphic symbols.<a href="#cite_note-siberiantimes.com-235">[234]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pazyryk-2_man,_back_and_left_arm_(circa_300_BCE).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tattoos of the chief's back and left arm.[234]"><img alt="Tattoos of the chief's back and left arm.[234]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pazyryk-2_man%2C_back_and_left_arm_%28circa_300_BCE%29.jpg/158px-Pazyryk-2_man%2C_back_and_left_arm_%28circa_300_BCE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pazyryk-2_man%2C_back_and_left_arm_%28circa_300_BCE%29.jpg/237px-Pazyryk-2_man%2C_back_and_left_arm_%28circa_300_BCE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pazyryk-2_man%2C_back_and_left_arm_%28circa_300_BCE%29.jpg/317px-Pazyryk-2_man%2C_back_and_left_arm_%28circa_300_BCE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1516" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tattoos of the chief's back and left arm.<a href="#cite_note-siberiantimes.com-235">[234]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatoo_motif_on_the_arm_of_the_Siberian_Ice_Maiden.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tattoo motif on the arm of the Siberian Ice Maiden.[234]"><img alt="Tattoo motif on the arm of the Siberian Ice Maiden.[234]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tatoo_motif_on_the_arm_of_the_Siberian_Ice_Maiden.png/200px-Tatoo_motif_on_the_arm_of_the_Siberian_Ice_Maiden.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tatoo_motif_on_the_arm_of_the_Siberian_Ice_Maiden.png/300px-Tatoo_motif_on_the_arm_of_the_Siberian_Ice_Maiden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tatoo_motif_on_the_arm_of_the_Siberian_Ice_Maiden.png/400px-Tatoo_motif_on_the_arm_of_the_Siberian_Ice_Maiden.png 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1690" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tattoo motif on the arm of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-siberiantimes.com-235">[234]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Warfare">edit</a>]</div> A skull from an Iron Age cemetery in <a href="/wiki/South_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Siberia">South Siberia</a> shows evidence of scalping. It lends physical evidence to the practice of scalp taking by the Scythians living there.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_depictions_of_"Sakas"_in_China_(1st-3rd_century_AD)">Later depictions of "Sakas" in China (1st-3rd century AD)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Later depictions of "Sakas" in China (1st-3rd century AD)">edit</a>]</div> Numerous depictions of foreigners of Saka appearance appear in China around the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> period (25–220 AD), sometimes as far as east as <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. They may have appeared in relation with the conflicts against the Scythoïd <a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Xirong</a> in the west or the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu people</a> in the North, or the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. They were generally called "<a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a>" by the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-SKA-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-SS-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-BZ-240">[239]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mingqi_(Chinese_funerary_statuette)_of_a_young_western_man,_with_scythian_type_caftan_and_conical_hat_reminiscent_of_early_3rd_century_CE_Kushans._Later_Han_3rd_century_CE._Guimet_Museum_(MA_4660).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mingqi (Chinese funerary statuette) of a young Central Asian man, with Saka-type caftan and conical hat reminiscent of early 3rd century AD Kushans. Later Han, 3rd century AD. Guimet Museum (MA 4660).[237]"><img alt="Mingqi (Chinese funerary statuette) of a young Central Asian man, with Saka-type caftan and conical hat reminiscent of early 3rd century AD Kushans. Later Han, 3rd century AD. Guimet Museum (MA 4660).[237]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mingqi_%28Chinese_funerary_statuette%29_of_a_young_western_man%2C_with_scythian_type_caftan_and_conical_hat_reminiscent_of_early_3rd_century_CE_Kushans._Later_Han_3rd_century_CE._Guimet_Museum_%28MA_4660%29.jpg/128px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mingqi_%28Chinese_funerary_statuette%29_of_a_young_western_man%2C_with_scythian_type_caftan_and_conical_hat_reminiscent_of_early_3rd_century_CE_Kushans._Later_Han_3rd_century_CE._Guimet_Museum_%28MA_4660%29.jpg/192px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mingqi_%28Chinese_funerary_statuette%29_of_a_young_western_man%2C_with_scythian_type_caftan_and_conical_hat_reminiscent_of_early_3rd_century_CE_Kushans._Later_Han_3rd_century_CE._Guimet_Museum_%28MA_4660%29.jpg/256px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2106" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mingqi" title="Mingqi">Mingqi</a> (Chinese funerary statuette) of a young <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> man, with Saka-type caftan and conical hat reminiscent of early 3rd century AD <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Later Han</a>, 3rd century AD. <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a> (MA 4660).<a href="#cite_note-SKA-238">[237]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_(151%E2%80%93153_CE)._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Eastern Han tombs sometimes have depiction of battles between Hu barbarians, with bows and arrows and wearing pointed hats (left), against Han troops. Eastern Han Dynasty (151–153 AD). Tsangshan Han tomb in Linyi city. Also visible in Yinan tombs.[239]"><img alt="Eastern Han tombs sometimes have depiction of battles between Hu barbarians, with bows and arrows and wearing pointed hats (left), against Han troops. Eastern Han Dynasty (151–153 AD). Tsangshan Han tomb in Linyi city. Also visible in Yinan tombs.[239]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/200px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/300px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/400px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="1062" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eastern Han tombs sometimes have depiction of battles between <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Hu</a> barbarians, with bows and arrows and wearing pointed hats (left), against Han troops. Eastern Han Dynasty (151–153 AD). Tsangshan Han tomb in Linyi city. Also visible in <a href="/wiki/Yinan_tombs" title="Yinan tombs">Yinan tombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BZ-240">[239]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_(%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F).png" class="mw-file-description" title="General appearance of the numerous Scythoïd Hu monumental statues from Shandong, featuring people with a high nose, deep eyes and a pointed hat. Eastern Han period.[238]"><img alt="General appearance of the numerous Scythoïd Hu monumental statues from Shandong, featuring people with a high nose, deep eyes and a pointed hat. Eastern Han period.[238]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/119px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/179px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/239px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="906" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">General appearance of the numerous <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythoïd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a> monumental statues from <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, featuring people with a high nose, deep eyes and a pointed hat. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-SS-239">[238]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yinan_battle_scene,_2nd_century_CE,_Eastern_Han_(Hu_attack).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Yinan tombs relief, depicting an attack by Hu barbarians with pointed hats, bow and arrows. 2nd century AD, Eastern Han.[240]"><img alt="Yinan tombs relief, depicting an attack by Hu barbarians with pointed hats, bow and arrows. 2nd century AD, Eastern Han.[240]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han_%28Hu_attack%29.png/200px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han_%28Hu_attack%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han_%28Hu_attack%29.png/300px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han_%28Hu_attack%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han_%28Hu_attack%29.png/400px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han_%28Hu_attack%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="676" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yinan_tombs" title="Yinan tombs">Yinan tombs</a> relief, depicting an attack by Hu barbarians with pointed hats, bow and arrows. 2nd century AD, Eastern Han.<a href="#cite_note-Hu-241">[240]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi,_Shandong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hu statue from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), Han dynasty period, Linyi, Shandong.[241]"><img alt="Hu statue from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), Han dynasty period, Linyi, Shandong.[241]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/113px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/170px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/227px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1504" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Hu</a> statue from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a>, Shandong.<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-242">[241]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi,_Shandong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hu statue from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), Han dynasty period, Linyi, Shandong.[241]"><img alt="Hu statue from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), Han dynasty period, Linyi, Shandong.[241]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/103px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/155px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/207px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1504" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Hu</a> statue from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a>, Shandong.<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-242">[241]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreigner_hunting,_circa_500_BCE,_Gansu_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Man hunting, circa 500 BC, Gansu Museum.[242]"><img alt="Man hunting, circa 500 BC, Gansu Museum.[242]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Foreigner_hunting%2C_circa_500_BCE%2C_Gansu_Museum.jpg/149px-Foreigner_hunting%2C_circa_500_BCE%2C_Gansu_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Foreigner_hunting%2C_circa_500_BCE%2C_Gansu_Museum.jpg/224px-Foreigner_hunting%2C_circa_500_BCE%2C_Gansu_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Foreigner_hunting%2C_circa_500_BCE%2C_Gansu_Museum.jpg/299px-Foreigner_hunting%2C_circa_500_BCE%2C_Gansu_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="2306" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Man hunting, circa 500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Museum">Gansu Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besshatyr_Burial_Ground" title="Besshatyr Burial Ground">Besshatyr Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_central_steppe" title="History of the central steppe">History of the central steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakas_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Sakas in the Mahabharata">Sakas in the Mahabharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakzai" title="Sakzai">Sakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagetae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagetae (page does not exist)">Sagetae</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sageti" class="extiw" title="it:Sageti">it</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maga_Brahmin" title="Maga Brahmin">Maga Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Scytho-Siberian world</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%BF%F0%90%8E%A3%F0%90%8E%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:𐎿𐎣𐎠">𐎿𐎣𐎠</a> Sakā; <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharoṣṭhī</a>: 𐨯𐨐 Saka; <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sk#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sk">𓋴𓎝𓎡</a> <a href="/wiki/%F0%93%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="𓈉">𓈉</a> sk, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%EA%9C%A3g" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sꜣg">𓐠𓎼</a> <a href="/wiki/%F0%93%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="𓈉">𓈉</a> sꜣg; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:塞">塞</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">old</a> *Sək, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">mod.</a> Sè, Sāi), Shaka (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī</a>): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226570325">.mw-parser-output .script-brahmi{font-family:"Noto Sans Brahmi","Segoe UI Historic"}</style>𑀰𑀓, <a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a>, Śaka; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a>): शक Śaka, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:शाक">शाक</a> Śāka), or Sacae (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483">Σάκαι Sákai; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r971457066">Sacae </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavis-KimballBashilovI︠A︡blonskiĭ1995" class="citation book cs1">Davis-Kimball, Jeannine; Bashilov, V. A.; I︠A︡blonskiĭ, Leonid Teodorovich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/Nomads_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes.pdf">Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age</a> (PDF). Zinat Press. p. IX, Map 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+of+the+Eurasian+Steppes+in+the+Early+Iron+Age&rft.pages=IX%2C+Map+1&rft.pub=Zinat+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Davis-Kimball&rft.aufirst=Jeannine&rft.au=Bashilov%2C+V.+A.&rft.au=I%EF%B8%A0A%EF%B8%A1blonski%C4%AD%2C+Leonid+Teodorovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgorski.com%2Fmain%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2FNomads_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas_of_World_History-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_of_World_History_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_of_World_History_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA51">Atlas of World History</a>. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0"><bdi>978-0-19-521921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+History&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521921-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffZy5tDjaUkC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauve2021" class="citation book cs1">Fauve, Jeroen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPBIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406">The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies</a>. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1518-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1518-1"><bdi>978-3-8382-1518-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Handbook+of+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-1518-1&rft.aulast=Fauve&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPBIEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood1997" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldhist00hayw/page/n58/mode/1up">Atlas of world history</a>. New York : Barnes & Noble Books. pp. Map 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0687-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0687-9"><bdi>978-0-7607-0687-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+world+history&rft.pages=Map+22&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0687-9&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofworldhist00hayw%2Fpage%2Fn58%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2017" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Claudia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QR0xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72">Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads</a>. Routledge. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-70158-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-70158-7"><bdi>978-1-351-70158-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Prehistoric+Central+Asia%3A+Shepherds%2C+Farmers%2C+and+Nomads&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-70158-7&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQR0xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhie2002" class="citation book cs1">Rhie, Marylin M. (2002). Early Buddhist art of China and Central Asia. Leiden: Brill. p. Fig. 5.70d. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11499-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11499-9"><bdi>978-90-04-11499-9</bdi></a>. <q>Fig. 5.70d Gold mail suit, crown and leg covers, from an Issik tomb, period of the Saka tribes, 5th to 4th century B.C., Institute of Archaeology, History and Ethnography, Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan (after Shiruku rodo no yuihO, pl. 18)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+art+of+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=Fig.+5.70d&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11499-9&rft.aulast=Rhie&rft.aufirst=Marylin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B_68-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B_68_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_68_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 68 "Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer specifically to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin" </li> <li id="cite_note-D_37-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D_37_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_37_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_37_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_37_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1994">Dandamayev 1994</a>, p. 37 "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnterländerPalstraLazaridisPilipenko2017">Unterländer et al. 2017</a>: "During the first millennium BC, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive 'Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture..." </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnecchi-Ruscone2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (26 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7997506">"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"</a>. Science Advances. 7 (13). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.4414G">2021SciA....7.4414G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abe4414">10.1126/sciadv.abe4414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7997506">7997506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33771866">33771866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomic+time+transect+from+the+Central+Asian+Steppe+unravels+the+history+of+the+Scythians&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7997506%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.4414G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33771866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abe4414&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Gnecchi-Ruscone&rft.aufirst=Guido+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7997506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarWangZhangWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Vikas; Wang, Wenjun; Zhang, Jie; Wang, Yongqiang; Ruan, Qiurong; Yu, Jianjun; Wu, Xiaohong; Hu, Xingjun; Wu, Xinhua; Guo, Wu; Wang, Bo; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Lv, Enguo; Tang, Zihua; Cao, Peng (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk1534">"Bronze and Iron Age population movements underlie Xinjiang population history"</a>. Science. 376 (6588): 62–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...376...62K">2022Sci...376...62K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abk1534">10.1126/science.abk1534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357918">35357918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247855352">247855352</a>. <q>Of these, the Sakas were the descendants of Late Bronze Age (LBA) herders (such as the Andronovo, Srubnaya, and Sintashta) with additional ancestries derived from Lake Baikal (Shamanka_EBA) (EBA, Early Bronze Age) and BMAC populations (1, 17, 18). Sakas have been associated with the Indo-Iranian Khotanese language, which was spoken in southern Xinjiang before spreading to other parts of the region (19).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Bronze+and+Iron+Age+population+movements+underlie+Xinjiang+population+history&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=6588&rft.pages=62-69&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247855352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...376...62K&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abk1534&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35357918&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenjun&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jie&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yongqiang&rft.au=Ruan%2C+Qiurong&rft.au=Yu%2C+Jianjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xingjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xinhua&rft.au=Guo%2C+Wu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bo&rft.au=Niyazi%2C+Alipujiang&rft.au=Lv%2C+Enguo&rft.au=Tang%2C+Zihua&rft.au=Cao%2C+Peng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abk1534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stella_Kramrisch" title="Stella Kramrisch">Kramrisch, Stella</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts#ref314168">"Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. Retrieved 1 September 2018. <q>The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+Arts%3A+Nomadic+Cultures&rft.aulast=Kramrisch&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FCentral-Asian-arts%2FVisual-arts%23ref314168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DM_156-14"><a href="#cite_ref-DM_156_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidMcNiven2018">David & McNiven 2018</a>: "Horse-riding nomadism has been referred to as the culture of 'Early Nomads'. This term encompasses different ethnic groups (such as Scythians, Saka, Massagetae, and Yuezhi)..." </li> <li id="cite_note-DiakonoffNomenclature-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiakonoffNomenclature_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiakonoffNomenclature_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiakonoff1985">Diakonoff 1985</a>: the Persians called "Saka" all the northern nomads, just as the Greeks called them "Scythians", and the Babylonians "Cimmerians". </li> <li id="cite_note-Cimmerians-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cimmerians_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cimmerians_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokhtas’ev1991" class="citation web cs1">Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cimmerians-nomads">"Cimmerians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. <q>As the Cimmerians cannot be differentiated archeologically from the Scythians, it is possible to speculate about their Iranian origins. In the Neo-Babylonian texts (according to D'yakonov, including at least some of the Assyrian texts in Babylonian dialect) Gimirri and similar forms designate the Scythians and Central Asian Saka, reflecting the perception among inhabitants of Mesopotamia that Cimmerians and Scythians represented a single cultural and economic group</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Cimmerians&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Tokhtas%E2%80%99ev&rft.aufirst=Sergei+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcimmerians-nomads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaitsevaChugunovAlekseevDergachev2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zaitseva, G. I.; Chugunov, K. V.; Alekseev, A. Yu; Dergachev, V. A.; Vasiliev, S. S.; Sementsov, A. A.; Cook, G.; Scott, E. M.; Plicht, J. van der; Parzinger, H.; Nagler, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200042545">"Chronology of Key Barrows Belonging to Different Stages of the Scythian Period in Tuva (Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 Barrows)"</a>. Radiocarbon. 49 (2): 645–658. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Radcb..49..645Z">2007Radcb..49..645Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200042545">10.1017/S0033822200042545</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Key+Barrows+Belonging+to+Different+Stages+of+the+Scythian+Period+in+Tuva+%28Arzhan-1+and+Arzhan-2+Barrows%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=645-658&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200042545&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Radcb..49..645Z&rft.aulast=Zaitseva&rft.aufirst=G.+I.&rft.au=Chugunov%2C+K.+V.&rft.au=Alekseev%2C+A.+Yu&rft.au=Dergachev%2C+V.+A.&rft.au=Vasiliev%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Sementsov%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Cook%2C+G.&rft.au=Scott%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Plicht%2C+J.+van+der&rft.au=Parzinger%2C+H.&rft.au=Nagler%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0033822200042545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaspariSadykovBlochinHajdas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Caspari, Gino; Sadykov, Timur; Blochin, Jegor; Hajdas, Irka (1 September 2018). "Tunnug 1 (Arzhan 0) – an early Scythian kurgan in Tuva Republic, Russia". Archaeological Research in Asia. 15: 82–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ara.2017.11.001">10.1016/j.ara.2017.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-2267">2352-2267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135231553">135231553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Research+in+Asia&rft.atitle=Tunnug+1+%28Arzhan+0%29+%E2%80%93+an+early+Scythian+kurgan+in+Tuva+Republic%2C+Russia&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=82-87&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135231553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2352-2267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ara.2017.11.001&rft.aulast=Caspari&rft.aufirst=Gino&rft.au=Sadykov%2C+Timur&rft.au=Blochin%2C+Jegor&rft.au=Hajdas%2C+Irka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDergachevVasilievSementsovZaitseva2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dergachev, V. A.; Vasiliev, S. S.; Sementsov, A. A.; Zaitseva, G. I.; Chugunov, K. A.; Sljusarenko, I. Ju (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200038273">"Dendrochronology and Radiocarbon Dating Methods in Archaeological Studies of Scythian Sites"</a>. Radiocarbon. 43 (2A): 417–424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Radcb..43..417D">2001Radcb..43..417D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200038273">10.1017/S0033822200038273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Dendrochronology+and+Radiocarbon+Dating+Methods+in+Archaeological+Studies+of+Scythian+Sites&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2A&rft.pages=417-424&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200038273&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Radcb..43..417D&rft.aulast=Dergachev&rft.aufirst=V.+A.&rft.au=Vasiliev%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Sementsov%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Zaitseva%2C+G.+I.&rft.au=Chugunov%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Sljusarenko%2C+I.+Ju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0033822200038273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanyushkinaGrigorievLangeAlimbay2013" class="citation journal cs1">Panyushkina, Irina; Grigoriev, Fedor; Lange, Todd; Alimbay, Nursan (2013). "Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dates of the Bes-Shatyr #3 Saka Kurgan in the Semirechiye, Kazakhstan". Radiocarbon. 55 (3): 1297–1303. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Radcb..55.1297P">2013Radcb..55.1297P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200048207">10.1017/S0033822200048207</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F628658">10150/628658</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220661798">220661798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+and+Tree-Ring+Dates+of+the+Bes-Shatyr+%233+Saka+Kurgan+in+the+Semirechiye%2C+Kazakhstan&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1297-1303&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F628658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220661798%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Radcb..55.1297P&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200048207&rft.aulast=Panyushkina&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft.au=Grigoriev%2C+Fedor&rft.au=Lange%2C+Todd&rft.au=Alimbay%2C+Nursan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeisenovDuisenbayAkhiyarovSargizova2016" class="citation journal cs1">Beisenov, Àrman Z.; Duisenbay, Daniyar; Akhiyarov, Islam; Sargizova, Gulzada (1 October 2016). "Dromos Burials of Tasmola Culture in Central Kazakhstan". The Anthropologist. 26 (1–2): 25–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09720073.2016.11892125">10.1080/09720073.2016.11892125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0972-0073">0972-0073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:80362028">80362028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Dromos+Burials+of+Tasmola+Culture+in+Central+Kazakhstan&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=25-33&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A80362028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0972-0073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09720073.2016.11892125&rft.aulast=Beisenov&rft.aufirst=%C3%80rman+Z.&rft.au=Duisenbay%2C+Daniyar&rft.au=Akhiyarov%2C+Islam&rft.au=Sargizova%2C+Gulzada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benjamin-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Benjamin" title="Craig Benjamin">Benjamin, Craig</a> (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html">"The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia"</a>. Ērān ud Anērān Webfestschrift Marshak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218204941/http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yuezhi+Migration+and+Sogdia&rft.pub=%C4%92r%C4%81n+ud+An%C4%93r%C4%81n+Webfestschrift+Marshak&rft.date=2003-03&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transoxiana.org%2FEran%2FArticles%2Fbenjamin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChineseHistory-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChineseHistory_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChineseHistory_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/sakas.html">"Chinese History – Sai 塞 The Saka People or Soghdians"</a>. Chinaknowledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119210419/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/sakas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinaknowledge&rft.atitle=Chinese+History+%E2%80%93+Sai+%E5%A1%9E+The+Saka+People+or+Soghdians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FAltera%2Fsakas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith85-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith85_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith85_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 85 "The Saka, or Śaka, people then began their long migration that ended with their conquest of northern India, where they are also known as the Indo-Scythians." </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinor_173-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinor_173_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinor_173_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>, pp. 173–174 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szemerényi-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szemerényi_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szemerényi_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzemerényi1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Szemer%C3%A9nyi" title="Oswald Szemerényi">Szemerényi, Oswald</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azargoshnasp.net/history/Scythians/fouroldiranianethnicnames.pdf">Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka</a> (PDF). <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_der_%C3%96sterreichischen_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" class="extiw" title="de:Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften">Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06864-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06864-5"><bdi>0-520-06864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+old+Iranian+ethnic+names%3A+Scythian+%E2%80%93+Skudra+%E2%80%93+Sogdian+%E2%80%93+Saka&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-520-06864-5&rft.aulast=Szemer%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Oswald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azargoshnasp.net%2Fhistory%2FScythians%2Ffouroldiranianethnicnames.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_West" title="Stephanie West">West, Stephanie</a> (2002). "Scythians". In <a href="/wiki/Egbert_Bakker" title="Egbert Bakker">Bakker, Egbert J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irene_de_Jong" title="Irene de Jong">de Jong, Irene J. F.</a>; van Wees, Hans (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004217584/BP000020.xml">Brill's Companion to Herodotus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 437–456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21758-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21758-4"><bdi>978-90-04-21758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scythians&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Herodotus&rft.pages=437-456&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21758-4&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004217584%2FBP000020.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuang-da1999" class="citation book cs1">Guang-da, Zhang (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA283">History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: AD 250 to 750</a>. UNESCO. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815407" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815407"><bdi>978-8120815407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia+Volume+III%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%3A+AD+250+to+750&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8120815407&rft.aulast=Guang-da&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcKtIPVQ6REC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._W._Bailey1985" class="citation book cs1">H. W. Bailey (7 February 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOK-fBNwZ7kC&pg=PA67">Indo-Scythian Studies: Being Khotanese Texts</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11873-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11873-6"><bdi>978-0-521-11873-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Scythian+Studies%3A+Being+Khotanese+Texts&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985-02-07&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11873-6&rft.au=H.+W.+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOK-fBNwZ7kC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallieri2016" class="citation web cs1">Callieri, Pierfrancesco (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/sakas-in-afghanistan">"SAKAS: IN AFGHANISTAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. <q>The ethnonym Saka appears in ancient Iranian and Indian sources as the name of the large family of Iranian nomads called Scythians by the Classical Western sources and Sai by the Chinese (Gk. Sacae; OPers. Sakā).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=SAKAS%3A+IN+AFGHANISTAN&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Callieri&rft.aufirst=Pierfrancesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsakas-in-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis-KimballBashilovYablonsky1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Jeannine_Davis-Kimball" title="Jeannine Davis-Kimball">Davis-Kimball, Jeannine</a>; Bashilov, Vladimir A.; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Яблонский, Леонид Теодорович">Yablonsky, Leonid T.</a> [in Russian] (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSgSAQAAIAAJ">Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age</a>. Zinat Press. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885979-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885979-00-1"><bdi>978-1-885979-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+of+the+Eurasian+Steppes+in+the+Early+Iron+Age&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Zinat+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-885979-00-1&rft.aulast=Davis-Kimball&rft.aufirst=Jeannine&rft.au=Bashilov%2C+Vladimir+A.&rft.au=Yablonsky%2C+Leonid+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaSgSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvantchik2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Askold_Ivantchik" title="Askold Ivantchik">Ivantchik, Askold</a> (25 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/scythians">"SCYTHIANS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=SCYTHIANS&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.aulast=Ivantchik&rft.aufirst=Askold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fscythians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._E._Eduljee" class="citation web cs1">K. E. Eduljee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/reference/herodotus_histories4.htm">"Histories by Herodotus, Book 4 Melpomene [4.6]"</a>. Zoroastrian Heritage. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Histories+by+Herodotus%2C+Book+4+Melpomene+%5B4.6%5D&rft.pub=Zoroastrian+Heritage&rft.au=K.+E.+Eduljee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageinstitute.com%2Fzoroastrianism%2Freference%2Fherodotus_histories4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1995" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Esther (1995). The art of the Scythians: the interpenetration of cultures at the edge of the Hellenic world. Handbuch der Orientalistik / hrsg. von B. Spuler ... Abt. 8. Handbook of Uralic studies. Leiden New York Köln: Brill. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09856-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09856-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09856-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+the+Scythians%3A+the+interpenetration+of+cultures+at+the+edge+of+the+Hellenic+world&rft.place=Leiden+New+York+K%C3%B6ln&rft.series=Handbuch+der+Orientalistik+%2F+hrsg.+von+B.+Spuler+...+Abt.+8.+Handbook+of+Uralic+studies&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09856-5&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nomenclature3-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nomenclature3_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nomenclature3_35-1">b</a> * <a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1994">Dandamayev 1994</a>, p. 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCernenko2012">Cernenko 2012</a>, p. 3: "The Scythians lived in the Early Iron Age, and inhabited the northern areas of the Black Sea (Pontic) steppes. Though the 'Scythian period' in the history of Eastern Europe lasted little more than 400 years, from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC, the impression these horsemen made upon the history of their times was such that a thousand years after they had ceased to exist as a sovereign people, their heartland and the territories which they dominated far beyond it continued to be known as 'greater Scythia'."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMelyukova1990">Melyukova 1990</a>, pp. 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...] "[I]t may be confidently stated that from the end of the 7th century to the 3rd century B.C. the Scythians occupied the steppe expanses of the north Black Sea area, from the Don in the east to the Danube in the West."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFIvantchik2018">Ivantchik 2018</a>: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in the steppe lands north of the Black Sea during the 7th–4th centuries BC (Figure 1). For related groups in Central Asia and India, see [...]"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>, pp. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" (iv. 6); they were nomads who lived in the steppe east of the Dnieper up to the Don, and in the Crimean steppe [...] The eastern neighbours of the "Royal Scyths," the Sauromatians, were also Iranian; their country extended over the steppe east of the Don and the Volga."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 547: "The name 'Scythian' is met in the classical authors and has been taken to refer to an ethnic group or people, also mentioned in Near Eastern texts, who inhabited the northern Black Sea region."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWest2002">West 2002</a>, pp. 437–440: "Ordinary Greek (and later Latin) usage could designate as Scythian any northern barbarian from the general area of the Eurasian steppe, the virtually treeless corridor of drought-resistant perennial grassland extending from the Danube to Manchuria. Herodotus seeks greater precision, and this essay is focussed on his Scythians, who belong to the North Pontic steppe [...] These true Scyths seems to be those whom he calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFJacobson1995">Jacobson 1995</a>, pp. 36–37: "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C [...] They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDi_Cosmo1999">Di Cosmo 1999</a>, p. 924: "The first historical steppe nomads, the Scythians, inhabited the steppe north of the Black Sea from about the eight century B.C."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Talbot_Rice" title="Tamara Talbot Rice">Rice, Tamara Talbot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts">"Central Asian arts: Nomadic cultures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2019. <q>[Saka] gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+arts%3A+Nomadic+cultures&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Tamara+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FCentral-Asian-arts%2FVisual-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-SK-36"><a href="#cite_ref-SK_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stella_Kramrisch" title="Stella Kramrisch">Kramrisch, Stella</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts#ref314168">"Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. Retrieved 1 September 2018. <q>The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+Arts%3A+Nomadic+Cultures&rft.aulast=Kramrisch&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FCentral-Asian-arts%2FVisual-arts%23ref314168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parpola-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parpola_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parpola_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola1970" class="citation book cs1">Parpola, Simo (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neoassyriantopon0000parp">Neo-Assyrian Toponyms</a>. Kevaeler: Butzon & Bercker. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neoassyriantopon0000parp/page/178/mode/2up">178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Assyrian+Toponyms&rft.place=Kevaeler&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Butzon+%26+Bercker&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Simo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneoassyriantopon0000parp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921140721/http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/saa04/cbd/qpn/x00000280.html">"Iškuzaya [SCYTHIAN] (EN)"</a>. oracc.museum.upenn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/saa04/cbd/qpn/x00000280.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oracc.museum.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=I%C5%A1kuzaya+%5BSCYTHIAN%5D+%28EN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fsaao%2Fsaa04%2Fcbd%2Fqpn%2Fx00000280.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925135705/http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/cbd/qpn-x-ethnic/x00000690.html">"Asguzayu [SCYTHIAN] (EN)"</a>. oracc.museum.upenn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/cbd/qpn-x-ethnic/x00000690.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oracc.museum.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Asguzayu+%5BSCYTHIAN%5D+%28EN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Friao%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-ethnic%2Fx00000690.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1985252-255_40-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1985">Cook 1985</a>, p. 252-255. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Schmitt, Rüdiger</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/haumavarga">"HAUMAVARGĀ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=HAUMAVARG%C4%80&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhaumavarga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199444-46-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199444-46_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199444-46_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1994">Dandamayev 1994</a>, p. 44-46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000_43-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2000">Olbrycht 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2021">Olbrycht 2021</a>: "Apparently the Dahai represented an entity not identical with the other better known groups of the Sakai, i.e. the Sakai (Sakā) tigrakhaudā (Massagetai, roaming in Turkmenistan), and Sakai (Sakā) Haumavargā (in Transoxania and beyond the Syr Daryā)." </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Schmitt, Rüdiger</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/haumavarga">"HAUMAVARGĀ"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=HAUMAVARG%C4%80&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhaumavarga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamaevLukonin1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Dandamayev" title="Muhammad Dandamayev">Dandamaev, Muhammad A.</a>; Lukonin, Vladimir G. (1989). The Culture and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7N74BFaC90C&pg=PA334">334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61191-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61191-6"><bdi>978-0-521-61191-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+and+Social+Institutions+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61191-6&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+A.&rft.au=Lukonin%2C+Vladimir+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988173-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988173_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988173_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancfort1988">Francfort 1988</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey19831230-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey19831230_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey19831230_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey1983">Bailey 1983</a>, p. 1230. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Briant, Pierre</a> (29 July 2006). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. <a href="/wiki/Eisenbrauns" title="Eisenbrauns">Eisenbrauns</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA178">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-120-7</bdi></a>. <q>This is Kingdom which I hold, from the Scythians [Saka] who are beyond Sogdiana, thence unto Ethiopia [Cush]; from Sind, thence unto Sardis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006-07-29&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-120-7&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1985254-255-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1985254-255_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1985254-255_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1985254-255_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1985">Cook 1985</a>, p. 254-255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung198889-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung198889_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1988">Young 1988</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988177-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988177_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancfort1988">Francfort 1988</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivar1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bivar" title="David Bivar">Bivar, A. D. H.</a> (1983). "The History of Eastern Iran". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 181–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9"><bdi>978-0-521-20092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Eastern+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=181-231&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20092-9&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=A.+D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2018_54-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2018">Schmitt 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1999">Harmatta 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbetekovYusupov1994" class="citation book cs1">Abetekov, A.; Yusupov, H. (1994). "Ancient Iranian Nomads in Western Central Asia". In <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Dani, Ahmad Hasan</a>; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a>; <a href="/wiki/Baij_Nath_Puri" title="Baij Nath Puri">Puri, Baij Nath</a>; Etemadi, G. F.; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund</a> (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 24–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02846-5"><bdi>978-9-231-02846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Iranian+Nomads+in+Western+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=24-34&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9-231-02846-5&rft.aulast=Abetekov&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Yusupov%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZadneprovskiy1994" class="citation book cs1">Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After the Invansion of Alexander". In <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Dani, Ahmad Hasan</a>; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a>; <a href="/wiki/Baij_Nath_Puri" title="Baij Nath Puri">Puri, Baij Nath</a>; Etemadi, G. F.; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund</a> (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 448–463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02846-5"><bdi>978-9-231-02846-5</bdi></a>. <q>The middle of the third century b.c. saw the rise to power of a group of tribes consisting of the Parni (Aparni) and the Dahae, descendants of the Massagetae of the Aral Sea region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nomads+of+Northern+Central+Asia+After+the+Invansion+of+Alexander&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=448-463&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9-231-02846-5&rft.aulast=Zadneprovskiy&rft.aufirst=Y.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eolss-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eolss_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eolss_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._T._Yablonsky2010" class="citation book cs1">L. T. Yablonsky (15 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwueDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA380">"The Archaeology of Eurasian Nomads"</a>. In Hardesty, Donald L. (ed.). ARCHAEOLOGY – Volume I. EOLSS. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-002-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-002-3"><bdi>978-1-84826-002-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Eurasian+Nomads&rft.btitle=ARCHAEOLOGY+%E2%80%93+Volume+I&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=EOLSS&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84826-002-3&rft.au=L.+T.+Yablonsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwueDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatsworthColeHanaganPerdue2015" class="citation book cs1">Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5vlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138">Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29777-3"><bdi>978-1-316-29777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Connections%3A+Volume+1%2C+To+1500%3A+Politics%2C+Exchange%2C+and+Social+Life+in+World+History&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-316-29777-3&rft.aulast=Coatsworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cole%2C+Juan&rft.au=Hanagan%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Perdue%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Tilly%2C+Charles&rft.au=Tilly%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5vlBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGursoy2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gursoy, M. (28 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51889%2F2022-1.1728-5461.16">"Жазба Және Археологиялық Деректер Негізінде Савромат-Сармат Тайпаларының Шығу Тегі"</a>. BULLETIN Series Historical and Socio-political Sciences. 1 (72): 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51889%2F2022-1.1728-5461.16">10.51889/2022-1.1728-5461.16</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BULLETIN+Series+Historical+and+Socio-political+Sciences&rft.atitle=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%96%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3+%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%83+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=157&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.51889%2F2022-1.1728-5461.16&rft.aulast=Gursoy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.51889%252F2022-1.1728-5461.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988168-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988168_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988168_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancfort1988">Francfort 1988</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988184-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988184_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988184_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988184_62-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancfort1988">Francfort 1988</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2021-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2021_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2021">Olbrycht 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-yu_2010_p13-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yu_2010_p13_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yu_2010_p13_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yu_2010_p13_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yu_2010_p13_64-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFYu2010">Yu 2010</a>: "The Daxia 大夏 people in the valley of the Amu Darya came from the valleys of the rivers Ili and Chu. From the Geography of Strabo one can infer that the four tribes of the Asii and others came from these valleys (the so-called "land of the Sai 塞" in the Hanshu 漢書, ch. 96A). " </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJärve2019-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJärve2019_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJärve2019">Järve 2019</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJärve2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterländer2017-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterländer2017_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnterländer2017">Unterländer 2017</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUnterländer2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Krzewińska_2018-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Krzewińska_2018_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrzewińska2018">Krzewińska 2018</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKrzewińska2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ADD2-68"><a href="#cite_ref-ADD2_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnterländerPalstraLazaridisPilipenko2017">Unterländer et al. 2017</a> "The origin of the widespread Scythian culture has long been debated in Eurasian archaeology. The northern Black Sea steppe was originally considered the homeland and centre of the Scythians until Terenozhkin formulated the hypothesis of a Central Asian origin. On the other hand, evidence supporting an east Eurasian origin includes the kurgan Arzhan 1 in Tuva, which is considered the earliest Scythian kurgan. Dating of additional burial sites situated in east and west Eurasia confirmed eastern kurgans as older than their western counterparts. Additionally, elements of the characteristic 'Animal Style' dated to the tenth century BCE were found in the region of the Yenisei river and modern-day China, supporting the early presence of Scythian culture in the East." </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJärveSaagScheibPathak2019" class="citation journal cs1">Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"</a>. Current Biology. 29 (14): 2430–2441.e10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E2430J">2019CBio...29E2430J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303491">31303491</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195887262">195887262</a>. <q>Recently, studies of ancient Scythian genomes have affirmed the confederate nature of the Scythian tribes, showing them to be genetically distinct from one another but finding little or no support for large-scale east-to-west movements, instead generally suggesting separate local origins of various Scythian groups [1, 2, 3].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Shifts+in+the+Genetic+Landscape+of+the+Western+Eurasian+Steppe+Associated+with+the+Beginning+and+End+of+the+Scythian+Dominance&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2430-2441.e10&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195887262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E2430J&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31303491&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4rve&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+Lyn&rft.au=Pathak%2C+Ajai+K.&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft.au=Flores%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Guellil%2C+Meriam&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft.au=Kushniarevich%2C+Alena&rft.au=Solnik%2C+Anu&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Zadnikov%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Petrauskas%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Järve-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Järve_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJärve2019">Järve 2019</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJärve2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). "The Early Iron Age nomadic Scythians have been described as a confederation of tribes of different origins, based on ancient DNA evidence [1, 2, 3]. All samples of this study also possessed at least one additional eastern component, one of which was nearly at 100% in modern Nganasans (orange) and the other in modern Han Chinese (yellow; Figure S2). The eastern components were present in variable proportions in the samples of this study." </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavelyevJeong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612788">"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"</a>. Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18">10.1017/ehs.2020.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X">2513-843X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612788">7612788</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35663512">35663512</a>. <q>It is still likely that the Xiongnu included an Eastern Iranian (Saka) component or were at least strongly influenced by the Iranians. It is also arguable that the Xiongnu learned the steppe nomadic model of economy from their Eastern Iranian neighbours (Beckwith, 2009: 72–73, 404).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Early+nomads+of+the+Eastern+Steppe+and+their+tentative+connections+in+the+West&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e20&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612788%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35663512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18&rft.aulast=Savelyev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LH_443-72"><a href="#cite_ref-LH_443_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_LaetHerrmann1996">de Laet & Herrmann 1996</a>, p. 443 "The rich kurgan burials in Pazyryk, Siberia probably were those of Saka chieftains" </li> <li id="cite_note-K_94-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K_94_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K_94_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuzmina2008">Kuzmina 2008</a>, p. 94 "Analysis of the clothing, which has analogies in the complex of Saka clothes, particularly in Pazyryk, led Wang Binghua (1987, 42) to the conclusion that they are related to the Saka Culture." </li> <li id="cite_note-K_103-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K_103_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K_103_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuzmina2007">Kuzmina 2007</a>, p. 103 "The dress of Iranian-speaking Saka and Scythians is easily reconstructed on the basis of... numerous archaeological discoveries from the Ukraine to the Altai, particularly at Issyk in Kazakhstan... at Pazyryk... and Ak-Alakha" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky2007125-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebedynsky2007125_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebedynsky2007">Lebedynsky 2007</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1996">Harmatta 1996</a>, p. 488: "Their royal tribes and kings (shan-yii) bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of Saka type. It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language." </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavelyevJeong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612788">"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"</a>. Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18">10.1017/ehs.2020.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X">2513-843X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612788">7612788</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35663512">35663512</a>. <q>It is still likely that the Xiongnu included an Eastern Iranian (Saka) component or were at least strongly influenced by the Iranians. It is also arguable that the Xiongnu learned the steppe nomadic model of economy from their Eastern Iranian neighbours (Beckwith, 2009: 72–73, 404).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Early+nomads+of+the+Eastern+Steppe+and+their+tentative+connections+in+the+West&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=e20&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612788%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35663512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18&rft.aulast=Savelyev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBThe_Steppe-78"><a href="#cite_ref-EBThe_Steppe_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McNeill, William H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715064441/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565551/the-Steppe/10302/Scythian-successes">"The Steppe – Scythian successes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565551/the-Steppe/10302/Scythian-successes">the original</a> on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Steppe+%E2%80%93+Scythian+successes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F565551%2Fthe-Steppe%2F10302%2FScythian-successes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/the-Steppe/Military-and-political-developments-among-the-steppe-peoples-to-100-bc#ref10302">"The Steppe – Military and political developments among the steppe peoples to 100 bc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Steppe+%E2%80%93+Military+and+political+developments+among+the+steppe+peoples+to+100+bc&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2Fthe-Steppe%2FMilitary-and-political-developments-among-the-steppe-peoples-to-100-bc%23ref10302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> According to Donald N. Wilber's book Persepolis, The Archaeology of Parsa, Seat of the Persian Kings, the group depicted in this panel is "the Saka tigrakhauda (Pointed-hat Scythians). All are armed and wear the appropriate headgear. They are accompanied by a horse, and offer a bracelet and folded coats and trousers, apparently copies of their own costumes." </li> <li id="cite_note-mallory-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mallory_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mallory_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mallory_80-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._P._mallory" class="citation web cs1">J. P. mallory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909231531/http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/52-3/mallory.pdf">"Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin"</a> (PDF). Penn Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/52-3/mallory.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Museum&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+Languages+of+the+Tarim+Basin&rft.au=J.+P.+mallory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fexpedition%2FPDFs%2F52-3%2Fmallory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991553_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 553. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1996">Harmatta 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-590-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-590_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991560-590_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 560-590. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatty2007202-203-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatty2007202-203_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBatty2007">Batty 2007</a>, p. 202-203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirski1985_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSulimirski1985">Sulimirski 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht202117-18-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht202117-18_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2021">Olbrycht 2021</a>, p. 17-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2000" class="citation web cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zarinaia">"ZARINAIA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=ZARINAIA&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fzarinaia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Mayor, Adrienne</a> (2014). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 379–381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14720-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14720-8"><bdi>978-0-691-14720-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amazons%3A+Lives+and+Legends+of+Warrior+Women+across+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Princeton%2C+United+States&rft.pages=379-381&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14720-8&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988171-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancfort1988171_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancfort1988">Francfort 1988</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199435–64-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev199435–64_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1994">Dandamayev 1994</a>, pp. 35–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGera2018" class="citation book cs1">Gera, Deborah Levine (2018). Warrior Women: The Anonymous Tractatus De Mulieribus. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 199–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-32988-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-32988-1"><bdi>978-9-004-32988-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Women%3A+The+Anonymous+Tractatus+De+Mulieribus&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands%3B+New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9-004-32988-1&rft.aulast=Gera&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Levine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Mayor, Adrienne</a> (2014). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 382–383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17027-5"><bdi>978-0-691-17027-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amazons%3A+Lives+and+Legends+of+Warrior+Women+across+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Princeton%2C+United+States&rft.pages=382-383&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17027-5&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Kuhrt" title="Amélie Kuhrt">Kuhrt, Amélie</a> (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-01694-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-01694-3"><bdi>978-1-136-01694-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Corpus+of+Sources+from+the+Achaemenid+Period&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-01694-3&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchmittAmorges-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchmittAmorges_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchmittAmorges_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchmittAmorges_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchmittAmorges_94-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1989" class="citation web cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/amorges">"AMORGES"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=AMORGES&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Famorges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1994-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1994_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1994">Dandamayev 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi1989" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Shahbazi, A. Shapur</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/darius-iii">"DARIUS iii. Darius I the Great"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=DARIUS+iii.+Darius+I+the+Great&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdarius-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2015" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry (24 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osQ9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA235">By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968917-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968917-0"><bdi>978-0-19-968917-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Steppe%2C+Desert%2C+and+Ocean%3A+The+Birth+of+Eurasia&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968917-0&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosQ9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-D_44-98"><a href="#cite_ref-D_44_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1994">Dandamayev 1994</a>, pp. 44–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1992131-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1992131_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVogelsang1992">Vogelsang 1992</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Jong1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Jong" title="Albert de Jong">De Jong, Albert</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TraditionsOfTheMagiZoroastrianismInGreekAndLatinLiterature">Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TraditionsOfTheMagiZoroastrianismInGreekAndLatinLiterature/page/n307/mode/2up">297</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-10844-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-10844-8"><bdi>978-9-004-10844-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+the+Magi%3A+Zoroastrianism+in+Greek+and+Latin+Literature&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands%3B+New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9-004-10844-8&rft.aulast=De+Jong&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTraditionsOfTheMagiZoroastrianismInGreekAndLatinLiterature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1992160-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogelsang1992160_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVogelsang1992">Vogelsang 1992</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancfort1988">Francfort 1988</a>, p. 185: Besides trade and exchange within the borders of the Achaemenid empire, it seems that the part of Central Asua under Achaemenid rule was in contact with the Saka tribes who were in touch with China (see the finds of kurgans II and V of Pazyryk and of Xinyuan and Alagou in Xinjiang). </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 103–222. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 197–198. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8">978-0-521-24327-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 377–462. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 410–411. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8">978-0-521-24327-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1983-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1983_105-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey1983">Bailey 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr2013" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC&pg=PA377">Iranian Languages</a>. Routledge. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79704-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79704-1"><bdi>978-1-135-79704-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Languages&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79704-1&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtpQZ1DD6tEC%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emmerick_2003_p265-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emmerick_2003_p265_107-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmerick,_R._E.1983" class="citation book cs1">Emmerick, R. E. (14 April 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA265">"Chapter 7: Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs"</a>. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition. pp. 265–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9"><bdi>978-0-521-20092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Iranian+Settlement+East+of+the+Pamirs&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Vol+III%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian%2C+and+Sasanian+Periods%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=265-266&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%3B+Reissue+edition&rft.date=1983-04-14&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20092-9&rft.au=Emmerick%2C+R.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Xue, Zongzheng (薛宗正). (1992). History of the Turks (突厥史). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, p. 596-598. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5004-0432-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5004-0432-3">978-7-5004-0432-3</a>; OCLC 28622013 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Beckwith, Christopher. (1987). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp 36, 146. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05494-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05494-0">0-691-05494-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Wechsler, Howard J.; Twitchett, Dennis C. (1979). Denis C. Twitchett; John K. Fairbank, eds. The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–227. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9">978-0-521-21446-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/VH%20BAI%20paper%2009.pdf">"The Tribute Trade with Khotan in Light of Materials Found at the Dunhuang Library Cave"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 19: 37–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Tribute+Trade+with+Khotan+in+Light+of+Materials+Found+at+the+Dunhuang+Library+Cave&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=37-46&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FVH%2520BAI%2520paper%252009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theobald_2011_yutian-112"><a href="#cite_ref-theobald_2011_yutian_112-0">^</a> Ulrich Theobald. (16 October 2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/citystates.html#yutian">City-states Along the Silk Road</a>." ChinaKnowledge.de. Accessed 2 September 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Xavier Tremblay, "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century", in The Spread of Buddhism, eds Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacker, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-DaniLitvinsky1996-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DaniLitvinsky1996_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaniLitvinsky1996_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Hasan_DaniB._A._LitvinskyUnesco1996" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Hasan Dani; B. A. Litvinsky; Unesco (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA283">History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750</a>. UNESCO. pp. 283–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0"><bdi>978-92-3-103211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%2C+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=283-&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103211-0&rft.au=Ahmad+Hasan+Dani&rft.au=B.+A.+Litvinsky&rft.au=Unesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D883OZBe2sMYC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurje2009" class="citation web cs1">Lurje, Pavel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yarkand">"YARKAND"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. <q>The territory of Yārkand is for the first time mentioned in the Hanshu (1st century BCE), under the name Shache (Old Chinese, approximately, *s³a(j)-ka), which is probably related to the name of the Iranian Saka tribes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=YARKAND&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lurje&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fyarkand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Whitfield 2004, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-wechsler-117"><a href="#cite_ref-wechsler_117-0">^</a> Wechsler, Howard J.; Twitchett, Dennis C. (1979). Denis C. Twitchett; John K. Fairbank, eds. The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–228. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9">978-0-521-21446-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LeviSela2010_2-118"><a href="#cite_ref-LeviSela2010_2_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Cameron_LeviSela2010" class="citation book cs1">Scott Cameron Levi; Sela, Ron (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAX5ohFkcVgC&pg=PA72">Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 72–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35385-6"><bdi>978-0-253-35385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Central+Asia%3A+An+Anthology+of+Historical+Sources&rft.pages=72-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35385-6&rft.au=Scott+Cameron+Levi&rft.au=Sela%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAX5ohFkcVgC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akiner2013-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Akiner2013_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkiner2013" class="citation book cs1">Akiner (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udjWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">Cultural Change & Continuity In</a>. Routledge. pp. 71–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15034-0"><bdi>978-1-136-15034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Change+%26+Continuity+In&rft.pages=71-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-15034-0&rft.au=Akiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudjWAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPL56-120"><a href="#cite_ref-SPL56_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2022" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Grenet (2022). Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Grenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B_290-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B_290_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_290_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_290_121-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumer2012">Baumer 2012</a>, p. 290 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory,_J._P.Mair,_Victor_H.2000" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P. & Mair, Victor H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarimmummiesanci00mall/page/58">The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</a>. Thames & Hudson. London. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarimmummiesanci00mall/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05101-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05101-1"><bdi>0-500-05101-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson.+London&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-500-05101-1&rft.au=Mallory%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftarimmummiesanci00mall%2Fpage%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Torday, Laszlo. (1997). Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. Durham: The Durham Academic Press, pp. 80–81, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900838-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900838-03-0">978-1-900838-03-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – A.D. 220, 377–462. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–388, 391, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8">978-0-521-24327-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Chang, Chun-shu. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 BC – AD 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 5–8 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11534-1">978-0-472-11534-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDi_Cosmo2002">Di Cosmo 2002</a>, pp. 174–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDi_Cosmo2004">Di Cosmo 2004</a>, pp. 196–198 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDi_Cosmo2002">Di Cosmo 2002</a>, pp. 241–242 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Yu Taishan (June 2010), "The Earliest Tocharians in China" in Victor H. Mair (ed), Sino-Platonic Papers, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp. 13–14, 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin" class="citation web cs1">Benjamin, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html">"The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yuezhi+Migration+and+Sogdia&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transoxiana.org%2FEran%2FArticles%2Fbenjamin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Bernard, P. (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia". In Harmatta, János. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 96–126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102846-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102846-4">92-3-102846-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_132-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/29">The Empire of the Steppes</a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/29">29–31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumer2012">Baumer 2012</a>, p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-theobald_2011_saka-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theobald_2011_saka_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theobald_2011_saka_134-1">b</a> Ulrich Theobald. (26 November 2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/sakas.html">Chinese History – Sai 塞 The Saka People or Soghdians</a>." ChinaKnowledge.de. Accessed 2 September 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200673-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200673_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebedynsky2006">Lebedynsky 2006</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008329–330-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008329–330_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2008">Mallory & Mair 2008</a>, pp. 329–330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200684-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200684_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebedynsky2006">Lebedynsky 2006</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttwood2012" class="citation journal cs1">Attwood, Jayarava (2012). "Possible Iranian Origins for the Śākyas and Aspects of Buddhism". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Oxford+Centre+for+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Possible+Iranian+Origins+for+the+%C5%9A%C4%81kyas+and+Aspects+of+Buddhism&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Attwood&rft.aufirst=Jayarava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ">Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6632-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6632-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-6632-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6632-8&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlCUBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27981814">"Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures"</a>. Buddhist Studies Review. 30 (2): 145–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fbsrv.v30i2.145">10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1747-9681">1747-9681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhist+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Cultural+Remnants+of+the+Indigenous+Peoples+in+the+Buddhist+Scriptures&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-180&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fbsrv.v30i2.145&rft.issn=1747-9681&rft.aulast=Levman&rft.aufirst=Bryan+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27981814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> "The evidence for this final wave is however, very slim and there is no evidence for it in the Vedic texts; for their western origin, Witzel relies on a reference in Pāṇini (4.2.131, madravṛjyoḥ) to the Vṛjjis in dual relation with the Madras who are from the northwest, and to the Mallas in the Jaiminīya Brāhamaṇa (§198) as arising from the dust of Rajasthan. Neither the Sakyas nor any of the other eastern tribes are mentioned, and of course there is no proof that any of these are Indo-Aryan groups. I view the Sakyas and the later Śakas as two separate groups, the former being aboriginal." </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullaev2007" class="citation journal cs1">Abdullaev, Kazim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6864202">"Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam)"</a>. Proceedings of the British Academy. 133: 87–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Academy&rft.atitle=Nomad+Migration+in+Central+Asia+%28in+After+Alexander%3A+Central+Asia+before+Islam%29&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=87-98&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Abdullaev&rft.aufirst=Kazim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6864202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/bf/c2/42/bfc242271c38d714044837d179faab53.jpg">"Also a Saka according to this source"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Also+a+Saka+according+to+this+source&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2Fbf%2Fc2%2F42%2Fbfc242271c38d714044837d179faab53.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulimirski_1970_113–114-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sulimirski_1970_113–114_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sulimirski_1970_113–114_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulimirski1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, Tadeusz</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdjhuAAACAAJ">The Sarmatians</a>. Ancient peoples and places. Vol. 73. New York: Praeger. pp. 113–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789080057272" title="Special:BookSources/9789080057272"><bdi>9789080057272</bdi></a>. <q>The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas) / Massagetan tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarmatians&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Ancient+peoples+and+places&rft.pages=113-114&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9789080057272&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdjhuAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-I_Kushan-145"><a href="#cite_ref-I_Kushan_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivar" class="citation web cs1">Bivar, A. D. H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history">"KUSHAN DYNASTY i. Dynastic History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=KUSHAN+DYNASTY+i.+Dynastic+History&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=A.+D.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkushan-dynasty-i-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRishi1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Weer_Rajendra_Rishi" title="Weer Rajendra Rishi">Rishi, Weer Rajendra</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vns_AAAAMAAJ&q=Getae">India & Russia: linguistic & cultural affinity</a>. Roma. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+%26+Russia%3A+linguistic+%26+cultural+affinity&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Roma&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Rishi&rft.aufirst=Weer+Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVns_AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DGetae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchiner1978-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchiner1978_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchiner1978" class="citation book cs1">Mitchiner, Michael (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuQLAQAAMAAJ">The ancient & classical world, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650</a>. Hawkins Publications ; distributed by B. A. Seaby. p. 634. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904173-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904173-16-1"><bdi>978-0-904173-16-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+%26+classical+world%2C+600+B.C.-A.D.+650&rft.pages=634&rft.pub=Hawkins+Publications+%3B+distributed+by+B.+A.+Seaby&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-904173-16-1&rft.aulast=Mitchiner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzuQLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo,_Geography,_11.8.1-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo,_Geography,_11.8.1_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo,_Geography,_11.8.1_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo,_Geography,_11.8.1_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.8.1">"Strabo, Geography, 11.8.1"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 13 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+11.8.1&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DStrab.%2B11.8.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Kuz'mina, Elena E. (2007). The Origin of the Indo Iranians. Edited by J.P. Mallory. Leiden, Boston: Brill, pp 381–382. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16054-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16054-5">978-90-04-16054-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/VH%20BAI%20paper%2009.pdf">"The Tribute Trade with Khotan in Light of Materials Found at the Dunhuang Library Cave"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 19: 37–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031701/http://history.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/VH%20BAI%20paper%2009.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Tribute+Trade+with+Khotan+in+Light+of+Materials+Found+at+the+Dunhuang+Library+Cave&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=37-46&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FVH%2520BAI%2520paper%252009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Sarah Iles Johnston, Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide, Harvard University Press, 2004. pg 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Edward A Allworth,Central Asia: A Historical Overview,Duke University Press, 1994. pp 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinskyVorobyova-Desyatovskaya,_M.I1999" class="citation conference cs1">Litvinsky, Boris Abramovich; <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya" title="Margarita Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya">Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya, M.I</a> (1999). "Religions and religious movements". History of civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 421–448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120815408" title="Special:BookSources/8120815408"><bdi>8120815408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Religions+and+religious+movements&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=421-448&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8120815408&rft.aulast=Litvinsky&rft.aufirst=Boris+Abramovich&rft.au=Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya%2C+M.I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBAUMER-154"><a href="#cite_ref-CBAUMER_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206">History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9U6RlVVjpakCpgPA421_420–421]-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9U6RlVVjpakCpgPA421_420–421]_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1996">Harmatta 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&pg=PA421">420–421</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1984" class="citation book cs1">Frye, R.N. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye">The History of Ancient Iran</a>. C.H.Beck. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/192">192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406093975" title="Special:BookSources/9783406093975"><bdi>9783406093975</bdi></a>. <q>[T]hese western Saka he distinguishes from eastern Saka who moved south through the Kashgar-Tashkurgan-Gilgit-Swat route to the plains of the sub-continent of India. This would account for the existence of the ancient Khotanese-Saka speakers, documents of whom have been found in western Sinkiang, and the modern Wakhi language of Wakhan in Afghanistan, another modern branch of descendants of Saka speakers parallel to the Ossetes in the west.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9783406093975&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofancient0000frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1982" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, H.W. (1982). The culture of the Sakas in ancient Iranian Khotan. Caravan Books. pp. 7–10. <q>It is noteworthy that the Wakhi language of Wakhan has features, phonetics, and vocabulary the nearest of Iranian dialects to Khotan Saka.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+culture+of+the+Sakas+in+ancient+Iranian+Khotan&rft.pages=7-10&rft.pub=Caravan+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr2013" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, G. (2013). Iranian Languages. Routeledge. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79704-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79704-1"><bdi>978-1-135-79704-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Languages&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Routeledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79704-1&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> "In addition to the continuation of Middle Persian in New Persian, three small modern languages show significant grammatical and lexical reflexes of other documented Middle Iranian languages: In Iran, Sangesari of the Semnan group shares a distinct set of features with Khwarezmian. In the east, Yaghnobi in Tajikistan continues a dialect of Sogdian, and Wakhi in the Pamirs shows distinct reflexes of Khotanese and Tumshuqese Saka. In fact, Wakhi is an example of the repeated invasions of Saka since antiquity." </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpelanParpolaKoskikallio2001" class="citation journal cs1">Carpelan, C.; Parpola, A.; Koskikallio, P. (2001). "Early Contacts Between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations: Papers Presented at an International Symposium Held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki, 8–10 January, 1999". Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. 242: 136. <q>...descendants of these languages survive now only in the Ossete language of the Caucasus and the Wakhi language of the Pamirs, the latter related to the Saka once spoken in Khotan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Suomalais-Ugrilainen+Seura&rft.atitle=Early+Contacts+Between+Uralic+and+Indo-European%3A+Linguistic+and+Archaeological+Considerations%3A+Papers+Presented+at+an+International+Symposium+Held+at+the+Tv%C3%A4rminne+Research+Station+of+the+University+of+Helsinki%2C+8%E2%80%9310+January%2C+1999&rft.volume=242&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Carpelan&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Parpola%2C+A.&rft.au=Koskikallio%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2014" class="citation journal cs1">Novak, L. (2014). "Question of (Re)classification of Eastern Iranian Languages". Linguistica Brunensia. 62 (1): 77–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistica+Brunensia&rft.atitle=Question+of+%28Re%29classification+of+Eastern+Iranian+Languages&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-87&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClisson,_I.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Clisson, I.; et al. (2002). "Genetic analysis of human remains from a double inhumation in a frozen kurgan in Kazakhstan (Berel site, early 3rd century BC)". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 116 (5): 304–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00414-002-0295-x">10.1007/s00414-002-0295-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376844">12376844</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27711154">27711154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Legal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Genetic+analysis+of+human+remains+from+a+double+inhumation+in+a+frozen+kurgan+in+Kazakhstan+%28Berel+site%2C+early+3rd+century+BC%29.&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=304-308&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27711154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12376844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00414-002-0295-x&rft.au=Clisson%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicaut_F.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ricaut F.; et al. (2004). "Genetic Analysis of a Scytho-Siberian Skeleton and Its Implications for Ancient Central Asian Migrations". Human Biology. 76 (1): 109–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhub.2004.0025">10.1353/hub.2004.0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15222683">15222683</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35948291">35948291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+Analysis+of+a+Scytho-Siberian+Skeleton+and+Its+Implications+for+Ancient+Central+Asian+Migrations&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-125&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35948291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15222683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhub.2004.0025&rft.au=Ricaut+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicaut,_F.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ricaut, F.; et al. (2004). "Genetic Analysis and Ethnic Affinities From Two Scytho-Siberian Skeletons". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 123 (4): 351–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.10323">10.1002/ajpa.10323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15022363">15022363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Genetic+Analysis+and+Ethnic+Affinities+From+Two+Scytho-Siberian+Skeletons&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=351-360&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.10323&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15022363&rft.au=Ricaut%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ST-164"><a href="#cite_ref-ST_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0574-legal-bid-fails-to-rebury-remains-of-2500-year-old-tattooed-ice-princess/">"Legal bid fails to rebury remains of 2,500 year old tattooed 'ice princess'"</a>. The Siberian Times. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Siberian+Times&rft.atitle=Legal+bid+fails+to+rebury+remains+of+2%2C500+year+old+tattooed+%27ice+princess%27&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiberiantimes.com%2Fother%2Fothers%2Fnews%2Fn0574-legal-bid-fails-to-rebury-remains-of-2500-year-old-tattooed-ice-princess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález-RuizSantosJordanaSimón2012" class="citation journal cs1">González-Ruiz, Mercedes; Santos, Cristina; Jordana, Xavier; Simón, Marc; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Gigli, Elena; Aluja, Maria Pilar; Malgosa, Assumpció (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3494716">"Tracing the Origin of the East-West Population Admixture in the Altai Region (Central Asia)"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48904. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748904G">2012PLoSO...748904G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048904">10.1371/journal.pone.0048904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3494716">3494716</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23152818">23152818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+Origin+of+the+East-West+Population+Admixture+in+the+Altai+Region+%28Central+Asia%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e48904&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3494716%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23152818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048904&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...748904G&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Mercedes&rft.au=Santos%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Jordana%2C+Xavier&rft.au=Sim%C3%B3n%2C+Marc&rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+Carles&rft.au=Gigli%2C+Elena&rft.au=Aluja%2C+Maria+Pilar&rft.au=Malgosa%2C+Assumpci%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3494716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterländerPalstraLazaridisPilipenko2017-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterländerPalstraLazaridisPilipenko2017_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnterländerPalstraLazaridisPilipenko2017">Unterländer et al. 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnterländer2017">Unterländer 2017</a>, p. 69: "Thirdly, contemporary populations with the highest likelihood of being directly descended from eastern Scythian groups are almost exclusively Turkic language speakers (Supplementary Fig. 10b). Particularly high statistical support was documented for some Turkic speaking groups geographically located close to the archaeological sites of the eastern Scythians (e.g. Telenghits, Tubular, Tofalar), but also among Turkic speaking populations located in Central Asia (e.g. Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and Karakalpaks) (Supplementary Fig. 11). These same results were found for some Turkic groups located even further to the West, such as the Kazan Volga-Tatars. Finally, contemporary populations likely to share a common ancestor with eastern Scythians were mainly found among Turkic, Mongolian and Siberian groups located in eastern Eurasia (Supplementary Fig. 10d and Supplementary Fig. 11). In summary, these results provide further support for a multi-regional origin of the various Scythian groups from the Iron Age." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnterländer2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyserBouakazeCrubézy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Keyser, C; Bouakaze, C; Crubézy, E; et al. (September 2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people". Human Genetics. 126 (3): 395–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-009-0683-0">10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19449030">19449030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21347353">21347353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+provides+new+insights+into+the+history+of+south+Siberian+Kurgan+people&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-410&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21347353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19449030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-009-0683-0&rft.aulast=Keyser&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Bouakaze%2C+C&rft.au=Crub%C3%A9zy%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature.com-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaard2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, Peter de Barros (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"</a>. Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=369-374&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=Peter+de+Barros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTikhonovGurkanPelerDyakonov2019">Tikhonov et al. 2019</a>, p. 42: "In other words, there is an apparent population continuity from the Scythians to the Xiongnu and then onto the Turkic people, possibly because the former two already bore proto-Turkic elements." </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВеселовскаяГалеев2020" class="citation journal cs1">Веселовская, Е.В.; Галеев, Р.М. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipdn.ru/_private/a49/112-122.pdf">"АНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ ВНЕШНЕГО ОБЛИКА "ЦАРЯ" И "ЦАРИЦЫ" РАННЕСКИФСКОГО ПОГРЕБАЛЬНО-ПОМИНАЛЬНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА АРЖАН-2"</a> (PDF). Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2 (49). <q>In anthropological terms, the buried show a peculiar mosaic of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. They are characterized by brachycephaly and dome-shaped head, with notably developed rugosity of the supercilium in the man and its absence in the woman. For the man, an average width of the face and a narrow forehead of medium height are noted. The woman has broad face and forehead, the height of the forehead is average. Both portraits are characterized by prominent position of eyeballs and large eyes. Man's nose is short, prominent, with convex dorsum. Woman's nose has a wavy dorsum, and is slightly prominent. On the male portrait, the cheekbones are moderate, on the female one — high and prominent. Faces of the «royal» persons are flattened in the upper part, with a certain degree of alveolar prognathism. The lower jaw of the man is medium in size, narrow in the corners. For the woman, some gracility of the lower jaw can be noted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A8%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%90+%22%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%AF%22+%D0%98+%22%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A6%D0%AB%22+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%91%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E-%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%9F%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%90+%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%96%D0%90%D0%9D-2&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=49&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.aufirst=%D0%95.%D0%92.&rft.au=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C+%D0%A0.%D0%9C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipdn.ru%2F_private%2Fa49%2F112-122.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaard2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, Peter de Barros (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"</a>. Nature. 557 (7705): 369–374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=369-374&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=Peter+de+Barros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> "Principal component analyses and D-statistics suggest that the Xiongnu individuals belong to two distinct groups, one being of East Asian origin and the other presenting considerable admixture levels with West Eurasian sources... Principal Component Analyses and D-statistics suggest that the Xiongnu individuals belong to two distinct groups, one being of East Asian origin and the other presenting considerable admixture levels with West Eurasian sources... We find that Central Sakas are accepted as a source for these 'western-admixed' Xiongnu in a single-wave model. In line with this finding, no East Asian gene flow is detected compared to Central Sakas as these form a clade with respect to the East Asian Xiongnu in a D-statistic, and furthermore, cluster closely together in the PCA (Figure 2)... Overall, our data show that the Xiongnu confederation was genetically heterogeneous, and that the Huns emerged following minor male-driven East Asian gene flow into the preceding Sakas that they invaded... As such our results support the contention that the disappearance of the Inner Asian Scythians and Sakas around two thousand years ago was a cultural transition that coincided with the westward migration of the Xiongnu. This Xiongnu invasion also led to the displacement of isolated remnant groups related to Late Bronze Age pastoralists that had remained on the southeastern side of the Tian Shan mountains." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020_173-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020">Jeong et al. 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020"Previously,_we_reported_a_shared_genetic_profile_among_EBA_western_Baikal_hunter-gatherers_(Baikal_EBA)_and_Late_Bronze_Age_(LBA)_pastoralists_in_northern_Mongolia_(Khövsgöl_LBA)_(Jeong_et_al.,_2018)._This_genetic_profile,_composed_of_major_and_minor_ANA_and_ANE_ancestry_components,_respectively,_is_also_shared_with_the_earlier_eastern_Baikal_(Fofonovo_EN)_and_Mongolian_(centralMongolia_preBA)_groups_analyzed_in_this_study_(Figures_3A,_3B,_and_4A),_suggesting_a_regional_persistence_of_this_genetic_profile_for_nearly_three_millennia."_(...)_"Ancient_ANA_individuals_fall_close_to_the_cluster_of_present-day_Tungusic-_and_Nivkh-speaking_populations_in_northeast_Asia,_indicating_that_their_genetic_profile_is_still_present_in_indigenous_populations_of_the_Far_East_today"-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020"Previously,_we_reported_a_shared_genetic_profile_among_EBA_western_Baikal_hunter-gatherers_(Baikal_EBA)_and_Late_Bronze_Age_(LBA)_pastoralists_in_northern_Mongolia_(Khövsgöl_LBA)_(Jeong_et_al.,_2018)._This_genetic_profile,_composed_of_major_and_minor_ANA_and_ANE_ancestry_components,_respectively,_is_also_shared_with_the_earlier_eastern_Baikal_(Fofonovo_EN)_and_Mongolian_(centralMongolia_preBA)_groups_analyzed_in_this_study_(Figures_3A,_3B,_and_4A),_suggesting_a_regional_persistence_of_this_genetic_profile_for_nearly_three_millennia."_(...)_"Ancient_ANA_individuals_fall_close_to_the_cluster_of_present-day_Tungusic-_and_Nivkh-speaking_populations_in_northeast_Asia,_indicating_that_their_genetic_profile_is_still_present_in_indigenous_populations_of_the_Far_East_today"_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020">Jeong et al. 2020</a>, "Previously, we reported a shared genetic profile among EBA western Baikal hunter-gatherers (Baikal_EBA) and Late Bronze Age (LBA) pastoralists in northern Mongolia (Khövsgöl_LBA) (Jeong et al., 2018). This genetic profile, composed of major and minor ANA and ANE ancestry components, respectively, is also shared with the earlier eastern Baikal (Fofonovo_EN) and Mongolian (centralMongolia_preBA) groups analyzed in this study (Figures 3A, 3B, and 4A), suggesting a regional persistence of this genetic profile for nearly three millennia." (...) "Ancient ANA individuals fall close to the cluster of present-day Tungusic- and Nivkh-speaking populations in northeast Asia, indicating that their genetic profile is still present in indigenous populations of the Far East today". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020Visualization:_Figure_3C_Statistics:_Table_S5._Population_Modeling,_Related_to_Figures_3,_4,_and_5._(D)-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020Visualization:_Figure_3C_Statistics:_Table_S5._Population_Modeling,_Related_to_Figures_3,_4,_and_5._(D)_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020">Jeong et al. 2020</a>, Visualization: Figure 3C Statistics: Table S5. Population Modeling, Related to Figures 3, 4, and 5. (D). </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarWangZhangWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Vikas; Wang, Wenjun; Zhang, Jie; Wang, Yongqiang; Ruan, Qiurong; Yu, Jianjun; Wu, Xiaohong; Hu, Xingjun; Wu, Xinhua; Guo, Wu; Wang, Bo; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Lv, Enguo; Tang, Zihua; Cao, Peng (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk1534">"Bronze and Iron Age population movements underlie Xinjiang population history"</a>. Science. 376 (6588): 62–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...376...62K">2022Sci...376...62K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abk1534">10.1126/science.abk1534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357918">35357918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247855352">247855352</a>. <q>Of these, the Sakas were the descendants of Late Bronze Age (LBA) herders (such as the Andronovo, Srubnaya, and Sintashta) with additional ancestries derived from Lake Baikal (Shamanka_EBA) (EBA, Early Bronze Age) and BMAC populations (1, 17, 18). ... Further, although the spread of languages is not always congruent with population histories (32), the presence of Saka ancestry in Xinj_IA populations supports an IA introduction of the Indo-Iranian Khotanese language, which was spoken by the Saka and later attested to in this region (19).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Bronze+and+Iron+Age+population+movements+underlie+Xinjiang+population+history&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=6588&rft.pages=62-69&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247855352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...376...62K&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abk1534&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35357918&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenjun&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jie&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yongqiang&rft.au=Ruan%2C+Qiurong&rft.au=Yu%2C+Jianjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xingjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xinhua&rft.au=Guo%2C+Wu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bo&rft.au=Niyazi%2C+Alipujiang&rft.au=Lv%2C+Enguo&rft.au=Tang%2C+Zihua&rft.au=Cao%2C+Peng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abk1534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarBennettZhaoLiang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Vikas; Bennett, E Andrew; Zhao, Dongyue; Liang, Yun; Tang, Yunpeng; Ren, Meng; Dai, Qinyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Cao, Peng; Yang, Ruowei; Liu, Feng; Ping, Wanjing; Zhang, Ming; Ding, Manyu; Yang, Melinda A (28 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8557446">"Genetic Continuity of Bronze Age Ancestry with Increased Steppe-Related Ancestry in Late Iron Age Uzbekistan"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (11): 4908–4917. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsab216">10.1093/molbev/msab216</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038">0737-4038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8557446">8557446</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34320653">34320653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Genetic+Continuity+of+Bronze+Age+Ancestry+with+Increased+Steppe-Related+Ancestry+in+Late+Iron+Age+Uzbekistan&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4908-4917&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8557446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0737-4038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34320653&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsab216&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft.au=Bennett%2C+E+Andrew&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Dongyue&rft.au=Liang%2C+Yun&rft.au=Tang%2C+Yunpeng&rft.au=Ren%2C+Meng&rft.au=Dai%2C+Qinyan&rft.au=Feng%2C+Xiaotian&rft.au=Cao%2C+Peng&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ruowei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Feng&rft.au=Ping%2C+Wanjing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ming&rft.au=Ding%2C+Manyu&rft.au=Yang%2C+Melinda+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8557446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-178"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnecchi-Ruscone2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (26 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7997506">"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"</a>. Science Advances. 7 (13). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.4414G">2021SciA....7.4414G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abe4414">10.1126/sciadv.abe4414</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7997506">7997506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33771866">33771866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomic+time+transect+from+the+Central+Asian+Steppe+unravels+the+history+of+the+Scythians&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7997506%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.4414G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33771866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abe4414&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Gnecchi-Ruscone&rft.aufirst=Guido+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7997506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález-RuizSantosJordanaSimón2012" class="citation journal cs1">González-Ruiz, Mercedes; Santos, Cristina; Jordana, Xavier; Simón, Marc; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Gigli, Elena; Aluja, Maria Pilar; Malgosa, Assumpció (9 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233389263">"Tracing the Origin of the East-West Population Admixture in the Altai Region (Central Asia)"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48904. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748904G">2012PLoSO...748904G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048904">10.1371/journal.pone.0048904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3494716">3494716</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23152818">23152818</a>. <q>The Pazyryk groups analysed so far appear to be genetically homogeneous and they did not present significant genetic differences to current Altaians. These results suggest that roots of the current genetic diversity and admixture of the Altai region in Central Asia could be traced back to the Iron Age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+Origin+of+the+East-West+Population+Admixture+in+the+Altai+Region+%28Central+Asia%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e48904&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3494716%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23152818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048904&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...748904G&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Mercedes&rft.au=Santos%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Jordana%2C+Xavier&rft.au=Sim%C3%B3n%2C+Marc&rft.au=Lalueza-Fox%2C+Carles&rft.au=Gigli%2C+Elena&rft.au=Aluja%2C+Maria+Pilar&rft.au=Malgosa%2C+Assumpci%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233389263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiSulaimanIsakovaXu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dai, Shan-Shan; Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Isakova, Jainagul; Xu, Wei-Fang; Abdulloevich, Najmudinov Tojiddin; Afanasevna, Manilova Elena; Ibrohimovich, Khudoidodov Behruz; Chen, Xi; Yang, Wei-Kang; Wang, Ming-Shan; Shen, Quan-Kuan; Yang, Xing-Yan; Yao, Yong-Gang; Aldashev, Almaz A; Saidov, Abdusattor (25 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9469894">"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac179">10.1093/molbev/msac179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038">0737-4038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9469894">9469894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36006373">36006373</a>. <q>Given the Steppe-related ancestry (e.g., Andronovo) existing in Scythians (i.e., Saka; Unterländer et al. 2017; Damgaard et al. 2018; Guarino-Vignon et al. 2022), the proposed linguistic and physical anthropological links between the Tajiks and Scythians (Han 1993; Kuz′mina and Mallory 2007) may be ascribed to their shared Steppe-related ancestry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Echo+of+the+Tarim+Mummies+in+Modern+Central+Asians&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9469894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0737-4038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36006373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac179&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=Shan-Shan&rft.au=Sulaiman%2C+Xierzhatijiang&rft.au=Isakova%2C+Jainagul&rft.au=Xu%2C+Wei-Fang&rft.au=Abdulloevich%2C+Najmudinov+Tojiddin&rft.au=Afanasevna%2C+Manilova+Elena&rft.au=Ibrohimovich%2C+Khudoidodov+Behruz&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xi&rft.au=Yang%2C+Wei-Kang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ming-Shan&rft.au=Shen%2C+Quan-Kuan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xing-Yan&rft.au=Yao%2C+Yong-Gang&rft.au=Aldashev%2C+Almaz+A&rft.au=Saidov%2C+Abdusattor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9469894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikhonovGurkanPelerDyakonov2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tikhonov, Dmitrii; Gurkan, Cemal; Peler, Gökçe; Dyakonov, Viktor (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331179436">"On The Genetic Continuity of the Iron Age Pazyryk Culture: Geographic Distributions of the Paternal and Maternal Lineages from the Ak-Alakha-1 Burial"</a>. International Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31901%2F24566330.2019%2F19.01.709">10.31901/24566330.2019/19.01.709</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202015095">202015095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=On+The+Genetic+Continuity+of+the+Iron+Age+Pazyryk+Culture%3A+Geographic+Distributions+of+the+Paternal+and+Maternal+Lineages+from+the+Ak-Alakha-1+Burial&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31901%2F24566330.2019%2F19.01.709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202015095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tikhonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitrii&rft.au=Gurkan%2C+Cemal&rft.au=Peler%2C+G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e&rft.au=Dyakonov%2C+Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F331179436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> "The substantial presence of the Ak-Alakha-1 mtDNA and Y-STR haplotypes in the contemporary Anatolian populations may be attributed to two major historical events: (a) the less likely being the Scythian invasion of Anatolia around 7th century BCE and settlement for around 30 years near the Aras or Araxes River (Herodotus 1920), and (b) the more likely being the Central Asiatic Turkic migrations into Anatolia from around 11th century CE onwards, keeping in mind the ever growing support for a strong genetic continuity between the ancient eastern Scythians and the proto-Turkic tribes (Unterlander et al. 2017)." </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiSulaimanIsakovaXu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dai, Shan-Shan; Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Isakova, Jainagul; Xu, Wei-Fang; Abdulloevich, Najmudinov Tojiddin; Afanasevna, Manilova Elena; Ibrohimovich, Khudoidodov Behruz; Chen, Xi; Yang, Wei-Kang; Wang, Ming-Shan; Shen, Quan-Kuan; Yang, Xing-Yan; Yao, Yong-Gang; Aldashev, Almaz A; Saidov, Abdusattor (25 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9469894">"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac179">10.1093/molbev/msac179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038">0737-4038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9469894">9469894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36006373">36006373</a>. <q>By contrast, the Kyrgyz, together with other Turkic-speaking populations, originated from the admixture since the Iron Age. The Historical Era gene flow derived from the Eastern Steppe with the representative of Mongolia_Xiongnu_o1 made a more substantial contribution to Kyrgyz and other Turkic-speaking populations (i.e., Kazakh, Uyghur, Turkmen, and Uzbek; 34.9–55.2%) higher than that to the Tajik populations (11.6–18.6%; fig. 4A), suggesting Tajiks suffer fewer impacts of the recent admixtures (Martínez-Cruz et al. 2011). Consequently, the Tajik populations generally present patterns of genetic continuity of Central Asians since the Bronze Age. Our results are consistent with linguistic and genetic evidence that the spreading of Indo-European speakers into Central Asia was earlier than the expansion of Turkic speakers (Kuz′mina and Mallory 2007; Yunusbayev et al. 2015).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Echo+of+the+Tarim+Mummies+in+Modern+Central+Asians&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9469894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0737-4038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36006373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac179&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=Shan-Shan&rft.au=Sulaiman%2C+Xierzhatijiang&rft.au=Isakova%2C+Jainagul&rft.au=Xu%2C+Wei-Fang&rft.au=Abdulloevich%2C+Najmudinov+Tojiddin&rft.au=Afanasevna%2C+Manilova+Elena&rft.au=Ibrohimovich%2C+Khudoidodov+Behruz&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xi&rft.au=Yang%2C+Wei-Kang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ming-Shan&rft.au=Shen%2C+Quan-Kuan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xing-Yan&rft.au=Yao%2C+Yong-Gang&rft.au=Aldashev%2C+Almaz+A&rft.au=Saidov%2C+Abdusattor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9469894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurkan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gurkan, Cemal (8 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31901%2F24566330.2019%2F19.01.709">"On The Genetic Continuity of the Iron Age Pazyryk Culture: Geographic Distributions of the Paternal and Maternal Lineages from the Ak-Alakha-1 Burial"</a>. International Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31901%2F24566330.2019%2F19.01.709">10.31901/24566330.2019/19.01.709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0972-3757">0972-3757</a>. <q>Notably, there is clear population continuity between the Uralic people such as Khants, Mansis and Nganasans, Paleo-Siberian people such as Yukaghirs and Chuvantsi, and the Pazyryk people even when considering just the two mtDNA and Y-STR haplotypes from the Ak-Alakha-1 mound 1 kurgan (Tables 1a, b, Table 2, Fig. 1).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=On+The+Genetic+Continuity+of+the+Iron+Age+Pazyryk+Culture%3A+Geographic+Distributions+of+the+Paternal+and+Maternal+Lineages+from+the+Ak-Alakha-1+Burial&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31901%2F24566330.2019%2F19.01.709&rft.issn=0972-3757&rft.aulast=Gurkan&rft.aufirst=Cemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31901%252F24566330.2019%252F19.01.709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeWangZouYeh2023" class="citation journal cs1">He, Guang-Lin; Wang, Meng-Ge; Zou, Xing; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Liu, Chang-Hui; Liu, Chao; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/8179175">"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity"</a>. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 61 (1): 230–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12827">10.1111/jse.12827</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1674-4918">1674-4918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245849003">245849003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Extensive+ethnolinguistic+diversity+at+the+crossroads+of+North+China+and+South+Siberia+reflects+multiple+sources+of+genetic+diversity&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=230-250&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245849003%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1674-4918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjse.12827&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Guang-Lin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Meng-Ge&rft.au=Zou%2C+Xing&rft.au=Yeh%2C+Hui-Yuan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Chang-Hui&rft.au=Liu%2C+Chao&rft.au=Chen%2C+Gang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F8179175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJ-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_185-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJärveSaagScheibPathak2019" class="citation journal cs1">Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg; Avramenko, Maryana; Magomedov, Boris; Didenko, Serghii; Toshev, Gennadi; Bruyako, Igor; Grechko, Denys; Okatenko, Vitalii; Gorbenko, Kyrylo; Smyrnov, Oleksandr; Heiko, Anatolii; Reida, Roman; Sapiehin, Serheii; Sirotin, Sergey; Tairov, Aleksandr; Beisenov, Arman; Starodubtsev, Maksim; Vasilev, Vitali; Nechvaloda, Alexei; Atabiev, Biyaslan; Litvinov, Sergey; Ekomasova, Natalia; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Voroniatov, Sergey; Utevska, Olga; Shramko, Irina; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Metspalu, Mait; Savelev, Nikita; Kriiska, Aivar; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"</a>. Current Biology. 29 (14): 2430–2441.e10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E2430J">2019CBio...29E2430J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303491">31303491</a>. <q>This is compatible with a moderate westward increase of the Altaian genetic component in the Steppe during the Scythian period, implying the involvement of at least some degree of migration (east to west; the more complicated scenarios that have been proposed [11] are not supported by our results) in the spread of the Scythian culture. This fits the previous observation that the Iron Age nomads of the western Eurasian Steppe were not direct descendants of the Bronze Age population [2] and suggests that the Scythian world cannot be described solely in terms of material culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Shifts+in+the+Genetic+Landscape+of+the+Western+Eurasian+Steppe+Associated+with+the+Beginning+and+End+of+the+Scythian+Dominance&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2430-2441.e10&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31303491&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E2430J&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4rve&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+Lyn&rft.au=Pathak%2C+Ajai+K.&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft.au=Flores%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Guellil%2C+Meriam&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft.au=Kushniarevich%2C+Alena&rft.au=Solnik%2C+Anu&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Zadnikov%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Petrauskas%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Avramenko%2C+Maryana&rft.au=Magomedov%2C+Boris&rft.au=Didenko%2C+Serghii&rft.au=Toshev%2C+Gennadi&rft.au=Bruyako%2C+Igor&rft.au=Grechko%2C+Denys&rft.au=Okatenko%2C+Vitalii&rft.au=Gorbenko%2C+Kyrylo&rft.au=Smyrnov%2C+Oleksandr&rft.au=Heiko%2C+Anatolii&rft.au=Reida%2C+Roman&rft.au=Sapiehin%2C+Serheii&rft.au=Sirotin%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Tairov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Beisenov%2C+Arman&rft.au=Starodubtsev%2C+Maksim&rft.au=Vasilev%2C+Vitali&rft.au=Nechvaloda%2C+Alexei&rft.au=Atabiev%2C+Biyaslan&rft.au=Litvinov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Ekomasova%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Dzhaubermezov%2C+Murat&rft.au=Voroniatov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Utevska%2C+Olga&rft.au=Shramko%2C+Irina&rft.au=Khusnutdinova%2C+Elza&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Savelev%2C+Nikita&rft.au=Kriiska%2C+Aivar&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJE4-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_186-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_186-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_186-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_186-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJE4_186-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJärveSaagScheibPathak2019" class="citation journal cs1">Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg; Avramenko, Maryana; Magomedov, Boris; Didenko, Serghii; Toshev, Gennadi; Bruyako, Igor; Grechko, Denys; Okatenko, Vitalii; Gorbenko, Kyrylo; Smyrnov, Oleksandr; Heiko, Anatolii; Reida, Roman; Sapiehin, Serheii; Sirotin, Sergey; Tairov, Aleksandr; Beisenov, Arman; Starodubtsev, Maksim; Vasilev, Vitali; Nechvaloda, Alexei; Atabiev, Biyaslan; Litvinov, Sergey; Ekomasova, Natalia; Dzhaubermezov, Murat; Voroniatov, Sergey; Utevska, Olga; Shramko, Irina; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Metspalu, Mait; Savelev, Nikita; Kriiska, Aivar; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"</a>. Current Biology. 29 (14): e4–e5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E2430J">2019CBio...29E2430J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019">10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303491">31303491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Shifts+in+the+Genetic+Landscape+of+the+Western+Eurasian+Steppe+Associated+with+the+Beginning+and+End+of+the+Scythian+Dominance&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=e4-e5&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31303491&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E2430J&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4rve&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+Lyn&rft.au=Pathak%2C+Ajai+K.&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft.au=Flores%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Guellil%2C+Meriam&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft.au=Kushniarevich%2C+Alena&rft.au=Solnik%2C+Anu&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Zadnikov%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Petrauskas%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Avramenko%2C+Maryana&rft.au=Magomedov%2C+Boris&rft.au=Didenko%2C+Serghii&rft.au=Toshev%2C+Gennadi&rft.au=Bruyako%2C+Igor&rft.au=Grechko%2C+Denys&rft.au=Okatenko%2C+Vitalii&rft.au=Gorbenko%2C+Kyrylo&rft.au=Smyrnov%2C+Oleksandr&rft.au=Heiko%2C+Anatolii&rft.au=Reida%2C+Roman&rft.au=Sapiehin%2C+Serheii&rft.au=Sirotin%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Tairov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Beisenov%2C+Arman&rft.au=Starodubtsev%2C+Maksim&rft.au=Vasilev%2C+Vitali&rft.au=Nechvaloda%2C+Alexei&rft.au=Atabiev%2C+Biyaslan&rft.au=Litvinov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Ekomasova%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Dzhaubermezov%2C+Murat&rft.au=Voroniatov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Utevska%2C+Olga&rft.au=Shramko%2C+Irina&rft.au=Khusnutdinova%2C+Elza&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Savelev%2C+Nikita&rft.au=Kriiska%2C+Aivar&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.06.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYablonsky2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yablonsky, Leonid Teodorovich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">"New Excavations of the Early Nomadic Burial Ground at Filippovka (Southern Ural Region, Russia)"</a>. American Journal of Archaeology. 114 (1): 137, Fig.13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129">10.3764/aja.114.1.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9114">0002-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627646">20627646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191399666">191399666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=New+Excavations+of+the+Early+Nomadic+Burial+Ground+at+Filippovka+%28Southern+Ural+Region%2C+Russia%29&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137%2C+Fig.13&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0002-9114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191399666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.114.1.129&rft.aulast=Yablonsky&rft.aufirst=Leonid+Teodorovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20627646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukpanova2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lukpanova, Ya.A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32899848">"Reconstruction of Female Costume From the Elite Burial Ground Taksay-I: a View of the Archaeology"</a>. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Arcaheology). 1 (19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Povolzhskaya+Arkheologiya+%28The+Volga+River+Region+Arcaheology%29&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+of+Female+Costume+From+the+Elite+Burial+Ground+Taksay-I%3A+a+View+of+the+Archaeology.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=19&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lukpanova&rft.aufirst=Ya.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32899848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/9228922@N03/36214368340/in/album-72157684182450632/">"Golden Man from Shilikty and Golden Woman from Taksai"</a>. Nur-sultan - National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 23 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Man+from+Shilikty+and+Golden+Woman+from+Taksai&rft.pub=Nur-sultan+-+National+Museum+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2017-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F9228922%40N03%2F36214368340%2Fin%2Falbum-72157684182450632%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dates_of_Saka_kurgans_(complete).png" title="File:Dates of Saka kurgans (complete).png">Image file with complete data</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmirRoberts2023" class="citation journal cs1">Amir, Saltanat; Roberts, Rebecca C. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Farts12010023">"The Saka 'Animal Style' in Context: Material, Technology, Form and Use"</a>. Arts. 12: 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Farts12010023">10.3390/arts12010023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts&rft.atitle=The+Saka+%27Animal+Style%27+in+Context%3A+Material%2C+Technology%2C+Form+and+Use&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Farts12010023&rft.aulast=Amir&rft.aufirst=Saltanat&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Rebecca+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Farts12010023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Alekseev A.Yu. et al., "Chronology of Eurasian Scythian Antiquities Born by New Archaeological and 14C Data", © 2001 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona, Radiocarbon, Vol .43, No 2B, 2001, p 1085-1107 Fig.6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Amir-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Amir_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmirRoberts2023" class="citation journal cs1">Amir, Saltanat; Roberts, Rebecca C. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Farts12010023">"The Saka 'Animal Style' in Context: Material, Technology, Form and Use"</a>. Arts. 12: 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Farts12010023">10.3390/arts12010023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts&rft.atitle=The+Saka+%27Animal+Style%27+in+Context%3A+Material%2C+Technology%2C+Form+and+Use&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Farts12010023&rft.aulast=Amir&rft.aufirst=Saltanat&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Rebecca+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Farts12010023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancfort2002" class="citation journal cs1">Francfort, Henri-Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049162">"Images du combat contre le sanglier en Asie centrale (3 ème au 1 er millénaire av. J.-C.)"</a>. Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 16: 118. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049162">24049162</a>. <q>Dans le kourgane plus ancien d'Arzhan-1 (8-10ème s.)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=Images+du+combat+contre+le+sanglier+en+Asie+centrale+%283+%C3%A8me+au+1+er+mill%C3%A9naire+av.+J.-C.%29&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049162%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=Francfort&rft.aufirst=Henri-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChugunovParzingerNagler2004" class="citation book cs1">Chugunov, K. V.; Parzinger, H.; Nagler, A. (2004). "Chronology and Cultural Affinity of the Kurgan Arzhan-2 Complex According to Archaeological Data". Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia. NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences. Vol. 42. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-2656-0_1">10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-2655-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-2655-2"><bdi>1-4020-2655-2</bdi></a>. <q>p.23 "Dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating indicate that Arzhan dates to the end 9th - beginning 8th century BC (Zaitseva, Vasilev, Marsadolov, Sementsov, Dergachev, Lebedeva, 1996)."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+and+Cultural+Affinity+of+the+Kurgan+Arzhan-2+Complex+According+to+Archaeological+Data&rft.btitle=Impact+of+the+Environment+on+Human+Migration+in+Eurasia&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=NATO+Science+Series%3A+IV%3A+Earth+and+Environmental+Sciences&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-2656-0_1&rft.isbn=1-4020-2655-2&rft.aulast=Chugunov&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft.au=Parzinger%2C+H.&rft.au=Nagler%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChugunovParzingerNagler2004" class="citation book cs1">Chugunov, K. V.; Parzinger, H.; Nagler, A. (2004). "Chronology and Cultural Affinity of the Kurgan Arzhan-2 Complex According to Archaeological Data". Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia. NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences. Vol. 42. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 24–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-2656-0_1">10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-2655-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-2655-2"><bdi>1-4020-2655-2</bdi></a>. <q>"We can only note certain elements in the culture of European Scythia which doubtless have an Asiatic origin and are connected with the cultures of Asia." "In many scholars' opinion it is necessary to distinguish the following cultural components of European Scythia genetically tied with the East: daggers with butterfly-shaped guards, arrowheads early forms, helmets of the Kelermes type, spiked battle-axes, horse-bits, cheek-pieces of the Chernogorovo and Zhabotinsk type, bordered mirrors, bronze cauldrons of the Beshtaugor type and "stag-stones". We can follow the development of some animal style images (deer, boar, and panther) from east to west. There are elements of stylization and degradation on the objects from the western part of the Scythian World</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+and+Cultural+Affinity+of+the+Kurgan+Arzhan-2+Complex+According+to+Archaeological+Data&rft.btitle=Impact+of+the+Environment+on+Human+Migration+in+Eurasia&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=NATO+Science+Series%3A+IV%3A+Earth+and+Environmental+Sciences&rft.pages=24-32&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-2656-0_1&rft.isbn=1-4020-2655-2&rft.aulast=Chugunov&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft.au=Parzinger%2C+H.&rft.au=Nagler%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChugunovParzingerNagler2004" class="citation book cs1">Chugunov, K. V.; Parzinger, H.; Nagler, A. (2004). "Chronology and Cultural Affinity of the Kurgan Arzhan-2 Complex According to Archaeological Data". Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia. NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences. Vol. 42. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-2656-0_1">10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-2655-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-2655-2"><bdi>1-4020-2655-2</bdi></a>. <q>p.24 "Figure.2. Royal barrow Arzhan 1: funeral artifacts. 36-39"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+and+Cultural+Affinity+of+the+Kurgan+Arzhan-2+Complex+According+to+Archaeological+Data&rft.btitle=Impact+of+the+Environment+on+Human+Migration+in+Eurasia&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=NATO+Science+Series%3A+IV%3A+Earth+and+Environmental+Sciences&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-2656-0_1&rft.isbn=1-4020-2655-2&rft.aulast=Chugunov&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft.au=Parzinger%2C+H.&rft.au=Nagler%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pan-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pan_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pan_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanyushkinaSlyusarenkoSalaDeom2016" class="citation journal cs1">Panyushkina, Irina P; Slyusarenko, Igor Y; Sala, Renato; Deom, Jean-Marc; Toleubayev, Abdesh T (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-of-the-Shilikty-burial-site-in-the-Altai-Mountains-of-southeastern-Kazakhstan_fig2_289407150">"Calendar Age of the Baigetobe Kurgan from the Iron Age Saka Cemetery in Shilikty Valley, Kazakhstan"</a>. Radiocarbon. 58 (1): 157–167. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Radcb..58..157P">2016Radcb..58..157P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2015.15">10.1017/RDC.2015.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F628658">10150/628658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131703468">131703468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Calendar+Age+of+the+Baigetobe+Kurgan+from+the+Iron+Age+Saka+Cemetery+in+Shilikty+Valley%2C+Kazakhstan&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-167&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F628658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131703468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FRDC.2015.15&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Radcb..58..157P&rft.aulast=Panyushkina&rft.aufirst=Irina+P&rft.au=Slyusarenko%2C+Igor+Y&rft.au=Sala%2C+Renato&rft.au=Deom%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Toleubayev%2C+Abdesh+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FLocation-of-the-Shilikty-burial-site-in-the-Altai-Mountains-of-southeastern-Kazakhstan_fig2_289407150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhumatayev2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhumatayev, Rinat (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45623946">"Royal Mound Baygetobe from the Burial Ground Shilikty"</a>. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Social%2C+Behavioral%2C+Educational%2C+Economic%2C+Business+and+Industrial+Engineering&rft.atitle=Royal+Mound+Baygetobe+from+the+Burial+Ground+Shilikty&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.aulast=Zhumatayev&rft.aufirst=Rinat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45623946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancfort2002" class="citation journal cs1">Francfort, Henri-Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049162">"Images du combat contre le sanglier en Asie centrale (3 ème au 1 er millénaire av. J.-C.)"</a>. Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 16: 118. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049162">24049162</a>. <q>Ainsi des bractrées d'or à l'effigie du sanglier qui étaient fixées aux vêtements ont été découvertes dans les Kourganes du 6eme siècle de Chilikti (Kazakhstan oriental) et d'Arzhan-2 (Touva)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=Images+du+combat+contre+le+sanglier+en+Asie+centrale+%283+%C3%A8me+au+1+er+mill%C3%A9naire+av.+J.-C.%29&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049162%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=Francfort&rft.aufirst=Henri-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyanuly2016" class="citation journal cs1">Noyanuly, Noyanov Edyl (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-golden-people-of-kazakhstan/viewer">"THE "GOLDEN PEOPLE" OF KAZAKHSTAN"</a>. World Science: 47. <q>2003 Associate Professor of National University of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and Professor Gani lobster Abde§ Tulebaev in East -Kazakhstan near Zaisan in place Baygetobe "Chilikti-3" number 1, the mound of the "golden man" (4262 gold find) (Figure 4)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Science&rft.atitle=THE+%22GOLDEN+PEOPLE%22+OF+KAZAKHSTAN&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Noyanuly&rft.aufirst=Noyanov+Edyl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fthe-golden-people-of-kazakhstan%2Fviewer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChugunovParzingerNagler2005" class="citation book cs1">Chugunov, K. V.; Parzinger, H.; Nagler, A. (2005). "Chronology and Cultural Affinity of the Kurgan Arzhan-2 Complex According to Archaeological Data". Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia. NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences. Vol. 42. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-2656-0_1">10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-2655-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-2655-2"><bdi>1-4020-2655-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+and+Cultural+Affinity+of+the+Kurgan+Arzhan-2+Complex+According+to+Archaeological+Data&rft.btitle=Impact+of+the+Environment+on+Human+Migration+in+Eurasia&rft.series=NATO+Science+Series%3A+IV%3A+Earth+and+Environmental+Sciences&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-2656-0_1&rft.isbn=1-4020-2655-2&rft.aulast=Chugunov&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft.au=Parzinger%2C+H.&rft.au=Nagler%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man20-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Man20_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man20_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man20_202-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man20_202-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man20_202-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Man_(author)" title="John Man (author)">Man, John</a> (2020). Empire of Horses: The First Nomadic Civilization and the Making of China. New York: Pegasus Books. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-327-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-327-0"><bdi>978-1-64313-327-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Horses%3A+The+First+Nomadic+Civilization+and+the+Making+of+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-64313-327-0&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2020/09/850-gold-artefacts-belonging-to.html">"850 gold artefacts belonging to the Scythian-Saka era found in Kazakhstan"</a>. The Archaeology News Network. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Archaeology+News+Network&rft.atitle=850+gold+artefacts+belonging+to+the+Scythian-Saka+era+found+in+Kazakhstan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com%2F2020%2F09%2F850-gold-artefacts-belonging-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623073958/http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=49.3732082&lon=86.4380264&z=15&l=9&m=s&v=9">"Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!"</a>. wikimapia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/">the original</a> on 23 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wikimapia.org&rft.atitle=Wikimapia+-+Let%27s+describe+the+whole+world%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikimapia.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford2012" class="citation news cs1">Wilford, John Noble (12 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/science/from-their-graves-ancient-nomads-speak.html">"Artifacts Show Sophistication of Ancient Nomads"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 1 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Artifacts+Show+Sophistication+of+Ancient+Nomads&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F13%2Fscience%2Ffrom-their-graves-ancient-nomads-speak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parragon-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Parragon_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Aaron_Ralby2013" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Aaron Ralby (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldmili0000ralb">"Scythians, c. 700 BCE—600 CE: Punching a Cloud"</a>. Atlas of Military History. Parragon. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldmili0000ralb/page/224">224–225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4723-0963-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4723-0963-1"><bdi>978-1-4723-0963-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scythians%2C+c.+700+BCE%E2%80%94600+CE%3A+Punching+a+Cloud&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Military+History&rft.pages=224-225&rft.pub=Parragon&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4723-0963-1&rft.au=Dr.+Aaron+Ralby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofworldmili0000ralb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСергей_Иванович_Руденко_(Sergei_I._Rudenko)1970" class="citation book cs1">Сергей Иванович Руденко (Sergei I. Rudenko) (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBydRHyHN10C&pg=PR29">Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01395-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01395-7"><bdi>978-0-520-01395-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frozen+Tombs+of+Siberia%3A+The+Pazyryk+Burials+of+Iron+Age+Horsemen&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01395-7&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%28Sergei+I.+Rudenko%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZBydRHyHN10C%26pg%3DPR29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010706232807/http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/08/hm88_0_0_17_0.html">"Chariot"</a>. Hermitage Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/08/hm88_0_0_17_0.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hermitage+Museum&rft.atitle=Chariot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhermitagemuseum.org%2Fhtml_En%2F08%2Fhm88_0_0_17_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM_209-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankovaSimpson2017" class="citation book cs1">Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34533231">Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia</a>. British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scythians%3A+warriors+of+ancient+Siberia&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=Pankova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34533231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajaonline.org/online-museum-review/3680">"Presenting the Warrior Iron Age Scythian Materials and Gender Identity at the British Museum American Journal of Archaeology"</a>. American Journal of Archaeology. July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Presenting+the+Warrior+Iron+Age+Scythian+Materials+and+Gender+Identity+at+the+British+Museum+American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajaonline.org%2Fonline-museum-review%2F3680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajaonline.org/online-museum-review/3680">"Presenting the Warrior Iron Age Scythian Materials and Gender Identity at the British Museum, American Journal of Archaeology"</a>. www.ajaonline.org. July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.ajaonline.org&rft.atitle=Presenting+the+Warrior+Iron+Age+Scythian+Materials+and+Gender+Identity+at+the+British+Museum%2C+American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajaonline.org%2Fonline-museum-review%2F3680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/68423546@N08/48574017982/in/photostream/">"Museum notice"</a>. 19 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+notice&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F68423546%40N08%2F48574017982%2Fin%2Fphotostream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankovaSimpson2021" class="citation book cs1">Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (21 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6MWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223">Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia: Proceedings of a conference held at the British Museum, 27-29 October 2017</a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-648-6"><bdi>978-1-78969-648-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+the+Steppe%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Scythians+and+Later+Nomad+Societies+of+Eurasia%3A+Proceedings+of+a+conference+held+at+the+British+Museum%2C+27-29+October+2017&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-648-6&rft.aulast=Pankova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6MWEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankovaSimpson2021" class="citation book cs1">Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (21 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6MWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219">Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia: Proceedings of a conference held at the British Museum, 27-29 October 2017</a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-648-6"><bdi>978-1-78969-648-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+the+Steppe%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Scythians+and+Later+Nomad+Societies+of+Eurasia%3A+Proceedings+of+a+conference+held+at+the+British+Museum%2C+27-29+October+2017&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-648-6&rft.aulast=Pankova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6MWEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankovaSimpson2017" class="citation book cs1">Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34533231">Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia</a>. British Museum. p. 66, Item 25. <q>These graves at Tillya Tepe were initially regarded by the excavator as belonging to Yuezhi or Kushan nobility, but they are most likely to be tombs of a local tribal chief and his family who had strong connections with the Sakā cultures of Central Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scythians%3A+warriors+of+ancient+Siberia&rft.pages=66%2C+Item+25&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=Pankova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34533231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> New Kilunovskaya, M. E., Semenov, V. A., Busova, V. S., Mustafin, Kh. Kh., Alborova, I. E., & Matzvai, A. D. (2018). The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, 46(3), 379–406. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Mallory and Mair, The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> "Les Saces", Iaroslav Lebedynsky, p.73 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-337-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-337-2">2-87772-337-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Crowns similar to the Scythian ones discovered in <a href="/wiki/Tillia_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillia Tepe">Tillia Tepe</a> "appear later, during the 5th and 6th century at the eastern edge of the Asia continent, in the <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> tombs of the Kingdom of Silla, in South-East Korea. "Afganistan, les trésors retrouvés", 2006, p282, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7118-5218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7118-5218-5">978-2-7118-5218-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722101738/http://sgkohun.world.coocan.jp/GUNMA/maebasi/kinkan.html">"金冠塚古墳 – Sgkohun.world.coocan.jp"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sgkohun.world.coocan.jp/GUNMA/maebasi/kinkan.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%87%91%E5%86%A0%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3+%E2%80%93+Sgkohun.world.coocan.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsgkohun.world.coocan.jp%2FGUNMA%2Fmaebasi%2Fkinkan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinduff2013" class="citation journal cs1">Linduff, Katheryn (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36091247">"A Contextual Explanation for "Foreign" or "Steppic" Factors Exhibited in Burials at the Majiayuan Cemetery and the Opening of the Tianshan Mountain Corridor"</a>. Asian Archaeology: 81, Figure 6 (Majiayuan Tomb 3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Contextual+Explanation+for+%26quot%3BForeign%26quot%3B+or+%26quot%3BSteppic%26quot%3B+Factors+Exhibited+in+Burials+at+the+Majiayuan+Cemetery+and+the+Opening+of+the+Tianshan+Mountain+Corridor&rft.pages=81%2C+Figure+6+%28Majiayuan+Tomb+3%29&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Linduff&rft.aufirst=Katheryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36091247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGropp" class="citation web cs1">Gropp, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-v">"Clothing v. In Pre-Islamic Eastern Iran"</a>. iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 6 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Clothing+v.+In+Pre-Islamic+Eastern+Iran&rft.aulast=Gropp&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fclothing-v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/640849">"Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. www.metmuseum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F640849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDi_Cosmo1999[httpswwwresearchgatenetfigureStatuette-of-warrior-a-and-bronze-cauldron-b-Saka-culture-Xinjiang-From-Mu_fig3_286685537_13.5._Statuette_of_warrior_(a),_and_bronze_cauldron_(b),_Saka...]-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDi_Cosmo1999[httpswwwresearchgatenetfigureStatuette-of-warrior-a-and-bronze-cauldron-b-Saka-culture-Xinjiang-From-Mu_fig3_286685537_13.5._Statuette_of_warrior_(a),_and_bronze_cauldron_(b),_Saka...]_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDi_Cosmo1999">Di Cosmo 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Statuette-of-warrior-a-and-bronze-cauldron-b-Saka-culture-Xinjiang-From-Mu_fig3_286685537">13.5. Statuette of warrior (a), and bronze cauldron (b), Saka...</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettsViczianyJiaCastro2019" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxUSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads</a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9"><bdi>978-1-78969-407-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultures+of+Ancient+Xinjiang%2C+Western+China%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Silk+Roads&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-407-9&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Vicziany%2C+Marika&rft.au=Jia%2C+Peter+Weiming&rft.au=Castro%2C+Angelo+Andrea+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxUSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi-Chang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yi-Chang, Youngsoo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201628663264867.page">"The Study on the Scythian Costume III -Focaused on the Scythian of the Pazyryk region in Altai-"</a>. Fashion & Textile Research Journal (한국의류산업학회지). 18 (4). Korea Institute of Science and Technology: 424–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5805%2FSFTI.2016.18.4.424">10.5805/SFTI.2016.18.4.424</a>. Retrieved 19 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fashion+%26+Textile+Research+Journal+%28%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%EB%A5%98%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85%ED%95%99%ED%9A%8C%EC%A7%80%29&rft.atitle=The+Study+on+the+Scythian+Costume+III+-Focaused+on+the+Scythian+of+the+Pazyryk+region+in+Altai-&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=424-437&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5805%2FSFTI.2016.18.4.424&rft.aulast=Yi-Chang&rft.aufirst=Youngsoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreascience.or.kr%2Farticle%2FJAKO201628663264867.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-saka_bas_relief-227"><a href="#cite_ref-saka_bas_relief_227-0">^</a> The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Photographic Archives. Persepolis – Apadana, E Stairway, Tribute Procession, the Saka Tigraxauda Delegation.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/pa_iran_paai_per_apa/index.php/1E8_72dpi.png?action=big&size=resize&fromthumbnail=true">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012073352/http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/pa_iran_paai_per_apa/index.php/1E8_72dpi.png?action=big&size=resize&fromthumbnail=true">Archived</a> 12 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 27 June 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-MK-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MK_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MK_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhayutina2013" class="citation journal cs1">Khayutina, Maria (Autumn 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iias.asia/sites/iias/files/nwl_article/2019-05/IIAS_NL65_1213.pdf">"From wooden attendants to terracotta warriors"</a> (PDF). Bernisches Historisches Museum the Newsletter. 65: 2, Fig.4. <q>Other noteworthy terracotta figurines were found in 1995 in a 4th-3rd century BCE tomb in the Taerpo cemetery near Xianyang in Shaanxi Province, where the last Qin capital of the same name was located from 350 to 207 BCE. These are the earliest representations of cavalrymen in China discovered up to this day. One of this pair can now be seen at the exhibition in Bern (Fig. 4). A small, ca. 23 cm tall, figurine represents a man sitting on a settled horse. He stretches out his left hand, whereas his right hand points downwards. Holes pierced through both his fists suggest that he originally held the reins of his horse in one hand and a weapon in the other. The rider wears a short jacket, trousers and boots – elements of the typical outfit of the inhabitants of the Central Asian steppes. Trousers were first introduced in the early Chinese state of Zhao during the late 4th century BCE, as the Chinese started to learn horse riding from their nomadic neighbours. The state of Qin should have adopted the nomadic clothes about the same time. But the figurine from Taerpo also has some other features that may point to its foreign identity: a hood-like headgear with a flat wide crown framing his face and a high, pointed nose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bernisches+Historisches+Museum+the+Newsletter&rft.atitle=From+wooden+attendants+to+terracotta+warriors&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=2%2C+Fig.4&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Khayutina&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iias.asia%2Fsites%2Fiias%2Ffiles%2Fnwl_article%2F2019-05%2FIIAS_NL65_1213.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> Also in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhayutina2013" class="citation book cs1">Khayutina, Maria (2013). Qin: the eternal emperor and his terracotta warriors (1. Aufl ed.). Zürich: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. p. cat. no. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03823-838-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03823-838-6"><bdi>978-3-03823-838-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qin%3A+the+eternal+emperor+and+his+terracotta+warriors&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=cat.+no.+314&rft.edition=1.+Aufl&rft.pub=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-03823-838-6&rft.aulast=Khayutina&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQingbo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3F6506262A9ED57C9DC3827EEAA6B230/S2059163222000251a.pdf/sino-western-cultural-exchange-as-seen-through-the-archaeology-of-the-first-emperors-necropolis.pdf">"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"</a> (PDF). Journal of Chinese History. 7 (1): 26 Fig.1, 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">10.1017/jch.2022.25</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251690411">251690411</a>. <q>In terms of formal characteristics and style of dress and adornment, the closest parallels to the Warring States-period Qin figurines are found in the Scythian culture. Wang Hui 王輝 has examined the exchanges between the cultures of the Yellow River valley and the Scythian culture of the steppe. During a 2007 exhibition on the Scythians in Berlin, there was a bronze hood on display labeled a "Kazakh military cap." This bronze hood and the clothing of the nomads in kneeling posture [also depicted in the exhibition] are very similar in form to those of the terracotta figurines from the late Warring States Qin-period tomb at the Taerpo site (see Figure 1). The style of the Scythian bronze horse figures and the saddle, bridle, and other accessories on their bodies are nearly identical to those seen on the Warring States-period Qin figurines and a similar type of artifact from the Ordos region, and they all date to the fifth to third centuries BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+History&rft.atitle=Sino-Western+Cultural+Exchange+as+Seen+through+the+Archaeology+of+the+First+Emperor%27s+Necropolis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26+Fig.1%2C+27&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251690411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Qingbo&rft.aufirst=Duan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F3F6506262A9ED57C9DC3827EEAA6B230%2FS2059163222000251a.pdf%2Fsino-western-cultural-exchange-as-seen-through-the-archaeology-of-the-first-emperors-necropolis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rawson, Jessica (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315991114">"China and the steppe: reception and resistance"</a>. Antiquity. 91 (356): 386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2016.276">10.15184/aqy.2016.276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165092308">165092308</a>. <q>King Zheng of Qin (246–221 BC), who was to be the First Emperor (221–210 BC), took material from many regions. As he unified the territory, he employed steppe cavalry men in his army, as we now recognise from the terracotta warriors guarding his tomb (Khayutina 2013: cat. no. 314), whose dress resembles that of the steppe leaders known to the Achaemenids and Parthians (Curtis 2000: front cover), but he proclaimed his conquest in the language of the Central Plains: Chinese. The First Emperor must have had advisors who knew something of the seals, weights and measures of Central Asia and Iran (Khayutina 2013: cat. nos 115–17), and also retained craftsmen who had mastered Western technologies and cast bronze birds for his tomb in hitherto unknown life-like forms (Mei et al. 2014). He also exploited mounted horsemen and iron weaponry originally from the steppe, and agriculture and settlements of the Central Plains, turning to the extraordinary organisation of people and manufacturing from this area to create a unified state. This could only be achieved by moving towards the centre, as the Emperor indeed did.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=China+and+the+steppe%3A+reception+and+resistance&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=356&rft.pages=386&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2016.276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165092308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F315991114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nomads-231"><a href="#cite_ref-nomads_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622035146/http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7.html">"Early Nomads of the Altaic Region"</a>. The Hermitage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Nomads+of+the+Altaic+Region&rft.pub=The+Hermitage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hermitagemuseum.org%2Fhtml_En%2F03%2Fhm3_2_7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP106-232"><a href="#cite_ref-SP106_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankovaSimpson2017" class="citation book cs1">Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34533231">Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia</a>. British Museum. pp. 106–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scythians%3A+warriors+of+ancient+Siberia&rft.pages=106-109&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=Pankova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34533231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkovaPankova2005" class="citation journal cs1">Barkova, L. L.; Pankova, S. V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3640168">"Tattooed Mummies From The Large Pazyryk Mounds: New findings"</a>. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia. 2 (22): 48–59. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology%2C+Ethnology+and+Anthropology+of+Eurasia&rft.atitle=Tattooed+Mummies+From+The+Large+Pazyryk+Mounds%3A+New+findings&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=48-59&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Barkova&rft.aufirst=L.+L.&rft.au=Pankova%2C+S.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3640168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankovaSimpson2017" class="citation book cs1">Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34533231">Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia</a>. British Museum. pp. 106–109, Items 31, 32, 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scythians%3A+warriors+of+ancient+Siberia&rft.pages=106-109%2C+Items+31%2C+32%2C+33&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=Pankova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34533231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-siberiantimes.com-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siberiantimes.com_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siberiantimes.com_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siberiantimes.com_235-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siberiantimes.com_235-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siberiantimes.com/culture/others/features/siberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos/">"Siberian Princess reveals her 2,500 year old tattoos"</a>. The Siberian Times. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Siberian+Times&rft.atitle=Siberian+Princess+reveals+her+2%2C500+year+old+tattoos&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiberiantimes.com%2Fculture%2Fothers%2Ffeatures%2Fsiberian-princess-reveals-her-2500-year-old-tattoos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankovaSimpson2017" class="citation book cs1">Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34533231">Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia</a>. British Museum. pp. 106–109, Items 31, 32, 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scythians%3A+warriors+of+ancient+Siberia&rft.pages=106-109%2C+Items+31%2C+32%2C+33&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=Pankova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34533231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyGokhmanChistovBarkova2002" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Eileen; Gokhman, Ilia; Chistov, Yuri; Barkova, Ludmilla (2002). "Prehistoric Old World Scalping: New Cases from the Cemetery of Aymyrlyg, South Siberia". American Journal of Archaeology. 106 (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F507186">10.2307/507186</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/507186">507186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161894416">161894416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Old+World+Scalping%3A+New+Cases+from+the+Cemetery+of+Aymyrlyg%2C+South+Siberia&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161894416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F507186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F507186&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft.au=Gokhman%2C+Ilia&rft.au=Chistov%2C+Yuri&rft.au=Barkova%2C+Ludmilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKA-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKA_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKA_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurbanov2021" class="citation book cs1">Kurbanov, Sharofiddin (2021). Tadjikistan : au pays des fleuves d'or. Paris, Gand: Musée Guimet, Editions Snoeck. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9461616272" title="Special:BookSources/978-9461616272"><bdi>978-9461616272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tadjikistan+%3A+au+pays+des+fleuves+d%27or&rft.place=Paris%2C+Gand&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+Guimet%2C+Editions+Snoeck&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9461616272&rft.aulast=Kurbanov&rft.aufirst=Sharofiddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SS_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS_239-1">b</a> Several photographs and descriptions in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF徐2017" class="citation journal cs1">徐, 龙国 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/2017/20170912xulongguo.pdf">"山东发现的汉代大型胡人石雕像再研究"</a> (PDF). 美术研究 (Art Research). <q> 上述石雕像为胡人形象，对此学者们均无异议。胡人是我国古代中原汉人对北方和西方异族的通称。在汉人的认知领域，胡人的概念比较模糊，大致也有个变化的过程。先秦时的胡，专指匈奴，汉晋时期泛指匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌，"胡人"的范围已由北方逐渐扩大到西部族群。 "The above-mentioned stone statues are images of Hu people, and scholars have no objection to this. Hu people are the general name given by the Han people in the Central Plains of our country to the foreign ethnic groups in the north and west in ancient China. In the cognitive field of Han people, the concept of Hu people is relatively vague, and it has a tendency to change with time. The Hu in the pre-Qin period refers specifically to the Xiongnu, but in the Han and Jin dynasties generally Hu refers to the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di, and Qiang. The scope of "Hu people" also expanded from the north to the west." 山东发现的这种高鼻深目、头戴尖帽的胡人形象，很可能是与斯基泰人文化有关的某些白种民族，并推测可能是月氏或早于月氏的民族 "The image of a barbarian with a high nose, deep eyes, and a pointed hat found in Shandong is likely to be some white ethnic group related to the Scythian culture, and it is speculated that it may be the Yuezhi or an ethnic group earlier than the Yuezhi."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%28Art+Research%29&rft.atitle=%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%E5%86%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=%E5%BE%90&rft.aufirst=%E9%BE%99%E5%9B%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fuploads%2Fsoft%2F2017%2F20170912xulongguo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BZ-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BZ_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BZ_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bi, Zhicheng (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125923384.pdf">"Stone Reliefs of the Han Tombs in Shandong Province: Relationship Between Motifs and Composition"</a> (PDF). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. 368: 175–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Social+Science%2C+Education+and+Humanities+Research&rft.atitle=Stone+Reliefs+of+the+Han+Tombs+in+Shandong+Province%3A+Relationship+Between+Motifs+and+Composition&rft.volume=368&rft.pages=175-177&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Bi&rft.aufirst=Zhicheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantis-press.com%2Farticle%2F125923384.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hu-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Hu_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bi, Zhicheng (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125923384.pdf">"Stone Reliefs of the Han Tombs in Shandong Province: Relationship Between Motifs and Composition"</a> (PDF). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. 368. <q>This type of composition is characteristic of the reliefs describing the Hu and Han war found in the Wurongci Temple and Wukaimingci Temple in Jiaxiang County, as well as of the image on the table at the entrance to the Yinan Beizhai tomb in the Linyi city. These works have a symmetrical composition with the center in the form of a bridge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Social+Science%2C+Education+and+Humanities+Research&rft.atitle=Stone+Reliefs+of+the+Han+Tombs+in+Shandong+Province%3A+Relationship+Between+Motifs+and+Composition&rft.volume=368&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Bi&rft.aufirst=Zhicheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantis-press.com%2Farticle%2F125923384.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi.org-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_242-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuanBing2023" class="citation journal cs1">Guan, Liu; Bing, Huang (2023). "The hybrid origin of the dragon-wrapped column in Han dynasty China". Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 22 (4): 1970–1994. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13467581.2022.2153057">10.1080/13467581.2022.2153057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256778140">256778140</a>. <q>Other evidence to support our argument is that Western, Asian-style architectural elements such as Hu statue columns and arched doorways (Figure 35) indicate the influence of foreign styles in some of the large, high-grade Han pictorial stone tombs currently found in this region, such as the afore-mentioned Wu Baizhuang 吳白莊 tomb in Linyi 臨沂, Shandong.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Architecture+and+Building+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+hybrid+origin+of+the+dragon-wrapped+column+in+Han+dynasty+China&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1970-1994&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13467581.2022.2153057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256778140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guan&rft.aufirst=Liu&rft.au=Bing%2C+Huang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gansumuseum.com/dc/viewall-131.html">"线刻射猎纹骨管"</a>. www.gansumuseum.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gansumuseum.com&rft.atitle=%E7%BA%BF%E5%88%BB%E5%B0%84%E7%8C%8E%E7%BA%B9%E9%AA%A8%E7%AE%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gansumuseum.com%2Fdc%2Fviewall-131.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Akiner (28 October 2013). Cultural Change & Continuity in Central Asia. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15034-0">978-1-136-15034-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey,_H._W." class="mw-redirect" title="Bailey, H. W.">Bailey, H. W.</a> 1958. "Languages of the Saka." Handbuch der Orientalistik, I. Abt., 4. Bd., I. Absch., Leiden-Köln. 1958.</li> <li>Bailey, H. W. (1979). Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge University Press. 1979. 1st Paperback edition 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14250-2">978-0-521-14250-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Walter_Bailey" title="Harold Walter Bailey">Bailey, H. W.</a> (1983). "Khotanese Saka Literature". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1230–1243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4"><bdi>978-0-521-24693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khotanese+Saka+Literature&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=1230-1243&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24693-4&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatty2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Batty" title="Roger Batty">Batty, Roger</a> (2007). Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-14936-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-14936-1"><bdi>978-0-198-14936-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Nomads%3A+The+Pontic-Danubian+Realm+in+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-198-14936-1&rft.aulast=Batty&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Baumer" title="Christoph Baumer">Baumer, Christoph</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C">The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors</a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-060-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-060-5"><bdi>978-1-78076-060-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Age+of+the+Steppe+Warriors&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-060-5&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyglkwD7pKV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Beckwith, Christopher. (1987). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05494-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05494-0">0-691-05494-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC">Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13589-2&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jG1eHe3y4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bernard, P. (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia". In Harmatta, János. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 96–126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102846-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102846-4">92-3-102846-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCernenko2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Chernenko" title="Yevhen Chernenko">Cernenko, E. V.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByzDCwAAQBAJ">The Scythians 700–300 BC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-773-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-773-8"><bdi>978-1-78096-773-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scythians+700%E2%80%93300+BC&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-773-8&rft.aulast=Cernenko&rft.aufirst=E.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DByzDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chang, Chun-shu. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11534-1">978-0-472-11534-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Manuel_Cook" title="John Manuel Cook">Cook, J. M.</a> (1985). "The Rise of the Achaemenids and Establishment of Their Empire". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, Ilya</a> (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 200–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2"><bdi>978-0-521-20091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Achaemenids+and+Establishment+of+Their+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=200-291&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20091-2&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamayev1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Dandamayev" title="Muhammad Dandamayev">Dandamayev, M. A.</a> (1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC">History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 35–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231028464" title="Special:BookSources/9231028464"><bdi>9231028464</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Media+and+Achaemenid+Iran&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Development+of+Sedentary+and+Nomadic+Civilizations%2C+700+B.+C.+to+A.+D.+250&rft.pages=35-59&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9231028464&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9U6RlVVjpakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 557 (7705). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 369–373. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a>. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=369-373&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Marchi%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidMcNiven2018" class="citation book cs1">David, Bruno; McNiven, Ian J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlByDwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060735-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060735-7"><bdi>978-0-19-060735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Archaeology+and+Anthropology+of+Rock+Art&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-060735-7&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=McNiven%2C+Ian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlByDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannine_Davis-Kimball" title="Jeannine Davis-Kimball">Davis-Kimball, Jeannine</a>. 2002. Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines. Warner Books, New York. 1st Trade printing, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-67983-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-67983-6">0-446-67983-6</a> (pbk).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2001" class="citation book cs1">Day, John V. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GiQSAQAAIAAJ">Indo-European origins: the anthropological evidence</a>. Institute for the Study of Man. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941694-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-941694-75-5"><bdi>0-941694-75-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+origins%3A+the+anthropological+evidence&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Man&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-941694-75-5&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGiQSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Cosmo1999" class="citation book cs1">Di Cosmo, Nicola (1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre–Imperial China". The Cambridge History of Ancient China. pp. 885–966. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308.015">10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139053709" title="Special:BookSources/9781139053709"><bdi>9781139053709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Frontier+in+Pre%E2%80%93Imperial+China&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China&rft.pages=885-966&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308.015&rft.isbn=9781139053709&rft.aulast=Di+Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Cosmo2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Di_Cosmo" title="Nicola Di Cosmo">Di Cosmo, Nicola</a> (2002). Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77064-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77064-4"><bdi>978-0-521-77064-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+and+Its+Enemies%3A+The+Rise+of+Nomadic+Power+in+East+Asian+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77064-4&rft.aulast=Di+Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Cosmo2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Di_Cosmo" title="Nicola Di Cosmo">Di Cosmo, Nicola</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vo7TmTbE-t0C">Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54382-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54382-7"><bdi>0-521-54382-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+and+Its+Enemies%3A+The+Rise+of+Nomadic+Power+in+East+Asian+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-54382-7&rft.aulast=Di+Cosmo&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVo7TmTbE-t0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Igor_M._Diakonoff" title="Igor M. Diakonoff">Diakonoff, I. M.</a> (1985). "Media". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, Ilya</a> (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 36–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2"><bdi>978-0-521-20091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Media&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=36-148&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20091-2&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bulletin of the Asia Institute: The Archaeology and Art of Central Asia. Studies From the Former Soviet Union. New Series. Edited by B. A. Litvinskii and Carol Altman Bromberg. Translation directed by Mary Fleming Zirin. Vol. 8, (1994), pp. 37–46.</li> <li>Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater (ed), The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1 (reprint edition) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 265–266.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancfort1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri-Paul_Francfort" title="Henri-Paul Francfort">Francfort, Henri-Paul</a> (1988). "Central Asia and Eastern Iran". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Malcolm_Lewis" title="David Malcolm Lewis">Lewis, D. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ostwald" title="Martin Ostwald">Ostwald, M.</a> (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 165–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Asia+and+Eastern+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=165-193&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22804-6&rft.aulast=Francfort&rft.aufirst=Henri-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fraser, Antonia. (1989) The Warrior Queens Knopf.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmatta1994" class="citation book cs1">Harmatta, János (1994). "Conclusion". In <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Dani, Ahmad Hasan</a>; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a>; <a href="/wiki/Baij_Nath_Puri" title="Baij Nath Puri">Puri, Baij Nath</a>; Etemadi, G. F.; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund</a> (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 24–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02846-5"><bdi>978-9-231-02846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=24-34&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9-231-02846-5&rft.aulast=Harmatta&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmatta1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (1996). "10.4.1. The Scythians". In Hermann, Joachim; de Laet, Sigfried (eds.). History of Humanity. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-231-02812-0"><bdi>978-9-231-02812-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.4.1.+The+Scythians&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9-231-02812-0&rft.aulast=Harmatta&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmatta1999" class="citation journal cs1">Harmatta, János (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/068/39/1-4/article-p129.xml">"Alexander the Great in Central Asia"</a>. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 39 (1–4): 129–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2Faant.39.1999.1-4.11">10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162246561">162246561</a>. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Antiqua+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Alexander+the+Great+in+Central+Asia&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=129-136&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2Faant.39.1999.1-4.11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162246561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harmatta&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fakjournals.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2F068%2F39%2F1-4%2Farticle-p129.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1">978-1-4392-2134-1</a>.</li> <li>Hill, John E. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html">The Peoples of the West from the Weilue</a> 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold; Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashzeveg; Kovalev, Alexey; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, Denis A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. Cell. 183 (4): 890–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0007-77BF-D">21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214725595">214725595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0007-77BF-D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214725595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ke&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Shevan&rft.au=Taylor%2C+William+Timothy+Treal&rft.au=Miller%2C+Bryan+K.&rft.au=Bemmann%2C+Jan+H.&rft.au=Stahl%2C+Raphaela&rft.au=Chiovelli%2C+Chelsea&rft.au=Knolle%2C+Florian&rft.au=Ulziibayar%2C+Sodnom&rft.au=Khatanbaatar%2C+Dorjpurev&rft.au=Erdenebaatar%2C+Diimaajav&rft.au=Erdenebat%2C+Ulambayar&rft.au=Ochir%2C+Ayudai&rft.au=Ankhsanaa%2C+Ganbold&rft.au=Vanchigdash%2C+Chuluunkhuu&rft.au=Ochir%2C+Battuga&rft.au=Munkhbayar%2C+Chuluunbat&rft.au=Tumen%2C+Dashzeveg&rft.au=Kovalev%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Kradin%2C+Nikolay&rft.au=Bazarov%2C+Bilikto+A.&rft.au=Miyagashev%2C+Denis+A.&rft.au=Konovalov%2C+Prokopiy+B.&rft.au=Zhambaltarova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Miller%2C+Alicia+Ventresca&rft.au=Haak%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Schiffels%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Boivin%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Erdene%2C+Myagmar&rft.au=Hendy%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Warinner%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzmina2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Efimovna_Kuzmina" title="Elena Efimovna Kuzmina">Kuzmina, Elena Kuzmina</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5J9rn8p2-IC">The Origin of the Indo-Iranians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004160545" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004160545"><bdi>978-9004160545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Indo-Iranians&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004160545&rft.aulast=Kuzmina&rft.aufirst=Elena+Kuzmina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx5J9rn8p2-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzmina2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Efimovna_Kuzmina" title="Elena Efimovna Kuzmina">Kuzmina, Elena Kuzmina</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5FzANyya1BEC">The Prehistory of the Silk Road</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4041-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4041-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-4041-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4041-2&rft.aulast=Kuzmina&rft.aufirst=Elena+Kuzmina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5FzANyya1BEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_LaetHerrmann1996" class="citation book cs1">de Laet, Sigfried J.; Herrmann, Joachim (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC">History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/923102812X" title="Special:BookSources/923102812X"><bdi>923102812X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+century+B.C.+to+the+seventh+century+A.D.&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=923102812X&rft.aulast=de+Laet&rft.aufirst=Sigfried+J.&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGUz01yBumEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebedynsky2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Iaroslav_Lebedynsky" title="Iaroslav Lebedynsky">Lebedynsky, Iaroslav</a> (2006). Les Saces (in French). <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Errance" class="extiw" title="fr:Éditions Errance">Editions Errance</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2877723372" title="Special:BookSources/2877723372"><bdi>2877723372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Saces&rft.pub=Editions+Errance&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2877723372&rft.aulast=Lebedynsky&rft.aufirst=Iaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebedynsky2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Iaroslav_Lebedynsky" title="Iaroslav Lebedynsky">Lebedynsky, Iaroslav</a> (2007). Les Nomades (in French). <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Errance" class="extiw" title="fr:Éditions Errance">Editions Errance</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2877722544" title="Special:BookSources/978-2877722544"><bdi>978-2877722544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Nomades&rft.pub=Editions+Errance&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2877722544&rft.aulast=Lebedynsky&rft.aufirst=Iaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 103–222. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8">978-0-521-24327-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2008" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J.P.; Mair, Victor H. (2008). The Tarim mummies : ancient China and the mystery of the earliest peoples from the West (1st pbk. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28372-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28372-1"><bdi>978-0-500-28372-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+mummies+%3A+ancient+China+and+the+mystery+of+the+earliest+peoples+from+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28372-1&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelyukova1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Melyukova" title="Anna Melyukova">Melyukova, A. I.</a> (1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_w0y6">The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 97–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scythians+and+Sarmatians&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=97-117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.aulast=Melyukova&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory0000unse_w0y6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231139241" title="Special:BookSources/0231139241">0231139241</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2021" class="citation book cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021). Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.): At the Crossroads of Iranian, Hellenistic, and Central Asian History. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-46076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-46076-8"><bdi>978-9-004-46076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Arsakid+Parthia+%28ca.+250-165+B.C.%29%3A+At+the+Crossroads+of+Iranian%2C+Hellenistic%2C+and+Central+Asian+History&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands+%3B+Boston%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9-004-46076-8&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2000" class="citation book cs1">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11934986">"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"</a>. Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka" class="extiw" title="pl:Księgarnia Akademicka">Księgarnia Akademicka</a>. pp. 101–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-371-88337-8"><bdi>978-8-371-88337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Presence+of+Iranian+Peoples+in+Europe+and+Their+Asiatic+Relations&rft.btitle=Collectanea+Celto-Asiatica+Cracoviensia&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=101-104&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-371-88337-8&rft.aulast=Olbrycht&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11934986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulleyblank,_Edwin_G." class="mw-redirect" title="Pulleyblank, Edwin G.">Pulleyblank, Edwin G.</a> 1970. "The Wu-sun and Sakas and the Yüeh-chih Migration." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 33 (1970), pp. 154–160.</li> <li>Puri, B. N. 1994. "The Sakas and Indo-Parthians." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 191–207.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Schmitt, Rüdiger</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/massagetae">"MASSAGETAE"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=MASSAGETAE&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmassagetae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sulimirski, Tadeusz (1970). The Sarmatians. Volume 73 of Ancient peoples and places. New York: Praeger. pp. 113–114. "The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North India."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulimirski1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, T.</a> (1985). "The Scyths". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, I.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/DB61ED84C8CA739F99CA2CA67A3E2F62">The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian Periods</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 149–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05493-5"><bdi>978-1-139-05493-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scyths&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%3A+The+Median+and+Achaemenian+Periods&rft.pages=149-199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05493-5&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-iran%2FDB61ED84C8CA739F99CA2CA67A3E2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, Tadeusz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Taylor_(archaeologist)" title="Timothy Taylor (archaeologist)">Taylor, T. F.</a> (1991). "The Scythians". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Sollberger" title="Edmond Sollberger">Sollberger, E.</a>; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 547–590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4"><bdi>978-1-139-05429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scythians&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=547-590&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05429-4&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Taylor%2C+T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Theobald, Ulrich. (26 November 2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/sakas.html">Chinese History – Sai 塞 The Saka People or Soghdians</a>." ChinaKnowledge.de. Accessed 2 September 2016.</li> <li>Thomas, F. W. 1906. "Sakastana." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1906), pp. 181–216.</li> <li>Torday, Laszlo. (1997). Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. Durham: The Durham Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900838-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900838-03-0">978-1-900838-03-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC">The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1"><bdi>0-521-24304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-24304-1&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6TRNuWmHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tremblay, Xavier (2007), "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century", in The Spread of Buddhism, eds Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacker, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterländerPalstraLazaridisPilipenko2017" class="citation journal cs1">Unterländer, Martina; Palstra, Friso; Lazaridis, Iosif; Pilipenko, Aleksandr; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Groß, Melanie; Sell, Christian; Blöcher, Jens; Kirsanow, Karola; Rohland, Nadin; Rieger, Benjamin (3 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5337992">"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe"</a>. Nature Communications. 8: 14615. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...814615U">2017NatCo...814615U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms14615">10.1038/ncomms14615</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5337992">5337992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28256537">28256537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Ancestry+and+demography+and+descendants+of+Iron+Age+nomads+of+the+Eurasian+Steppe&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=14615&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5337992%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...814615U&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28256537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms14615&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Unterl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Martina&rft.au=Palstra%2C+Friso&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Pilipenko%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Hofmanov%C3%A1%2C+Zuzana&rft.au=Gro%C3%9F%2C+Melanie&rft.au=Sell%2C+Christian&rft.au=Bl%C3%B6cher%2C+Jens&rft.au=Kirsanow%2C+Karola&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Rieger%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5337992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsang1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Vogelsang" title="Willem Vogelsang">Vogelsang, W. J.</a> (1992). The Rise and Organisation of the Achaemenid Empire: The Eastern Iranian Evidence. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-09682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-09682-0"><bdi>978-9-004-09682-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Organisation+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire%3A+The+Eastern+Iranian+Evidence&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands%3B+New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-9-004-09682-0&rft.aulast=Vogelsang&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wechsler, Howard J.; Twitchett, Dennis C. (1979). Denis C. Twitchett; John K. Fairbank, eds. The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–227. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9">978-0-521-21446-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1913-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Xue, Zongzheng (薛宗正). (1992). History of the Turks (突厥史). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5004-0432-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5004-0432-3">978-7-5004-0432-3</a>; OCLC 28622013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1988" class="citation book cs1">Young, Tyler Cuyler (1988). "The Consolidation of the Empire and its Limits of Growth under Darius and Xerxes". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 53–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Consolidation+of+the+Empire+and+its+Limits+of+Growth+under+Darius+and+Xerxes&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=53-111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22804-6&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Tyler+Cuyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Yu, Taishan. 1998. A Study of Saka History. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 80. July 1998. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.</li> <li>Yu, Taishan. 2000. A Hypothesis about the Source of the Sai Tribes. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 106. September 2000. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Taishan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp204_tocharian_china.pdf">"The Earliest Tocharians in China"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Sino-Platonic_Papers" title="Sino-Platonic Papers">Sino-Platonic Papers</a>. 204: 12–13. Retrieved 5 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Tocharians+in+China&rft.volume=204&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Taishan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp204_tocharian_china.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 377–462. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8">978-0-521-24327-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saka&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankovaSimpson2017" class="citation book cs1">Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34533231">Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia</a>. British Museum exhibition catalogue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scythians%3A+warriors+of+ancient+Siberia&rft.pub=British+Museum+exhibition+catalogue&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=Pankova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Simpson%2C+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34533231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_(diplomat)" title="Charles Eliot (diplomat)">Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Saka">"Saka" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saka&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Charles+Norton+Edgcumbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/people/scythians-sacae/">Scythians / Sacae</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jona_Lendering" title="Jona Lendering">Jona Lendering</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Kivisild2003b.pdf">Article by Kivisild et al. on genetic heritage of early Indian settlers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627000515/http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Kivisild2003b.pdf">Archived</a> 27 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friesian.com/sangoku.htm#saka">Indian, Japanese and Chinese Emperors – The Sakas/Parthians, 97 BC-125 AD</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scythia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scythia" title="Template:Scythia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scythia" title="Template talk:Scythia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scythia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scythia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaei" title="Achaei">Achaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathyrsi" title="Agathyrsi">Agathyrsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amardi" title="Amardi">Amardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimaspi" title="Arimaspi">Arimaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercetae" title="Cercetae">Cercetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrtians" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parni" title="Parni">Parni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelonians" title="Gelonians">Gelonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrgians" title="Amyrgians">Amyrgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sauromatian_culture" title="Sauromatian culture">Sauromatians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaragantes" title="Agaragantes">Agaragantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissianti" title="Cissianti">Cissianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limigantes" title="Limigantes">Limigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoristae" title="Phoristae">Phoristae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimphaces" title="Rimphaces">Rimphaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serboi" title="Serboi">Serboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraces" title="Siraces">Siraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondolici" title="Spondolici">Spondolici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancai" title="Yancai">Yancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abii" title="Abii">Abii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadusii" title="Cadusii">Cadusii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareitai" title="Dareitai">Dareitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelae_(tribe)" title="Gelae (tribe)">Gelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxobii" title="Hamaxobii">Hamaxobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legae" title="Legae">Legae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindi_people" title="Sindi people">Sindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spali" title="Spali">Spali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapurei" title="Tapurei">Tapurei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuri" title="Tapuri">Tapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauri" title="Tauri">Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssagetae" title="Thyssagetae">Thyssagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxii" title="Uxii">Uxii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/180px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/270px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/360px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Scythian and related populations</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_jewellery_in_Ukraine" title="History of jewellery in Ukraine">Jewellery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_culture" title="Scythian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakasene" title="Sakasene">Sakasene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parama_Kamboja_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Parama Kamboja Kingdom">Parama Kamboja Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Scythia Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Crimea)" title="Scythia Minor (Crimea)">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia_Asiatica_and_Sarmatia_Europea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea">Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_western_steppe" title="History of the western steppe">History of the western steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li>Iranian origin hypotheses of <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Serbs#Iranian_theory" title="Origin hypotheses of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Scythia" title="Category:Scythia">Category:Scythia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_ancient_Scythia" title="Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia">Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673001#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1103687/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4118280-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116649">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575645">Japan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027737292">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saka&oldid=1256767185">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saka&oldid=1256767185</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saka" title="Category:Saka">Saka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nomadic_groups_in_Eurasia" title="Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia">Nomadic groups in Eurasia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Iranian_peoples" title="Category:Historical Iranian peoples">Historical Iranian peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_nomads" title="Category:Iranian nomads">Iranian nomads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_relations_of_ancient_India" title="Category:Foreign relations of ancient India">Foreign relations of ancient India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Persian_(ca._600-400_B.C.)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text">Articles containing Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Gāndhārī-language text">Articles containing Gāndhārī-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Egyptian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text">Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_copy_edit_from_February_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2024">Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_copy_edit" title="Category:All articles needing copy edit">All articles needing copy edit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2024">Use dmy dates from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Chinese-language text">Articles containing Old Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Akkadian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Akkadian-language text">Articles containing Akkadian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Armenian-language text">Articles containing Old Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 13:30 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saka&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-svl76","wgBackendResponseTime":193,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.971","walltime":"4.347","ppvisitednodes":{"value":33990,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":792980,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":40601,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":32,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":968936,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3565.994 1 -total"," 39.47% 1407.396 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.86% 672.506 91 Template:Cite_book"," 14.80% 527.912 66 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.49% 373.966 72 Template:Sfn"," 8.05% 286.967 40 Template:Lang"," 6.16% 219.686 1 Template:Efn"," 4.66% 166.234 34 Template:Cite_web"," 4.43% 157.950 26 Template:ISBN"," 4.38% 156.309 1 Template:Saka_kurgans"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.352","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18887494,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbdullaev2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbetekovYusupov1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad_Hasan_DaniB._A._LitvinskyUnesco1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkiner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmirRoberts2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttwood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkovaPankova2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatty2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeisenovDuisenbayAkhiyarovSargizova2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBettsViczianyJiaCastro2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBi2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBivar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBivar1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriant2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallieri2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpelanParpolaKoskikallio2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaspariSadykovBlochinHajdas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCernenko2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChugunovParzingerNagler2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFChugunovParzingerNagler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClisson,_I.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoatsworthColeHanaganPerdue2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaiSulaimanIsakovaXu2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDamgaard2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandamaevLukonin1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandamayev1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidMcNiven2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis-KimballBashilovI︠A︡blonskiĭ1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis-KimballBashilovYablonsky1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Jong1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDergachevVasilievSementsovZaitseva2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Cosmo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Cosmo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Cosmo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiakonoff1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Aaron_Ralby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliot1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmerick,_R._E.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFauve2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoundation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancfort1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancfort2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrantz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGera2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnecchi-Ruscone2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález-RuizSantosJordanaSimón2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGropp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrousset1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuanBing2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuang-da1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurkan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGursoy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._W._Bailey1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarmatta1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmatta1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmatta1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaywood1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeWangZouYeh2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvantchik2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._P._mallory\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJärveSaagScheibPathak2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFK._E._Eduljee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyserBouakazeCrubézy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhayutina2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKramrisch\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKuhrt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarBennettZhaoLiang2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarWangZhangWang2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKurbanov2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzmina2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzmina2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._T._Yablonsky2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebedynsky2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebedynsky2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinduff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitvinskyVorobyova-Desyatovskaya,_M.I1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukpanova2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLurje2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory,_J._P.Mair,_Victor_H.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryMair2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayor2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelyukova1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchiner1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphyGokhmanChistovBarkova2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoyanuly2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlbrycht2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlbrycht2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPankovaSimpson2017\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFPankovaSimpson2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPanyushkinaGrigorievLangeAlimbay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanyushkinaSlyusarenkoSalaDeom2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParpola1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQingbo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicaut,_F.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicaut_F.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRishi1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavelyevJeong2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott_Cameron_LeviSela2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahbazi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinor1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulimirski1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulimirski1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzemerényi1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTikhonovGurkanPelerDyakonov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTokhtas’ev1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnterländerPalstraLazaridisPilipenko2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogelsang1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindfuhr2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYablonsky2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYi-Chang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZadneprovskiy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaitsevaChugunovAlekseevDergachev2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhumatayev2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_LaetHerrmann1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFВеселовскаяГалеев2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFСергей_Иванович_Руденко_(Sergei_I._Rudenko)1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF徐2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Annotation\"] = 21,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Central Asian history\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 91,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Colorsample\"] = 2,\n [\"Continental Asia in 325 BCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Copy edit\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuneiform\"] = 6,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 34,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Huge\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 26,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Indo-European\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox archaeological culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 40,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"PIE\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Saka kurgans\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 28,\n [\"Scythia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 72,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 12,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 88,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","15.7"],["?","380","15.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","8.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","200","7.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","3.9"],["is_generic \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1497\u003E","80","3.1"],["[others]","700","27.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-rhd2j","timestamp":"20241123151403","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Saka","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saka","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q673001","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q673001","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-30T20:30:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T13:30:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/91\/Golden_Man_%28Issyk_kurgan%29.jpg","headline":"a Central African people established in the Democratic Republic of Congo"}</script> </body> </html>