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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Gendered effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gendered_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dowry_and_bride_price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dowry_and_bride_price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Dowry and bride price </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dowry_and_bride_price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bride_kidnapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bride_kidnapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bride kidnapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bride_kidnapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution,_forced_migration,_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution,_forced_migration,_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Persecution, forced migration, and slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution,_forced_migration,_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fear,_poverty,_social_pressures,_and_a_sense_of_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fear,_poverty,_social_pressures,_and_a_sense_of_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Fear, poverty, social pressures, and a sense of protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fear,_poverty,_social_pressures,_and_a_sense_of_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Climate disasters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion,_culture_and_civil_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_culture_and_civil_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Religion, culture and civil law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion,_culture_and_civil_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriageable_age_in_religious_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriageable_age_in_religious_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Marriageable age in religious sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriageable_age_in_religious_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.3 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_financial_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_financial_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Politics and financial relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_financial_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_global_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_global_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effects on global regions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_global_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects on global regions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_global_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Gambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 The Gambia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malawi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malawi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Malawi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malawi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Morocco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mozambique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mozambique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Mozambique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mozambique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.6 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.7 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.8 Tanzania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.9 Zimbabwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Western Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.8 Nepal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.9 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.10 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.11 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Scandinavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans/Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans/Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Balkans/Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans/Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.6 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.7 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.9 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Consequences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Consequences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illiteracy_and_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illiteracy_and_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Illiteracy and poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illiteracy_and_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Domestic violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 For children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 In the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 In Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 In Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 International initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tipping_point_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipping_point_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Tipping point analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipping_point_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prevalence data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Child marriage</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="زواج القصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زواج القصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="বাল্য বিবাহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাল্য বিবাহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Faq_nikah%C4%B1" title="Uşaq nikahı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uşaq nikahı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="বাল্যবিবাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাল্যবিবাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimoni_infantil" title="Matrimoni infantil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matrimoni infantil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Btsk%C3%BD_s%C5%88atek" title="Dětský sňatek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dětský sňatek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rne%C3%A6gteskab" title="Børneægteskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Børneægteskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderheirat" title="Kinderheirat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kinderheirat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Παιδικός γάμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιδικός γάμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio_infantil" title="Matrimonio infantil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matrimonio infantil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infana_geedzeco" title="Infana geedzeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infana geedzeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haur-ezkontza" title="Haur-ezkontza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haur-ezkontza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کودک‌همسری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودک‌همسری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariage_d%27enfant" title="Mariage d'enfant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mariage d'enfant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio_infantil" title="Matrimonio infantil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matrimonio infantil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանկական ամուսնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանկական ամուսնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="बाल विवाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाल विवाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkawinan_anak" title="Perkawinan anak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perkawinan anak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio_precoce" title="Matrimonio precoce – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matrimonio precoce" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נישואי קטינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נישואי קטינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9" title="ಬಾಲ್ಯ ವಿವಾಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಲ್ಯ ವಿವಾಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Жашы жетелектердин никеси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жашы жетелектердин никеси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akabin_ghi%27_kana%27" title="Akabin ghi' kana' – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Akabin ghi' kana'" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="बालविवाह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बालविवाह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkahwinan_bawah_umur" title="Perkahwinan bawah umur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkahwinan bawah umur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderhuwelijk" title="Kinderhuwelijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kinderhuwelijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="बाल विवाह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाल विवाह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%90%E7%AB%A5%E5%A9%9A" title="児童婚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="児童婚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barneekteskap" title="Barneekteskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barneekteskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9" title="ବାଲ୍ୟବିବାହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାଲ୍ୟବିବାହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolalar_nikohi" title="Bolalar nikohi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bolalar nikohi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B9" title="ਬਾਲ ਵਿਆਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਲ ਵਿਆਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کم سنی دی شادی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کم سنی دی شادی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzieci%C4%99ce_ma%C5%82%C5%BCe%C5%84stwo" title="Dziecięce małżeństwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dziecięce małżeństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamento_infantil" title="Casamento infantil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Casamento infantil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83s%C4%83toria_minorilor" title="Căsătoria minorilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Căsătoria minorilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Детский брак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Детский брак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Child marriage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otro%C5%A1ka_poroka" title="Otroška poroka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otroška poroka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھاوسەرگیریی منداڵان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاوسەرگیریی منداڵان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapsiavioliitto" title="Lapsiavioliitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lapsiavioliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn%C3%A4ktenskap" title="Barnäktenskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barnäktenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிறுவர் திருமணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுவர் திருமணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ocuk_evlili%C4%9Fi" title="Çocuk evliliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çocuk evliliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Дитячі шлюби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дитячі шлюби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کم سنی کی شادی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کم سنی کی شادی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li 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sport">Human rights and youth sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">Juvenile delinquency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_court" title="Juvenile court">Juvenile court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_law" title="Juvenile law">Juvenile law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state">U.S. history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_driving_ages" title="List of minimum driving ages">Minimum driving age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavec" class="mw-redirect" title="Restavec">Restavec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_leaving_age" class="mw-redirect" title="School leaving age">School leaving age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking age">Smoking age</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_tobacco_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state">U.S. history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_offense" title="Status offense">Status offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Underage drinking in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth-adult_partnership" title="Youth-adult partnership">Youth-adult partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_participation" title="Youth participation">Youth participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_politics" title="Youth politics">Youth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_vote_in_the_United_States" title="Youth vote in the United States">Youth voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akt_(charity)" title="Akt (charity)">Akt</a></li> <li>Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Youth_for_Choice" title="Canadian Youth for Choice">Canadian Youth for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_des_droits_de_la_personne_et_des_droits_de_la_jeunesse" title="Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse">Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Cents" title="Common Cents">Common Cents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Alliance_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Youth" title="Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth">Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoSomething" title="DoSomething">DoSomething</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Coalition" title="Future Coalition">Future Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Youth_Action_Network" title="Global Youth Action Network">Global Youth Action Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Climate_Network" title="Indian Youth Climate Network">Indian Youth Climate Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Falcon_Movement_%E2%80%93_Socialist_Educational_International" title="International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International">International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaids_(charity)" title="Mermaids (charity)">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_LGBT%2B_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign">National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Rights_Association" title="National Youth Rights Association">National Youth Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_World_Youth_Project" title="One World Youth Project">One World Youth Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Youth_Network" title="Queer Youth Network">Queer Youth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freechild_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Freechild Project">Freechild Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_O%27Clock_Lobby" title="Three O'Clock Lobby">Three O'Clock Lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Youth_Parliament" title="UK Youth Parliament">UK Youth Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Liberation_of_Ann_Arbor" title="Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor">Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Youth_Cafe" title="The Youth Cafe">The Youth Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_of_Canada" title="Young Communist League of Canada">Young Communist League of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Fletcher (activist)">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Hanson" title="David J. Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Joseph_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="David Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Koroknay-Palicz" title="Alex Koroknay-Palicz">Koroknay-Palicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyn_Duff" title="Lyn Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_A._Males" title="Mike A. Males">Males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Yaco" title="Sonia Yaco">Yaco</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Asia">Ages of consent in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in North America">Ages of consent in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Oceania">Ages of consent in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in South America">Ages of consent in South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in the United States">Ages of consent in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_petition_against_age_of_consent_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="French petition against age of consent laws">French petition against age of consent laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Legal status of tattooing in European countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States" title="Legal status of tattooing in the United States">Legal status of tattooing in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_sports" title="Youth sports">Youth sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/26px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/39px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/52px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Youth_rights" title="Category:Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Child marriage is a <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domestic partnership</a>, formal or informal, usually between a <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">child</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a>, but can also be between a child and another child.<a href="#cite_note-Definitions-1">[1]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> (legal <a href="/wiki/Adulthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulthood">adulthood</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">marriage age</a> are typically 18 years old, these thresholds can differ in different <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gastón-2">[2]</a> In some regions, the legal age for marriage can be as young as 14, with cultural <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a> sometimes superseding legal <a href="/wiki/Stipulation" title="Stipulation">stipulations</a>. Additionally, jurisdictions may allow marriages younger than the stipulated age where specific exceptions, such as parental or guardian consent, or anomalous events, such as <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nour_child_marriage-3">[3]</a> exist. Research has found that child marriages have many long-term negative consequences for child brides and grooms.<a href="#cite_note-Parsons-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gastón-2">[2]</a> Girls who marry as children often lack access to education and future career opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-Parsons-4">[4]</a> It is also common for them to have <a href="/wiki/Adverse_health_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse health effects">adverse health effects</a> resulting from early pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>. Effects on child grooms may include the economic pressure of providing for a household and various constraints in educational and career opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-Gastón-2">[2]</a> Child marriage is part of the practice of child <a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">betrothal</a>, often including civil <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> and a court approval of the engagement.<a href="#cite_note-cohabitation-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-cohabitteen-6">[6]</a> Some factors that encourage child marriages include poverty, <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">cultural traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressure</a>, regional customs, fear of the child remaining unmarried into adulthood, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">illiteracy</a>, and the perceived inability of women to work.<a href="#cite_note-Child_Marriage-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-icrwchild-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-africachild-9">[9]</a> Research indicates that <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_sex_education" title="Comprehensive sex education">comprehensive sex education</a> can prevent child marriages.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The rate of child marriages can also be reduced by strengthening <a href="/wiki/Rural_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural communities">rural communities</a>' education systems. <a href="/wiki/Rural_Development_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Development Programme">Rural development programs</a> that provide basic <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a>, clean water, and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, may aid families financially.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Child marriages have historically been common and continue to be widespread, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a> in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pbs2010-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pbs2010-17">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> However, developed nations also face this issue. In the United States, child marriage is legal in 38 states.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[22]</a> Child marriage has been decreasing in prevalence in most parts of the world. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> data from 2018 showed that about 21% of young women worldwide (aged 20 to 24) were married as children. This shows a 25% decrease from 10 years prior.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The countries with the highest known rates of child marriages were <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, all of which had rates above 50% between 1998 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-unicef12a-24">[24]</a> According to studies conducted between 2003 and 2009, the marriage rate of girls under 15 years old was greater than 20% in Niger, Chad, Bangladesh, Mali, and Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Each year, an estimated 12 million girls globally are married under the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> In 2021, 13.3 million babies, or about 10% of all global births, were born to mothers aged under 20 years old.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Princess_Emilia_of_Saxony%27,_by_Hans_Krell_(about_1530)_Liverpool_museums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%27Princess_Emilia_of_Saxony%27%2C_by_Hans_Krell_%28about_1530%29_Liverpool_museums.jpg/220px-%27Princess_Emilia_of_Saxony%27%2C_by_Hans_Krell_%28about_1530%29_Liverpool_museums.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%27Princess_Emilia_of_Saxony%27%2C_by_Hans_Krell_%28about_1530%29_Liverpool_museums.jpg/330px-%27Princess_Emilia_of_Saxony%27%2C_by_Hans_Krell_%28about_1530%29_Liverpool_museums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%27Princess_Emilia_of_Saxony%27%2C_by_Hans_Krell_%28about_1530%29_Liverpool_museums.jpg/440px-%27Princess_Emilia_of_Saxony%27%2C_by_Hans_Krell_%28about_1530%29_Liverpool_museums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>In 1533, 17-year-old Princess <a href="/wiki/Emilia_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia of Saxony">Emilia of Saxony</a> was wed to <a href="/wiki/George,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" title="George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach">George the Pious, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a>, then aged 48 years. Early marriages have been common in historical times, including in Europe.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presentation_of_the_portrait_of_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_(Marie_Antoinette)_to_Louis_Auguste,_Dauphin_of_France_in_front_of_Louis_XV_and_the_court_at_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Presentation_of_the_portrait_of_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_%28Marie_Antoinette%29_to_Louis_Auguste%2C_Dauphin_of_France_in_front_of_Louis_XV_and_the_court_at_Versailles.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Presentation_of_the_portrait_of_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_%28Marie_Antoinette%29_to_Louis_Auguste%2C_Dauphin_of_France_in_front_of_Louis_XV_and_the_court_at_Versailles.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Presentation_of_the_portrait_of_Maria_Antonia_of_Austria_%28Marie_Antoinette%29_to_Louis_Auguste%2C_Dauphin_of_France_in_front_of_Louis_XV_and_the_court_at_Versailles.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>Presentation of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> to Dauphin <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis Auguste</a> at <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, before their marriage – she was at age 15, he was 16 – on 16 May 1770</figcaption></figure> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, women around the world were often married at an early age, usually soon after reaching <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> These practices carried over well into the 19th century in societies with largely rural populations.<a href="#cite_note-Brown3140-30">[30]</a> Men tended to marry later in societies where a married couple was expected to establish a household of their own. This encouraged men to remain unmarried until they accumulated sufficient wealth to support a new home and marry adolescent girls.<a href="#cite_note-Crone2747-31">[31]</a> In many ancient and <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> societies, it was common for girls to be betrothed at or even before the age of puberty.<a href="#cite_note-laiou93-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> According to Mordechai A. Friedman, "arranging and contracting the marriage of a young girl were the undisputed prerogatives of her father in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Israel">Ancient Israel</a>." Most girls were married before the age of 15, often at the start of puberty.<a href="#cite_note-friedman80-34">[34]</a> It has been claimed that in the Middle Ages, marriage took place around puberty throughout the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> world.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Ruth Lamdan writes, "The numerous references to child marriage in the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Responsa_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsa in Judaism">Responsa</a> literature and other sources shows that child marriage was so common, it was virtually the norm. In this context, it is important to remember that in <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, the term "minor" refers to a girl under twelve years and a day old. A girl aged twelve and a half was considered an adult in all respects."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, early marriage and teenage motherhood for girls existed.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Boys were also expected to marry in their teens. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, girls were married at the age of 12 and boys from the age of 14.<a href="#cite_note-ncbi-38">[38]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, under English <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil laws</a> derived from Roman laws, marriages before the age of 16 existed. In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>, child marriage was the norm.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In contrast to other pre-modern societies—and for reasons that are subject to debate—<a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwest Europe</a> was characterized by <a href="/wiki/Western_European_marriage_pattern" title="Western European marriage pattern">relatively late marriages</a> for both men and women, with both sexes commonly delaying marriage until their mid-20s, although the very wealthy, especially aristocrats, married earlier, but they were a minority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The data available for England suggest this was the case by the 14th century. The pattern was reflected in <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English Common Law</a>, which was the first in Western Europe to establish statutory <a href="/wiki/Rape_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape laws">rape laws</a> and ages of consent for marriage. In 1275, sexual relations with girls under either 12 or 14 (depending on the interpretation of the sources) were criminalized; a second law with more severe punishments for those under the age of 10 was enacted in 1576. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British colonial administration introduced marriage age restrictions for Hindu and Muslim girls in the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-Brown3140-30">[30]</a> A Scottish physician living in 18th century <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> reported that locals tried to contract marriages for their children at a young age, but the marriage was not consummated until the girl "had come of age". Evidence from 19th century Palestine suggests that husbands sometimes initiated sexual relations before their wives reached puberty, but that it was a rare occurrence, condemned socially and censured by <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> courts. Writing in the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Lane" title="Edward William Lane">Edward William Lane</a> observed that few Egyptian girls remained single by the age of 16, but socioeconomic transformation, educational reform, and modernity brought significant changes. By 1920, less than 10% of Egyptian women married before the age of 20. In 1923, Egypt's parliament set the minimum age of marriage at 16 for women and 18 for men.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> For the latter half of the 19th century, between 13 and 18% of native-born white female first marriages in the United States were of girls under the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-Fitch%Ruggles2000-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_norms_and_laws">Religious norms and laws</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious norms and laws">edit</a>]</div> Most religions practiced throughout history have established a minimum age for marriage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Christian <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> forbade the marriage of a girl before the onset of puberty.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a>, the minimum age for a dissoluble betrothal (<a href="/wiki/Sponsalia_de_futuro" title="Sponsalia de futuro">sponsalia de futuro</a>) was seven years in the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contractee" class="extiw" title="wikt:contractee">contractees</a>. The minimal age for a valid marriage was puberty, or nominally 14 for males, and 12 for females.<a href="#cite_note-Rock1907-47">[47]</a> The 1917 Code of Canon Law raised the minimal age for a valid marriage to 16 for males, and 14 for females.<a href="#cite_note-Bachofen1920-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> maintained the minimal age for a valid marriage at 16 for males and 14 for females.<a href="#cite_note-CIC1983-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3Y.HTM">c. 1083 §1</a> <a href="#cite_note-CIC-51">[a]</a> English <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">ecclesiastical law</a> forbade the marriage of a girl before the age of puberty.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> prohibit a father from betrothing a daughter while she is still a minor.<a href="#cite_note-friedman80-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiddushin_41a.8-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> A girl can be betrothed when she becomes a young woman (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: נַעֲרָה, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: na'arah), which may defined as a girl aged 12-12½ or one who has begun puberty.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiddushin_41a.8-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> In exceptional cases, such as during exile and persecution, girls aged 4-13 years may be betrothed by their fathers.<a href="#cite_note-MAJORITY_–_JewishEncyclopedia.com-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">Betrothal by intercourse</a> is forbidden and punishable by lashing.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> states that, "those who marry girls who are not yet capable of bearing children" will "delay the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>".<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> A wide age gap between spouses, in either direction, is advised against.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Marrying one's young daughter to an old man was declared as reprehensible as forcing her into prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-Sanhedrin_76a.23-25-67">[66]</a> The ideal age at which a man should marry is 18. Before this age, he should spend his time studying and getting his life in order.<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> There is no minimum marriage age defined in traditional <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>; the legal discussion of this topic is centered primarily on women's physical maturity. Classical <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Sunni jurisprudence</a> allows a father to contract a marriage for his underaged daughter. The appropriate age for consummating the marriage, which could occur several years after signing the marriage contract, was to be determined by the bride, groom, and the bride's guardian since medieval jurists held that the age of fitness for intercourse was too variable for legislation.<a href="#cite_note-brown-islam-72">[71]</a> This was based in part on the precedent set by the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> collections considered to be authentic by Muslims. According to these sources, Muhammad married <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>, his third wife, when she was about six,<a href="#cite_note-73">[b]</a> and consummated the marriage when she was about nine.<a href="#cite_note-74">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[d]</a> Some modern Muslim authors and Islamic scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Ali_Gomaa" title="Ali Gomaa">Ali Gomaa</a>, who served as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mufti of Egypt">Grand Mufti of Egypt</a>, doubt the traditionally accepted narrative and believe based on other evidence that Aisha was in her late teens at the time of her marriage.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> As a general rule, intercourse was prohibited for girls "not able to undergo it," on the grounds of potential physical harm. Disputes regarding physical maturity between the involved parties were to be resolved by a <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">judge</a>, potentially after examination by a female expert witness.<a href="#cite_note-brown-islam-72">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_law" title="Ottoman family law">1917 Codification of Islamic Family Law</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> distinguished between the age of competence for marriage, which was set at 18 for boys and 17 for girls, and the minimum age for marriage, set at 12 for boys and 9 for girls. Marriage below the age of competence was permissible only if proof of sexual maturity was accepted in court, while marriage under the minimum age was forbidden. During the 20th century, sharia-based legislation in most countries in the Middle East followed the Ottoman precedent in defining the age of competence, while raising the minimum age to 15–16 for boys and 13–16 for girls.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-8-29-77">[73]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> raised the age of marriage to 18.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>, have certain verses that indicate that during the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, girls were married before attaining and also during puberty as they were considered matured.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Some early <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> also state that girls should be married after they have attained puberty<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> while some texts extend the marriageable age to before puberty.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> a father is considered to have wronged his daughter if he fails to marry her before puberty and if the girl is not married in less than three years after reaching puberty, she can search for the husband herself.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> However, in modern India, the minimum age of marriage is 21 years for males and 18 years for females as per both the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Marriage Act">Hindu Marriage Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Marriage Act">Special Marriage Act</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Marriage Act">Hindu Marriage Act</a> is applicable and valid for all Hindus including Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs who altogether form more than 83% of Indian population. By the beginning of the 21st century, most countries had enacted laws establishing the general <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">minimum age for marriage</a> at 18 years. However, in many of these countries, some exceptions allowed marriage before this age with the consent of the parents and/or by court decision. In some countries, a religious marriage is still recognized by the state authorities, while in others, a registered civil marriage is mandatory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gendered_effects">Gendered effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gendered effects">edit</a>]</div> Child marriage has lasting consequences on girls, from their health (mental and physical), education, and social development perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-Parsons-4">[4]</a> These consequences last well beyond adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-hrwconsq-84">[80]</a> One of the most common causes of death for girls aged 15 to 19 in developing countries was pregnancy and childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, estimated to have the world's highest rate of child marriage, approximately three out of four girls marry before their 18th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Boys are sometimes married as children, almost always to a female minor. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> states that "girls [are] disproportionately affected by the practice. Globally, the prevalence of child marriage among boys is just one-sixth that among girls."<a href="#cite_note-Child_Marriage-7">[7]</a> Research on the effects of child marriage on underage boys is scant, which researchers state is likely because child marriage involving boys is less common and boys do not face the adverse health effects as a result of early pregnancy and childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-Gastón-2">[2]</a> The effects of child marriage on boys include being ill-prepared for certain responsibilities such as providing for the family, early fatherhood, and a lack of access to education and career opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-Gastón-2">[2]</a> As of September 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit">[update]</a>, 156 million living men were married as underage boys.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> In its first in-depth analysis of child grooms, UNICEF revealed that an estimated 115 million boys and men around the world were married as children. Of these, 1 in 5, or 23 million, boys were married before the age of 15. According to the data, the Central African Republic has the highest prevalence of child marriage among males (28%), followed by Nicaragua (19%) and Madagascar (13%). The estimates bring the total number of child brides and child grooms to 765 million. Girls remain disproportionately affected, with 1 in 5 young women aged 20 to 24 years old married before their 18th birthday, compared to 1 in 30 young men.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a>, factors that promote and reinforce child marriage include poverty and economic survival strategies; <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a>; sealing land or property deals or settling disputes; control over sexuality and protecting family honor; tradition and culture; and insecurity, particularly during war, famine or epidemics.<a href="#cite_note-too_young-90">[86]</a> Other factors include family ties in which marriage is a means of consolidating powerful relations between families.<a href="#cite_note-too_young-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dowry_and_bride_price">Dowry and bride price</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dowry and bride price">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg/220px-Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg/330px-Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg/440px-Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A traditional, formal presentation of the bride price at a Thai engagement ceremony</figcaption></figure> Providing a girl with a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> at her marriage is an ancient practice that continues in some parts of the world, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Parents bestow property on the marriage of a daughter as a dowry, which is often an economic challenge for many families. The difficulty in saving for dowry was common, particularly in times of economic hardship, or persecution, or unpredictable seizure of property and savings. These difficulties pressed families to betroth their girls, irrespective of their age, as soon as they had the resources to pay the dowry. Thus, Goitein notes that European Jews would marry their girls early, once they had collected the expected amount of dowry.<a href="#cite_note-goitein78-91">[87]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> is the amount paid by the groom to the parents of a bride for them to consent to him marrying their daughter. In some countries, the younger the bride, the higher the bride price.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> This practice can create an economic incentive where girls are sought and married early by her family to the highest bidder. Child marriages of girls can function as a way out of desperate economic conditions or simply as a source of income for the parents.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Bride price is another cause of child marriage and <a href="/wiki/Child_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Child trafficking">child trafficking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-icrwchild-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-africachild-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bride_kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bride kidnapping">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RaidbyKURDS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RaidbyKURDS.jpg/220px-RaidbyKURDS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RaidbyKURDS.jpg/330px-RaidbyKURDS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RaidbyKURDS.jpg/440px-RaidbyKURDS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">bride kidnapping</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a practice in which a male abducts<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> the female he wishes to marry. Bride kidnapping has been practiced around the world and throughout history. It continues to occur in countries in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, among people as diverse as the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> in Southeast Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a> in Mexico, and the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> in Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bride kidnapping is a widespread issue in Ethiopia. A 2003 study found the custom's prevalence rate was estimated at 69 percent nationally, <a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> with reports of girls as young as 11 being taken for marriage.<a href="#cite_note-et1-102">[98]</a> In response, Ethiopia has enacted laws to outlaw this practice and established a minimum marriage age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-et2-103">[99]</a> However, the effectiveness of these measures in reducing bride kidnapping remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-et1-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-et2-103">[99]</a> In most nations, bride kidnapping is considered a crime rather than a valid <a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">form of marriage</a>. Some types of it may also be seen as falling along the continuum between <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a>. However, even when the practice is against the law, judicial enforcement remains lax in some areas. Bride kidnapping occurs in various parts of the world, but it is most common in the Caucasus and Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> Bride kidnapping is often a form of child marriage.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> It may be connected to the practice of bride price, and the inability or unwillingness to pay it.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution,_forced_migration,_and_slavery">Persecution, forced migration, and slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Persecution, forced migration, and slavery">edit</a>]</div> Social upheavals such as wars, major military campaigns, <a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">forced religious conversion</a>, taking natives as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and converting them into slaves, arrest and <a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">forced migrations</a> of people often made a suitable groom a rare commodity. Bride's families would seek out any available bachelors and marry them to their daughters before events beyond their control moved the boy away. Persecution and displacement of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> people in Europe, colonial campaigns to get slaves from various ethnic groups in West Africa across the Atlantic for <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">plantations</a>, and Islamic campaigns to get Hindu slaves from India across Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> as property and for work were some of the historical events that increased the practice of child marriage before the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-goitein78-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> communities, child marriages became frequent from the 10th to 13th centuries, especially in Muslim Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman-109">[105]</a> This practice intensified after the Jewish community was expelled from Spain, and resettled in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Child marriages among the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> continued through the 18th century in Islamic majority regions.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fear,_poverty,_social_pressures,_and_a_sense_of_protection">Fear, poverty, social pressures, and a sense of protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fear, poverty, social pressures, and a sense of protection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dame_(Alice)_Ellen_Terry_(%27Choosing%27)_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dame_%28Alice%29_Ellen_Terry_%28%27Choosing%27%29_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/220px-Dame_%28Alice%29_Ellen_Terry_%28%27Choosing%27%29_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dame_%28Alice%29_Ellen_Terry_%28%27Choosing%27%29_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/330px-Dame_%28Alice%29_Ellen_Terry_%28%27Choosing%27%29_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dame_%28Alice%29_Ellen_Terry_%28%27Choosing%27%29_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/440px-Dame_%28Alice%29_Ellen_Terry_%28%27Choosing%27%29_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>English stage actress <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a> was married at age 16 to 46-year-old <a href="/wiki/George_Frederic_Watts" title="George Frederic Watts">George Frederic Watts</a>, a marriage her parents thought would be advantageous; later she said she was uncomfortable being a child bride. Terry died at the age of 81, in 1928.</figcaption></figure> A sense of social insecurity is a cause of child marriages across the world. For example, in Nepal, parents fear <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> if adult daughters (past 18 years) stay at home. Others fear crimes such as rape, which not only would be traumatic but may lead to less acceptance of the girl if she becomes a victim of such a crime.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> For example, girls may not be seen as eligible for marriage if they are not virgins.<a href="#cite_note-:1-113">[109]</a> In other cultures, the fear is that an unmarried girl may engage in illicit relationships,<a href="#cite_note-saudi2009-114">[110]</a> or elope, causing a permanent social blemish to her siblings, or that the impoverished family may be unable to find bachelors for grown-up girls in their socioeconomic group. Such fears and social pressures have been proposed as causes that lead to child marriages. Insofar as child marriage is a social norm in practicing communities, the elimination of child marriage must come through a changing of those social norms. The mindset of the communities, and what is believed to be the proper outcome for a child bride, must be shifted to bring about a change in the prevalence of child marriage.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Families in extreme poverty may perceive daughters as an economic burden.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> If they cannot afford to raise a child, seeking a <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Child marriage in the United States">child marriage</a> for a girl can be seen as a way of ensuring her economic security and thus benefiting her as well as her parents.<a href="#cite_note-Nour_child_marriage-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-118">[114]</a> In reviews of Jewish community history, scholars<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> claim poverty, shortage of grooms, and uncertain social and economic conditions were a cause of frequent child marriages. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawings_by_young_Syrian_refugee_girls_in_a_community_centre_in_southern_Lebanon_promote_the_prevention_of_child_marriage._(14496389777).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Drawings_by_young_Syrian_refugee_girls_in_a_community_centre_in_southern_Lebanon_promote_the_prevention_of_child_marriage._%2814496389777%29.jpg/220px-Drawings_by_young_Syrian_refugee_girls_in_a_community_centre_in_southern_Lebanon_promote_the_prevention_of_child_marriage._%2814496389777%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Drawings_by_young_Syrian_refugee_girls_in_a_community_centre_in_southern_Lebanon_promote_the_prevention_of_child_marriage._%2814496389777%29.jpg/330px-Drawings_by_young_Syrian_refugee_girls_in_a_community_centre_in_southern_Lebanon_promote_the_prevention_of_child_marriage._%2814496389777%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Drawings_by_young_Syrian_refugee_girls_in_a_community_centre_in_southern_Lebanon_promote_the_prevention_of_child_marriage._%2814496389777%29.jpg/440px-Drawings_by_young_Syrian_refugee_girls_in_a_community_centre_in_southern_Lebanon_promote_the_prevention_of_child_marriage._%2814496389777%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Drawings by young Syrian refugee girls in a community center in southern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> promote the prevention of child marriage.</figcaption></figure> An additional factor causing child marriage is the parental belief that early marriage offers protection. Parents feel that marriage provides their daughter with a sense of protection from sexual promiscuity and safe from sexually transmitted infections.<a href="#cite_note-Nour_child_marriage-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> However, in reality, young girls tend to marry older men, placing them at an increased risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Protection through marriage may play a specific role in conflict settings. Families may have their young daughters marry members of an armed group or military in hopes that they will be better protected. Girls may also be taken by armed groups and forced into marriages.<a href="#cite_note-:4-118">[114]</a> In many communities, there is social pressure to marry off girls at a young age. This practice is often justified by cultural norms and the belief that it provides social and economic stability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_disasters">Climate disasters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate disasters">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, a study led by Ohio State researchers, Fiona Doherty, Smitha Rao, and Angelise Radney found that the increase in environmental disasters tied to climate change were contributing factor to a rise in child marriage in at least 20 countries.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion,_culture_and_civil_law">Religion, culture and civil law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion, culture and civil law">edit</a>]</div> Although the general marriageable age is 18 in the majority of countries, most jurisdictions allow for exceptions for underage youth with parental and/or judicial consent.<a href="#cite_note-too_young-90">[86]</a> Such laws are neither limited to developing countries, nor a state's religion. In some countries, a religious marriage by itself has legal validity, while in others it does not, as <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> is obligatory. For Catholics incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> sets the minimum age for a valid marriage at 16 for males and 14 for females.<a href="#cite_note-CIC1983-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3Y.HTM">c. 1083 §1</a> <a href="#cite_note-CIC-51">[a]</a> In 2015, Spain raised its minimum marriageable age to 18 (16 with court consent) from the previous 14.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> In Mexico, marriage under 18 is allowed with parental consent, from age 14 for girls and age 16 for boys.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> In Ukraine, in 2012, the Family Code was amended to equalize the marriageable age for girls and boys to 18, with courts being allowed to grant permission to marry from 16 years of age if it is established that the marriage is in the best interest of the youth.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> Many states in the US permit child marriages <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age#Americas" title="Marriageable age">with the court's permission</a>. Since 2015, the minimum marriageable age throughout Canada is 16. In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> is set by province/territory at 18 or 19, so minors under this age have additional restrictions (i.e. parental and court consent). Under the Criminal Code, Art. 293.2 Marriage under the age of 16 years reads: "Everyone who celebrates, aids or participates in a marriage rite or ceremony knowing that one of the persons being married is under the age of 16 years is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years."<a href="#cite_note-laws-lois.justice.gc.ca-126">[122]</a> The Civil Marriage Act also states: "2.2 No person who is under the age of 16 years may contract marriage."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-127">[123]</a> In the UK, marriage is allowed for 16–17 years old with parental consent in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, and even without parental consent in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> However, a marriage of a person under 16 is <a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">void</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1973" title="Matrimonial Causes Act 1973">Matrimonial Causes Act 1973</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> stated the following:<a href="#cite_note-too_young-90">[86]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In 2010, 158 countries reported that 18 years was the minimum legal age for marriage for women without parental consent or approval by a pertinent authority. However, in 146 countries, state or customary law allows girls younger than 18 to marry with the consent of parents or other authorities; in 52 countries, girls under age 15 can marry with parental consent. In contrast, 18 is the legal age for marriage without consent among males in 180 countries. Additionally, in 105 countries, boys can marry with the consent of a parent or a pertinent authority, and in 23 countries, boys under age 15 can marry with parental consent.</blockquote> A lower legally allowed marriage age does not necessarily cause high rates of child marriages. However, there is a correlation between restrictions placed by laws and the average age of first marriage. In the United States, per <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 United States Census">1960 Census</a> data, 3.5% of girls married before the age of 16, while an additional 11.9% married between 16 and 18. States with lower marriage age limits saw higher percentages of child marriages.<a href="#cite_note-ncbi-38">[38]</a> This correlation between the higher age of marriage in civil law and the observed frequency of child marriages breaks down in countries with Islam as the state religion. In Islamic nations, many countries do not allow child marriage of girls under their civil code of laws, but the state-recognized Sharia religious laws and courts in all these nations have the power to override the civil code, and often do. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> reports that the top eight nations in the world with the highest observed child marriage rates are Niger (75%), Chad (72%), Mali (71%), Bangladesh (64%), Guinea (63%), Central African Republic (61%), Mozambique (56%), and Nepal (51%).<a href="#cite_note-unicef12a-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriageable_age_in_religious_sources">Marriageable age in religious sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marriageable age in religious sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbis</a> set the age of marriage for every <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> at 18 years old; males are expected to be married by 20 years old in <a href="/wiki/Teenage_marriage" title="Teenage marriage">teenage marriage</a> and females can stay unmarried but must be celibate.<a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-68">[67]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, males cannot consent to marriage until they reach the age of 13 years and a day and have undergone puberty. They are considered <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> until the age of twenty. The same rules apply to females, except their age is 12 years and a day. If females show no signs of puberty and males show no signs of puberty or do show impotence, they automatically become adults by age 35 and can marry.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> A large age gap between spouses, in either direction, is advised against as unwise.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> A younger woman marrying a significantly older man however is especially problematic: marrying one's young daughter to an old man was declared as reprehensible as forcing her into prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-Sanhedrin_76a.23-25-67">[66]</a> A ketannah (literally meaning "little [one]") was any girl between the age of 3 years and 12 years plus one day;<a href="#cite_note-JewEncMaj-133">[129]</a> she was subject to her father's authority, and he could arrange a marriage for her without her agreement.<a href="#cite_note-JewEncMaj-133">[129]</a> However, after reaching the age of maturity, she would have to agree to the marriage to be considered married.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> The minimum ages of consent for marriage in the Catholic Church are 14 for girls and 16 for boys. Being underage constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Diriment_impediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Diriment impediment">diriment impediment</a>. That is, a marriage involving an underage bride or groom is canonically invalid. A <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference of Bishops">Conference of Bishops</a> may adopt a higher age for marriage, but in that case, the higher age only creates a prohibitive impediment, that is, a marriage involving a bride or groom above the Church's minimum age but below that set by the Conference is <a href="/wiki/Valid_but_illicit" class="mw-redirect" title="Valid but illicit">valid but illicit</a>. Permission to marry against a civil authority's directive requires the permission of the <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (Catholic Church)">Ordinary</a>, which, in the case of sensible and equal laws regarding marriage age, is not usually granted. The permission by the Ordinary is also required in case of a marriage of a minor when their parents are unaware of his marriage or if their parents reasonably oppose the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> In classical <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, suitability for marital relations is conditional on physical maturity (bulugh) and mental maturity (rushd). Classical jurists did not stipulate a minimum marriageable age because they did not believe that maturity is reached by everyone at a specific age.<a href="#cite_note-Watt-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nour_child_marriage-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Büchler and Schlater observe that "marriageable age according to classical Islamic law coincides with the occurrence of puberty. The notion of puberty refers to signs of physical maturity such as the emission of semen or the onset of menstruation". Traditional schools of Islamic jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Madhaahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhaahib">madhaahib</a>) define the age of full legal capacity to enter marriage as follows:<a href="#cite_note-buchler-schlater-140">[136]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Male age</th> <th>Female age</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a></td> <td align="center">15</td> <td align="center">15</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a></td> <td align="center">15</td> <td align="center">15</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a></td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">17</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a></td> <td align="center">12–18</td> <td align="center">9–17</td> <td>Marriageable age is whenever the person reaches puberty, which may vary from person to person. Listed ages are when Hanafis presume puberty occurs in males and females.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Jafari</a></td> <td align="center">15</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> According to Büchler and Schlater, while marriageable age is not the same as the legal majority under civil law, these age limits may correspond.<a href="#cite_note-buchler-schlater-140">[136]</a> The 1917 codification of Islamic family law in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> distinguished between the age of competence for marriage, which was set at 18 for boys and 17 for girls, and the minimum age for marriage, which followed the traditional Hanafi ages of the legal majority of 12 for boys and 9 for girls. Marriage below the age of competence was permissible only if proof of sexual maturity was accepted in court, while marriage under the minimum age was forbidden. During the 20th century, most countries in the Middle East followed the Ottoman precedent in defining the age of competence, while raising the minimum age to 15 or 16 for boys and 13–16 for girls. Marriage below the age of competence is subject to approval by a judge and the legal guardian of the adolescent. Egypt diverged from this pattern by setting the age limits of 18 for boys and 16 for girls, without a distinction between competence for marriage and minimum age.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-8-29-77">[73]</a> In 2020, Saudi Arabia officially banned all marriages under the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-:8-142">[138]</a> The push to ban child marriage was initially opposed by senior clergy, who argued that a woman reaches adulthood at puberty.<a href="#cite_note-thenational-143">[139]</a> However, by 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Shura_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Shura Council">Saudi Shura Council</a> had outlawed marriages under the age of 15 and required court approval for those under 18.<a href="#cite_note-:7-144">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_financial_relationships">Politics and financial relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics and financial relationships">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg/220px-Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg/330px-Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg/440px-Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Child marriage in 1697 of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_of_Savoy" title="Marie Adélaïde of Savoy">Marie Adélaïde of Savoy</a>, age 12 to Louis, heir apparent of France age 15. The marriage created a political alliance.</figcaption></figure> Child marriages may depend upon socio-economic status. The aristocracy in some cultures, as in the European <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> era tended to use child marriage as a method to secure political ties. Families were able to cement political and/or financial ties by having their children marry.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> The betrothal is considered a binding contract between the families and the children. The breaking of a betrothal can have serious consequences both for the families and for the betrothed individuals themselves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_global_regions">Effects on global regions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Effects on global regions">edit</a>]</div> A UNFPA report stated: "For the period 2000–2011, just over one third (an estimated 34 percent) of women aged 20 to 24 years in developing regions were married or in union before their eighteenth birthday. In 2010 this was equivalent to almost 67 million women. About 12 percent of them were married or in union before age 15."<a href="#cite_note-too_young-90">[86]</a> The prevalence of child marriage varies substantially among countries.<a href="#cite_note-too_young-90">[86]</a> Around the world, girls from rural areas are twice as likely to marry as children as those from urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RUN.webm/220px--RUN.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1516" data-mwtitle="RUN.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:RUN.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/RUN.webm/RUN.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/RUN.webm/RUN.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RUN.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/RUN.webm/RUN.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/RUN.webm/RUN.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/RUN.webm/RUN.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>RUN, a short documentary film focusing on <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">child marriage in Nigeria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_(14498368279).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg/220px-Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg/330px-Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg/440px-Girl_Summit_-_22nd_July_in_London_%2814498368279%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Poster against child and forced marriage</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> has the highest incidence rates of child marriage, with over 50% of girls marrying under the age of eighteen in five nations.<a href="#cite_note-unicef12a-24">[24]</a> Girls in West and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> have the highest risk of marrying in childhood. Niger has one of the highest rates of early marriage in sub-Saharan Africa. Among Nigerien women between the ages of twenty and twenty-four, 76% reported marrying before the age of eighteen, and 28% reported marrying before the age of fifteen.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-147">[143]</a> This UNICEF report is based on data that is derived from a small sample survey between 1995 and 2004, and the current rate is unknown given the lack of infrastructure and in some cases, regional violence.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> UNICEF stated in 2018 that although the number of child marriages has declined on a worldwide scale, the problem remains most severe in Africa, despite the fact that Ethiopia cut child marriage rates by one third.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> African countries have enacted marriageable age laws to limit marriage to a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum age">minimum age</a> of 16 to 18, depending on the jurisdiction. In Ethiopia, Chad and Niger, the legal marriage age is 15, but local customs and religious courts have the power to allow marriages below 12 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> Child marriages of girls in West Africa, Central Africa and Northeast Africa are widespread.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> Additionally, poverty, religion, tradition, and conflict make the rate of child marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa very high in some regions.<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> In many traditional systems, a man pays a <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> to the girl's family to marry her (comparable to the customs of dowry and <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a>). In many parts of Africa, this payment, in cash, cattle, or other valuables, decreases as a girl gets older. Even before a girl reaches puberty, it is common for a married girl to leave her parents to be with her husband. Many marriages are related to poverty, with parents needing the bride price of a daughter to feed, clothe, educate, and house the rest of the family. In Mali, the female-to-male ratio of marriage before age 18 is 72:1; in Kenya, 21:1.<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> The various reports indicate that in many Sub-Saharan countries, there is a high incidence of marriage among girls younger than 15. Many governments have tended to overlook the particular problems resulting from child marriage, including <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_fistula" title="Obstetric fistula">obstetric fistulae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">premature births</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted diseases">sexually transmitted diseases</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> In parts of Ethiopia and Nigeria, many girls are married before the age of 15, some as young as 7.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-147">[143]</a> In parts of Mali, 39% of girls are married before the age of 15. In Niger and Chad, over 70% of girls are married before the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> Over fifty million women in Africa were married before the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-i538-154">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Gambia">The Gambia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Gambia">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, during a feast ending the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> holy month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambian</a> President <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Jammeh" title="Yahya Jammeh">Yahya Jammeh</a> announced that child and forced marriages were banned.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kenya">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, 23% of girls are married before age 18, including 4% by age 15.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malawi">Malawi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Malawi">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> passed a law banning child marriage, which raises the minimum age for marriage to 18.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> This major accomplishment came following years of effort by the Girls Empowerment Network campaign, which ultimately led to tribal and traditional leaders banning the cultural practice of child marriage.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morocco">Morocco</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Morocco">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, child marriage is a common practice. Over 41,000 marriages every year involve child brides.<a href="#cite_note-almo2012-160">[156]</a> Before 2003, child marriages did not require a court's or state's approval. In 2003, Morocco passed the family law (Moudawana) that raised the minimum age of marriage for girls from 14 to 18, with the exception that underage girls may marry with the permission of the government-recognized official/court and girl's guardian.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Over the 10 years preceding 2008, requests for child marriages have been predominantly approved by Morocco's Ministry for Social Development, and have increased (c. 29% of all marriages).<a href="#cite_note-almo2012-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> Some child marriages in Morocco are a result of Article 475 of the Moroccan penal code, a law that allows rapists to avoid punishment if they marry their underage victims.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Article 475 was amended in January 2014 after much campaigning, and rapists can legally no longer avoid sentencing by marrying their victims.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mozambique">Mozambique</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mozambique">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique's</a> national assembly passed a law prohibiting child marriage. This law came after national movements condemning Mozambique's high rate of child marriage, with 50% of girls marrying under the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> As of 2006, 15–20% of school dropouts in Nigeria were the result of child marriage.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> In 2013, Nigeria attempted to change Section 29, Subsection 4 of its laws and thereby prohibit child marriages. Christianity and Islam are each practiced by roughly half of its population, and the country continues with personal laws from its <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">British colonial-era</a> laws, in which child marriages are forbidden for its Christians and allowed for its Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> In Nigeria, child marriage is a divisive topic and widely practiced. In northern states, which are predominantly Muslim, over 50% of the girls marry before the age of 15.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the law provides for respecting the marriage practices of traditional marriages, whereby a person might be married as young as 12 for females and 14 for males.<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> Early marriage is cited as "a barrier to continuing education for girls (and boys)". This includes absuma (<a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> set up <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">between cousins</a> at birth in a local Islamic ethnic group), <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">bride kidnapping</a>, and elopement decided on by the children.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tanzania">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Tanzania" title="High Court of Tanzania">Tanzanian High Court</a> – in a case filed by the Msichana Initiative, a lobbying group that advocates for girls' right to education – ruled in favor of protecting girls from the harms of early marriage.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tanzania-173">[169]</a> It is now illegal for anyone younger than 18 to marry in Tanzania.<a href="#cite_note-Tanzania-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe">edit</a>]</div> A 2015 Human Rights Watch report stated that in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, one-third of women aged between 20 and 49 years old had married before reaching the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> In January 2016, two women who had been married as children brought a court case requesting a change in the legal age of marriage to the Constitutional Court,<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> with the result that the court declared that 18 is to be the minimum age for a legal marriage for both men and women (previously the legal age had been 16 for women and 18 for men). The law took effect immediately and was hailed by several human rights, women's rights, medical, and legal groups as a landmark ruling for the country.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> Child marriage is common in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> island nations. About 29% of girls were married before age 18 (as of 2007).<a href="#cite_note-pbs2010-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> report some of the highest rates in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-13">[13]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> have shown the sharpest decline in child marriage rates as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Brazil is ranked fourth in the world in terms of absolute numbers of girls married or cohabitating by age 15.<a href="#cite_note-blogs.cfr.org-178">[174]</a> Poverty and lack of laws mandating minimum age for marriage have been cited as reasons for child marriage in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> In an effort to combat the widespread belief among poor, rural, and indigenous communities that child marriage is a route out of poverty, some NGOs are working with communities in Latin America to shift norms and create safe spaces for adolescent girls.<a href="#cite_note-blogs.cfr.org-178">[174]</a> In Guatemala, early marriage is most common among indigenous Mayan communities.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> In southeastern Colombia, historically the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Paez_people" title="Paez people">Nasa</a> sometimes married at early ages to dissuade colonizers from coercively taking girls.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> In 2023, 300,000 girls under the age of 18 were sold into marriage in the state of Guerrero alone.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-183">[179]</a> In 2024, the Mexican Senate voted unanimously to abolish the practices of child marriage in indigenous communities in Mexico, considering children's rights are more important than tradition and customs.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-183">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Since 2015, the minimum marriageable age throughout <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is 16. In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> is set by province/territory at 18 or 19, so minors under this age have additional restrictions (i.e. parental and court consent). Under the Criminal Code, Art. 293.2 Marriage under the age of 16 years reads: "Everyone who celebrates, aids or participates in a marriage rite or ceremony knowing that one of the persons being married is under the age of 16 years is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years."<a href="#cite_note-laws-lois.justice.gc.ca-126">[122]</a> The Civil Marriage Act also states: "2.2 No person who is under the age of 16 years may contract marriage."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-127">[123]</a> According to a study from <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, from 2000 to 2018, 3,600 marriage certificates were issued to children (mostly girls) under 18 in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Child marriage in the United States">Child marriage in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_marriage_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of marriage in the United States">Age of marriage in the United States</a></div> Child marriage, as defined by <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">Committee on the Rights of the Child</a> and UNICEF, is observed in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-HRWSeptember2023-185">[181]</a> The UNICEF definition of child marriage includes couples who are formally married, or who live together as a sexually active couple in an informal union, with at least one member – usually the girl – being less than 18 years old.<a href="#cite_note-Child_Marriage-7">[7]</a> The latter practice is more common in the United States, and it is officially called <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a>. According to a 2010 report by the United States' <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a>, 2.1% of all girls in the 15–17 age group were either in a child marriage or in an informal union. In the age group of 15–19, 7.6% of all girls in the United States were formally married or in an informal union. The child marriage rates were higher for certain ethnic groups and states. In Hispanic groups, for example, 6.6% of all girls in the 15–17 age group were formally married or in an informal union, and 13% of the 15–19 age group were.<a href="#cite_note-cohabitation-5">[5]</a> Over 350,000 babies are born to teenage mothers every year in the United States, and over 50,000 of these are second babies to teen mothers.<a href="#cite_note-cdcteen-186">[182]</a> Laws regarding child marriage vary in the different states of the United States. Generally, children 16 and over may marry with parental consent, with the age of 18 being the minimum in all but two states to marry without parental consent. However, all states but 12 have exceptions for child marriage within their laws,<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[22]</a> and although those under 16 generally require a court order in addition to parental consent,<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> when those exceptions are taken into account, four states have no minimum age requirement.<a href="#cite_note-auto-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[22]</a> It is the only <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member state</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._ratification_of_the_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child">that has not yet ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRWSeptember2023-185">[181]</a> Until 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a> practiced child marriage through the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">spiritual marriage</a>" as soon as it was possible for girls to bear children, as part of its <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> practice, but laws have raised the age of legal marriage in response to criticism of the practice.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> In 2007, church leader <a href="/wiki/Warren_Jeffs" title="Warren Jeffs">Warren Jeffs</a> was convicted of being an accomplice to <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a> due to arranging a marriage between a 14-year-old girl and a 19-year-old man.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> In March 2008, officials of the state of Texas believed that children at the <a href="/wiki/YFZ_Ranch" title="YFZ Ranch">Yearning For Zion Ranch</a> were being married to adults and were being abused.<a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal-191">[187]</a> The state of Texas removed all 468 children from the ranch and placed them into temporary state custody.<a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal-191">[187]</a> After the Austin's 3rd Court of Appeals and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of Texas">Supreme Court of Texas</a> ruled that Texas acted improperly in removing them from the YFZ Ranch, the children were returned to their parents or relatives.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> In 2008, the Church changed its policy in the United States to no longer marry individuals younger than the local legal age.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> As of June 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit">[update]</a>, child marriage is legal in <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">38 states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRWSeptember2023-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> 13 states have banned underage marriages, with no exception. In 2018, Delaware became the first state to ban child marriage without exceptions,<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-198">[194]</a> followed by New Jersey the same year.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Pennsylvania<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> and Minnesota<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> ended child marriage in 2020, followed by Rhode Island<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> and New York<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> in 2021, Massachusetts<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> in 2022, Vermont,<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> Connecticut,<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> and Michigan<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> in 2023 and Washington<a href="#cite_note-auto7-208">[204]</a> and Virginia<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[22]</a> in 2024. Between 2000 and 2018, some 300,000 minors were legally married in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Unchained_at_Last-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRWSeptember2023-185">[181]</a> Some as young as 10.<a href="#cite_note-HRWSeptember2023-185">[181]</a> Most child marriages in the US are girls marrying adult men.<a href="#cite_note-HRWSeptember2023-185">[181]</a> In fact, many of these marriages occurred at an age or with a spousal age difference that would typically be considered sexual violence.<a href="#cite_note-HRWSeptember2023-185">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> More than half of all child marriages occur in the South Asian countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-:2-210">[206]</a> There was a decrease in the rates of child marriage across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from 1991 to 2007, but the decrease was observed among young adolescent girls and not girls in their late teens. Some scholars<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> believe this age-specific reduction was linked to girls increasingly attending school until about age 15 and then marrying. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Asia">Western Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Western Asia">edit</a>]</div> A 2013 report claims 53% of all married women in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> were married before age 18, and 21% of all were married before age 15.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> Afghanistan's official minimum age of marriage for girls is 15 with her father's permission. In all 34 provinces of Afghanistan, the customary practice of <a href="/wiki/Baad_(practice)" title="Baad (practice)">ba'ad</a> is another reason for child marriages; this custom involves village elders, or jirga, settling disputes between families or unpaid debts or ruling punishment for a crime by forcing the guilty family to give their 5- to 12-year-old girls as wives. Sometimes a girl is forced into child marriage for a crime her uncle or distant relative is alleged to have committed.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> Andrew Bushell claims the rate of marriage of 8- to 13-year-old girls exceeds 50% in Afghan refugee camps along the Pakistan border.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> The widespread prevalence of child marriage in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a> has been documented by human rights groups.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Saudi clerics have justified the marriage of girls as young as 9, with sanction from the judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> No laws define a minimum age of consent in Saudi Arabia, though drafts for possible laws have been created since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> Members of the Saudi Shoura Council in 2019 approved fresh regulations for minor marriages that will outlaw the marrying of 15-year-olds and force the need for court approval for those under 18. Chairman of the Human Rights Committee at the Shoura Council, Dr. Hadi Al-Yami, said that the introduced controls were based on in-depth studies presented to the body. He pointed out that the regulation, vetted by the Islamic Affairs Committee at the Shoura Council, has raised the age of marriage to 18 and prohibited it for those under 15.<a href="#cite_note-:7-144">[140]</a> Saudi Arabia has officially updated the law, banning all marriages under the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-:8-142">[138]</a> Research by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> indicates that 28.2% of <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">marriages in Turkey</a> – almost one in three – involve girls under 18.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Child marriage was also found to be prevalent among Syrian and Palestinian-Syrian refugees in Lebanon, in addition to other forms of sexual and gender-based violence. Marriage was seen as a potential way to protect family honor and protect a girl from rape, given how common rape was during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> Incidents of child marriages increased in Syria and among Syrian refugees over the course of the conflict. The proportion of Syrian refugee girls living in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> who were married increased from 13% in 2011 to 32% in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> Journalists Magnus Wennman and Carina Bergfeldt documented the practice, and some of its results.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hill_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill tribe">Hill tribe</a> girls are often married young. For the <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen people</a>, it is possible that two couples can arrange their children's marriage before the children are born.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> In a move to curb child marriage in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the minimum marriage age for girls in Indonesia was raised to 19 in 2019, equalizing it to that of males. Previously, under the 1974 marriage law, the marriage age for girls was 16, and there was no minimum with judicial consent.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> There has been an increase in underage marriage which has been attributed to a rise in <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a> sites like Facebook. It has been reported that in areas like Gunung Kidul, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, couples become acquainted through Facebook and continue their relationships until girls become pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> Under Indonesian law, underage marriage is prosecuted as sexual abuse, though unregistered marriages between young girls and older men are common in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-thejakartaglobe-228">[224]</a> In one case that caused a nationwide outcry, a wealthy Muslim cleric married a 12-year-old girl. He was prosecuted for sexually abusing a minor and sentenced to four years in jail.<a href="#cite_note-thejakartaglobe-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, girls formerly married before puberty. The husbands, though usually older, were still unfit for sexual union.<a href="#cite_note-nature_man-230">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> The current laws involving child marriage are very complex in Malaysia, primarily due to conflicts between the beliefs of the government and those disposed by the religious teachings of Islam. A 41-year-old <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> man married an 11-year-old girl in Golok, a border town in southern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, in June 2018, according to information made public in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> The man was the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">surau</a> in a hamlet near <a href="/wiki/Gua_Musang_District" title="Gua Musang District">Gua Musang, Kelantan</a>, and he already had two wives and six children. The girl's parents defended their choice to consent to the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> In response to this incident, Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri <a href="/wiki/Wan_Azizah_Wan_Ismail" title="Wan Azizah Wan Ismail">Wan Azizah Wan Ismail</a> said that the marriage remained valid under <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> She also said in a press statement that "the Malaysian government 'unequivocally' opposes child marriages and is already taking steps to raise the minimum age of marriage to 18".<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk <a href="/wiki/Mujahid_Yusof_Rawa" title="Mujahid Yusof Rawa">Mujahid Yusof Rawa</a>, proposed a blanket ban on marriages involving minors.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">PAS</a> Vice President Datuk Mohd Amar Nik Abdullah said that imposing a blanket ban on child marriage contradicts Islamic religious teachings and could not be accepted.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> He also said it would be better to enforce existing laws to protect children from being forced into early marriages.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> In July 2018, another case of a child bride was reported in Malaysia, involving a 19-year-old man from <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> and a 13-year-old girl from <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> In August 2018, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> announced plans for an amendment to the Islamic Family Law (State of Selangor) Enactment 2003 which would raise the minimum age of marriage for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> women from 16 to 18 years.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> Another child marriage case was covered by the media in September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> Malaysia planned to tighten the requirements for child marriages in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> Subsequently, any marriage with minors would have to go through a stringent approval process involving Shariah Court Department, the Home Ministry, State Religious Council, and Customary Courts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> In December 2021, President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> signed a law criminalizing child marriage, including its facilitation and solemnization, and <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> of an adult with a child outside wedlock.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> Before the law change, the legal age for marriage was 18 for most Filipinos; however, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Filipino">Muslim Filipino</a> boys were able to marry from age 15, and Muslim girls from puberty.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> According to UNICEF, 15% of Filipino girls were married before age 18, and 2% were married by age 15,<a href="#cite_note-ph-inquirer-249">[245]</a> mostly in the Muslim-dominated <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a> region<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bangladesh">edit</a>]</div> Child marriage rates in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> are amongst the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-unicef12a-24">[24]</a> Every 2 out of 3 marriages involve child marriages. According to statistics from 2005, 49% of women then between 25 and 29 were married by the age of 15 in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-147">[143]</a> According to a 2008 study, for each additional year a girl in rural Bangladesh is not married she will attend school an additional 0.22 years on average.<a href="#cite_note-:0-251">[247]</a> The later girls were married, the more likely they were to utilize preventive health care.<a href="#cite_note-:0-251">[247]</a> Married girls in the region were found to have less influence on family planning, higher rates of maternal mortality, and lower status in their husband's family than girls who married later.<a href="#cite_note-:0-251">[247]</a> Another study found that women who married at age 18 or older were less likely to experience IPV (intimate partner violence) than those married before age 18. It also found that girls married before age 15 were at an even higher risk for IPV.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">Child marriage in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage_of_H.H_Sri_Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV_and_Rana_Prathap_Kumari_of_Kathiawar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Marriage_of_H.H_Sri_Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV_and_Rana_Prathap_Kumari_of_Kathiawar.jpg/220px-Marriage_of_H.H_Sri_Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV_and_Rana_Prathap_Kumari_of_Kathiawar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Marriage_of_H.H_Sri_Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV_and_Rana_Prathap_Kumari_of_Kathiawar.jpg/330px-Marriage_of_H.H_Sri_Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV_and_Rana_Prathap_Kumari_of_Kathiawar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Marriage_of_H.H_Sri_Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV_and_Rana_Prathap_Kumari_of_Kathiawar.jpg/440px-Marriage_of_H.H_Sri_Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV_and_Rana_Prathap_Kumari_of_Kathiawar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>In 1900, Rana Prathap Kumari, aged 12, married <a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV">Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV</a>, aged 16. Two years later, he was recognized as the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Mysore" title="Maharaja of Mysore">Maharaja of Mysore</a> under <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to UNICEF's "State of the World's Children-2009" report, 47% of India's women aged 20–24 married before the legal age of 18, with 56% marrying before age 18 in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-253">[249]</a> The report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages occur in India.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> As with Africa, this UNICEF report is based on data that is derived from a small sample survey in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> The latest available UNICEF report for India uses 2004–2005 household survey data, on a small sample, and other scholars<a href="#cite_note-:2-210">[206]</a> report lower incidence rates for India. According to Raj et al., the 2005 small sample household survey data suggests 22% of girls ever married aged 16–18, 20% of girls in India married between 13 and 16, and 2.6% married before age 13. According to 2011 nationwide census of India, the average age of marriage for women in India is 21.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> The child marriage rates in India, according to a 2009 representative survey, dropped to 7%.<a href="#cite_note-toi2012-257">[253]</a> In its 2001 demographic report, the Census of India stated zero married girls below age 10, 1.4 million married girls out of 59.2 million girls in the age 10–14, and 11.3 million married girls out of 46.3 million girls in the age 15–19 (which includes 18–19 age group).<a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-258">[254]</a> For 2011, the Census of India reports child marriage rates dropping further to 3.7% of females aged less than 18 being married.<a href="#cite_note-chap22011-259">[255]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Child_Marriage_Restraint_Act_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929">Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929</a> was passed during the tenure of British rule on <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">Colonial India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> It forbade the marriage of a male younger than 21 or a female younger than 18 for Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and most people of India. However, this law did not and currently does not apply to India's 165 million Muslim population, and only applies to India's Hindu, Christian, Jain, Sikh, and other religious minorities. This link of law and religion was formalized by the British colonial rule with the Muslim personal laws codified in the Indian Muslim Personal Law (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Shariat</a>) Application Act of 1937. The age at which India's Muslim girls can legally marry, according to this <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Personal_Law#Muslim_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Personal Law">Muslim Personal Law</a>, is 9, and can be lower if her guardian (wali) decides she is sexually mature.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> Over the last 25 years, All India Muslim Personal Law Board and other Muslim civil organizations have actively opposed India-wide laws and enforcement action against child marriages; they have argued that Indian Muslim families have a religious right to marry a girl aged 15 or even 12.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> Several states of India claim specially high child marriage rates in their Muslim and tribal communities.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> India, with a population of over 1.2 billion, has the world's highest total number of child marriages. It is a significant social issue. As of 2016, the situation has been legally rectified by <a href="/wiki/The_Prohibition_of_Child_Marriage_Act,_2006" title="The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006">The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006</a>. According to the "National Plan of Action for Children 2005", published by Indian government's Department of Women and Child Development, set a goal to eliminate child marriage completely by 2010. In 2006, The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 was passed to prohibit solemnization of child marriages. This law states that men must be at least 21 years of age and women must be at least 18 years of age to marry. Some Muslim organizations planned to challenge the new law in the Supreme Court of India.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> In latter years, various high courts in India – including the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_High_Court" title="Gujarat High Court">Gujarat High Court</a>,<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_High_Court" title="Karnataka High Court">Karnataka High Court</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> – have ruled that the act prevails over any personal law (including Muslim personal law). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Nepal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nepal">Child marriage in Nepal</a></div> <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> reported that 28.8% of marriages in Nepal were child marriages as of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-:5-270">[266]</a> A UNICEF discussion paper determined that 79.6 percent of Muslim girls in Nepal, 69.7 percent of girls living in hilly regions irrespective of religion, and 55.7 percent of girls living in other rural areas, are all married before the age of 15. Girls born into the highest wealth quintile marry about two years later than those from the other quintiles.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Child marriage in Pakistan">Child marriage in Pakistan</a></div> According to a <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> report from 2018, around 18% of the girls in Pakistan were married before the age of 18<a href="#cite_note-unicef18-272">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> and 4% of the girls were married before the age of 15.<a href="#cite_note-unicef18-272">[268]</a> In the past two 2013 reports suggest that over 50% of all marriages in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> involve girls less than 18 years old.<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> The exact number of child marriages in Pakistan below the age of 13 is unknown, but rising according to the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> Another custom in Pakistan, called <a href="/wiki/Swara_(custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara (custom)">swara</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vani_(custom)" title="Vani (custom)">vani</a>, involves village elders solving family disputes or settling unpaid debts by marrying off girls. The average marriage age of swara girls is between 5 and 9.<a href="#cite_note-star2013-277">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> Similarly, the custom of <a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">watta satta</a> has been cited<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> as a cause of child marriages in Pakistan. According to <a href="/wiki/Population_Council" title="Population Council">Population Council</a>, 35% of all females in Pakistan become mothers before they reach the age of 18, and 67% have experienced pregnancy – 69% of these have given birth – before they reach the age of 19.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> Less than 4% of married girls below the age of 19 had some say in choosing her spouse; over 80% were married to a near or distant relative. Child marriage and early motherhood is common in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, as in other developing societies, the phenomenon of child marriage, or early child marriage, is widespread.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-283">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-284">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> According to the official statistics of Iran in 2013, as many as 187,000 marriages of children under the legal age were registered with the country's Civil Registration Organization.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> The vice president of prevention of social harms of the government's welfare organization stated that, in 2016, 17% of girls’ marriages in Iran took place before they reached the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> The border provinces of <a href="/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_province" title="Razavi Khorasan province">Khorasan Razavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Azerbaijan_province" title="East Azerbaijan province">East Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Sistan and Baluchistan</a> are the three provinces where the highest number of child marriages occur.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> Though the legal age of marriage in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> is 13 years for girls and 15 for boys, there are cases of girls below the age of 10 being married.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-297">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-283">[279]</a> The same source pointed out that "child marriages are more common in socially backward rural areas often afflicted with high levels of illiteracy and drug addiction".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-298">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-284">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> In October 2019, a prosecutor annulled the marriage of an 11-year-old girl to her adult cousin in rural Iran, and said he was indicting the mullah (officiant) and the girl's parents for an illegal underage marriage.<a href="#cite_note-jpostOct19-302">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-303">[299]</a> According to the Iranian Students News Agency, nearly 6,000 children are married each year in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-jpostOct19-302">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">UN Committee on the Rights of the Child</a> (CRC) examining child marriage in Iran has warned of a rising number of young girls forced into marriage in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-305">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-297">[293]</a> The Committee deplored the fact that the State party allows sexual intercourse involving girls as young as 9 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar years</a> and that other forms of sexual abuse of even younger children is not criminalized.<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> CRC said that Tehran must "repeal all provisions that authorize, condone or lead to child sexual abuse" and called for the age of sexual consent to be increased from nine years old to 16.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-283">[279]</a> The Society For Protecting The Rights of The Child said that 43,459 girls aged under 15 married in 2009. In 2010, 716 girls under the age of 10 married, up from 449 in the year prior.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-305">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-283">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> On 8 March 2018 a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran City Council">Tehran City Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahrbanoo_Amani" title="Shahrbanoo Amani">Shahrbanoo Amani</a> said that there were 15,000 widows under the age of 15 in the country.<a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-303">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> The Iranian Government has been criticized by the international community over its high rate of child marriage.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-298">[294]</a> In August 2019, Iran demonstrated its sensitivity towards its birth rates by arresting <a href="/wiki/Kameel_Ahmady" title="Kameel Ahmady">Kameel Ahmady</a>, an expert in the area of child marriage, and sentencing him to a nine-year and three-month imprisonment for alleged "subversive research." Ahmady's research focuses on harmful traditional practices such as early child marriage, female genital mutilation (FGM), sexuality and the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBTQ</a>+ community, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> and ethnic issues.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> His group fieldwork research on child marriage, carried out in 2017 and published under the title An Echo of Silence: A Comprehensive Research Study on Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran, brought him to the attention of the authorities because they believed he was campaigning to raise the legal age of marriage for girls.<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen">Yemen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</div> Child marriage is a common practice in Yemen, both in urban and rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a> As of 2023, an estimated 3.8 million Yemeni girls (about 30%) are married before the age of 18, with approximately 1.3 million girls (about 7%) married before the age of 15.<a href="#cite_note-:yemen0-322">[318]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW), in 1999 the minimum marriage age 15 for women was abolished; the onset of puberty, interpreted by conservatives to be at age nine, was set as a requirement for consummation of marriage.<a href="#cite_note-HRWYemenReport2001-323">[319]</a> In April 2008, <a href="/wiki/Nujood_Ali" title="Nujood Ali">Nujood Ali</a>, a 10-year-old girl, successfully obtained a divorce after being raped under these conditions. Her case prompted calls to raise the legal age for marriage to 18.<a href="#cite_note-Daragahi2008-324">[320]</a> Later in 2008, the Supreme Council for Motherhood and Childhood proposed to define the minimum age for marriage at 18 years, the law passed in April 2009 with the age voted for as 17, however due to maneuvers by opposing parliamentarians the law was dropped the next day.<a href="#cite_note-Assamiee&Al-Sakkaf2010-325">[321]</a> Since 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a> has led to severe disruption of economic, social and political systems. Extreme poverty drives many families in Yemen to marry off their daughters for financial relief, receiving a dowry in exchange, or sometimes to ensure the safety of girls in an unstable environment.<a href="#cite_note-:yemen1-326">[322]</a> Limited access to education leaves young girls with limited options, as child marriage rates are significantly higher among uneducated girls (39.5%) compared to those with secondary education (22.3%).<a href="#cite_note-:yemen0-322">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi</a> laws and policies have also forced the closure of several civil and human righs organisations and also further restricted access to education,<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a> indirectly increasing child marriage rates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General">General</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> Each European country has its own laws; in both the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> the marriageable age falls within the jurisdiction of individual member states. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Istanbul convention</a>, the first legally binding instrument in Europe in the field of violence against women and domestic violence,<a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> only requires countries which ratify it to prohibit <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> (Article 37) and to ensure that forced marriages can be easily voided without further victimization (Article 32), but does not make any reference to a minimum age of marriage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> In the European Union, the general age of marriage as a right is 18 in all member states. When all exceptions are taken into account (such as judicial or parental consent), the minimum age is 16 in most countries, and in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, it is 15. In 6 countries marriage under 18 is completely prohibited. By contrast, in 6 countries there is no set minimum age, although all these countries require the authorization of a public authority (such as a judge or social worker) for the marriage to take place. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2;">State </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2;">Minimum age </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2;" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Minimum age when all exceptions are taken into account </th> <th>General age </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with parental consent.<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="0">none </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Younger than 18 and only after judicial consent (with no strict minimum age). With parental consent, serious reasons are required for a minor to obtain judicial consent for a marriage; without parental consent, serious reasons are required and the unwillingness of the parents has to constitute an abuse.<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>The new 2009 Family Code fixes the age at 18, but allows for an exception for 16 years olds, stating that "Upon exception, in case that important reasons impose this, matrimony may be concluded by a person at the age of 16 with permission by the regional judge". It further states that both persons wanting to marry, as well as the parents/guardians of the minor, must be consulted by the judge. (Chapter 2, Article 6)<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with judicial consent. </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with parental consent, if there are serious reasons for the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-coe.int-334">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Article 672 of Act No. 89/2012 Coll. the Civil Code (which came into force in 2014) states that the court may, in exceptional cases, allow a marriage of a 16-year-old, if there are serious reasons for it.<a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Since 2017, marriage is no longer allowed under 18.<a href="#cite_note-Denmark2019-337">[333]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>15 with court permission.<a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Under 18 marriages with judicial authorization were banned in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="0">none </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Under 18 needs judicial authorization.<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="17.9">18/unclear </td> <td>18 </td> <td>The minimum age was set at 18 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a> In 2023, the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> ruled this law in parts unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="0">none </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Under 18 requires court permission, which may be given if there are serious reasons for such a marriage<a href="#cite_note-coe.int-334">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with authorization from the guardianship authority<a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Since 2019, marriage under 18 is banned.<a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with court consent.<a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with court consent.<a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1">none girls/15 boys </td> <td>18 </td> <td>15 with court permission. Girls can marry below 15 with court permission if they are pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="0">none </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Under 18 need judicial permission. New laws of 2014 fixed the marriageable at 18 for both sexes; prior to these regulations the age was 16 for females and 18 for males. The new laws still allow both sexes to obtain judicial consent to get married under 18.<a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with parental consent.<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Exceptions were removed by a change in the law in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="16.1">16 girls/18 boys </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 for girls with court consent.<a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with parental consent.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16, if there are valid reasons, with both judicial and parental permission, as well as medical approval.<a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with court consent, with a serious reason such as pregnancy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="0">none </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Under 18 may be approved by the Social Work Centre if there are "well founded reasons" arising upon the investigation of the situation of the minor. (Art 23, 24 of the Law on Marriage and Family Relations).<a href="#cite_note-357">[353]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 with court consent. </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Not possible to marry under the age of 18 for Swedish citizens since 1 July 2014.<a href="#cite_note-358">[354]</a> Authorities take a different approach to individuals who were already married when they arrived in Sweden, as during the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Migration_Agency" title="Swedish Migration Agency">Swedish Migration Agency</a> identified 132 married children, of which 65 were in <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[355]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Scandinavia">edit</a>]</div> In April 2016, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported "Child brides sometimes tolerated in Nordic asylum centers despite bans". For example, at least 70 girls under 18 were living as married couples in Sweden; in Norway, "some" under 16 lived "with their partners". In Denmark, it was determined there were "dozens of cases of girls living with older men", prompting Minister Inger Stojberg to state she would "stop housing child brides in asylum centers".<a href="#cite_note-360">[356]</a> Marriage under 18 was completely banned in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 2014, in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-Denmark2019-337">[333]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-361">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balkans/Eastern_Europe">Balkans/Eastern Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Balkans/Eastern Europe">edit</a>]</div> In these areas, child and forced marriages are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> community and with some rural populations. However, such marriages are illegal in most of the countries from that area. In recent years, many of those countries have taken steps in order to curb these practices, including equalizing the marriageable age of both sexes (e.g. Romania in 2007, Ukraine in 2012). Therefore, most of those 'marriages' are informal unions (without legal recognition) and often arranged from very young ages. Such practices are common in Serbia,<a href="#cite_note-362">[358]</a> Bulgaria and Romania<a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[360]</a> (in these countries the marriageable age is 18, and can only be lowered to 16 in special circumstances with judicial approval<a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a>). A 2003 case involving the daughter of an informal 'gypsy king' of the area has made international news.<a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported in April 2016 that "17 child brides" arrived in Belgium in 2015 and a further 7 so far in 2016. The same report added that "Between 2010 and 2013, the police registered at least 56 complaints about a forced marriage."<a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> In 2016 there were 1475 underage foreigners in Germany registered as married, of which 1100 were girls. <a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Germany" title="Syrians in Germany">Syrians</a> represented 664, <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Germany" title="Afghans in Germany">Afghans</a> 157 and <a href="/wiki/Iraqis_in_Germany" title="Iraqis in Germany">Iraqis</a> 100. In July 2016, 361 foreign children under 14 were registered as married.<a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> The Dutch government's National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children wrote that "between September 2015 and January 2016 around 60 child brides entered the Netherlands".<a href="#cite_note-371">[367]</a> At least one was 14 years old.<a href="#cite_note-372">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a> The Washington Post reported that asylum centers in the Netherlands were "housing 20 child brides between ages 13 and 15" in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-374">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> The common marriageable age established by the <a href="/wiki/Family_Code_of_Russia" title="Family Code of Russia">Family Code of Russia</a> is 18 years old. Marriages of persons at age from 16 to 18 years are allowed only with good reasons and by local municipal authority permission. Marriage before 16 years old may be allowed by <a href="/wiki/Federal_subject_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal subject of Russia">federal subject of Russia</a> law as an exception just in special circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-375">[371]</a> By 2016, a minimum age for marriage in special circumstances had been established at 14 years (in <a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ag-376">[372]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-377">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-378">[374]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-379">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-382">[378]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast" title="Sakhalin Oblast">Sakhalin Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-383">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tambov_Oblast" title="Tambov Oblast">Tambov Oblast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-384">[380]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-385">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologda_Oblast" title="Vologda Oblast">Vologda Oblast</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a>) or to 15 years (in <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a><a href="#cite_note-mur-387">[383]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast" title="Ryazan Oblast">Ryazan Oblast</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[384]</a>). Others subjects of Russia also can have marriageable age laws. Abatement of marriageable age is an ultimate measure acceptable in cases of life threat, pregnancy, and childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-ag-376">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-mur-387">[383]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> Since May 1, 2022, the marriageable age in both England and Wales is 18 with no exemptions (16 with consent of both parents or guardians, plus also a magistrate approval required within Northern Ireland only),<a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-uklaw-390">[386]</a> although in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[387]</a> no parental consent is required over 16.<a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a> Scotland and Andorra are the only European jurisdictions where 16-year-olds can marry as a right (i.e. without parental or court approval); see <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age#Europe" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age § Europe</a>. According to a 2004 report in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, girls as young as 12 have been smuggled into the UK to be the brides of men in the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Muslim community</a>. Girls trying to escape this child marriage can face death because this <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">breaks the honor code</a> of her husband and both families.<a href="#cite_note-12_years_guardian-393">[389]</a> As with the United States, underage cohabitation is observed in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. According to a 2005 study, 4.1% of all girls in the 15–19 age group in the UK were cohabiting (living in an informal union), while 8.9% of all girls in that age group admitted to having been in a cohabitation relation (child marriage per UNICEF definition<a href="#cite_note-Child_Marriage-7">[7]</a>), before the age of 18. Over 4% of all underage girls in the UK were teenage mothers.<a href="#cite_note-cohabitteen-6">[6]</a> In July 2014, the United Kingdom hosted its first global Girl Summit; the goal of the Summit was to increase efforts to end child, early, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> within a generation.<a href="#cite_note-394">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Consequences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_-_2012,_Adolescent_birth_rate_per_1000_women_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2007_-_2012%2C_Adolescent_birth_rate_per_1000_women_world_map.svg/300px-2007_-_2012%2C_Adolescent_birth_rate_per_1000_women_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2007_-_2012%2C_Adolescent_birth_rate_per_1000_women_world_map.svg/450px-2007_-_2012%2C_Adolescent_birth_rate_per_1000_women_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2007_-_2012%2C_Adolescent_birth_rate_per_1000_women_world_map.svg/600px-2007_-_2012%2C_Adolescent_birth_rate_per_1000_women_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Birth rates per 1,000 women aged 15–19 years, worldwide</figcaption></figure> Child marriage has consequences that last well beyond adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-hrwconsq-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[391]</a> Women married as children struggle with the impact of pregnancy at a young age on the body, often with little spacing between children.<a href="#cite_note-:1-113">[109]</a> Early marriages followed by teen pregnancy also significantly increase birth complications and <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>. In poor countries, early pregnancy limits or can even eliminate a woman's education options, affecting her economic independence. Girls in child marriages are more likely to suffer from <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hrwconsq-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> Child marriage threatens the health and life of girls.<a href="#cite_note-397">[393]</a> Complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the main cause of death among adolescent girls below age 19 in developing countries. Girls aged 15 to 19 are twice as likely to die in childbirth as fully-grown women in their 20s, and girls under the age of 15 are five to seven times more likely to die during childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> These consequences are due largely to girls' physical immaturity wherefore the pelvis and birth canal are not fully developed. Teen pregnancy, particularly below age 15, increases risk of developing an <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_fistula" title="Obstetric fistula">obstetric fistula</a>, since their smaller pelvises make them prone to obstructed labor.<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> Girls who give birth before the age of 15 have an 88% risk of developing a fistula,<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> and those between 18 and 15 have a 25% chance. Fistulas can cause urine or fecal incontinence that causes lifelong complications with infection and pain.<a href="#cite_note-398">[394]</a> Unless surgically repaired, obstetric fistulas can cause years of permanent disability and shame to mothers, and can result in being shunned by the community.<a href="#cite_note-Nour_child_marriage-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[395]</a> Married girls also have a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> than non-married peers or girls who marry in their 20s.<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a> Child marriage also threatens the lives of offspring. Mothers under the age of 18 years have 35 to 55% increased risk of delivering pre-term or having a low birth weight baby than a mother who is 19 or 20 years old. In addition, infant mortality rates are 60% higher when the mother is under 18 years old. Infants born to child mothers tend to have weaker immune systems and face a heightened risk of malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-Nour_child_marriage-3">[3]</a> Prevalence of child marriage may also be associated with higher rates of population growth, more cases of children left orphaned, and the accelerated spread of disease which for many translates into prolonged poverty.<a href="#cite_note-:0-251">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illiteracy_and_poverty">Illiteracy and poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Illiteracy and poverty">edit</a>]</div> Child marriage often ends a girl's education, particularly in impoverished countries where child marriages are common.<a href="#cite_note-400">[396]</a> In addition, uneducated girls are more at risk for child marriage. Girls who have only a primary education are twice as likely to marry before age 18 than those with a secondary or higher education, and girls with no education are three times more likely to marry before age 18 than those with a secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-too_young-90">[86]</a> Early marriage impedes a young girl's ability to continue with her education as most drop out of school following marriage<a href="#cite_note-:3-401">[397]</a> to focus their attention on domestic duties and having or raising children.<a href="#cite_note-402">[398]</a> Girls may be taken out of school years before they are married due to family or community beliefs that allocating resources for girls' education is unnecessary given that her primary roles will be that of wife and mother.<a href="#cite_note-:4-118">[114]</a> Without education, girls and adult women have fewer opportunities to earn an income and financially provide for themselves and their children. This makes girls more vulnerable to persistent poverty if their spouses die, abandon them, or divorce them.<a href="#cite_note-hrwconsq-84">[80]</a> Given that girls in child marriages are often significantly younger than their husbands, they become widowed earlier in life and may face associated economic and social challenges for a greater portion of their life than women who marry later.<a href="#cite_note-:4-118">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_violence">Domestic violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Domestic violence">edit</a>]</div> Married teenage girls with low levels of education suffer greater risk of social isolation and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> than more educated women who marry as adults.<a href="#cite_note-nourreport-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[399]</a> Following marriage, girls frequently relocate to their husband's home and take on the domestic role of being a wife, which often involves relocating to another village or area. This transition may result in a young girl dropping out of school, moving away from her family and friends, and a loss of the social support that she once had.<a href="#cite_note-Nour_child_marriage-3">[3]</a> A husband's family may also have higher expectations for the girl's submissiveness to her husband and his family because of her youth.<a href="#cite_note-:1-113">[109]</a> This sense of isolation from a support system can have severe mental health implications including depression. Large age gaps between the child and her spouse make her more vulnerable to domestic violence and <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[400]</a> Girls who marry as children face severe and life-threatening marital violence at higher rates.<a href="#cite_note-405">[401]</a> Husbands in child marriages are often more than ten years older than their wives. This can increase the power and control a husband has over his wife and contribute to prevalence of spousal violence.<a href="#cite_note-:4-118">[114]</a> Early marriage places young girls in a vulnerable situation of being completely dependent on her husband. Domestic and sexual violence from their husbands has lifelong, devastating mental health consequences for young girls because they are at a formative stage of psychological development.<a href="#cite_note-hrwconsq-84">[80]</a> These mental health consequences of spousal violence can include depression and suicidal thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-:1-113">[109]</a> Child brides, particularly in situations such as <a href="/wiki/Vani_(custom)" title="Vani (custom)">vani</a>, also face social isolation, emotional abuse and discrimination in the homes of their husbands and in-laws. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Women's rights">edit</a>]</div> The United Nations, through a series of conventions has declared child marriage a violation of human rights. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination of Women</a> (CEDAW), the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> form the international standard against child marriage.<a href="#cite_note-too_young-90">[86]</a> Child marriages impact violates a range of women's interconnected rights such as equality on grounds of sex and age, to receive the highest attainable standard of health, to be free from slavery, access to education, freedom of movement, freedom from violence, reproductive rights, and the right to consensual marriage.<a href="#cite_note-hrwconsq-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[403]</a> The consequence of these violations impact woman, her children, and the broader society.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> High rates of child marriage negatively impact countries' economic development because of early marriages' impact on girls' education and labor market participation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-401">[397]</a> Some researchers and activists note that high rates of child marriage prevent significant progress toward each of the eight <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> and global efforts to reduce poverty due to its effects on educational attainment, economic and political participation, and health.<a href="#cite_note-:3-401">[397]</a> A <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> Nepal issued report noted that child marriage impacts Nepal's development due to loss of productivity, poverty, and health effects. Using Nepal Multi-Indicator Survey data, its researchers estimate that all girls delaying marriage until age 20 and after would increase cash flow among Nepali women in an amount equal to 3.87% of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-:5-270">[266]</a> Their estimates considered decreased education and employment among girls in child marriages in addition to low rates of education and high rates of poverty among children from child marriages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> Child marriage is always <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a>, because children cannot give full informed consent to marriage. Many organizations offer ways to help prevent child marriage and forced marriage.<a href="#cite_note-408">[404]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_children">For children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: For children">edit</a>]</div> Child marriage is illegal in many places; however, children who have been forced into marriage have not broken the law. There are organizations that offer help, such as housing and legal aid, to children who are trying to escape or prevent a marriage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: In the United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Child marriage in the United States">Child marriage in the United States</a></div> A child who has been forced into a marriage has not broken any laws in the United States and is not at fault. The US government is opposed to child marriage, and offers legal help and social services to children who have been forced to marry. Children in the United States who need to prevent or leave a forced marriage can call the <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Violence_Hotline" title="National Domestic Violence Hotline">National Domestic Violence Hotline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[405]</a> Within the United States, each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Territories">territory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a> set the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_age_in_the_United_States" title="Marriage age in the United States">marriage age</a> in its jurisdiction. As of March 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit">[update]</a>, in four states there is no statutory minimum age when all exemptions are taken into account. These states are <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. As of June 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit">[update]</a>, 13 states have banned underage marriages, with no exception: <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> (2018),<a href="#cite_note-CNNDelaware2-410">[406]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (2018),<a href="#cite_note-411">[407]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (2020),<a href="#cite_note-CBSNews-412">[408]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> (2020),<a href="#cite_note-MinnesotaLegislature-413">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> (2021),<a href="#cite_note-globalcitizen.org-414">[410]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (2021),<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-415">[411]</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (2022),<a href="#cite_note-416">[412]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> (2023),<a href="#cite_note-Vermont_governor_signs_bill_raising_marriage_age_to_18-2023-417">[413]</a> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> (2023),<a href="#cite_note-Cross-2023-418">[414]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (2023),<a href="#cite_note-New_Michigan_law_raises_marriage_age_to_18_in_effort_to_end_child_marriage-2023-419">[415]</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> (2024),<a href="#cite_note-auto7-208">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-:9-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (2024).<a href="#cite_note-420">[416]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>, and Puerto Rico, all United States territories, have also ended child marriage in that time.<a href="#cite_note-RadioNZ3-421">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[418]</a> Several other U.S. states have similar legislation pending.<a href="#cite_note-423">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: In Europe">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, when anything is done to make someone marry before they turn 18 the government of the UK considers this to be a forced marriage, which is unlawful. The Forced Marriage Unit offers help to children facing it.<a href="#cite_note-424">[420]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the minimum age to marry is 18. Forcing someone to marry is unlawful, even if the marriage took place outside the Netherlands. Children who have been forced to marry may contact National Expertise Centre on Forced Marriage and Abandonment for help.<a href="#cite_note-425">[421]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Africa">In Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: In Africa">edit</a>]</div> In June 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> Parliament passed the Prohibition of Child Marriage Bill 2024, which makes marrying or <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitating</a> with anyone under 18 years old illegal, with a punishment of 15 years in prison or a large fine.<a href="#cite_note-426">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[423]</a> The bill was signed into law in July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-428">[424]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_initiatives">International initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: International initiatives">edit</a>]</div> In December 2011 a resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/66/170) designated 11 October as the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a>.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-429">[425]</a> On 11 October 2012 the first <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a> was held, the theme of which was ending child marriage.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-429">[425]</a> In 2013 the first <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> resolution against child, early, and forced marriages was adopted; it recognizes child marriage as a human rights violation and pledges to eliminate the practice as part of the UN's post-2015 global development agenda.<a href="#cite_note-430">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[428]</a> In 2014 the UN's <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a> issued a document in which they agreed, among other things, to eliminate child marriage.<a href="#cite_note-433">[429]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends increased educational attainment among girls, increased enforcement structures for existing minimum marriage age laws, and informing parents in practicing communities of the risks associated as primary methods to prevent child marriages.<a href="#cite_note-434">[430]</a> Programs to prevent child marriage have taken several different approaches. Various initiatives have aimed to empower young girls, educate parents on the associated risks, change community perceptions, support girls' education, and provide economic opportunities for girls and their families through means other than marriage. A survey of a variety of prevention programs found that initiatives were most effect when they combined efforts to address financial constraints, education, and limited employment of women.<a href="#cite_note-:6-435">[431]</a> Girls in families participating in an <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_cash_transfer" title="Unconditional cash transfer">unconditional cash transfer</a> program in Malawi aimed at incentivizing girls' education married and had children later than their peers who had not participated in the program. The program's effects on rates of child marriage were greater for unconditional cast transfer programs than those with conditions. Evaluators believe this demonstrated that the economic needs of the family heavily influenced the appeal of child marriage in this community. Therefore, reducing financial pressures on the family decreased the economic motivations to marry daughters off at a young age.<a href="#cite_note-:6-435">[431]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> state government in India operated a program in which poor families were given a financial incentive if they kept their daughters in school and unmarried until age 18. Girls in families who were eligible for the program were less likely to be married before age 18 than their peers.<a href="#cite_note-:6-435">[431]</a> A similar program was operated in 2004 by the <a href="/wiki/Population_Council" title="Population Council">Population Council</a> and the regional government in Ethiopia's rural <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara Region</a>. Families received cash if their daughters remained in school and unmarried during the two years of the program. They also instituted mentorship programs, livelihood training, community conversations about girls' education and child marriage, and gave school supplies for girls. After the two-year program, girls in families eligible for the program were three times more likely to be in school and one tenth as likely to be married compared to their peers.<a href="#cite_note-:6-435">[431]</a> The Global Campaign for the Prevention of Child Marriage (GCPCM) was launched in March 2019. Its primary goal is raising awareness and addressing child marriage in the world.<a href="#cite_note-436">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[433]</a> Other programs have addressed child marriage less directly through a variety of programming related to girls' empowerment, education, sexual and reproductive health, financial literacy, life skills, communication skills, and community mobilization.<a href="#cite_note-438">[434]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Jaha_Dukureh" title="Jaha Dukureh">Jaha Dukureh</a> would serve as Goodwill Ambassador in Africa to help organize to prevent child marriage.<a href="#cite_note-439">[435]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tipping_point_analysis">Tipping point analysis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Tipping point analysis">edit</a>]</div> Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a> found that in some communities rates of child marriage increase significantly when girls are a particular age. This "tipping point", or age at which rates of marriage increase dramatically, may occur years before the median age of marriage. Therefore, the researchers argue prevention programs should focus their programming on girls who are pre-tipping point age rather than only on girls who are married before they reach the median age for marriage.<a href="#cite_note-440">[436]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence_data">Prevalence data</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Prevalence data">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;"> <caption>Prevalence data by country </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>% Females married < 18 </th> <th>Year of assessment </th> <th>Article </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td>28% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Afghanistan" title="Child marriage in Afghanistan">Child marriage in Afghanistan</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-unicef18-272">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medica_Mondiale-441">[437]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </td> <td>30% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Angola" title="Child marriage in Angola">Child marriage in Angola</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-442">[438]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>59% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Bangladesh">Child marriage in Bangladesh</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td>52% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Child marriage in Burkina Faso">Child marriage in Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> </td> <td>68% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Child marriage in the Central African Republic</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </td> <td>67% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-444">[440]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td>37% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-445">[441]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td>31% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Cameroon" title="Child marriage in Cameroon">Child marriage in Cameroon</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-446">[442]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td>33% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Republic of the Congo">Child marriage in Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-447">[443]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> </td> <td>41% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>40% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Ethiopia" title="Child marriage in Ethiopia">Child marriage in Ethiopia</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-448">[444]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>27% </td> <td>2015–16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">Child marriage in India</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-449">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[446]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>27% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Child marriage in Ivory Coast">Child marriage in Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-451">[447]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>40% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td>76% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>43% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">Child marriage in Nigeria</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-452">[448]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </td> <td>42% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </td> <td>41% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td>52% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Mali" title="Child marriage in Mali">Child marriage in Mali</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-453">[449]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td>37% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td> <td>48% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>18% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Child marriage in Pakistan">Child marriage in Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-unicef18-272">[268]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>31% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-454">[450]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td>39% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td>36% </td> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Somalia" title="Child marriage in Somalia">Child marriage in Somalia</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-455">[451]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> </td> <td>52% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Child marriage in South Sudan">Child marriage in South Sudan</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-456">[452]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>40% </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-443">[439]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td>32% </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Zimbabwe" title="Child marriage in Zimbabwe">Child marriage in Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-457">[453]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>% males married <18<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-458">[454]</a> </th> <th>Year assessed </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> </td> <td>22.2 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a> </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td>10.8 </td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>10.3 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a> </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>2016 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baad_(practice)" title="Baad (practice)">Baad (practice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Because_I_Am_a_Girl" title="Because I Am a Girl">Because I Am a Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish views on marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_kari" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo kari">Karo kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_brides" title="List of child brides">List of child brides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_bridegrooms" title="List of child bridegrooms">List of child bridegrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_marriage" title="Teenage marriage">Teenage marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">Teenage pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vani_(custom)" title="Vani (custom)">Vani (custom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_related_laws_in_Pakistan" title="Women related laws in Pakistan">Women related laws in Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIC-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIC_51-1">b</a> While canon 1083 of the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> sets the minimum age for a valid marriage at 16 for males and 14 for females,<a href="#cite_note-CIC1983-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3Y.HTM">c. 1083 §1</a>  canon 97 defines a person younger than 18 years of age as a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a> and subject to parental authority.<a href="#cite_note-CIC1983-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PC.HTM">cc. 97 §1, 98 §2</a>  The authorization of the <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Local ordinary">local ordinary</a> must precede the celebration of the marriage of a minor if the marriage "cannot be recognized or celebrated according to the norm of civil law" or if the parents of a minor are "unaware or reasonably opposed".<a href="#cite_note-CIC1983-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3W.HTM">c. 1071 §1,2° and 6°</a>  Each <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference of bishops">conference of bishops</a> can "establish a higher age for the licit celebration of marriage".<a href="#cite_note-CIC1983-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Y.HTM">c. 1083 §§1–2</a>  Canon 1072 requires that pastors discourage "marriage before the age at which a person usually enters marriage according to the accepted practices of the region."<a href="#cite_note-CIC1983-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3W.HTM">c. 1072</a>  <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Peters" title="Edward N. Peters">Edward N. Peters</a> explains that canon 1083 "authorized episcopal conferences to recognize the concrete circumstances of marriage in their own territories and to raise the ages for licit marriages within a given nation" to more than the minimum age for a valid marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Peters1996-50">[50]</a> Other canons that regulate marriage in general also apply, for example persons "who lack the sufficient use of reason" or "who suffer from a grave defect of discretion of judgment concerning the essential matrimonial rights and duties mutually to be handed over and accepted" "are incapable of contracting marriage."<a href="#cite_note-CIC1983-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3Z.HTM">c. 1095</a>  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> some sources suggest age at marriage as six and some as seven, see Denise Spellberg (1996), Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr, Columbia University Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231079990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231079990">978-0231079990</a>, pp 39–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Most sources suggest age at consummation as nine, and one that it may have been age 10; See: <a href="/wiki/Denise_Spellberg" title="Denise Spellberg">Denise Spellberg</a> (1996), Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231079990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231079990">978-0231079990</a>, pp. 39–40; The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> sect has published the opinion of Pakistani writer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_(writer)" title="Muhammad Ali (writer)">Muhammad Ali</a> that <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> is inauthentic; Ali argued that Aisha may have been a teenager.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_(writer)" title="Muhammad Ali (writer)">Ali, Muhammad</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od6dAQKgK-YC&pg=PT150">Muhammad the Prophet</a>. Ahamadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913321072" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913321072"><bdi>978-0913321072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+the+Prophet&rft.pub=Ahamadiyya+Anjuman+Ishaat+Islam&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0913321072&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dod6dAQKgK-YC%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> However, Ahmadiyya sect views about Islam and its history are widely disputed by mainstream Islam. See: Siddiq & Ahmad (1995), Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, Law & Inequality, 14: pp. 275–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> See: <ul><li>L. Ahmed, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174138">Women and the Advent of Islam</a>, Signs, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Summer, 1986), pp. 677–678;</li> <li>Cynthia Gorney, "Too Young to Wed – The secret world of child brides", National Geographic, June 2011, quote: "'If there were any danger in early marriage, Allah would have forbidden it,' a Yemeni member of parliament named Mohammed Al-Hamzi told me in the capital city of Sanaa one day. 'Something that Allah himself did not forbid, we cannot forbid.' Al-Hamzi, a religious conservative, is vigorously opposed to the legislative efforts in Yemen to prohibit marriage for girls below a certain age (17, in a recent version), and so far those efforts have met with failure. Islam does not permit marital relations before a girl is physically ready, he said, but the Holy Koran contains no specific age restrictions and so these matters are properly the province of family and religious guidance, not national law. Besides, there is the matter of the Prophet Muhammad's beloved Ayesha—nine years old, according to the conventional account, when the marriage was consummated."</li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Definitions-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Definitions_1-0">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGastónMisunasCappa2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gastón, Colleen Murray; Misunas, Christina; Cappa (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17450128.2019.1566584">"Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mddsz.gov.si/fileadmin/mddsz.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti__pdf/zakonodaja/law_on_marriage_and_family_relations.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+on+marriage+and+family+relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mddsz.gov.si%2Ffileadmin%2Fmddsz.gov.si%2Fpageuploads%2Fdokumenti__pdf%2Fzakonodaja%2Flaw_on_marriage_and_family_relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriage" class="citation web cs1">Marriage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024111611/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Stockholm/En/manniska-och-samhalle/vigsel/Pages/default.aspx">"Marriage"</a>. lansstyrelsen.se. 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Retrieved 22 April 2016. <q>10 of those aged under 16 – the minimum local age for sex or marriage – were married and four had children, the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI) said. Of the 10 "some live in adult asylum centers, some in their own rooms and some with their partners", it said in emailed replies to Reuters questions ... Minister <a href="/wiki/Inger_St%C3%B8jberg" title="Inger Støjberg">Inger Støjberg</a> said that she would "stop housing child brides in asylum centers" after a review found dozens of cases of girls living with older men. ... authorities said that at least 70 girls under 18 were married in asylum centers run by municipalities including Stockholm and Malmo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Child+brides+sometimes+tolerated+in+Nordic+asylum+centers+despite+bans&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Alister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-europe-migrants-brides-idUSKCN0XI1MZ%3FfeedType%3DRSS%26feedName%3DworldNews%26rpc%3D69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/4487764">"Lapsiavioliitot kielletään Suomessa – Oikeusministeri: "Lapsien tulee saada olla lapsia täysi-ikäisyyteen asti""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turun_Sanomat" title="Turun Sanomat">Turun Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). 20 September 2019. 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The Daily Telegraph. London. 11 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4972768/Romanian-gypsy-children-become-engaged-aged-six-and-four.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Romanian+gypsy+children+become+engaged+aged+six+and+four&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F4972768%2FRomanian-gypsy-children-become-engaged-aged-six-and-four.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/early-marriage-deters-lesser-roma-girls-from-school-in-bulgaria-02-22-2016">"Bulgarian Roma Girls Still Quitting School Young"</a>. 22 February 2016. 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Retrieved 22 April 2016. <q>Official figures indicate some 17 child brides arrived among the refugee influx last year and another seven this year ... Belgium has had wider concerns over the prevalence of forced child marriages among some of the country's communities. Between 2010 and 2013, the police registered at least 56 complaints about a forced marriage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Refugee+child+bride+went+on+a+hunger+strike+after+Belgium+separated+her+from+husband&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.aulast=Ishaan&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F04%2F01%2Frefugee-child-bride-went-on-a-hunger-strike-after-belgium-separated-her-from-husband%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125230033/http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/kinderehen-1475-minderjaehrige-in-deutschland-sind-verheiratet-a-1111624.html">"Kinderehen: 1475 Minderjährige in Deutschland sind verheiratet"</a>. Der Spiegel. 9 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/kinderehen-1475-minderjaehrige-in-deutschland-sind-verheiratet-a-1111624.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Kinderehen%3A+1475+Minderj%C3%A4hrige+in+Deutschland+sind+verheiratet&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpanorama%2Fgesellschaft%2Fkinderehen-1475-minderjaehrige-in-deutschland-sind-verheiratet-a-1111624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509024840/https://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/current/news/archief/new-report-national-rapporteur-concerned-about-syrian-child-brides-and-roma-children.aspx?cp=64&cs=69412">"National Rapporteur concerned about Syrian child brides and Roma children"</a>. National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/current/news/archief/new-report-national-rapporteur-concerned-about-syrian-child-brides-and-roma-children.aspx?cp=64&cs=69412">the original</a> on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016. <q>child marriages occur in the Netherlands, drawing attention to the Syrian child brides who travel from Syria, often with an adult male. Between September 2015 and January 2016 around 60 child brides entered the Netherlands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Rapporteur+concerned+about+Syrian+child+brides+and+Roma+children&rft.pub=National+Rapporteur+on+Trafficking+in+Human+Beings+and+Sexual+Violence+against+Children&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchrapporteur.nl%2Fcurrent%2Fnews%2Farchief%2Fnew-report-national-rapporteur-concerned-about-syrian-child-brides-and-roma-children.aspx%3Fcp%3D64%26cs%3D69412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2016/04/key-advisor-warns-on-child-brides-calls-for-more-action/">"Key advisor warns on Syrian child brides, calls for more action – DutchNews.nl"</a>. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+advisor+warns+on+Syrian+child+brides%2C+calls+for+more+action+%E2%80%93+DutchNews.nl&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchnews.nl%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2016%2F04%2Fkey-advisor-warns-on-child-brides-calls-for-more-action%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160823032923/http://www.nltimes.nl/2016/04/14/some-60-syrian-child-brides-as-young-as-14-entered-netherlands/">"Some 60 Syrian child brides, as young as 14, entered Netherlands"</a>. 14 April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nltimes.nl/2016/04/14/some-60-syrian-child-brides-as-young-as-14-entered-netherlands/">the original</a> on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+60+Syrian+child+brides%2C+as+young+as+14%2C+entered+Netherlands&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nltimes.nl%2F2016%2F04%2F14%2Fsome-60-syrian-child-brides-as-young-as-14-entered-netherlands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshaan2016" class="citation news cs1">Ishaan, Ishaan (1 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/01/refugee-child-bride-went-on-a-hunger-strike-after-belgium-separated-her-from-husband/">"Refugee child bride went on a hunger strike after Belgium separated her from husband"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 22 April 2016. <q>Last year, asylum centers next door in the Netherlands were reportedly housing 20 child brides between ages 13 and 15.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Refugee+child+bride+went+on+a+hunger+strike+after+Belgium+separated+her+from+husband&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.aulast=Ishaan&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F04%2F01%2Frefugee-child-bride-went-on-a-hunger-strike-after-belgium-separated-her-from-husband%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.garant.ru/10105807/3/">"Ст. 13 Семейного кодекса РФ"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Garant" title="Garant">Garant</a>. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82.+13+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%A4&rft.pub=Garant&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.garant.ru%2F10105807%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ag-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ag_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ag_376-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/804932443">"Закон Республики Адыгея от 30 ноября 1998 г. N 101 "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак граждан Российской Федерации в возрасте от четырнадцати до шестнадцати лет, постоянно либо преимущественно проживающих на территории Республики Адыгея""</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 2 April 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82+30+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1998+%D0%B3.+N+101+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F%22&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F804932443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/972205041">"Закон Калужской области от 06 июня 1997 года №10-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Калужской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет""</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 29 May 1997. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+06+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F+1997+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%9610-%D0%9E%D0%97+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%22&rft.date=1997-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F972205041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/412309526">"Закон Магаданской области от 04 мая 2001 года №182-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях получения разрешения на вступление в брак на территории Магаданской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на: 10.03.2016)"</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+04+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+2001+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96182-%D0%9E%D0%97+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%22+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+10.03.2016%29&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F412309526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/819047310">"Закон Московской области от 30 апреля 2008 года №61/2008–ОЗ "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Московской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на 15 июля 2015 года)"</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+30+%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+2008+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%9661%2F2008%E2%80%93%D0%9E%D0%97+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%22+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+15+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F+2015+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F819047310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/465505566">"Постановление Правительства Нижегородской области от 23 октября 2013 года №765 "Об утверждении Положения о порядке принятия решений о разрешении на вступление в брак гражданам, не достигшим возраста шестнадцати лет, в Нижегородской области""</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+23+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2013+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96765+%22%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%2C+%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%22&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F465505566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/424034453">"Закон Новгородской области от 02 февраля 2009 года №465-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Новгородской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на: 25.04.2014)"</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+02+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96465-%D0%9E%D0%97+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%22+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+25.04.2014%29&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F424034453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/453100152">"Закон Орловской области от 04 марта 2011 года №1177-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях выдачи разрешения на вступление в брак лицам, не достигшим возраста шестнадцати лет, в Орловской области""</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+04+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+2011+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%961177-%D0%9E%D0%97+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%2C+%D0%B2+%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%22&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F453100152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802032194">"Закон Сахалинской области от 11 июля 2005 года №46-ЗО "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак граждан, проживающих на территории Сахалинской области, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (ред. от 29.06.2015)"</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+11+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F+2005+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%9646-%D0%97%D0%9E+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%22+%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4.+%D0%BE%D1%82+29.06.2015%29&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F802032194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/948000488">"Закон Тамбовской области от 24 июня 1997 года №120-З "О порядке и условиях вступления в брак на территории Тамбовской области лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет" (с изменениями на 5 мая 2014 года)"</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+24+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F+1997+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96120-%D0%97+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%22+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+5+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+2014+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F948000488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/429039678">"Закон Республики Татарстан от 13 января 2009 года №4-ЗРТ "Семейный кодекс Республики Татарстан" (с изменениями на 07.05.2016)"</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%82+13+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%964-%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%A2+%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%22+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+07.05.2016%29&rft.date=2016-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F429039678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/453133717">"Закон Вологодской области от 14 августа 1996 года №95-ОЗ "О снижении брачного возраста" (с изменениями на: 27.11.2000)"</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 27 November 2000. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+14+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+1996+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%9695-%D0%9E%D0%97+%22%D0%9E+%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%22+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+27.11.2000%29&rft.date=2000-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F453133717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mur-387">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mur_387-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mur_387-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/913501229">"Закон Мурманской области от 18 ноября 1996 года №42-01-ЗМО "Об условиях и порядке вступления в брак лиц, не достигших возраста шестнадцати лет""</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 18 November 1996. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+18+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1996+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%9642-01-%D0%97%D0%9C%D0%9E+%22%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%22&rft.date=1996-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F913501229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cntd.ru/document/423906474">"Закон Рязанской области от 30 декабря 2014 года №105-ОЗ "О порядке и условиях выдачи разрешения на вступление в брак лицам, не достигшим возраста шестнадцати лет""</a>. Электронный фонд правовой и нормативно-технической документации (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (page does not exist)">Kodeks</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кодекс (справочно-правовая система)">ru</a>]. 30 December 2014. 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Retrieved 27 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Child+marriage+widespread+in+Bihar%2C+Rajasthan+and+Bengal%3A+Unicef+report&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fchild-marriages-widespread-in-bihar-rajasthan-and-bengal-unicef-report-1454035-2019-02-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/cote-divoire/">"Cote D'Ivoire"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girls_Not_Brides" title="Girls Not Brides">Girls Not Brides</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Girls+Not+Brides&rft.atitle=Cote+D%27Ivoire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.girlsnotbrides.org%2Fchild-marriage%2Fcote-divoire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/nigeria/">"Nigeria"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girls_Not_Brides" title="Girls Not Brides">Girls Not Brides</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Girls+Not+Brides&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.girlsnotbrides.org%2Fchild-marriage%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/mali/">"Mali"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girls_Not_Brides" title="Girls Not Brides">Girls Not Brides</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Girls+Not+Brides&rft.atitle=Mali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.girlsnotbrides.org%2Fchild-marriage%2Fmali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/senegal/">"Senegal"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girls_Not_Brides" title="Girls Not Brides">Girls Not Brides</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Girls+Not+Brides&rft.atitle=Senegal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.girlsnotbrides.org%2Fchild-marriage%2Fsenegal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovt._Somalia,_UNFPA2020" class="citation web cs1">Govt. 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Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicef.org&rft.atitle=Data+Warehouse+%E2%80%93+UNICEF+DATA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unicef.org%2Fresources%2Fdata_explorer%2Funicef_f%2F%3Fag%3DUNICEF%26df%3DGLOBAL_DATAFLOW%26ver%3D1.0%26dq%3D.PT_F_20-24_MRD_U15%2BPT_M_20-24_MRD_U18%2BPT_F_20-24_MRD_U18..%26startPeriod%3D2016%26endPeriod%3D2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlas2002" class="citation book cs1">Barlas, Asma (2002). Believing women in Islam : unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur'ān. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477315927" title="Special:BookSources/9781477315927"><bdi>9781477315927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Believing+women+in+Islam+%3A+unreading+patriarchal+interpretations+of+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781477315927&rft.aulast=Barlas&rft.aufirst=Asma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpellberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Spellberg, Denise A. (1996). Politics, gender, and the Islamic past : the Legacy of ʻAʼisha bint Abi Bakr. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07999-0"><bdi>978-0-231-07999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+gender%2C+and+the+Islamic+past+%3A+the+Legacy+of+%CA%BBA%CA%BCisha+bint+Abi+Bakr&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07999-0&rft.aulast=Spellberg&rft.aufirst=Denise+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">Watt, William Montgomery</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aisha-bint-abi-bakr-SIM_0440">ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Bint Abī Bakr</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004161214" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004161214"><bdi>978-9004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CA%BF%C4%80%CA%BEis%CC%B2h%CC%B2a+Bint+Ab%C4%AB+Bakr&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-9004161214&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=William+Montgomery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Faisha-bint-abi-bakr-SIM_0440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild+marriage" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Child_marriage" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Child marriage">Child marriage</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unfpa.org/child-marriage">UN Population Fund on Child Marriage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Child_marriage_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Child_marriage_in_Africa" title="Template:Child marriage in Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Child_marriage_in_Africa" title="Template talk:Child marriage in Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Child_marriage_in_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Child marriage in Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Child_marriage_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Child marriage in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Angola" title="Child marriage in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Botswana" title="Child marriage in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Child marriage in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Burundi" title="Child marriage in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Cameroon" title="Child marriage in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Ethiopia" title="Child marriage in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Child marriage in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Mali" title="Child marriage in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Mauritania" title="Child marriage in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Child marriage in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Somalia" title="Child marriage in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in South Africa (page does not exist)">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Child marriage in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Sudan" title="Child marriage in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Swaziland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Swaziland (page does not exist)">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Togo" title="Child marriage in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Zimbabwe" title="Child marriage in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_marriages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_marriages" title="Template talk:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_marriages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal scenarios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_marriage" title="Covenant marriage">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Marriage">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">Serial monogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary marriage">Temporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_marriage" title="Hollywood marriage">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedlease" title="Wedlease">Wedlease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">Voidable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putative_marriage" title="Putative marriage">Putative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephite_marriage" title="Josephite marriage">Josephite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_conservation" title="Widow conservation">Widow conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Vivaaha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_marriage" title="Brahma marriage">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiva_marriage" title="Daiva marriage">Daiva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arshaa_marriage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arshaa marriage (page does not exist)">Arsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajapatya_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajapatya marriage">Prajapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva_marriage" title="Gandharva marriage">Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_marriage" title="Asura marriage">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasa marriage">Rakshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishacha_marriage" title="Paishacha marriage">Paishacha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_wedding_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic wedding ceremony">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogic_marriage" title="Yogic marriage">Yogic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_marriage" title="Manus marriage">Manus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen marriage">Teen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sister_exchange" title="Sister exchange">Sister exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miai" title="Miai">Miai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">Betrothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning" title="Mystery of Crowning">Mystery of Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circumstantial basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_France" title="Posthumous marriage in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_Germany" title="Posthumous marriage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Chinese ghost marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">Widow inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Ghost marriage in South Sudan">Ghost marriage in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_marriage_in_China" title="Naked marriage in China">Naked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial marriage">Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Convenience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_marriage" title="Lavender marriage">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Sham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Green card marriage">Green card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Allowance_for_Housing" title="Basic Allowance for Housing">Marriage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sologamy" title="Sologamy">Sologamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_facto_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="De facto marriage">De facto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consanguine_marriage" title="Consanguine marriage">Consanguine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage_in_the_Middle_East" title="Cousin marriage in the Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-surname_marriage" title="Same-surname marriage">Same-surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">Royal intermarriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">Inter-caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">Morganatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">Plural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexless_marriage" title="Sexless marriage">Sexless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariage_blanc" title="Mariage blanc">Mariage blanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishu_system" title="Dishu system">Dishu system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail-order_bride" title="Mail-order bride">Mail-order bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia">Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking marriage">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_marriage" title="Category:Types of marriage">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pedophilia_and_child_sexual_abuse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pedophilia" title="Template:Pedophilia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pedophilia" title="Template talk:Pedophilia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pedophilia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pedophilia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pedophilia_and_child_sexual_abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">Pedophilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated <a href="/wiki/Chronophilia" title="Chronophilia">chronophilias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebephilia" title="Hebephilia">Hebephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebophilia" title="Ephebophilia">Ephebophilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavior and legal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurtcore" title="Hurtcore">Hurtcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_erotica" title="Child erotica">Child erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_child_pornography" title="Simulated child pornography">Simulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Legality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_fictional_pornography_depicting_minors" title="Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors">Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_ring" title="Child sex ring">Child sex ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Commercial sexual exploitation of children</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Child trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_causes_of_clerical_child_abuse" title="Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse">Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Sexual_Abuse_Accommodation_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome">Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_sexual_abuse_by_country" title="Category:Child sexual abuse by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacha_bazi" title="Bacha bazi">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Australia" title="Child sexual abuse in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_China" title="Child abuse in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Child sexual abuse in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_Pakistan" title="Child abuse in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_New_Zealand" title="Child abuse in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Child sexual abuse in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">Chemical castration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">Castration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research and support groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Sexual_Abuse" title="Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse">Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Support_and_Accountability" title="Circles of Support and Accountability">Circles of Support and Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silentlambs" title="Silentlambs">Silentlambs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivors_Network_of_those_Abused_by_Priests" title="Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests">Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_Pedophiles" title="Virtuous Pedophiles">Virtuous Pedophiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Treatment_and_Prevention_of_Sexual_Abuse" title="Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse">Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Exploitation_and_Online_Protection_Command" title="Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command">Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Watch" title="Jewish Community Watch">Jewish Community Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children" title="National Center for Missing & Exploited Children">National Center for Missing & Exploited Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_Project_Dunkelfeld" title="Prevention Project Dunkelfeld">Prevention Project Dunkelfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Awareness_Center" title="The Awareness Center">The Awareness Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Waks" title="Manny Waks">Tzedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_Sale_and_Sexual_Exploitation_of_Children" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children">United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pedophile_activism" title="Anti-pedophile activism">Anti-pedophile activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creep_Catchers" title="Creep Catchers">Creep Catchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Justice_(group)" title="Dark Justice (group)">Dark Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverted-Justice" title="Perverted-Justice">Perverted-Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetie_(internet_avatar)" title="Sweetie (internet avatar)">Sweetie (internet avatar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Catch_a_Predator" title="To Catch a Predator">To Catch a Predator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedophilia#Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophilia">Pedophile advocacy groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pedophile_advocacy_organizations" title="List of pedophile advocacy organizations">List of pedophile advocacy organizations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases">Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases_by_country" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_causes_of_clerical_child_abuse" title="Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of Catholic sex abuse cases">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_New_York_City_religious_institutions" title="Child sexual abuse in New York City religious institutions">Child sexual abuse in New York City religious institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses%27_handling_of_child_sex_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sex abuse">Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_abuse_cases" title="Mormon abuse cases">Mormon sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_Institutional_Responses_to_Child_Sexual_Abuse" title="Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse">Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_sex_abuse_cases" title="Scouting sex abuse cases">Scouting sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism#Pedophilia_and_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Haredi Judaism">Sexual abuse cases in Haredi Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adass_Israel_School_sex_abuse_scandal" title="Adass Israel School sex abuse scandal">Adass Israel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_cases_in_Brooklyn%27s_Haredi_community" title="Sexual abuse cases in Brooklyn's Haredi community">Brooklyn's Haredi community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Care_(Australia)#Controversy" title="Jewish Care (Australia)">Jewish Care controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Waks" title="Manny Waks">Manny Waks case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_football" title="Child abuse in football">Child abuse in soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse_in_Quranic_schools" title="Child abuse in Quranic schools">Child abuse in Quranic schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/64px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_ethics" title="Template:Sexual ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_ethics" title="Template talk:Sexual ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_party_(sexuality)" title="Rainbow party (sexuality)">Rainbow party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws regarding incest">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_pornography" title="Gay pornography">gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian pornography">lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's pornography">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">reform</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Africa" title="Age of consent in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Asia" title="Age of consent in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Europe" title="Age of consent in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_North_America" title="Age of consent in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_the_United_States" title="Age of consent in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Oceania" title="Age of consent in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_South_America" title="Age of consent in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sexual_ethics" title="Outline of sexual ethics">Topical outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abuse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFBüchlerSchlatter2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCaloum2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatholic_Church1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra-_MouliVirginia_CamachoMichaud2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChew2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhury2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitizensinformation.ie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkBruceDude2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoffey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookDickensSyed2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoontz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Onofrio2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaragahi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehghan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyle2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDukakis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEfevberaBhabha2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFatima2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldAmbrus2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitchRuggles2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaffney-Rhys2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGastónMisunasCappa2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGirls_Not_Brides2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovt._Somalia,_UNFPA2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabibu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajnal1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassfurter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaviland2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbraj2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshaan2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKamasah2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhairulrijal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLbarnes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee-RifeMalhotraWarnerMcGonagle_Glinski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiz_Ford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLlano_Quintero2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoone2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLőw1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmoud_Assamiee_and_Nadia_Al2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarriage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNamara2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehreen_Zahra-Malik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetchnikoff1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMlambo-Ngcuka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuah2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyersHarvey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasrullah2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNortajuddin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNour2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNour2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOladipo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPM2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrocha2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsonsEdmeadesAslihanPetroni2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatricia_Crone2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhung2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPietsch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPietsch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaiSinghSinghKumar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajSaggurtiBalaiahSilverman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajSaggurtiLawrenceBalaiah2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiigi_Infosüsteemi_Amet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRock1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaito1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatharLloyd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchacht,_J.Layish,_A.Shaham,_R.Ansari,_Ghaus1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 2,\n 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[\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"MLI\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"NEP\"] = 1,\n [\"NGR\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"PAK\"] = 1,\n [\"Pedophilia\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 8,\n [\"SEN\"] = 2,\n [\"SOM\"] = 1,\n [\"SSD\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sexual ethics\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TAN\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Types of marriages\"] = 1,\n [\"UGA\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Youth rights sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"ZWE\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","16.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","120","4.5"],["citation0 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