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class="panel-body collapse ming-share" id="share"> <a href="mailto:?subject=Citation%20from%20American%20Elements&body=Courtesy%20of%20American%20Elements:%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Email <span class="share-icon mail-16"></span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=via%20%40AmericanElement%3A%20" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Tweet<span class="share-icon twitter-16"></span></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=" class="share ming-link" data-parent="#share">Facebook<span class="share-icon facebook-16"></span></a></div></div><div class="follow-us" data-parent="#ming"> Follow Us <div id="social"><a class="ming-link social twitter" href="https://www.twitter.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> <a class="ming-link social facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> <a class="ming-link social linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a> <a class="ming-link social instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid" id="main-content"> <div id="page-content">   <div class="banner">  <h1 class="short">Bromine</h1> <span class="element-item2 halogen nonmetal" aria-hidden="true"><span class="symbol2">Br</span><span class="number">35</span><span class="weight">79.904</span></span>  </div>   <div id="element-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified" role="tablist"> <li><a href="#about" id="tab1" role="tab" aria-controls="about" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">About Bromine</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="#products" role="tab" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab">Products</a></li> <li><a href="#properties" role="tab" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#safety" role="tab" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="#isotopes" role="tab" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab">Isotopes</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="content"> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <h2>About Bromine</h2> <img src="images_graphics/element-bohr-models/bromine-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Bromine Bohr" width="200" height="200" class="image-left" /><p> Bromine was discovered independently by two young chemists: Carl Jacob Löwig in 1825 and Antoine Balard in 1826. Balard extracted the bromine from seaweed ash, using a procedure that was in common use at the time to obtain <a href="ii.htm">iodine</a>. Löwig was experimenting with a concentrate from a mineral water spring in his hometown, which he saturated with chlorine and then extracted using ether. After allowing the ether to evaporate, a foul-smelling brown liquid remained, and Löwig presented this liquid as proof of his skills in order to obtain his first position in an academic chemistry lab. Balard was actually the first to published his results, and it was after his results were confirmed by senior chemists that the name bromine, derived from the Greek word for “stench,” was given to the new element. </p> <p> The earliest significant commercial use of bromine was in photography, starting in the mid-nineteenth century. <a href="silver-bromide-7785-23-1">Silver bromide</a>, like other silver halides, is a light-sensitive crystal, and may be used alone or along with <a href="silver-chloride-7783-90-6">silver chloride</a> to produce film capable of recording an image when exposed to light. Shortly after bromine came into use for photography, <a href="potassium-bromide-7758-02-3">potassium</a> and <a href="sodium-bromide-7647-15-6">sodium bromides</a> came into use as anticonvulsants and sedatives; however the toxicity of these compounds led them to be largely replaced as other drugs became available. Occasionally, <a href="potassium-bromide-7758-02-3">potassium bromide</a> is still used as an epilepsy treatment in veterinary medicine. The toxicity of some bromine compounds was deliberately exploited for use in chemical warfare during First World War. Like many more familiar <a href="chlorine.html">chlorine</a>-based chemical warfare agents, compounds such as xylyl bromide cause severe irritation to skin and mucous membranes, leading to pain, tearing, respiratory distress, and sometimes chemical burns. </p> <p> In modern usage, inorganic bromine compounds are primarily found in just a few areas beyond film photography. <a href="calcium-bromide-7789-41-5">Calcium</a>, <a href="sodium-bromide-7647-15-6">sodium</a>, and <a href="zinc-bromide-7699-45-8">zinc bromides</a> are all used in drilling fluids in oil and natural gas mining. Bromine gas, hydrogen bromide, or other simple bromine compounds can be used to reduce mercury pollution from coal power plants; either the coal or the gases produced during combustion are treated with bromine agents which bind the mercury. Like <a href="chlorine.html">chlorine</a>, bromine can be used in the maintenance of swimming pools and spas. It is usually produced as needed for this use from a bromide and hydrogen peroxide. Bromine may also be used for drinking water disinfection, though in this usage it is typically supplied in the form of a polybrominated resin cartridge that is inserted into water treatment systems. </p> <p> Bromine is also important in organic synthesis. In this usage, the original source of bromine is an inorganic compound--bromine gas or hydrogen bromide--but except in cases where hydrogen bromide acts solely as a <a href="catalysts">catalyst</a>, ultimately the bromine is incorporated into an organic <a href="Bromides.html">bromide compound</a>. These compounds often serve as intermediate reagents in multistep synthesis of complex organic molecules such as pharmaceuticals. One notable class of such reagents are Grignard reagents, <a href="magnesium-bromide-7789-48-2">magnesium halides</a> attached to carbon compounds. Additionally, some organobromine compounds are themselves end products used in a variety of applications.</p> <p>Synthetic organobromine compounds are used as <a href="pharmaceuticals-cosmetics.html">pharmaceuticals</a>, dyes, flame retardants, and pesticides. Bromated pharmaceuticals are far less common than organofluorine or organochlorine drugs, but nonetheless several such drugs are in current use as vasodilators, sedatives, chemotherapeutics, and antiseptics. The earliest bromine dye in use was actually a natural organobromine produced by a family of sea snails. This dye, Tyrian purple, was prized for being colorfast despite weathering and sunlight, and its scarcity made objects dyed with it luxuries and status symbols in ancient times. Today, bromine-substituted dyes are used in <a href="textiles-fabrics.html">commercial textile coloring</a> as well as in analytical chemistry as pH indicators and in molecular biology to bind to and visualize DNA. The use of organobromine flame retardants and pesticides is widespread but controversial, as many of these compounds are known to breakdown extremely slowly, and therefore they act as persistent organic pollutants. The persistence of these compounds is of particular concern because many are ozone depleting agents, and some are known to be toxic to humans or have the potential to act as hormone-disruptors. </p> <p> Bromine is recovered from naturally bromine-rich brines which are frequently found in underground rock formations. The bromine can be recovered from these brines by treating them with chlorine gas. Additionally, bromine can be recovered as a byproduct of organic synthesis reactants using brominated reagents, or from incineration of bromine-containing plastics.</p> </div> <div class="tab-pane active" id="products" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Products</h2> <a class="panel-heading activate-panel" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Bromates.html"> <span class="panel-title">Bromates</span> <span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon"></span> </a> <a class="panel-heading activate-panel" href="https://www.americanelements.com/Bromides.html"> <span class="panel-title">Bromides</span> <span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon"></span> </a> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#organometallic-bromide-products"><span class="panel-title">Organometallic Bromides</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="organometallic-bromide-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="2-mesitylmagnesium-bromide-solution-2633-66-1">2-Mesitylmagnesium Bromide Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="2-methoxyphenylmagnesium-bromide-solution-16750-63-3">2-Methoxyphenylmagnesium Bromide Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="3-butenylmagnesium-bromide-solution-7103-09-5">3-Butenylmagnesium Bromide Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="3-butenylzinc-bromide-226570-67-8-1">3-Butenylzinc Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="4-benzyloxyphenyl-magnesium-bromide-120186-59-6">4-benzyloxyphenyl Magnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="4-chlorophenylmagnesium-bromide-873-77-8">4-chlorophenylmagnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="allylmagnesium-bromide-1730-25-2">Allylmagnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="benzylmagnesium-bromide-1589-82-8">Benzylmagnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="bis-cyclopentadienyl-vanadium-bromide-64815-29-8">Bis(cyclopentadienyl)vanadium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="boron-tribromide-dimethyl-sulfide-complex-29957-59-3">Boron Tribromide Dimethyl Sulfide Complex</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="boron-tribromide-dimethyl-sulfide-complex-solution-29957-59-3">Boron Tribromide Dimethyl Sulfide Complex Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="copper-i-bromide-dimethyl-sulfide-complex-54678-23-8">Copper Bromide Dimethyl Sulfide Complex</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cyclopropylmagnesium-bromide-23719-80-4">Cyclopropylmagnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="dimethyltin-dibromide-2767-47-7">Dimethyltin Dibromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="ethylmagnesium-bromide-925-90-6">Ethylmagnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="ethnylmagnesium-bromide-solution-4301-14-8">Ethnylmagnesium Bromide Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="hexaamminenickel-ii-bromide-13601-55-3">Hexaamminenickel(II) Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="hexadecyltrimethylammonium-bromide-57-09-0">Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="hexylmagnesium-bromide-3761-92-0">Hexylmagnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="isopropenylmagnesium-bromide-solution-in-ethyl-ether-13291-18-4">Isopropenylmagnesium Bromide Solution in THF</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="isopropenylmagnesium-bromide-solution-in-thf-13291-18-4">Isopropenylmagnesium Bromide Solution in Ethyl Ether</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="isopropylmagnesium-bromide-920-39-8">Isopropylmagnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="magnesium-bromide-ethyl-etherate-29858-07-9">Magnesium Bromide Ethyl Etherate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="manganese-ii-bromide-tetrahydrofuran-adduct-57298-42-7">Manganese(II) Bromide Tetrahydrofuran Adduct</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="methylammonium-bromide-6876-37-5">Methylammonium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="methylmagnesium-bromide-75-16-1">Methylmagnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-ii-bromide-2-methoxyethyl-ether-complex-312696-09-6">Nickel(II) Bromide 2-Methoxyethyl Ether Complex</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-ii-bromide-ethylene-glycol-dimethyl-ether-complex-28923-39-9">Nickel(II) Bromide Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether Complex</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nonylmagnesium-bromide-solution-39691-62-8">Nonylmagnesium Bromide Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="phenylmagnesium-bromide-100-58-3">Phenylmagnesium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tetraamminepalladium-ii-bromide-44463-62-9">Tetraamminepalladium(II) Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tetraphenylantimony-v-bromide-16894-69-2">Tetraphenylantimony(V) Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-iv-bis-acetylacetonate-dibromide-16894-10-3">Tin(IV) bis(acetylacetonate) Dibromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="triethylgermanium-bromide-1066-37-1">Triethylgermanium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="triethyltin-dibromide-2767-54-6">Triethyltin Dibromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="trimethylantimony-v-bromide-5835-64-3">Trimethylantimony(V) Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="trimethylgermanium-bromide-1066-37-1">Trimethylgermanium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="triphenylantimony-dibromide-1538-59-6">Triphenylantimony Dibromide</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="triphenylgermanium-bromide-3005-32-1">Triphenylgermanium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tris-3-3-4-4-5-5-6-6-6-nonafluorohexyl-tin-bromide-240497-37-4">Tris(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluorohexyl)tin Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tris-3-3-4-4-5-5-6-6-7-7-8-8-8-tridecafluorooctyl-tin-bromide-175354-31-1">Tris(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)tin bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="vinylmagnesium-bromide-solution-1826-67-1">Vinylmagnesium Bromide Solution</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#organobromine-products"><span class="panel-title">Organobromine Compounds</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="organobromine-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="11-mercaptoundecanamide-139041-92-2">11-Mercaptoundecanamide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="1-bromo-2-methoxybenzene-578-57-4">1-Bromo-2-methoxybenzene</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="1-bromovinyl-trimethylsilane-13683-41-5">(1-Bromovinyl)trimethylsilane</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="2-amino-3-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-79456-30-7">2-Amino-3-Bromo-5-(Trifluoromethyl)Pyridine</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="2-amino-4-bromopyridine-84249-14-9">2-Amino-4-Bromopyridine</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="2-amino-5-bromothiazole-hydrobromide-61296-22-8">2-Amino-5-Bromothiazole Hydrobromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="2-amino-6-bromobenzoic-acid-20776-48-1">2-Amino-6-Bromobenzoic Acid</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="2-2-bromoethyl-1-3-dioxane-33884-43-4">2-(2-Bromoethyl)-1,3-dioxane</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="3-amino-2-bromo-5-methylpyridine-34552-14-2">3-Amino-2-Bromo-5-Methylpyridine</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="3-amino-3-4-bromophenyl-propionic-acid-39773-47-2">3-Amino-3-(4-Bromophenyl)Propionic Acid</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="3-amino-5-bromo-2-chloropyridine-588729-99-1">3-Amino-5-Bromo-2-Chloropyridine</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="3-amino-6-bromopyridine-13534-97-9">3-Amino-6-Bromopyridine</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="5-amino-3-4-bromophenyl-1h-pyrazole-78583-82-1">5-Amino-3-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-Pyrazole</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="4-4-acetoxyphenyl-2-bromomethyl-thiazole">4-(4-Acetoxyphenyl)-2-(bromomethyl)thiazole</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="4-amino-2-bromopyrimidine-5-carbonitrile-94741-70-5">4-Amino-2-Bromopyrimidine-5-Carbonitrile</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="5-amino-4-bromo-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1h-pyrazole-69464-98-8">5-Amino-4-Bromo-3-Methyl-1-Phenyl-1H-Pyrazole</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="bromodifluoro-trimethylsilyl-methane-115262-01-6">5-Bromodifluoro(trimethylsilyl)methane</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="methylammonium-bromide-6876-37-5">Methylammonium Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="methyl-trans-4-bromo-2-butenoate-6000-00-6">Methyl trans-4-bromo-2-butenoate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="r-3-amino-3-2-bromophenyl-propionic-acid-737751-95-0">(R)-3-Amino-3-(2-Bromophenyl)Propionic Acid</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="r-3-amino-4-4-bromophenyl-butyric-acid-hydrochloride-401915-60-4">(R)-3-Amino-4-(4-Bromophenyl)Butyric Acid Hydrochloride</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"><div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#nano-products"><span class="panel-title">Nanomaterials</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></div><div id="nano-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="iron-ii-bromide-nanoparticles-7789-46-0">Iron(II) Bromide Nanoparticles</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="perovskite-quantum-dots">Perovskite Quantum Dots</a></li> </ul> </div></div> <div class="openclose"> <div class="openall">+ Open All</div> <div class="closeall">- Close All</div> </div> <div id="products-intro"> <p> Bromine is the only liquid halogen. Bromide compounds are formed when a metallic cation binds with a charged (- 1) bromine (Br) anion to form a bromide salt of that metal. Metallic bromides are marketed under the trade name <a href="Bromides.html">AE Bromides™</a>. Most metal <a href="chemicals.html">bromide compounds</a> are water soluble for uses in <a href="water-treatment-chemicals.html">water treatment</a>, <a href="services.html">chemical analysis</a> and in <a href="Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm">ultra high purity</a> for certain <a href="optical-materials.html">crystal growth</a> applications. Bromide in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding <a href="carbon-disulfide-75-15-0">carbon disulfide</a> (CS<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="chlorine.html">chlorine</a>. Bromides were first prepared and used as a sedative, which is why overused platitudes or phrases are sometimes called bromides. </p> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Bromine Properties</h2> <p><strong><img src="Bromine(Br)-Element-Symbol.png" width="40" height="50" hspace="10" class="image-left" alt="Bromine Element Symbol" />Bromine</strong> is a Block P, Group 17, Period 4 element. Its electron configuration is [Ar]4s<sup>2</sup>3d<sup>10</sup>4p<sup>5</sup>. The bromine atom has a radius of 102 pm and its Van der Waals radius is 183 pm. <img src="bromine-bohr.jpg" alt="Bromine Bohr Model" width="200" height="200" class="image-right" />In its elemental form, CAS 7726-95-6, bromine has a red-brown appearance. Bromine does not occur by itself in nature, it is found as colorless soluble crystalline minerals--halide salts. Bromine was discovered and first isolated by Antoine Jérôme Balard and Carl Jacob Löwig in 1826 and 1825, respectively. </p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td>Br</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>35</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>79.9</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>halogen</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>17 (halogens), 4, p</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>red-brown</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>Brom, Brome, Bromo</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td>-7.2°C, 19.04°F, 265.95 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>58.8°C, 137.84°F, 331.95 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>(Br2, liquid) 3.1028 g·cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>3.122 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>4050 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>265.90 K, 5.8 kPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>588 K, 10.34 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>10.8</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>30.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>117.943</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>0.122 W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>(20 °C) 7.8×1010 µΩ·m</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>75.69 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>(20°C) 206 m·s<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.96</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>3.22</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.74</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.95 (14.3% s orbital)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.685</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>1.04</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>1.001132</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td>35</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>35</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>45</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td>[Ar]4s<sup>2</sup>3d<sup>10</sup>4p<sup>5</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>120 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br /> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>1.85</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>120±3 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>1.17</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>183 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>7, 5, 4, 3, 1, -1 (strongly acidic oxide)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>liquid</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>orthorhombic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>diamagnetic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>324.577</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1139.9 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>2103 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>3470 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td>7726-95-6</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>231-778-1</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>MFCD00010896</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>[Br]</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/Br</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>24408</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>4514586</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td>106 ppb</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>1.2 ppb </td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td>111 ppb</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>67300</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>5210</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>3000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>780</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>20</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.3</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>1200</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>230</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td>Antoine Jérôme Balard and Leopold Gmelin</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>1825</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>Antoine Jérôme Balard and Leopold Gmelin (1825)</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="safety" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"> <h2>Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Bromine</h2> <p>Bromine is corrosive and toxic. Bromine information, including technical data, safety data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are specified in other tabs. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. For additional information please see the Bromides Information Center. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Bromine. </p> <table class="safety-table"> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="2" id="safety-data">Safety Data</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="properties-identifiers.html#msds" >Material Safety Data Sheet</a></th> <td><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/request">MSDS </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#signalword" >Signal Word </a></th> <td>Danger</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#hazardstatements" >Hazard Statements </a></th> <td>H314-H330-H400</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html#hazardcodes" >Hazard Codes</a></th> <td>T+,C,N</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#riskcodes" >Risk Codes </a></th> <td> 26-35-50</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#safetyprecautions" >Safety Precautions </a></th> <td>7/9-26-45-61 </td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#rtecs" >RTECS Number </a></th> <td> EF9100000 </td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#transportation" >Transport Information</a></th> <td>UN 1744 8/PG 1 </td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="safety-information.html#wgk" >WGK Germany </a></th> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="hazard-codes.html" >Globally Harmonized System of <br /> Classification and Labelling (GHS) </a></th> <td><a href="hazard-codes.html#corrosion"><img src="corrosion.png" alt="Corrosion-Corrosive to metals " width="42" height="43" /></a> <a href="hazard-codes.html#environment"><img src="environment.png" alt="Environment-Hazardous to the aquatic environment " width="42" height="42" /></a> <a href="hazard-codes.html#skullcrossbones"><img src="skull.png" alt="Skull and Crossbones-Acute Toxicity " width="44" height="43" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab5"> <h2>Bromine Isotopes</h2> <p>Bromine (Br) has two stable isotopes: <sup>79</sup>Br and <sup>81</sup>Br.</p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br /> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>66</sup>Br</th> <td>66</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>p to <sup>65</sup>Se</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>67</sup>Br</th> <td>66.96479(54)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>p to <sup>66</sup>Se</td> <td>1/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>535.54</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>68</sup>Br</th> <td>67.95852(38)#</td> <td><1.2 µs</td> <td>p to <sup>67</sup>Se</td> <td>3+#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>549.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>69</sup>Br</th> <td>68.95011(11)#</td> <td><24 ns</td> <td>p to <sup>68</sup>Se</td> <td>1/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>564.74</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>70</sup>Br</th> <td>69.94479(33)#</td> <td>79.1(8) ms</td> <td>EC to <sup>70</sup>Se</td> <td>0+#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>578.41</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>71</sup>Br</th> <td>70.93874(61)</td> <td>21.4(6) s</td> <td>EC to <sup>71</sup>Se</td> <td>(5/2)-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>592.08</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>72</sup>Br</th> <td>71.93664(6)</td> <td>78.6(24) s</td> <td>EC to <sup>72</sup>Se</td> <td>1+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>602.02</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>73</sup>Br</th> <td>72.93169(5)</td> <td>3.4(2) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>73</sup>Se</td> <td>1/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>614.76</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>74</sup>Br</th> <td>73.929891(16)</td> <td>25.4(3) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>74</sup>Se</td> <td>(0-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>624.7</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>75</sup>Br</th> <td>74.925776(15)</td> <td>96.7(13) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>75</sup>Se</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>636.5</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>76</sup>Br</th> <td>75.924541(10)</td> <td>16.2(2) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>76</sup>Se</td> <td>1-</td> <td>0.54821</td> <td>645.51</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>77</sup>Br</th> <td>76.921379(3)</td> <td>57.036(6) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>77</sup>Se</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>656.39</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>78</sup>Br</th> <td>77.921146(4)</td> <td>6.46(4) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>78</sup>Se; ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>78</sup>Kr</td> <td>1+</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>664.47</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>79</sup>Br</th> <td>78.9183371(22)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>2.106399</td> <td>675.34</td> <td>50.69</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>80</sup>Br</th> <td>79.9185293(22)</td> <td>17.68(2) min</td> <td>EC to <sup>80</sup>Se; ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>80</sup>Kr</td> <td>1+</td> <td>0.514</td> <td>683.42</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>81</sup>Br</th> <td>80.9162906(21)</td> <td>STABLE</td> <td>-</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>2.27056</td> <td>693.36</td> <td>49.31</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>82</sup>Br</th> <td>81.9168041(21)</td> <td>35.282(7) h</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>82</sup>Kr</td> <td>5-</td> <td>1.627</td> <td>701.44</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>83</sup>Br</th> <td>82.915180(5)</td> <td>2.40(2) h</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>83</sup>Kr</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>710.45</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>84</sup>Br</th> <td>83.916479(16)</td> <td>31.80(8) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>84</sup>Kr</td> <td>2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>717.6</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>85</sup>Br</th> <td>84.915608(21)</td> <td>2.90(6) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>85</sup>Kr</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>726.61</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>86</sup>Br</th> <td>85.918798(12)</td> <td>55.1(4) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>86</sup>Kr</td> <td>(2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>731.89</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>87</sup>Br</th> <td>86.920711(19)</td> <td>55.65(13) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>87</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>86</sup>Kr</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>738.11</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>88</sup>Br</th> <td>87.92407(4)</td> <td>16.29(6) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>88</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>86</sup>Kr</td> <td>(2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>742.46</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>89</sup>Br</th> <td>88.92639(6)</td> <td>4.40(3) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>89</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>88</sup>Kr</td> <td>(3/2-,5/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>748.67</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>90</sup>Br</th> <td>89.93063(8)</td> <td>1.91(1) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>90</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>89</sup>Kr</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>753.03</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>91</sup>Br</th> <td>90.93397(8)</td> <td>541(5) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>91</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>90</sup>Kr</td> <td>3/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>758.31</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>92</sup>Br</th> <td>91.93926(5)</td> <td>0.343(15) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>92</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>91</sup>Kr</td> <td>(2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>760.8</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>93</sup>Br</th> <td>92.94305(32)#</td> <td>102(10) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>93</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>92</sup>Kr</td> <td>3/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>765.15</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>94</sup>Br</th> <td>93.94868(43)#</td> <td>70(20) ms</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>94</sup>Kr; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>93</sup>Kr</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>768.57</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>95</sup>Br</th> <td>94.95287(54)#</td> <td>50# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>3/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>772.92</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>96</sup>Br</th> <td>95.95853(75)#</td> <td>20# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>775.41</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>97</sup>Br</th> <td>96.96280(86)#</td> <td>10# ms [>300 ns]</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>3/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>779.76</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup">^</div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); 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