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href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶 rootpage-禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">丕賳鬲賯賱廿賱賶丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <div id="p-encyclopedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-encyclopedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 丕賱賲賵爻賵毓丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="夭乇丕賱氐賮丨丞丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞 [z]" accesskey="z"><span>丕賱氐賮丨丞丕賱乇卅賷爻丞</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="賲胤丕賱毓丞爻乇賷毓丞賱兀賴賲丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱噩丕乇賷丞"><span>丕賱兀丨丿丕孬丕賱噩丕乇賷丞</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="賯丕卅賲丞兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲賮賷丕賱賵賷賰賷. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-wrecentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9"><span>兀丨丿孬丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 鬲氐賮丨 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-subjects" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓</span></a></li><li id="n-index" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9"><span>兀亘噩丿賷</span></a></li><li id="n-portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>亘賵丕亘丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="丨賲賱氐賮丨丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>賲賯丕賱丞毓卮賵丕卅賷丞</span></a></li><li id="n-Kiwix" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3"><span>鬲氐賮丨賲賳睾賷乇廿賳鬲乇賳鬲</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-contributing" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-contributing" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賲卮丕乇賰丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7"><span>鬲賵丕氐賱賲毓賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="丨賷孬鬲噩丿丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丞"><span>賲爻丕毓丿丞</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86"><span>丕賱賲賷丿丕賳</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" style="width: 7em; 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href=\"/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2023\" title=\"鬲氐賳賷賮:賲匕丕亘丨禺賱丕賱丕賱丨乇亘丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賯鬲賱丕賱賲丿賳賷賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E \n\u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\" title=\"賲噩夭乇丞賲爻鬲卮賮賶丕賱賲毓賲丿丕賳賷\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱丕爻鬲賴丿丕賮丕賱賲爻鬲卮賮賷丕鬲賵丕賱賲丿丕乇爻\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E .... \u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89#丕賱丿毓丕賷丞_丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞\" title=\"毓賲賱賷丞胤賵賮丕賳丕賱兀賯氐賶\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賱鬲囟賱賷賱賵丕賱賰賷賱亘賲賰賷丕賱賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_2023\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"賵賯賮廿胤賱丕賯丕賱賳丕乇賮賷睾夭丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003E兀賵賯賮賵丕丕賱丨乇亘\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E .... 賵丕賳卮乇賵丕丕賱爻賱丕賲丕賱毓丕丿賱賵丕賱卮丕賲賱\u003C/b\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">丕賱賲賯丿賲丞</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲_鬲丿賱_毓賱賶_禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶_賵兀賲孬賱丞_毓賱賷賴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲_鬲丿賱_毓賱賶_禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶_賵兀賲孬賱丞_毓賱賷賴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲鬲丿賱毓賱賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賵兀賲孬賱丞毓賱賷賴</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲_鬲丿賱_毓賱賶_禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶_賵兀賲孬賱丞_毓賱賷賴-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>孬亘賽賾鬲丕賱賯爻賲丕賱賮乇毓賷賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲鬲丿賱毓賱賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賵兀賲孬賱丞毓賱賷賴</span> </button> <ul id="toc-賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲_鬲丿賱_毓賱賶_禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶_賵兀賲孬賱丞_毓賱賷賴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱丨賳賮賷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱丨賳賮賷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱丨賳賮賷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱丨賳賮賷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱賲丕賱賰賷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱賲丕賱賰賷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱賲丕賱賰賷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱賲丕賱賰賷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱卮丕賮毓賷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱卮丕賮毓賷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱卮丕賮毓賷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱卮丕賮毓賷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱丨賳亘賱賷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱丨賳亘賱賷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱丨賳亘賱賷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱丨賳亘賱賷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丕賱賮乇賯_亘賷賳_丕賱賲賰乇賵賴_賵禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賱賮乇賯_亘賷賳_丕賱賲賰乇賵賴_賵禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>丕賱賮乇賯亘賷賳丕賱賲賰乇賵賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賱賮乇賯_亘賷賳_丕賱賲賰乇賵賴_賵禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賲丕_賷鬲乇鬲亘_毓賱賶_禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賲丕_賷鬲乇鬲亘_毓賱賶_禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>賲丕賷鬲乇鬲亘毓賱賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賲丕_賷鬲乇鬲亘_毓賱賶_禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-賲乇丕噩毓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#賲乇丕噩毓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>賲乇丕噩毓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-賲乇丕噩毓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">鬲亘丿賷賱毓乇囟噩丿賵賱丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="賴匕賴丕賱賲賯丕賱丞鬲鬲賵丕噩丿賮賯胤賮賷賴匕賴丕賱賱睾丞. 兀囟賮賴丕廿賱賶丕賱賱睾丕鬲丕賱兀禺乇賶." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀囟賮賱睾丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76591958#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="廿囟丕賮丞賵氐賱丕鬲亘賷賳丕賱賱睾丕鬲" class="wbc-editpage">兀囟賮賵氐賱丕鬲</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="賳胤丕賯丕鬲"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="丕毓乇囟氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>賲賯丕賱丞</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4:%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="賳賯丕卮氐賮丨丞丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>賳賯丕卮</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="睾賷賾乇賱賴噩丞丕賱賱睾丞" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱毓乇亘賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="賲毓丕賷賳丞"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89"><span>丕賯乇兀</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit" title="毓丿賱丕賱賰賵丿丕賱賲氐丿乇賷賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>毓丿賾賱</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=history" title="丕賱賳爻禺丕賱爻丕亘賯丞賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [h]" accesskey="h"><span>鬲丕乇賷禺</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲丕賱氐賮丨丞"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀丿賵丕鬲</span> 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89"><span>廿賳卮丕亍賰鬲丕亘</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=show-download-screen"><span>鬲丨賲賷賱 PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&printable=yes" title="賳爻禺丞賱賱胤亘丕毓丞賱賴匕賴丕賱氐賮丨丞 [p]" accesskey="p"><span>賳爻禺丞賱賱胤亘丕毓丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賮賷賲卮丕乇賷毓兀禺乇賶 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賲馗賴乇</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">丕賳賯賱賱賱卮乇賷胤丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">賲賳賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕貙丕賱賲賵爻賵毓丞丕賱丨乇丞</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ar" dir="rtl"><p><b>禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶</b>貙賴賵毓丿賲賮毓賱 (兀賵賲禺丕賱賮丞賮毓賱) 丕賱兀賵賱賶丕賱賯賷丕賲亘賴賲賳丕賱兀賲賵乇. 賵賷購毓乇賮兀賷囟賸丕亘兀賳賴鬲乇賰賲丕鬲乇噩丨賮毓賱賴毓賱賶鬲乇賰賴賲賳睾賷乇賳氐賺氐乇賷丨亘丕賱賳賴賷毓賳匕賱賰丕賱鬲乇賰.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>賱賱兀賮毓丕賱賮賷丕賱賮賯賴丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷賲乇丕鬲亘賵兀賳賵丕毓. 賲賳賴丕賲丕賴賵丕賱賲賰乇賵賴貙賵賲賳賴丕賲丕賴賵丕賱賲爻鬲丨亘賵賲賳賴丕賲丕賴賵丕賱賲亘丕丨貙賵賷賵噩丿 <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="賮乇囟">丕賱賮乇囟</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="丨乇丕賲">賵丕賱丨乇丕賲</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="賰亘賷乇丞">賵丕賱賰亘賷乇丞</a> 賵睾賷乇匕賱賰丕賱賰孬賷乇. 鬲禺鬲賱賮賰賱賹賲賳賴賲丕毓賳丕賱兀禺乇賶. 賵賲賳噩賲賱丞賴匕賴丕賱鬲氐賳賷賮丕鬲賴賳丕賱賰鬲氐賳賷賮芦禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶禄. </p><p>賵賴賵丨爻亘賯賵賱 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="賲丨賲丿丕賱賲禺鬲丕乇亘賳賲丨賲丿丕賱兀賲賷賳丕賱卮賳賯賷胤賷">賲丨賲丿丕賱賲禺鬲丕乇亘賳賲丨賲丿丕賱兀賲賷賳丕賱卮賳賯賷胤賷</a>: 廿賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賱賲賷乇丿賮賷賴賳氐禺丕賱氐亘丕賱賳賴賷毓賳賴貙賵廿賳賲丕賵乇丿丕賱兀賲乇亘囟丿賴毓賱賶爻亘賷賱丕賱賳丿亘貙賵丕賱兀賲乇亘丕賱卮賷亍賳丿亘賸丕賳賴賷賹毓賳囟丿賴賴賵賳賴賷賹禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶. 賮丕賱兀賲乇亘氐賱丕丞丕賱囟丨賶賷賱夭賲賴丕賱賳賴賷毓賳鬲乇賰賴丕貨賵賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶. 賱兀賳賴賱賲賷賳賴毓賳賴亘賳氐禺丕氐貙賵廿賳賲丕兀賲乇亘囟丿賴.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 賵亘賷賳 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="亘丿乇丕賱丿賷賳丕賱夭乇賰卮賷">亘丿乇丕賱丿賷賳丕賱夭乇賰卮賷</a> 賲鬲賶賷賰賵賳鬲乇賰丕賱賲爻鬲丨亘賵丕賱賳賮賱賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶貙賵匕賱賰賮賷賳賯賱賴毓賳 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="兀亘賵丕賱賲毓丕賱賷丕賱噩賵賷賳賷">丕賱廿賲丕賲丕賱噩賵賷賳賷</a> 賲賳賰鬲丕亘芦賳賴丕賷丞丕賱賲胤賱亘禄: (廿賳賲丕賷賯丕賱鬲乇賰丕賱兀賵賱賶: 廿匕丕賰丕賳賲賳囟亘胤賸丕賰丕賱囟丨賶賵賯賷丕賲丕賱賱賷賱貙賵賲丕賱丕鬲丨丿賷丿賱賴賵賱丕囟丕亘胤賲賳丕賱賲賳丿賵亘丕鬲賱丕賷爻賲賶鬲乇賰賴賲賰乇賵賴賸丕貙賵廿賱丕賱賰丕賳丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賮賷賰賱賵賯鬲賺賲賱丕亘爻賸丕賱賱賲賰乇賵賴丕鬲丕賱賰孬賷乇丞賲賳丨賷孬廿賳賴賱賲賷賯賲賮賷氐賱賷乇賰毓鬲賷賳兀賵賷毓賵丿賲乇賷囟賸丕賵賳丨賵賴).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>賮賴賵鬲乇賰兀賲乇賺亘賷賳丕賱賮乇囟賵丕賱賲亘丕丨賱賲賷乇丿賳氐亘丕賱賳賴賷毓賳鬲乇賰賴. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲_鬲丿賱_毓賱賶_禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶_賵兀賲孬賱丞_毓賱賷賴"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B5.D8.B7.D9.84.D8.AD.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.AA.D8.AF.D9.84_.D8.B9.D9.84.D9.89_.D8.AE.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.88.D9.84.D9.89_.D9.88.D8.A3.D9.85.D8.AB.D9.84.D8.A9_.D8.B9.D9.84.D9.8A.D9.87"></span>賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲鬲丿賱毓賱賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賵兀賲孬賱丞毓賱賷賴</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit&section=1" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲鬲丿賱毓賱賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賵兀賲孬賱丞毓賱賷賴"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>賵乇丿鬲賮賷丕賱賲匕丕賴亘賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲賷購賯氐丿亘賴丕禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶貙丿賵賳丕賱鬲氐乇賷丨鬲賲丕賲賸丕亘兀賳賴丕賰匕賱賰貙賵賳賵乇丿賴賳丕鬲賱賰丕賱賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲貙賲毓賲丕鬲賷爻乇賲賳丕賱兀賲孬賱丞毓賱賷賴丕:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱丨賳賮賷"><span id=".D9.81.D9.8A_.D9.83.D8.AA.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B0.D9.87.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D9.86.D9.81.D9.8A"></span>賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱丨賳賮賷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit&section=2" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱丨賳賮賷"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1- 丕賱賰乇丕賴丞丕賱鬲賳夭賷賴賷丞:</b> 賷賯賵賱丕賱賰賲丕賱丕亘賳丕賱賴賲丕賲: (賮賷賰賵賳丕賱賳賴賷賱賰乇丕賴丞丕賱廿亘丕亍毓賳丕賱鬲丨賲賱賰乇丕賴丞鬲賳夭賷賴賵賲乇噩毓賴丕賱禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 賵丕賱賰乇丕賴丞賴賳丕賮賷丨賯賲賳丕賲鬲賳毓毓賳丕賱卮賴丕丿丞毓賱賶丕賱丿賷賳. </p><p><b>2- 賱丕賷賳亘睾賷:</b> 賯丕賱 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A" title="丕亘賳毓丕亘丿賷賳丕賱丿賲卮賯賷">丕亘賳毓丕亘丿賷賳</a> 乇丨賲賴丕賱賱賴: (兀賯賵賱賲毓賳賶賱丕賷賳亘睾賷賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶貙賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賲賰乇賵賴鬲賳夭賷賴賸丕).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>3- 鬲乇賰 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8" title="丕賱賲賳丿賵亘">丕賱賲賳丿賵亘</a>:</b> 賵賲賳賴丕賯賵賱丕亘賳毓丕亘丿賷賳賮賷鬲亘賷丕賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶: (賵賱丕卮賰兀賳鬲乇賰丕賱賲賳丿賵亘禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>4- 鬲乇賰丕賱賲爻鬲丨亘:</b> 賮賷鬲賵囟賷丨禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶: (賵賱丕卮賰兀賳鬲乇賰丕賱賲爻鬲丨亘禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>5- 賱丕亘兀爻:</b> 丨賷孬賯丕賱丕亘賳毓丕亘丿賷賳: (賵賱丕亘兀爻亘丕賱噩賱賵爻賱賱鬲毓夭賷丞貙賵丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱芦賱丕亘兀爻禄賴賳丕毓賱賶丨賯賷賯鬲賴貨賱兀賳賴禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱賲丕賱賰賷"><span id=".D9.81.D9.8A_.D9.83.D8.AA.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B0.D9.87.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.83.D9.8A"></span>賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱賲丕賱賰賷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit&section=3" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱賲丕賱賰賷"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1- 賱丕亘兀爻:</b> 噩丕亍賮賷丨丕卮賷丞丕賱毓丿賵賷: (賵兀乇丕丿丕賱毓丿賵賷亘賱賮馗芦賱丕亘兀爻禄毓丿賲丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞貙賮賱丕賷賳丕賮賷兀賳賴禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2- 丕賱爻毓丞:</b> (賮賷丨丕賱賯丕賲丕賱賲氐賱賷亘賱賮馗賺賷賮賷丿丕賱賳賷丞貙賰兀賳賷賯賵賱: 賳賵賷鬲賮乇囟丕賱毓氐乇賲孬賱賸丕賮賴賵 (賵丕爻毓)貙兀賷噩丕卅夭亘賲毓賳賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶貙賵丕賱兀賵賱賶兀賱丕賷鬲賱賮馗貙賱兀賳丕賱賳賷丞賲丨賱賴丕丕賱賯賱亘貙賵賱丕賲丿禺賱賱賱爻丕賳賮賷賴丕).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>3- 鬲乇賰丕賱賲賳丿賵亘:</b> (賵賷賳丿亘賱賱毓丕卅丿胤賱亘丕賱丿毓丕亍賮賷賴貙兀賷丕賱賲乇賷囟貙賵鬲乇賰丕賱賲賳丿賵亘禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 丕賱賲賯氐丿亘丕賱毓丕卅丿賴賵賲賳賷毓賵丿賲乇賷囟賸丕貙賮賷賳丿亘賱賴兀賳賷丿毓賵賱賴. </p><p><b>4- 丕賱噩丕卅夭丕賱賲乇噩賵丨:</b> (賵噩丕夭禺乇賵噩賲鬲噩丕賱丞貙兀賷噩丕夭噩賵丕夭賸丕賲乇噩賵丨賸丕亘賲毓賳賶兀賳賴禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 兀賲丕丕賱賲鬲噩丕賱丞賮賴賷丕賱賲乇兀丞丕賱鬲賷賷卮鬲賴賷賴丕丕賱乇噩丕賱貙賮賯丿鬲禺乇噩賱賱賲爻噩丿兀賵賲噩丕賱爻丕賱毓賱賲. </p><p><b>5- 丕賱噩賵丕夭:</b> 噩丕亍賮賷賰鬲丕亘丕賱孬賲乇丕賱丿丕賳賷: (丕賱賲爻丨毓賱賶丕賱禺賮賷賳噩丕卅夭貙賮賴賵乇禺氐丞賵鬲禺賮賷賮貙賱賰賳丕賱睾爻賱兀賮囟賱賲賳賴貙賮賷賰賵賳丕賱噩賵丕夭亘賲毓賳賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>6- 賱丕丨乇噩賵賱丕丨乇賲丞:</b> 賯丕賱丕賱毓丿賵賷丕賱賲丕賱賰賷: (賯賵賱賴: 亘毓丿兀賳賷囟胤噩毓毓賱賶卮賯賴丕賱兀賷賲賳貙賵丕賱爻亘亘賮賷匕賱賰兀賳丕賱賯賱亘賮賷丕賱噩賴丞丕賱賷爻乇賶... 賯賵賱賴: 賮賱丕丨乇噩貙兀賷賮賱丕丨乇賲丞貙賵丕賱馗丕賴乇兀賳賴禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱卮丕賮毓賷"><span id=".D9.81.D9.8A_.D9.83.D8.AA.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B0.D9.87.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B4.D8.A7.D9.81.D8.B9.D9.8A"></span>賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱卮丕賮毓賷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit&section=4" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱卮丕賮毓賷"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1- 賱丕賷囟乇:</b> 噩丕亍賮賷丨丕卮賷丞賯賱賷賵亘賷: (賵賱丕賷囟乇丕賱丕賰鬲丨丕賱貙丕賱賲賯氐丿兀賳賴賱丕賷賰乇賴賳賴丕乇賸丕貙賮賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2- 賱賷爻亘賲丨乇賻賾賲 - 賱賷爻睾賷乇噩丕卅夭.</b> </p><p><b>3- <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87" title="賲賰乇賵賴">丕賱賲賰乇賵賴</a>:</b> 噩丕亍賮賷丨丕卮賷丞丕賱賲睾乇亘賷: 賮賷鬲亘賷丕賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶: (賱兀賳丕賱賲賰乇賵賴賯丿賷胤賱賯賵賷乇丕丿亘賴禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>4- 禺賱丕賮丕賱賲爻鬲丨亘:</b> 噩丕亍賮賷鬲丨賮丞丕賱賲丨鬲丕噩: 賮賷鬲亘賷丕賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶: (賵賷丿毓賲匕賱賰賲丕氐乇丨亘賴丕賱廿賲丕賲賵睾賷乇賴亘兀賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賵禺賱丕賮丕賱賲爻鬲丨亘賵丕丨丿).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>5- 丕賱賰乇丕賴丞睾賷乇丕賱卮丿賷丿丞:</b> 噩丕亍賮賷丨丕卮賷丞丕賱亘賷噩乇賲賷: (賵賲丕賳賯賱毓賳丕賱賲丕賵乇丿賷毓賳丕賱卮丕賮毓賷賲賳賰乇丕賴丞丕賱賯氐乇賲丨賲賵賱毓賱賶賰乇丕賴賷丞睾賷乇卮丿賷丿丞貙賮賴賷亘賲毓賳賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>6- 賱賷爻亘賲丨乇賲賵賱丕賲賰乇賵賴.</b> </p><p><b>7- 丕賱賲賳賴賷毓賳賴兀賵丕賱賲賰乇賵賴賰乇丕賴丞禺賮賷賮丞:</b> 賮賷鬲亘賷丕賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶: (賱兀賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶亘丕氐胤賱丕丨丕賱兀氐賵賱賷賷賳氐丕乇丕爻賲賸丕賱賱賲賳賴賷毓賳賴貙賱賰賳賴亘賳賴賷睾賷乇禺丕氐貙賮賴賵丕賱賲毓亘乇毓賳賴亘丕賱賲賰乇賵賴賰丕乇賴丞賸禺賮賷賮丞).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>8- 鬲乇賰丕賱爻賳丞:</b> 噩丕亍賮賷賰鬲丕亘丨丕卮賷丞丕賱噩賲賱: 賮賷鬲亘賷丕賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶: (賱兀賳丕賱睾丕賱亘兀賳鬲乇賰丕賱爻賳丞賷賰賵賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="賮賷_賰鬲亘_丕賱賲匕賴亘_丕賱丨賳亘賱賷"><span id=".D9.81.D9.8A_.D9.83.D8.AA.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B0.D9.87.D8.A8_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D9.86.D8.A8.D9.84.D9.8A"></span>賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱丨賳亘賱賷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit&section=5" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賮賷賰鬲亘丕賱賲匕賴亘丕賱丨賳亘賱賷"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1- 禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賮囟賱:</b> 賯丕賱 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="賲丨賲丿亘賳氐丕賱丨丕賱毓孬賷賲賷賳">丕亘賳毓孬賷賲賷賳</a>: (丕賱兀賮囟賱鬲兀禺賷乇丕賱賳爻丕亍丕賱氐賮賵賮毓賳氐賮賵賮丕賱乇噩丕賱貙賱賲丕賮賷賯乇亘賴賳廿賱賶丕賱乇噩丕賱賲賳丕賱賮鬲賳丞貙賵兀卮丿賲賳匕賱賰丕禺鬲賱丕胤賴賳亘丕賱乇噩丕賱貙賵賴匕丕賱丕賷賳亘睾賷... 廿匕丕賰丕賳鬲丕賱賳爻丕亍賲賳賲丨丕乇賲賴賮賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賮囟賱).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2- 賱丕亘兀爻亘賴:</b> 賯丕賱丕亘賳毓孬賷賲賷賳: (廿匕丕賯丕賱賱賴丕: 兀賳鬲胤丕賱賯廿賳卮卅鬲貙賮賱賲鬲卮兀廿賱丕賲鬲乇丕禺賷賸丕貙賳賯賵賱: 賲鬲賶卮丕亍鬲胤賱賯鬲賳賮爻賴丕貙亘賱賲鬲賶卮丕亍鬲胤賱購賯鬲貙丨鬲賶賵廿賳賱賲賷鬲賱賯馗亘丕賱胤賱丕賯貙賱兀賳賴毓賱賯匕賱賰亘丕賱賲卮賷卅丞貙賵賴匕丕賮賷丕賱丨賯賷賯丞賱丕亘兀爻亘賴貙賱丕賳賯賵賱: 廿賳賴丨乇丕賲貙賵賱賰賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶貙賱兀賳賴廿匕賸丕毓賱賯賴亘丕賱賲卮賷卅丞).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>3- 賲禺丕賱賮丞丕賱鬲乇鬲賷亘貙兀賵賲禺丕賱賮丞丕賱賲卮賷卅丞:</b> (丕賱禺丕賲爻丕賱鬲乇鬲賷亘: 賮賷鬲賵噩亘丕賱鬲乇鬲賷亘毓賳丿睾爻賱兀毓囟丕亍兀孬賳丕亍丕賱賵囟賵亍賰賲丕噩丕亍賮賷丕賱丌賷丞貙賵噩丕亍賮賷賮毓賱賴 <span class="script-arabic" style="font-size:140%;">ﷺ</span> 賮賷賵囟賵卅賴貙賮賱丕賷噩賵夭鬲賯丿賷賲睾爻賱丕賱賷丿賷賳毓賱賶睾爻賱丕賱賵噩賴貙兀賲丕賱賵睾爻賱丕賱賷丿丕賱賷爻乇賶賯亘賱丕賱賷賲賳賶貙兀賵丕賱乇噩賱丕賱賷爻乇賶賯亘賱丕賱賷賲賳賶賮廿賳丕賱賵囟賵亍氐丨賷丨廿噩賲丕毓賸丕貙賵賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>4- 丕賱氐丨丞:</b> 噩丕亍賮賷賰卮丕賮丕賱賯賳丕毓: (賵賱丕賷氐丨丕賱賵鬲乇賯亘賱氐賱丕丞丕賱毓卮丕亍貙賱毓丿賲丿禺賵賱賵賯鬲賴貙賵賮購賴賲賲賳賴兀賳賴賷氐丨亘毓丿丕賱毓卮丕亍賯亘賱爻賳鬲賴丕貙賱賰賳賴禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱賮乇賯_亘賷賳_丕賱賲賰乇賵賴_賵禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.81.D8.B1.D9.82_.D8.A8.D9.8A.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D9.83.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.87_.D9.88.D8.AE.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.88.D9.84.D9.89"></span>丕賱賮乇賯亘賷賳丕賱賲賰乇賵賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit&section=6" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 丕賱賮乇賯亘賷賳丕賱賲賰乇賵賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>氐賳賮丕賱賮賯賴丕亍丕賱賲鬲賯丿賲賵賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賰兀丨丿賲乇丕鬲亘丕賱賰乇丕賴丞. 賮賯丿賵氐賮賵丕丕賱賲賰乇賵賴亘兀賳賴芦賲丕胤賱亘丕賱卮丕乇毓鬲乇賰賴胤賱亘賸丕睾賷乇噩丕夭賲禄爻賵丕亍賸兀賵乇丿匕賱賰亘賳賴賷賲禺氐賵氐兀賵睾賷乇賲禺氐賵氐. 賮噩毓賱賵丕賱賱賰乇丕賴丞賲乇鬲亘鬲賷賳貙兀丿賳丕賴丕賴賷禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶. </p><p>賵賲賳匕賱賰賯賵賱 <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="兀亘賵亘賰乇丕賱亘丕賯賱丕賳賷">兀亘賵亘賰乇丕賱亘丕賯賱丕賳賷</a>: (兀賳賲毓賳賶賵氐賮丕賱賮毓賱亘丕賱賰乇丕賴丞賷賳氐乇賮廿賱賶賵噩賴賷賳貙兀丨丿賴賲丕: 兀賳賴賲賳賴賷毓賳賮毓賱賴賳賴賷賮囟賱賵鬲賳夭賷賴貙賵賲兀賲賵乇亘賴毓賱賶賵噩賴丕賱賳丿亘. 亘兀賳賷賮毓賱睾賷乇賴丕賱匕賷賴賵兀賵賱賶賵兀賮囟賱賲賳賴貙賵匕賱賰賳丨賵賰乇丕賴鬲賳丕賱鬲乇賰氐賱丕丞丕賱囟丨賶賵賯賷丕賲丕賱賱賷賱).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>賵賯丕賱丕賱氐賳毓丕賳賷亘兀賳丕賱賮賯賴丕亍賷噩毓賱賵賳禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶亘賲乇鬲亘丞賵丕丨丿丞賲毓丕賱賲賰乇賵賴.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 賵睾賷乇賴賲丕賱賰孬賷乇. </p><p>爻亘亘鬲賮乇賷賯亘毓囟丕賱賮賯賴丕亍亘賷賳丕賱賲賰乇賵賴賵禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶賴賵丕禺鬲賱丕賮賵噩賵丿丕賱賳賴賷賲賳毓丿賲賴.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賲丕_賷鬲乇鬲亘_毓賱賶_禺賱丕賮_丕賱兀賵賱賶"><span id=".D9.85.D8.A7_.D9.8A.D8.AA.D8.B1.D8.AA.D8.A8_.D8.B9.D9.84.D9.89_.D8.AE.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.81_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.88.D9.84.D9.89"></span>賲丕賷鬲乇鬲亘毓賱賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit&section=7" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賲丕賷鬲乇鬲亘毓賱賶禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>丕鬲賮賯丕賱賮賯賴丕亍兀賳賲賳賮毓賱禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶 (賲賳鬲乇賰丕賱兀賵賱賶) 賮賱丕廿孬賲毓賱賷賴.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>賵賱賰賳丨匕乇丕賱毓賱賲丕亍賲賳賴貙亘兀賳丕賱丕毓鬲賷丕丿毓賱賶鬲乇賰丕賱兀賵賱賶胤乇賷賯賹賱賮毓賱丕賱賲賰乇賵賴貙賵丕賱匕賷賴賵胤乇賷賯賹賱賱賲丨乇賲. 賵丕爻鬲丿賱亘毓囟賴賲毓賱賶匕賱賰亘乇賵丕賷丞丕亘賳丨亘丕賳: (丕噩毓賱賵丕亘賷賳賰賲賵亘賷賳丕賱丨乇丕賲爻鬲乇丞賲賳丕賱丨賱丕賱貙賲賳賮毓賱匕賱賰丕爻鬲亘乇兀賱毓乇囟賴賵丿賷賳賴).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賲乇丕噩毓"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9"></span>賲乇丕噩毓</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89&action=edit&section=8" title="毓丿賱丕賱賯爻賲: 賲乇丕噩毓"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64185426">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal;overflow-y:auto;max-height:300px}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}@media print{.mw-parser-output .reflist{overflow-y:visible!important;max-height:none!important}}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶毓賳丿丕賱兀氐賵賱賷賷賳丿乇丕爻丞兀氐賵賱賷丞賲賯丕乇賳丞貙毓亘丿丕賱乇夭丕賯兀亘賵毓賲乇丞貙氐. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">賳孬乇丕賱賵乇賵丿卮乇丨賲乇丕賯賷丕賱爻毓賵丿貙賲丨賲丿丕賱兀賲賷賳丕賱卮賳賯賷胤賷貙 1/22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丕賱亘丨乇丕賱賲丨賷胤貙丕賱夭乇賰卮賷貙 1/244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">禺賱丕賮丕賱兀賵賱賶毓賳丿丕賱兀氐賵賱賷賷賳丿乇丕爻丞兀氐賵賱賷丞賲賯丕乇賳丞貙毓亘丿丕賱乇夭丕賯兀亘賵毓賲乇丞貙氐. 43-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">卮乇丨賮鬲丨丕賱賯丿賷乇貙 7/365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞乇丿丕賱賲丨鬲丕乇毓賱賶丕賱丿乇丕賱賲禺鬲丕乇貙 8/267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞乇丿丕賱賲丨鬲丕乇毓賱賶丕賱丿乇丕賱賲禺鬲丕乇貙 1/123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞丕亘賳毓丕亘丿賷賳貙丕亘賳毓丕亘丿賷賳貙 1/653.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞乇丿丕賱賲丨鬲丕乇毓賱賶丕賱丿乇丕賱賲禺鬲丕乇貙 2/421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞丕賱毓丿賵賷貙毓賱賷亘賳兀丨賲丿丕賱氐毓賷丿賷丕賱毓丿賵賷貙 1/578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丕賱卮乇丨丕賱賰亘賷乇貙兀亘賵丕賱亘乇賰丕鬲貙兀丨賲丿亘賳賲丨賲丿丕賱毓丿賵賷貙 1/233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞丕賱氐丕賵賷貙兀丨賲丿亘賳賲丨賲丿丕賱氐丕賵賷貙 4/763.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞丕賱丿爻賵賯賷毓賱賶丕賱卮乇丨丕賱賰亘賷乇貙賲丨賲丿亘賳毓乇賮丞丕賱丿爻賵賯賷貙 1/355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丕賱孬賲乇丕賱丿丕賳賷貙氐丕賱丨亘賳毓亘丿丕賱爻賲賷毓丕賱丌亘賷丕賱兀夭賴乇賷貙 1/81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞丕賱毓丿賵賷貙毓賱賷亘賳兀丨賲丿丕賱氐毓賷丿賷丕賱毓丿賵賷貙 2/627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞賯賱賷賵亘賷貙卮賴丕亘丕賱丿賷賳丕賱賯賱賷賵亘賷貙 2/72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞丕賱賲睾乇亘賷貙兀丨賲丿丕賱賲睾乇亘賷丕賱乇卮賷丿賷貙 3/47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">鬲丨賮丞丕賱賲丨鬲丕噩亘卮乇丨丕賱賲賳賴丕噩貙丕亘賳丨噩乇丕賱賴賷鬲賲賷貙 3/168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞丕賱亘賷噩乇賲賷毓賱賶卮丨賲賳賴噩丕賱胤賱丕亘貙丕賱亘賷噩乇賲賷貙 1/36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞丕賱賲睾乇亘賷毓賱賶賳賴丕賷丞丕賱賲丨鬲丕噩貙兀丨賲丿丕賱賲睾乇亘賷丕賱乇卮賷丿賷貙 1/59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丨丕卮賷丞丕賱噩賲賱毓賱賶卮乇丨賲賳賴噩丕賱胤賱丕亘貙爻賱賷賲丕賳亘賳毓賲乇丕賱噩賲賱貙 1/469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丕賱卮乇丨丕賱賲賲鬲毓毓賱賶夭丕丿丕賱賲爻鬲賯賳毓貙賲丨賲丿亘賳氐丕賱丨丕賱毓孬賷賲賷賳貙 3/16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">丕賱卮乇丨丕賱賲賲鬲毓毓賱賶夭丕丿丕賱賲爻鬲賯賳毓貙賲丨賲丿亘賳氐丕賱丨丕賱毓孬賷賲賷賳貙 13/154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="https://www.taimiah.org/index.aspx?function=Printable&id=952&node=4559">https://www.taimiah.org/index.aspx?function=Printable&id=952&node=4559</a> / 賲賵賯毓卮賷禺丕賱廿爻賱丕賲]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308191312/https://www.taimiah.org/index.aspx?function=Printable&id=952&node=4559">賳爻禺丞賲丨賮賵馗丞</a> 8 賲丕乇爻 2020 毓賱賶賲賵賯毓 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="賵丕賷亘丕賰賲卮賷賳">賵丕賷亘丕賰賲卮賷賳</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">氐丨賷丨丕亘賳丨亘丕賳貙乇賯賲 5569.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64177691">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="丕噩鬲賴丕丿 (廿爻賱丕賲)">丕賱丕噩鬲賴丕丿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="鬲賯賱賷丿">賵丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87)" title="鬲丨乇 (賮賯賴)">丕賱鬲丨乇賷</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="丕爻鬲氐丨丕亘">丕爻鬲氐丨丕亘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)" class="mw-disambig" title="丕爻鬲賯乇丕亍 (鬲賵囟賷丨)">丕爻鬲賯乇丕亍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="丕賱鬲毓丕乇囟亘賷賳丕賱兀丿賱丞丕賱卮乇毓賷丞">丕賱鬲毓丕乇囟亘賷賳丕賱兀丿賱丞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="丕爻鬲丨爻丕賳">丕爻鬲丨爻丕賳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9" title="賲氐丕賱丨賲乇爻賱丞">賲氐丕賱丨賲乇爻賱丞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="賯賵賱氐丨丕亘賷">賯賵賱丕賱氐丨丕亘賷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="毓賲賱兀賴賱丕賱賲丿賷賳丞">毓賲賱兀賴賱丕賱賲丿賷賳丞</a> <ul><li>毓賳丿丕賱賲丕賱賰賷丞</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A9" title="毓賲賱兀賴賱丕賱賰賵賮丞">毓賲賱兀賴賱丕賱賰賵賮丞</a> <ul><li>毓賳丿丕賱兀丨賳丕賮</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="爻丿丕賱匕乇丕卅毓">爻丿丕賱匕乇丕卅毓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="賲賯丕氐丿丕賱卮乇賷毓丞丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞">丕賱賲賯丕氐丿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7" title="卮乇毓賲賳賯亘賱賳丕">卮乇毓賲賳賯亘賱賳丕</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">賲賱丨賯丕鬲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89" title="賮鬲賵賶">賮鬲賵賶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="賲賮鬲賷">賲賮鬲賷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="賲乇丕鬲亘丕賱賮賯賴丕亍">賲乇丕鬲亘丕賱賮賯賴丕亍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="賲乇丕鬲亘丕賱丕噩鬲賴丕丿">賲乇丕鬲亘丕賱丕噩鬲賴丕丿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82" title="賲噩鬲賴丿賲胤賱賯">賲噩鬲賴丿賲胤賱賯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84" title="賲噩鬲賴丿賲爻鬲賯賱">賲噩鬲賴丿賲爻鬲賯賱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="賲噩鬲賴丿丕賱鬲禺乇賷噩">賲噩鬲賴丿丕賱鬲禺乇賷噩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87" title="兀氐丨丕亘丕賱賵噩賵賴">兀氐丨丕亘丕賱賵噩賵賴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AD" title="賲噩鬲賴丿丕賱鬲乇噩賷丨">賲噩鬲賴丿丕賱鬲乇噩賷丨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A" title="丕賱丕爻鬲賳亘丕胤丕賱賮賯賴賷">丕賱丕爻鬲賳亘丕胤丕賱賮賯賴賷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="賮賯賴丕賱賳賮爻">賮賯賴丕賱賳賮爻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲賮賯賴賷丞">賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲賮賯賴賷丞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="鬲賯賱賷丿">賲賯賱丿</a></li> <li>賳賯賱</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)" class="mw-disambig" title="丕賱兀禺亘丕乇 (鬲賵囟賷丨)">丕賱兀禺亘丕乇</a> <ul><li>丕賱乇丕賵賷賵丕賱賲乇賵賷</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8" title="丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱丕賱兀賱賮丕馗">丕賱兀賱賮丕馗</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="丕賱丨賯賷賯丞賵丕賱賲噩丕夭">丕賱丨賯賷賯丞賵丕賱賲噩丕夭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="賳爻禺 (廿爻賱丕賲)">丕賱賳爻禺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="兀賲乇 (丕賱廿爻賱丕賲)">丕賱兀賲乇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A" title="賳賴賷">丕賱賳賴賷</a></li> <li>丕賱禺丕氐賵丕賱毓丕賲</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64177691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68124052"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="丕賱兀丨賰丕賲_丕賱禺賲爻丞_賮賷_丕賱賮賯賴_丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷" style="padding:1px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67666671"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-丕毓乇囟"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="賯丕賱亘:丕賱兀丨賰丕賲丕賱禺賲爻丞賮賷丕賱賮賯賴丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷"><abbr title="毓乇囟賴匕丕丕賱賯丕賱亘">毓</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-賳丕賯卮"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賳賯丕卮丕賱賯丕賱亘:丕賱兀丨賰丕賲丕賱禺賲爻丞賮賷丕賱賮賯賴丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 (丕賱氐賮丨丞睾賷乇賲賵噩賵丿丞)"><abbr title="賳丕賯卮賴匕丕丕賱賯丕賱亘">賳</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-毓丿賱"><a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A&action=edit"><abbr title="毓丿賱賴匕丕丕賱賯丕賱亘">鬲</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="丕賱兀丨賰丕賲_丕賱禺賲爻丞_賮賷_丕賱賮賯賴_丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">丕賱兀丨賰丕賲丕賱禺賲爻丞賮賷丕賱賮賯賴丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="賮乇囟">賮乇囟</a></b> 兀賵 <b><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8" title="賵丕噩亘">賵丕噩亘</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:right;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">賴賵賲丕胤賱亘丕賱卮丕乇毓賮毓賱賴賲賳丕賱賲賰賱賮毓賱賶爻亘賷賱丕賱廿賱夭丕賲賵賰丕賳孬亘賵鬲賴亘丿賱賷賱賯胤毓賷賱丕卮亘賴丞賮賷賴兀賵馗賳賷賮賷賴卮亘賴丞賵賷孬丕亘賮丕毓賱賴賵賷毓丕賯亘鬲丕乇賰賴賵賷賰賮乇噩丕丨丿賴. 賵賴賵賯爻賲丕賳 <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86" title="賮乇囟毓賷賳">賮乇囟毓賷賳</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="賮乇囟賰賮丕賷丞">賵賮乇囟賰賮丕賷丞</a>.</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Quran_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quran_cover.jpg/100px-Quran_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quran_cover.jpg/150px-Quran_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quran_cover.jpg/200px-Quran_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8" title="丕賱賲賳丿賵亘">賲爻鬲丨亘</a></b> 兀賵 <b><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="爻賳丞賲丐賰丿丞">爻賳丞賲丐賰丿丞</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:right;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">賴賵鬲乇噩賷丨噩丕賳亘丕賱賮毓賱毓賱賶噩丕賳亘丕賱鬲乇賰賲賳睾賷乇廿賱夭丕賲賵賷爻鬲丨賯賮丕毓賱賴丕賱孬賵丕亘賵賱丕賷爻鬲丨賯鬲丕乇賰賴丕賱毓賯丕亘賵廿賳賰丕賳賷爻鬲丨賯丕賱毓鬲丕亘.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="賲亘丕丨">賲亘丕丨</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:right;"><div style="padding:0 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