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id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Targets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strike_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strike_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Strike force</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strike_force-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Strike force subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Strike_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United States Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>United States Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The raid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_raid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The raid subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._forces_and_targets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._forces_and_targets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>U.S. forces and targets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._forces_and_targets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_air_defenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_air_defenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Libyan air defenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan_air_defenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Casualties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libyan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Libyan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaddafi's_announcements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaddafi's_announcements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Gaddafi's announcements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaddafi's_announcements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Other events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_retaliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_retaliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Libyan retaliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan_retaliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Immediate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Libyan-connected_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Libyan-connected_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Later Libyan-connected terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Libyan-connected_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>International response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Immediate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>UN response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_anniversary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_anniversary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>First anniversary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_anniversary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_comment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_comment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.4</span> <span>2009 comment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_comment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_of_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_of_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Settlement of claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_of_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_songs_and_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_songs_and_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>In songs and books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_songs_and_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1986 United States bombing of Libya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الغارة الأمريكية الجوية على ليبيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغارة الأمريكية الجوية على ليبيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Операция Елдорадо каньон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Операция Елдорадо каньон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3_El_Dorado_Canyon" title="Operació El Dorado Canyon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Operació El Dorado Canyon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombningen_af_Libyen_(april_1986)" title="Bombningen af Libyen (april 1986) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bombningen af Libyen (april 1986)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon" title="Operation El Dorado Canyon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation El Dorado Canyon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%8D%CE%B7_(1986)" title="Αμερικανικοί βομβαρδισμοί στη Λιβύη (1986) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμερικανικοί βομβαρδισμοί στη Λιβύη (1986)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeo_de_los_Estados_Unidos_sobre_Libia_de_1986" title="Bombardeo de los Estados Unidos sobre Libia de 1986 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bombardeo de los Estados Unidos sobre Libia de 1986" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B6" title="بمباران لیبی توسط ایالات متحده در سال ۱۹۸۶ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بمباران لیبی توسط ایالات متحده در سال ۱۹۸۶" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_El_Dorado_Canyon" title="Opération El Dorado Canyon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération El Dorado Canyon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%EB%85%84_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EA%B3%B5%EC%8A%B5" title="1986년 미국의 리비아 공습 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1986년 미국의 리비아 공습" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_zra%C4%8Dni_udar_na_Libiju_1986." title="Američki zračni udar na Libiju 1986. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američki zračni udar na Libiju 1986." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeboman_Libya_oleh_Amerika_Serikat_1986" title="Pengeboman Libya oleh Amerika Serikat 1986 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengeboman Libya oleh Amerika Serikat 1986" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_El_Dorado_Canyon" title="Operazione El Dorado Canyon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione El Dorado Canyon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95" title="מבצע קניון אל דוראדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבצע קניון אל דוראדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%95%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_(1986)" title="ლიბიის დაბომბვა აშშ-ის მიერ (1986) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიბიის დაბომბვა აშშ-ის მიერ (1986)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E7%88%86%E6%92%83_(1986%E5%B9%B4)" title="リビア爆撃 (1986年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リビア爆撃 (1986年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombingen_av_Libya_i_1986" title="Bombingen av Libya i 1986 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bombingen av Libya i 1986" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_El_Dorado_Canyon" title="Operação El Dorado Canyon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação El Dorado Canyon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%C2%BB" title="Операция «Каньон Эльдорадо» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операция «Каньон Эльдорадо»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1986 United States bombing of Libya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%86_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="گورزی ئاسمانیی ئەمریکا بۆ سەر لیبیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گورزی ئاسمانیی ئەمریکا بۆ سەر لیبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Операција Кањон Елдорадо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Операција Кањон Елдорадо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_El_Dorado_Canyon" title="Operacija El Dorado Canyon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Operacija El Dorado Canyon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US April 1986 military operation in Libya</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1986 United States bombing of Libya<br /><small>(Operation <i>El Dorado Canyon</i>)</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USF-111_Libya1986.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/USF-111_Libya1986.JPG/300px-USF-111_Libya1986.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/USF-111_Libya1986.JPG/450px-USF-111_Libya1986.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/USF-111_Libya1986.JPG/600px-USF-111_Libya1986.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1964" /></a></span><br />An American 48th Tactical Fighter Wing <a href="/wiki/F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="F-111">F-111</a>F aircraft takes off from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lakenheath" title="RAF Lakenheath">RAF Lakenheath</a> in April 1986 to participate in an air strike against Libya.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>15 April 1986</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li>Ground targets destroyed <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Failed assassination attempt against Gaddafi <sup id="cite_ref-o645_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o645-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Failed Libyan Scud missile response</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Libya renamed from <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> to <a href="/wiki/Great_Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> One <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dynamics F-111">F-111</a> shot down<br />2 aircrew killed<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Libyan claim:</b> 3 aircraft shot down<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 45 soldiers and officials killed<br />3–5 <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">IL-76s</a> destroyed<br />14 <a href="/wiki/MiG-23" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-23">MiG-23s</a> destroyed<br />2 helicopters destroyed<br />5 major ground radars destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 15–30 Libyan civilians killed</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#008542;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_(3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg/75px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg/113px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg/150px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="2926" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#008542;color:white;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Muammar Gaddafi</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Personal life of Muammar Gaddafi">Personal</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi#Early_life_and_career" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)">The Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_to_Hell" title="Escape to Hell">Escape to Hell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">Killing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">International reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Reception and legacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_loyalism" title="Gaddafi loyalism">Loyalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Affiliations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_movement_(Libya)" title="Free Officers movement (Libya)">Free Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Revolutionary_Command_Council" title="Libyan Revolutionary Command Council">Revolutionary Command Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee" title="General People's Committee">General People's Committee</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Politics of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_General_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the General People's Congress">Secretary General of the General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya">Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Libya">Prime Minister of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Military (<a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Armed Forces</a>)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_in_the_Gulf_of_Sidra_(1986)" title="Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)">Action in the Gulf of Sidra in 1986</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1986 United States bombing of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO invasion of Libya</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Leadership (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">History</a>)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Republic">Libyan Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_expulsion_of_Italians_from_Libya" title="1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya">1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Libya" title="Cultural Revolution in Libya">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Libya and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" title="West Berlin discotheque bombing">West Berlin discotheque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Lockerbie bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Support_for_rebel_and_paramilitary_groups" title="Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Support for rebel and paramilitary groups</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Elections and referendums</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Libyan_Federation_of_Arab_Republics_referendum" title="1971 Libyan Federation of Arab Republics referendum">1971 Libyan Federation of Arab Republics referendum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi's signature"><img alt="Muammar Gaddafi's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg/50px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg/75px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg/100px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="163" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muammar_Gaddafi_series" title="Template:Muammar Gaddafi series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muammar_Gaddafi_series" title="Template talk:Muammar Gaddafi series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muammar_Gaddafi_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muammar Gaddafi series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> carried out air strikes, code-named <b>Operation El Dorado Canyon</b>, against <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a> on 15 April 1986 in retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" title="West Berlin discotheque bombing">West Berlin discotheque bombing</a> ten days earlier, which U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> blamed on Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. There were 40 reported Libyan casualties; one U.S. plane was shot down. One of the claimed Libyan deaths was of a baby girl, reported to be Gaddafi's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Hana_Gaddafi" title="Hana Gaddafi">Hana Gaddafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are doubts both as to whether she was really killed, or whether she truly existed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_with_Bipartisan_Congressman_on_U.S._Air_Strike_Against_Libya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Meeting_with_Bipartisan_Congressman_on_U.S._Air_Strike_Against_Libya.jpg/220px-Meeting_with_Bipartisan_Congressman_on_U.S._Air_Strike_Against_Libya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Meeting_with_Bipartisan_Congressman_on_U.S._Air_Strike_Against_Libya.jpg/330px-Meeting_with_Bipartisan_Congressman_on_U.S._Air_Strike_Against_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Meeting_with_Bipartisan_Congressman_on_U.S._Air_Strike_Against_Libya.jpg/440px-Meeting_with_Bipartisan_Congressman_on_U.S._Air_Strike_Against_Libya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption>President Reagan consults bipartisan Congressional leaders about the strike.</figcaption></figure> <p>Libya represented a high priority for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> shortly after his 1981 inauguration. Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> was firmly anti-Israel and had supported <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">violent organizations</a> in the Palestinian territories and Syria. There were <a href="/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Libya and weapons of mass destruction">reports that Libya was attempting to become a nuclear power</a><sup id="cite_ref-riskreport_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riskreport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gaddafi's <a href="/wiki/Chadian-Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian-Libyan conflict">occupation of Chad</a>, which was rich in uranium, was of major concern to the United States. Gaddafi's ambitions to set up a federation of Arab and Muslim states in North Africa were alarming to U.S. interests. Furthermore, then-<a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a> wanted to take proactive measures against Gaddafi because he had been using former <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) operatives (most notably <a href="/wiki/Edwin_P._Wilson" title="Edwin P. Wilson">Edwin P. Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Terpil" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank E. Terpil">Frank E. Terpil</a>) to help set up terrorist camps.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTtarget_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTtarget-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the December <a href="/wiki/1985_Rome_and_Vienna_airport_attacks" title="1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks">1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks</a>, which killed 19 and wounded approximately 140, Gaddafi indicated that he would continue to support the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> as long as the European governments allegedly “supported anti-Gaddafi Libyans.”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After years of occasional skirmishes with Libya over Libyan territorial claims to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a>, the United States contemplated a military attack to strike targets within the Libyan mainland. In March 1986, the United States, asserting the 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) limit to territorial waters according to international law, sent a carrier task force to the region. Libya responded with aggressive counter-maneuvers on 24 March that led to <a href="/wiki/Action_in_the_Gulf_of_Sidra_(1986)" title="Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)">a naval engagement in the Gulf of Sidra</a>. </p><p>On 5 April 1986, alleged Libyan agents <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" title="West Berlin discotheque bombing">bombed "La Belle" nightclub in West Berlin</a>, killing three people, including two U.S. servicemen and a Turkish woman,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and injuring 229 people, including 79 Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-flashback_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-flashback-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and the United States obtained cable transcripts from Libyan agents in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> who were involved in the attack. </p><p>More detailed information was retrieved years later when <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> archives were investigated by the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunited Germany</a>. Libyan agents who had carried out the operation from the Libyan embassy in East Germany were identified and prosecuted by Germany in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-flashback_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-flashback-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_being_briefed_by_the_National_Security_Council_staff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/President_Ronald_Reagan_being_briefed_by_the_National_Security_Council_staff.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_being_briefed_by_the_National_Security_Council_staff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/President_Ronald_Reagan_being_briefed_by_the_National_Security_Council_staff.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_being_briefed_by_the_National_Security_Council_staff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/President_Ronald_Reagan_being_briefed_by_the_National_Security_Council_staff.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_being_briefed_by_the_National_Security_Council_staff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in a briefing with <a href="/wiki/US_National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Security Council">US National Security Council</a> staff on Operation El Dorado Canyon.</figcaption></figure> <p>The attack mission against Libya had been preceded in October 1985 by an exercise in which the <a href="/wiki/20th_Fighter_Wing" title="20th Fighter Wing">20th TFW</a> stationed at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Upper_Heyford" title="RAF Upper Heyford">RAF Upper Heyford</a> airbase in the UK, which was equipped with <a href="/wiki/F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="F-111">F-111E Aardvarks</a>, received a top-secret order to launch a simulated attack mission on 18 October, with ten F-111Es armed with eight 500-lb practice bombs, against a simulated airfield located in <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, Canada south of <a href="/wiki/CFB_Goose_Bay" title="CFB Goose Bay">CFB Goose Bay</a>. The mission was designated <b>Operation Ghost Rider</b>. The mission was a full rehearsal for a long-range strike against Libya. The mission was completed successfully, with the exception of one aircraft that had all but one of its eight bombs hang up on one of its wing racks. The lessons learned were passed on to the 48th TFW which was equipped with the newer F-111F model.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1985 six specially trained B-52H crews of the 23rd Bombardment Squadron in Minot, North Dakota, were designated as the Advanced Conventional Taskforce (ACT) and trained at specialized low-level conventional bombing missions, including the first ever use of Night Vision Goggles by B-52 crews. The specially trained crews were capable of delivering 6 strings of MK-117 munitions seconds apart with pinpoint accuracy operating from North Dakota. In six months of intensive training the special mission unit dropped more live ordnance in the Nevada and Utah test ranges than had been expended since the conclusion of the Vietnam War. The B-52 provided a powerful alternative or follow-on option, however, as the backbone of the U.S. nuclear deterrent there was some risk to using the B-52 option against an SA-6 defended target. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements of the then-secret <a href="/wiki/4450th_Tactical_Group" title="4450th Tactical Group">4450th Tactical Group</a> (USAF) were put on standby to fly the strike mission against Libya. Over 30 <a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a> stealth attack aircraft had already been delivered to <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command" title="Tactical Air Command">Tactical Air Command</a> (USAF) and were operating from <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range_Airport" title="Tonopah Test Range Airport">Tonopah Test Range Airport</a> in Nevada. European Command senior officers knew nothing about the <a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth</a> capabilities of the F-117, or that the aircraft even existed. Within an hour of the planned launch of the F-117s, <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> scrubbed the stealth mission, fearing a compromise of the secret aircraft and its development program. The air strike was carried out with conventional U.S. Navy and USAF aircraft. The F-117 would remain completely unknown to the world for several more months, before being unveiled in 1988 and featured prominently in media coverage of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Operation Desert Storm</a>. </p><p>For the Libyan raid, the United States was denied overflight rights by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> as well as the use of European continental bases, forcing the USAF portion of the operation to be flown around France and Spain, over <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and through the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">Straits of Gibraltar</a>, adding 1,300 miles (2,100 km) each way and requiring multiple <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">aerial refuelings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-randcorp_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randcorp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French refusal alone added 2,800 km.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesfrance_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesfrance-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French President</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> refused overflight clearance because the United States was interested in limited action in Libya while France was more interested in action that would remove Gaddafi from power.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesfrance_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesfrance-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor in the French decision was the United States' last-minute failure to participate in a retaliatory air raid on Iranian positions after the <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">1983 Beirut barracks bombings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crist_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crist-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Targets">Targets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Targets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-111F_GBU-10_bound_for_Libya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/F-111F_GBU-10_bound_for_Libya.jpg/220px-F-111F_GBU-10_bound_for_Libya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/F-111F_GBU-10_bound_for_Libya.jpg/330px-F-111F_GBU-10_bound_for_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/F-111F_GBU-10_bound_for_Libya.jpg/440px-F-111F_GBU-10_bound_for_Libya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>Ground crew prepares a <a href="/wiki/48th_Tactical_Fighter_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="48th Tactical Fighter Wing">48th Tactical Fighter Wing</a> F-111F aircraft for an air strike on Libya</figcaption></figure> <p>After several unproductive days of meetings with European and Arab nations, and influenced by an American serviceman's death, Ronald Reagan, on 14 April, ordered an air raid on the following Libyan targets:<sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a> Barracks in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> – Gaddafi's command and control center for overseas operations</li> <li>Murrat Sidi Bilal in Tripoli – a training camp for naval commandos and combat frogmen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitiga_International_Airport" title="Mitiga International Airport">Mitiga International Airport</a> – used by <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> transport aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Revolutionary Guard Corps">Jamahiriyah Guard</a> barracks in <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> – an alternative command and control headquarters for overseas operations, and which contained a warehouse for storage of <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan" title="Mikoyan">MiG aircraft</a> components</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benina_International_Airport" title="Benina International Airport">Benina International Airport</a> – used as a base by defending fighters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strike_force">Strike force</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strike force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraft_on_USS_America_(CV-66)_during_attacks_on_Libya_1986.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aircraft_on_USS_America_%28CV-66%29_during_attacks_on_Libya_1986.jpeg/220px-Aircraft_on_USS_America_%28CV-66%29_during_attacks_on_Libya_1986.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aircraft_on_USS_America_%28CV-66%29_during_attacks_on_Libya_1986.jpeg/330px-Aircraft_on_USS_America_%28CV-66%29_during_attacks_on_Libya_1986.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aircraft_on_USS_America_%28CV-66%29_during_attacks_on_Libya_1986.jpeg/440px-Aircraft_on_USS_America_%28CV-66%29_during_attacks_on_Libya_1986.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>An F-14A Tomcat launched from USS <i>America</i> (CV-66) during Operation El Dorado Canyon</figcaption></figure> <p>Among operational United States tactical aircraft, only the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dynamics F-111">General Dynamics F-111</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A-6_Intruder" class="mw-redirect" title="A-6 Intruder">A-6 Intruder</a> possessed the ability to attack at night with the required precision. Although the F-111s would be required to fly from distant bases, they were essential to mission success, because the eighteen A-6s available aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Coral_Sea_(CV-43)" title="USS Coral Sea (CV-43)">USS <i>Coral Sea</i> (CV-43)</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_America_(CV-66)" title="USS America (CV-66)">USS <i>America</i> (CV-66)</a> could not carry enough bombs to simultaneously inflict the desired damage on the five targets selected.<sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Air_Force">United States Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twenty-eight <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_KC-10_Extender" title="McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender">McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extenders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers</a> took off from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall" title="RAF Mildenhall">RAF Mildenhall</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fairford" title="RAF Fairford">RAF Fairford</a> shortly after 19:00<sup id="cite_ref-time_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 14 April. These tankers would conduct four silent refueling operations over the 6,000 mi (9,700 km) round-trip route the F-111s would fly to target. Within minutes the tankers were followed by twenty-four F-111F strike aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/48th_Fighter_Wing" title="48th Fighter Wing">48th Tactical Fighter Wing</a>, flying from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lakenheath" title="RAF Lakenheath">RAF Lakenheath</a> and five <a href="/wiki/EF-111A_Raven" class="mw-redirect" title="EF-111A Raven">EF-111A Ravens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/20th_Fighter_Wing" title="20th Fighter Wing">20th Tactical Fighter Wing</a> from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Upper_Heyford" title="RAF Upper Heyford">RAF Upper Heyford</a>. Six F-111s and one EF-111 were designated spares who returned to base after the first refueling was completed without any system failures among the designated strike aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Navy">United States Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>America</i> was on station in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a>, but <i>Coral Sea</i> was preparing to leave the Mediterranean, and made a high speed run from <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>. USS <i>Enterprise</i> and her battle group came thru the Suez Canal and joined in the operations. <i>America<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s</i> air group would strike targets in downtown Benghazi and provide fighter and suppression support for the USAF bombers, while <i>Coral Sea<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s</i> planes would strike the Benina airfield outside Benghazi and provide fighter and suppression support for the Navy bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-res_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-res-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 01:00<sup id="cite_ref-time_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>America</i> launched six A-6E TRAM Intruder strike aircraft with <a href="/wiki/Mark_82_bomb" title="Mark 82 bomb">Mark 82 bombs</a> against the Jamahiriyah Guard barracks and six <a href="/wiki/A-7_Corsair_II" class="mw-redirect" title="A-7 Corsair II">A-7 Corsair</a> strike support aircraft. <i>Coral Sea</i>, operating east of <i>America</i> simultaneously launched eight A-6E TRAM Intruders and six <a href="/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18A Hornets</a>. Additional fighters were launched for <a href="/wiki/Combat_air_patrol" title="Combat air patrol">combat air patrol</a> (CAP).<sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_raid">The raid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il-76_destroyed_Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Il-76_destroyed_Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon.jpg/220px-Il-76_destroyed_Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Il-76_destroyed_Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon.jpg/330px-Il-76_destroyed_Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Il-76_destroyed_Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon.jpg/440px-Il-76_destroyed_Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> targeted by the bombing</figcaption></figure> <p>The raid began in the early hours of 15 April, with the stated objectives of sending a message and reducing Libya's ability to support and train <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a>. Shortly after the raid Reagan warned "Today, we have done what we had to do. If necessary, we shall do it again."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coordinated <a href="/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">jamming</a> by the EF-111s and <a href="/wiki/EA-6B_Prowler" class="mw-redirect" title="EA-6B Prowler">EA-6B Prowlers</a> began at 01:54 (Libyan time)<sup id="cite_ref-time_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the A-7Es and F/A-18As began launching <a href="/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">AGM-88 HARM</a> and <a href="/wiki/AGM-45_Shrike" title="AGM-45 Shrike">AGM-45 Shrike</a> missiles for <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_enemy_air_defenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of enemy air defenses">suppression of enemy air defenses</a> (SEAD).<sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack began at 0200 hours (Libyan time),<sup id="cite_ref-America_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-America-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lasted about twelve minutes, with 60 tons of munitions dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuels_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuels-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The F-111 bombers' <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">rules of engagement</a> required target identification by both radar and <a href="/wiki/Pave_Tack" title="Pave Tack">Pave Tack</a> prior to bomb release to minimize collateral damage. Of the nine F-111s targeting Bab al-Azizia, only three placed their <a href="/wiki/GBU-10_Paveway_II" title="GBU-10 Paveway II">GBU-10 Paveway II</a> bombs on target.<sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One F-111 was shot down by a Libyan <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">SAM</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a><sup id="cite_ref-America_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-America-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one F-111's bombs missed the barracks,<sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> striking diplomatic and civilian sites in Tripoli, and narrowly missing the French embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three F-111s assigned to Sidi Bilal released their GBU-10 bombs on target. One of the six F-111s assigned to bomb the Tripoli airfield aborted its mission with a <a href="/wiki/Terrain-following_radar" title="Terrain-following radar">terrain-following radar</a> malfunction, but the remaining five dropped BSU-49 high drag bombs destroying two Il-76 transport aircraft. <i>America<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s</i> A-6s damaged the Jamahiriyah MiG assembly warehouse and destroyed four MiG shipping crates. Two A-6s from <i>Coral Sea</i> aborted their mission, but five A-6s with CBU-59 APAM <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a> and one with Mk 82 bombs struck Benina airfield destroying three or four MiGs, two <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8</a> helicopters, one <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F27_Friendship" title="Fokker F27 Friendship">Fokker F27 Friendship</a> transport, and one small straight-wing aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a> was also reportedly destroyed during the Benina strike.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Libyan soldiers, reportedly, abandoned their positions in fright and confusion, and officers were slow to give orders.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Libyan anti-aircraft fire did not begin until after the planes had passed over their targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuels_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuels-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Libyan fighters launched,<sup id="cite_ref-res_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-res-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and HARM launches and jamming prevented any of the <a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub (SA-6)</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina (SA-2)</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora" title="S-125 Neva/Pechora">S-125 Neva/Pechora (SA-3)</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Crotale_(missile)" title="Crotale (missile)">Crotale</a> SAM<sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launches from homing.<sup id="cite_ref-res_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-res-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One SA-6 however was able to track onto an A-6 from <a href="/wiki/VFA-34" title="VFA-34">VA-34</a> during the strike on the Jamahiriyah barracks but was evaded successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within twelve minutes, all United States aircraft were "feet wet" outbound over the Mediterranean. Navy strike aircraft had been recovered aboard their carriers by 02:53 (Libyan time)<sup id="cite_ref-time_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surviving USAF planes, with the exception of one F-111, which landed in <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Rota" title="Naval Station Rota">Naval Station Rota</a>, Spain, with an overheated engine, had returned to Britain by 10:10 (Libyan time).<sup id="cite_ref-time_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whp_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whp-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the bombing operations were staged out of the UK, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Akrotiri" title="RAF Akrotiri">RAF Akrotiri</a> in Cyprus was employed in the role of an alternate in case of emergency, and was used as such by at least one aircraft. This led to retaliatory action against the British base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._forces_and_targets">U.S. forces and targets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: U.S. forces and targets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:98%;"> <caption>Operation results<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Target </th> <th colspan="2" width="250px">Planned </th> <th colspan="3" width="250px">Actual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Aircraft</th> <th>Bombing </th> <th>Aircraft</th> <th>Hit</th> <th>Miss </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a> barracks </td> <td>9× F-111F</td> <td>36× <a href="/wiki/GBU-10_Paveway_II" title="GBU-10 Paveway II">GBU-10</a> 2,000 lb (910 kg) LGB </td> <td>3× bombed <br /> 1× missed <br /> 4× aborts <br /> 1× lost </td> <td align="center">13 </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2">Murat Sidi Bilal camp </td> <td>3× F-111F</td> <td>12× GBU-10 2,000 lb LGB </td> <td>all bombed </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td align="center">– </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2">Tripoli airfield<br />(fmr. <a href="/wiki/Wheelus_Air_Base" title="Wheelus Air Base">Wheelus Air Base</a>) </td> <td>6× F-111F</td> <td>72× <a href="/wiki/Mark_82_bomb" title="Mark 82 bomb">Mk 82</a> 500 lb (230 kg) RDB </td> <td>5× bombed <br /> 1× abort </td> <td align="center">60 </td> <td align="center">– </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2">Jamahiriyah (Benghazi) barracks </td> <td>7× A-6E TRAM <a href="/wiki/VFA-34" title="VFA-34">VA-34</a></td> <td>84× Mk 82 500 lb RDB </td> <td>6× bombed <br /> 1× abort on deck </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2">Benina airfield </td> <td>8× A-6E TRAM <a href="/wiki/Second_VA-55_(U.S._Navy)" title="Second VA-55 (U.S. Navy)">VA-55</a></td> <td>72× Mk 20 500 lb CBU <br /> 24× Mk 82 500 lb RDB </td> <td>6× bombed <br /> 2× aborts </td> <td>60× Mk 20 <br /> 12× Mk 82 </td> <td align="center">– </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">Air defense<br />networks </td> <td>Tripoli </td> <td>6× A-7E</td> <td>8× <a href="/wiki/AGM-45_Shrike" title="AGM-45 Shrike">Shrike</a> <br /> 16× <a href="/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">HARM</a> </td> <td>all aircraft fired </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">8× Shrike <br /> 16× HARM </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Benghazi </td> <td>24× F/A-18A <a href="/wiki/VFA-131" title="VFA-131">VFA-131</a>, <a href="/wiki/VFA-132" title="VFA-132">VFA-132</a> <p><a href="/wiki/VMFA-314" title="VMFA-314">VMFA-314</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMFA-323" title="VMFA-323">VMFA-323</a> </p> </td> <td>20× HARM </td> <td>all aircraft fired </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">20× HARM </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Totals</th> <th>45 aircraft</th> <th>300 bombs <br /> 48 missiles</th> <th>35 bombed <br /> 1 missed <br /> 1 lost <br /> 8 aborts</th> <th colspan="2">227 hits <br /> 5 misses <br /> 48 homing missiles </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Support Aircraft </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Air defense<br />networks </td> <td rowspan="2">Tripoli </td> <td>5x EF-111A </td> <td>ALQ-99 </td> <td>1× partial abort<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>1x EA-6B <a href="/wiki/VMAQ-2" title="VMAQ-2">VMAQ-2</a> </td> <td>ALQ-99 </td> <td>None </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benghazi </td> <td>3x EA-6B (2x <a href="/wiki/VAQ-135" title="VAQ-135">VAQ-135</a>/1x VMAQ-2) </td> <td>ALQ-99 </td> <td>None </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>3x EA-3B <a href="/wiki/VQ-2" title="VQ-2">VQ-2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">EW</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">AAR</a> </td> <td>None </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Early Warning </td> <td rowspan="2">– </td> <td>2x E-2C <a href="/wiki/VAW-123" title="VAW-123">VAW-123</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>None </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>2x E-2C <a href="/wiki/VAW-127" title="VAW-127">VAW-127</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>None </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan_air_defenses">Libyan air defenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Libyan air defenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libyan air defense network was extensive, and included: </p> <ul><li>4 Long range <a href="/wiki/S-200_Angara/Vega/Dubna" class="mw-redirect" title="S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna">S-200 Vega (SA-5 Gammon)</a> anti-aircraft missile units with 24 launchers.</li> <li>86 <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline)</a> and <a href="/wiki/S-125_Neva" class="mw-redirect" title="S-125 Neva">S-125 Neva (SA-3 Goa)</a> anti-aircraft missile units with 276 launchers.</li></ul> <p>Covering Tripoli alone were: </p> <ul><li>7 <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline)</a> anti-aircraft missile units with 6 missiles launchers per unit giving 42 launchers.</li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/S-125_Neva" class="mw-redirect" title="S-125 Neva">S-125 Neva (SA-3 Goa)</a> anti-aircraft missile units with 4 missiles launchers per unit giving 48 launchers.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful)</a> anti-aircraft missile units with 48 launchers.</li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/9K33_Osa" title="9K33 Osa">9K33M2 Osa-AK (SA-8 Geko)</a> anti-aircraft regiment with 16 launch vehicles.</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Crotale_(missile)" title="Crotale (missile)">Crotale II</a> anti-aircraft units with 60 launch pads.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan">Libyan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Libyan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> and his family rushed out of their residence in the <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a> compound moments before the bombs dropped, forewarned by a telephone call from <a href="/wiki/Karmenu_Mifsud_Bonnici" title="Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici">Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>'s Prime Minister. Bonnici had been made aware of the presence of the American strike force by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>; the latter nation had detected the then-unidentified aircraft off the West coast of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and scrambled a flight of <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">F-104 Starfighters</a> to intercept it, discovering the strike force's presence and being warned away by pilots with obvious American accents.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to medical staff in a nearby hospital, two dozen casualties were brought in wearing military uniforms, and two without uniforms. Total Libyan casualties were estimated at 60, including those at the bombed airbases. An infant girl was among the casualties; her body was shown to American reporters, who were told she was Gaddafi's recently adopted daughter <a href="/wiki/Hana_Gaddafi" title="Hana Gaddafi">Hana</a>. However, there was and remains much skepticism over the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She may not have died; the adoption may have been posthumous; or he may have adopted a second daughter and given her the same name after the first one died.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hannarecords_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hannarecords-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanaalive_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanaalive-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American">American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two U.S. Air Force captains—<a href="/wiki/Fernando_L._Ribas-Dominicci" title="Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci">Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_F._Lorence" title="Paul F. Lorence">Paul F. Lorence</a>—were killed when their F-111 <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bomber</a> (callsign Karma-52) was shot down<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a>. In the hours following the attack, the U.S. military refused to speculate as to whether or not the fighter-bomber had been shot down, with Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> suggesting that it could have experienced radio trouble or been diverted to another airfield.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, the Pentagon had announced it was no longer searching for the F-111 believed to be downed by a Libyan missile.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 December 1988, Gaddafi offered to release the body of Lorence to his family through <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. The body, returned in 1989, was identified as Ribas-Dominicci's from dental records. An autopsy conducted in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> confirmed that he had drowned after his plane was shot down over the Gulf of Sidra. Libya denies that it held Lorence's body. However, Lorence's brother said that he and his mother saw television footage of a Libyan holding a white helmet with the name "Lorence" stenciled on the back.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Chasey" title="William C. Chasey">William C. Chasey</a>, who toured the Bab al-Azizia barracks, claimed to have seen two flight suits and helmets engraved with the names "Lorence" and "Ribas-Dominicci", as well as the wreckage of their F-111.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaddafi declared that the raid was a Libyan victory and stated that three American planes had been shot down, but Karma-52 was the only one that failed to return to base.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Libya">In Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaddafi's_announcements"><span id="Gaddafi.27s_announcements"></span>Gaddafi's announcements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gaddafi's announcements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaddafi announced that he had "won a spectacular military victory over the United States" and the country was officially renamed the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah".<sup id="cite_ref-leedavis183_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leedavis183-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaddafi said reconciliation between Libya and the United States was impossible so long as Reagan was in the White House; of the US president he said, "He is mad. He is foolish. He is an Israeli dog." He said he had no plans to attack the United States or U.S. targets. He claimed that Reagan wanted to kill him, stating "Was Reagan trying to kill me? Of course. The attack was concentrated on my house and I was in my house", he also described how he rescued his family.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_Sentinel_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_Sentinel-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked whether he was in danger of losing power, he said: "Really, these reports and writings are not true. As you can see I am fine, and there has been no change in our country."<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_Sentinel_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_Sentinel-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_events">Other events</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya" title="Politics of Libya">Government of Libya</a> said that the United States had fallen prey to arrogance and madness of power and wanted to become the world's policeman. It charged that any party that did not agree to become an American vassal was an outlaw, a terrorist, and a devil.<sup id="cite_ref-chronicles_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronicles-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaddafi quashed an internal revolt, the organization of which he blamed on the United States, although Gaddafi appeared to have left the public sphere for a time in 1986 and 1987.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Posts_and_Telecommunications_Company" title="General Posts and Telecommunications Company">Libyan Post</a> dedicated several postage stamps issues to the event, from 1986 until 2001. The first issue was released in 1986, 13 July (ref. <a href="/wiki/Scott_catalogue" title="Scott catalogue">Scott catalogue</a> n.1311 – <a href="/wiki/Michel_catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel catalogue">Michel catalogue</a> n.1699). The last issue was released in 2001, 15 April (ref. <a href="/wiki/Scott_catalogue" title="Scott catalogue">Scott catalogue</a> n.1653 – <a href="/wiki/Michel_catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel catalogue">Michel catalogue</a> n.2748–2763).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan_retaliation">Libyan retaliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Libyan retaliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immediate">Immediate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Immediate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Libya responded by firing two <a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> missiles at a <a href="/wiki/LORAN-C_transmitter_Lampedusa" title="LORAN-C transmitter Lampedusa">United States Coast Guard station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> which fell short of the island and landed in the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Libyan-connected_terrorism">Later Libyan-connected terrorism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Later Libyan-connected terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was only limited change in Libyan-connected terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-leedavis183_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leedavis183-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Libyan government was alleged to have ordered the hijacking of <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73" title="Pan Am Flight 73">Pan Am Flight 73</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> on 5 September 1986, which resulted in the deaths of 20 people. The allegation did not come to light until it was reported by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> in March 2004—days after British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> paid the first official visit to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> by a Western leader in a generation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1986, Gaddafi financed <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Fort" title="Jeff Fort">Jeff Fort</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al-Rukn" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rukn">Al-Rukn</a> faction of the Chicago <a href="/wiki/Almighty_Black_P._Stone_Nation" title="Almighty Black P. Stone Nation">Black P. Stones</a> gang, in their emergence as an anti-American armed revolutionary movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodansky_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodansky-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Rukn members were arrested for preparing strikes on behalf of Libya, including blowing up US government buildings and bringing down an airplane; the Al-Rukn defendants were convicted in 1987 of "offering to commit bombings and assassinations on US soil for Libyan payment."<sup id="cite_ref-Bodansky_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodansky-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1987, Australia expelled diplomats and broke off relations with Libya, claiming Libya sought to fuel violence in Australia and Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comeback_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comeback-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1987 French authorities stopped a merchant vessel, the MV <i>Eksund</i>, which was attempting to deliver 150 tons of Soviet arms from Libya to the Irish Republican Army (IRA),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly in retaliation against the British for harboring American fighter planes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, two British hostages held by the Libyan-supported <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization" title="Abu Nidal Organization">Abu Nidal Organization</a>, Leigh Douglas and Philip Padfield, along with an American named Peter Kilburn, were shot dead in revenge. In addition, journalist <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(journalist)" title="John McCarthy (journalist)">John McCarthy</a> was kidnapped, and tourist Paul Appleby was murdered in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Another British hostage named Alec Collett was also killed in retaliation for the bombing of Libya. Collett was shown being hanged in a video tape. His body was found in November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 December 1988 Libya bombed <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a>, which exploded in mid-air and crashed on the town of <a href="/wiki/Lockerbie" title="Lockerbie">Lockerbie</a> in Scotland after a bomb detonated, killing all 259 people aboard, and 11 people in Lockerbie. Iran was initially thought to have been responsible for the bombing in revenge for the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">downing of Iran Air flight 655</a> by the American missile cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(CG-49)" title="USS Vincennes (CG-49)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a> over the Persian Gulf, but in 1991 two Libyans were charged, one of whom was <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_bombing_trial" title="Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial">convicted of the crime</a> in a controversial judgement<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 31 January 2001. The Libyan Government accepted responsibility for the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing on 29 May 2002, and offered $2.7 billion to compensate the families of the 270 victims.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convicted Libyan, <a href="/wiki/Abdelbaset_al-Megrahi" title="Abdelbaset al-Megrahi">Abdelbaset al-Megrahi</a>, who was suffering from terminal prostate cancer, was released in August 2009 by the Scottish Government on compassionate grounds. He died in 2012. In May 2014 a group of relatives of the Lockerbie victims continued to campaign for al-Megrahi's name to be cleared by reopening the case.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_response">International response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immediate_2">Immediate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Immediate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/1986 United States bombing of Libya">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya%22">"1986 United States bombing of Libya"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The attack was condemned by many countries. By a vote of 79 in favor to 28 against with 33 abstentions, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 41/38, which "condemns the military attack perpetrated against the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 15 April 1986, which constitutes a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a> and of international law."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement said that it condemned the "dastardly, blatant and unprovoked act of aggression". The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Arab States">League of Arab States</a> expressed that it was outraged at the United States aggression and that it reinforced an element of anarchy in international relations. The Assembly of Heads of State of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> said that the deliberate attempt to kill Libyans violated the principles of international law. The Government of Iran asserted that the attack constituted a policy of aggression, <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a>, an act of war, and called for an extensive political and economic boycott of the United States. Others saw the United States motive as an attempt to eliminate Libya's revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-chronicles_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronicles-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China stated that the U.S. attack violated norms of international relations and had aggravated tension in the region. The Soviet Union said that there was a clear link between the attack and U.S. policy aimed at stirring up existing hotbeds of tension and creating new ones, and at destabilizing the international situation. West Germany stated that international disputes required diplomatic and not military solutions, and France also criticized the bombing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some observers held the opinion that Article 51 of the UN Charter set limitations on the use of force in exercising the legitimate right of self-defense in the absence of an act of aggression, and affirmed that there was no such act by Libya. It was charged that the United States did not exhaust the Charter provisions for settling disputes under Article 33. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> protested that if other nations applied Article 51 as cavalierly as the United States, then "the Nicaraguan government, <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua" title="CIA activities in Nicaragua">very reasonably predicting</a> that the U.S. is planning an attack on its territory, has the right to bomb Washington." British <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Shadow Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> told <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> that, "by this same rationale of defense against future attack, Britain could bomb apartment blocks in New York and Chicago on the ground that they contained people sending money and military supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others asserted that Libya was innocent in the bombing of the West Berlin discotheque.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. received support from the UK, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and 25 other countries. Its doctrine of declaring a war on what it called "terrorist havens" was not repeated until 1998, when President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">ordered strikes on six terrorist camps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s approval of the use of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> bases<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to substantial public criticism, including an unprecedented story in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Times (UK)">The Sunday Times</a></i> suggesting the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen</a> was upset by an "uncaring" Prime Minister. However, the Americans strongly endorsed Thatcher, and the long-standing <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a> between the United States and Britain was strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Soviet Union was ostensibly friendly with Libya, it had, by the time of the Libya bombing, made its increasing ambivalence toward Libya apparent in public communications. Gaddafi had a history of verbally attacking the policy agendas and ideology of the Soviet Union, and he often engaged in various international interventions and meddling that conflicted with Soviet goals in a variety of spheres. During a period where the Soviet Union was apparently attempting to lead a subtle diplomatic effort that could impact its global status, close association with the whims of Gaddafi became a liability. </p><p>In the entire crisis, the Soviet Union explicitly announced that it would not provide additional help to Libya beyond resupplying basic armaments and munitions. It made no attempt to militarily intimidate the United States, despite the ongoing American operations in the Gulf of Sidra and its previous knowledge that the United States might launch an attack. The Soviet Union did not completely ignore the event, issuing a denunciation of this 'criminal' act by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the raid, Moscow did cancel a planned visit to the United States by foreign affairs minister <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a>. At the same time, it clearly signaled that it did not want this action to affect negotiations about the upcoming summer summit between the United States and the Soviet Union and its plans for new arms control agreements. </p><p>Former U.S. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a>, acting for Libyan citizens who had been killed or injured in the bombing raid by the U.S. using British air bases, brought suit under international law against the United States and the United Kingdom in U.S. federal court. The lawsuit was dismissed as frivolous. A subsequent appeal was denied, and monetary sanctions against Clark were allowed. Saltany v. Reagan, 886 F. 2d 438 (D.C. Cir. 1989). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UN_response">UN response</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: UN response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every year, between at least 1994 and 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> scheduled a declaration from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> about the incident,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but systematically deferred the discussion year after year until formally putting it aside (along with several other issues which had been similarly rescheduled for years) in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_anniversary">First anniversary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: First anniversary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the first anniversary of the bombing, April 1987, European and North American left-wing activists gathered to commemorate the anniversary. After a day of social and cultural networking with local Libyans, including a tour of Gaddafi's bombed house, the group gathered with other Libyans for a commemoration event.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanderbilt_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanderbilt-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009_comment">2009 comment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2009 comment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2009, during a visit to Italy, Gaddafi criticized American foreign policy and, asked as to the difference between al-Qaeda attacks and the 1986 U.S. bombing of Tripoli, he commented: "If <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> has no state and is an outlaw, America is a state with international rules."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_of_claims">Settlement of claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Settlement of claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 May 2008, the United States began negotiations with Libya on a comprehensive claims settlement agreement to resolve outstanding claims of American and Libyan nationals against each country in their respective courts. Gaddafi's son <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam</a> publicly announced that an agreement was being negotiated in July of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 August 2008, the resulting <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Libya_Comprehensive_Claims_Settlement_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Libya Comprehensive Claims Settlement Agreement">U.S.-Libya Comprehensive Claims Settlement Agreement</a> was signed in Tripoli by <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Welch_(diplomat)" title="David Welch (diplomat)">David Welch</a> and by Libyan Secretary for American Affairs Ahmad Fituri.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2008, Libya paid <a href="/wiki/U.S._Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Dollar">US$</a>1.5 billion (in three installments of $300 million on 9 October 2008, $600 million on 30 October 2008, and US$600 million 31 October 2008) into a fund<sup id="cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libya_compensates-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used to compensate the following victims and their relatives: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Lockerbie bombing</a> victims, who were given an additional US$2 million each after having been paid US$8 million earlier;<sup id="cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libya_compensates-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>American victims of the 1986 <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" title="West Berlin discotheque bombing">West Berlin discotheque bombing</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libya_compensates-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>American victims of the 1989 <a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a> bombing;<sup id="cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libya_compensates-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and,</li> <li>Libyan victims of the 1986 U.S. bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi.<sup id="cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libya_compensates-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>To pay the settlement, Libya demanded US$1.5 billion from global oil companies operating in Libya's oil fields, under threat of "serious consequences" to their leases. Libya's settlement was at least partially funded by several companies, including some based in the U.S., that chose to cooperate with Libya's demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Shady_dealings_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shady_dealings-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 August 2008, President George W. Bush signed into law the Libyan Claims Resolution Act,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had unanimously passed Congress on 31 July. The Act provided for the restoration of Libya's sovereign, diplomatic, and official immunities before U.S. courts if the Secretary of State certified that the United States Government has received sufficient funds to resolve outstanding terrorism-related death and physical injury claims against Libya. </p><p>On 14 August 2008, the United States and Libya signed a comprehensive claims settlement agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full diplomatic relations were restored between the two nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_songs_and_books">In songs and books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In songs and books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/1986 United States bombing of Libya">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>English alternative band The The’s 1986 album Infected features the song Sweet Bird of Truth which tells the fictionalised story of a US pilot on the Libya bombing raids. It continues to feature as a popular song on their live tours. </p><p>In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> band <a href="/wiki/The_Meatmen" title="The Meatmen">The Meatmen</a> referred to the lack of French cooperation with the raid in their song 'French People Suck': "French people suck, I just gotta' say/made the jet fighter pilots fly out of their way." This song appears on the album <i>Rock & Roll Juggernaut</i> (<a href="/wiki/Caroline_Records" title="Caroline Records">Caroline Records</a>). </p><p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a> wrote "Mideast Vacation" a song from his live album, <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(Neil_Young_%26_Crazy_Horse_album)" title="Life (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album)">Life</a></i> about the bombing. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Roger_Waters" title="Roger Waters">Roger Waters</a>'s third studio album, <i><a href="/wiki/Amused_to_Death" title="Amused to Death">Amused to Death</a></i> the songs "Late Home Tonight, Part I" and "Late Home Tonight, Part II" recall the bombing from the perspective of two "ordinary wives' and a young American F-111 pilot. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nelson_DeMille" title="Nelson DeMille">Nelson DeMille</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion%27s_Game" title="The Lion's Game">The Lion's Game</a></i>, published in 2000, there is a detailed but fictionalised description of the attack from the point of view of one of the book's main protagonists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/25px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/38px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/51px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration#Libya" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration#Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)</a>, US–Libyan air engagement over territorial claim, two Libyan jets shot down</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouadi_Doum_air_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouadi Doum air raid">Ouadi Doum air raid</a> (February 1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_in_the_Gulf_of_Sidra_(1986)" title="Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)">Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)</a>, Naval battle between Libyan and U.S. forces before the April bombing campaign</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1989)">Gulf of Sidra incident (1989)</a>, U.S.-Libyan air engagement over territorial claim, two Libyan jets shot down</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn" title="Operation Odyssey Dawn">Operation Odyssey Dawn</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_North_Africa" title="List of modern conflicts in North Africa">List of modern conflicts in North Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-time-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks specifies times of events with the time in Washington DC where the attack was coordinated. Parks's times have been adjusted to reflect the time observed where the battle took place.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martel, William C. <i>Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy</i>, p. 162. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o645-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o645_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrey2004" class="citation book cs1">Frey, B.S. 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Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-146-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-146-5"><bdi>978-1-84542-146-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealing+with+Terrorism%3A+Stick+Or+Carrot%3F&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-146-5&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=B.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hrJwYUZvowC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeone2019" class="citation web cs1">Leone, Dario (14 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaviationgeekclub.com/the-sad-story-of-karma-52-the-only-f-111-lost-during-operation-el-dorado-canyon/">"The sad story of 'Karma 52', the only F-111 lost during Operation El Dorado Canyon"</a>. <i>The Aviation Geek Club</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aviation+Geek+Club&rft.atitle=The+sad+story+of+%27Karma+52%27%2C+the+only+F-111+lost+during+Operation+El+Dorado+Canyon&rft.date=2019-04-14&rft.aulast=Leone&rft.aufirst=Dario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaviationgeekclub.com%2Fthe-sad-story-of-karma-52-the-only-f-111-lost-during-operation-el-dorado-canyon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeone2019" class="citation web cs1">Leone, Dario (21 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaviationgeekclub.com/the-libyan-scud-attack-on-lampedusa-and-the-italian-retaliation-against-gaddafi-that-never-was/">"The Libyan Scud Attack on Lampedusa and the Italian Retaliation against Gaddafi that never was"</a>. <i>The Aviation Geek Club</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aviation+Geek+Club&rft.atitle=The+Libyan+Scud+Attack+on+Lampedusa+and+the+Italian+Retaliation+against+Gaddafi+that+never+was&rft.date=2019-09-21&rft.aulast=Leone&rft.aufirst=Dario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaviationgeekclub.com%2Fthe-libyan-scud-attack-on-lampedusa-and-the-italian-retaliation-against-gaddafi-that-never-was%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollack, Kenneth M. <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–1991</i>, University of Nebraska Press, 2002<br />1 French Embassy was hit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilsum2012" class="citation book cs1">Hilsum, Lindsey (2012). <i>Sandstorm: Libya in the Time of Revolution</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571288052" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571288052"><bdi>978-0571288052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sandstorm%3A+Libya+in+the+Time+of+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0571288052&rft.aulast=Hilsum&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/26/hana-gaddafi-daughter-mystery">"Gaddafi's daughter Hana: dead or a practising doctor?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gaddafi%27s+daughter+Hana%3A+dead+or+a+practising+doctor%3F&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Faug%2F26%2Fhana-gaddafi-daughter-mystery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riskreport-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-riskreport_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420212851/http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/libya/trouble.html">"Libya Has Trouble Building the Most Deadly Weapons"</a>. <i>The Risk Report</i>. <b>1</b> (10). December 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/libya/trouble.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Risk+Report&rft.atitle=Libya+Has+Trouble+Building+the+Most+Deadly+Weapons&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinproject.org%2Fcountries%2Flibya%2Ftrouble.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Libya/Nuclear/index.html">"1968 to 1990: Program Beginnings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NTI" class="mw-redirect" title="NTI">NTI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1968+to+1990%3A+Program+Beginnings&rft.pub=NTI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Fe_research%2Fprofiles%2FLibya%2FNuclear%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTtarget-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTtarget_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1987" class="citation news cs1">Hersh, Seymour M. 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Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 1000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-669-39728-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-669-39728-8"><bdi>0-669-39728-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Pageant&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=1000&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-669-39728-8&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+David&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Lizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpageant00bail%2Fpage%2F1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-flashback-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-flashback_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-flashback_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1653848.stm">Flashback: The Berlin disco bombing</a>. BBC on 13 November 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Thompson, Warren (May 2010). "To the Bay and Back". <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Forces_Monthly" title="Air Forces Monthly">Air Forces Monthly</a></i>. Key Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Forces+Monthly&rft.atitle=To+the+Bay+and+Back&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">interview with members of D-flight 23rd BMS/5BMW</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-randcorp-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-randcorp_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5HFvmqCJNhsC&pg=PA103"><i>Overseas Basing of U.S. Military Forces: An Assessment of Relative Costs and Strategic Benefits</i></a>. Rand Corporation. 2013. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0833079176" title="Special:BookSources/978-0833079176"><bdi>978-0833079176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overseas+Basing+of+U.S.+Military+Forces%3A+An+Assessment+of+Relative+Costs+and+Strategic+Benefits&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0833079176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5HFvmqCJNhsC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyne" class="citation web cs1">Boyne, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725025640/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1999/March%201999/0399canyon.aspx">"El Dorado Canyon"</a>. <i>Airforce-Magazine.com</i>. Air Force Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1999/March%201999/0399canyon.aspx">the original</a> on 25 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airforce-Magazine.com&rft.atitle=El+Dorado+Canyon&rft.aulast=Boyne&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforce-magazine.com%2FMagazineArchive%2FPages%2F1999%2FMarch%25201999%2F0399canyon.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimesfrance-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesfrance_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesfrance_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein,_Richard1986" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Richard (23 April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/23/world/french-say-they-favored-stronger-attack-on-libya.html">"French Say They Favored Stronger Attack on Libya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+Say+They+Favored+Stronger+Attack+on+Libya&rft.date=1986-04-23&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Ffrench-say-they-favored-stronger-attack-on-libya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crist-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crist_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrist2012" class="citation book cs1">Crist, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0G9f35dK6AC&pg=PT138"><i>The Twilight War: The Secret History of America's Thirty-Year Conflict with Iran</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143123675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143123675"><bdi>978-0143123675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+War%3A+The+Secret+History+of+America%27s+Thirty-Year+Conflict+with+Iran&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0143123675&rft.aulast=Crist&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0G9f35dK6AC%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whp-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whp_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks1986" class="citation journal cs1">Parks, W. 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"Air War with Libya". <i>Proceedings</i>. <b>112</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>: 42–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Air+War+with+Libya&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=42-48&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Stumpf&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1986/Strike-on-Qaddafi-and-Soviet-Espionage/12297050136623-4/">"1986 Year in Review: Strike on Qaddafi"</a>. UPI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1986+Year+in+Review%3A+Strike+on+Qaddafi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1986%2FStrike-on-Qaddafi-and-Soviet-Espionage%2F12297050136623-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-America-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-America_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-America_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJrBaron2016" class="citation book cs1">Jr, James E. 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McFarland. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1568-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-1568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Helm+of+USS+America%3A+The+Aircraft+Carrier+and+Its+23+Commanders%2C+1965%E2%80%931996&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1568-4&rft.aulast=Jr&rft.aufirst=James+E.+Wise&rft.au=Baron%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-9ZBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuels-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2006" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, Richard J. 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(23 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2012/Aug/23/2001330097/-1/-1/0/Op%20El%20Dorado%20Canyon.pdf">Raid on Libya: Operation Eldorado Canyon</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). U.S. Department of Defense. p. 153<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Raid+on+Libya%3A+Operation+Eldorado+Canyon&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft.aulast=Endicott&rft.aufirst=Judy+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2012%2FAug%2F23%2F2001330097%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FOp%2520El%2520Dorado%2520Canyon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperGrandoliniDelalande2016" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert; Delalande, Arnaud (2016). <i>Libyan Air Wars – Part 3 : 1986–1989</i>. Helion & Company Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libyan+Air+Wars+%E2%80%93+Part+3+%3A+1986%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Grandolini%2C+Albert&rft.au=Delalande%2C+Arnaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzLibrary_of_Congress1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a>; Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/88600480/"><i>Libya : a country study</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 255<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya+%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&rft.au=Library+of+Congress%2C+Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F88600480%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinraub1986" class="citation news cs1">Weinraub, Bernard (15 April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/15/politics/15REAG.html">"U.S. Jets Hit 'Terrorist Centers' in Libya; Reagan Warns of New Attacks If Needed"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Jets+Hit+%27Terrorist+Centers%27+in+Libya%3B+Reagan+Warns+of+New+Attacks+If+Needed&rft.date=1986-04-15&rft.aulast=Weinraub&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F04%2F15%2Fpolitics%2F15REAG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8251.html">"Libya – Encounters with the United States"</a>. <i>Country-data.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country-data.com&rft.atitle=Libya+%E2%80%93+Encounters+with+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-8251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.maxwell.af.mil/papers/ay2003/saas/phinney.pdf">Airpower Versus Terrorism: Three Case Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110175203/https://research.maxwell.af.mil/papers/ay2003/saas/phinney.pdf">Archived</a> 10 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thesis, June 2003, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDario_Leone2019" class="citation news cs1">Dario Leone (1 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaviationgeekclub.com/italys-prime-minister-saved-gaddafis-life-by-warning-of-operation-el-dorado-canyon/">"Italy's Prime Minister saved Gaddafi's Life by Warning of Operation El Dorado Canyon"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+Prime+Minister+saved+Gaddafi%27s+Life+by+Warning+of+Operation+El+Dorado+Canyon&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft.au=Dario+Leone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaviationgeekclub.com%2Fitalys-prime-minister-saved-gaddafis-life-by-warning-of-operation-el-dorado-canyon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaid,_Cliff2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kincaid, Cliff (22 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812005501/https://www.aim.org/aim-column/nbc%E2%80%99s-mitchell-regurgitates-gaddafi-lies/">"NBC's Mitchell Regurgitates Gaddafi Lies"</a>. <i>Accuracy in Media</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aim.org/aim-column/nbc%E2%80%99s-mitchell-regurgitates-gaddafi-lies/">the original</a> on 12 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accuracy+in+Media&rft.atitle=NBC%27s+Mitchell+Regurgitates+Gaddafi+Lies&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft.au=Kincaid%2C+Cliff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aim.org%2Faim-column%2Fnbc%25E2%2580%2599s-mitchell-regurgitates-gaddafi-lies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller,_Patrick2011" class="citation news cs1">Müller, Patrick (8 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article13530021/Gaddafis-Kinder-Totgesagte-leben-laenger.html">"Gaddafis Kinder – Totgesagte leben länger"</a> [Gaddafi's children – Declared dead]. <i>Die Welt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>Hana Gaddafi soll 1986 beim Angriff amerikanischer Bomber umgekommen sein. Tatsächlich wurde ihr Tod offenbar nur vorgetäuscht. Eine Spurensuche." "[Hana Gaddafi [was said to have been] killed in 1986, during the attack of American bombers. In fact, her death was obviously faked. A search for clues.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Gaddafis+Kinder+%E2%80%93+Totgesagte+leben+l%C3%A4nger&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Farticle13530021%2FGaddafis-Kinder-Totgesagte-leben-laenger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span> English language translation of same article: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/09/hana-gaddafi-libyan-leader-daughter-alive-_n_922043.html">"Hana Gaddafi, Libyan Leader's Presumed Dead Daughter, May Be Still Alive"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. 9 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Hana+Gaddafi%2C+Libyan+Leader%27s+Presumed+Dead+Daughter%2C+May+Be+Still+Alive&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F08%2F09%2Fhana-gaddafi-libyan-leader-daughter-alive-_n_922043.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Peter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Peter (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/26/hana-gaddafi-daughter-mystery">"Gaddafi's daughter Hana: dead or a practising doctor?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>. <q>[Subtitle:] "Some accounts say Hana Gaddafi died in a 1986 raid, others that she lived to become a doctor or never existed at all."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gaddafi%27s+daughter+Hana%3A+dead+or+a+practising+doctor%3F&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.au=Walker%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Faug%2F26%2Fhana-gaddafi-daughter-mystery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadid,_Anthony2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shadid, Anthony (28 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/world/africa/29qaddafi.html">"Enigmatic in Power, Qaddafi Is Elusive at Large"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Enigmatic+in+Power%2C+Qaddafi+Is+Elusive+at+Large&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft.au=Shadid%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F29%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F29qaddafi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hannarecords-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hannarecords_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkup,_JamesWatt,_Holly2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkup, James & Watt, Holly (12 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8698804/Dental-records-for-Hana-Gaddafi-reopen-mystery-of-Muammar-Gaddafis-daughter.html">"Dental records for Hana Gaddafi reopen mystery of Libyan leader's daughter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>. <q>Files stored in a basement room in one of London's most expensive districts could shed new light on one of the greatest mysteries of Muammar Gaddafi's Libya: the alleged death of his baby daughter Hana.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Dental+records+for+Hana+Gaddafi+reopen+mystery+of+Libyan+leader%27s+daughter&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft.au=Kirkup%2C+James&rft.au=Watt%2C+Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Flibya%2F8698804%2FDental-records-for-Hana-Gaddafi-reopen-mystery-of-Muammar-Gaddafis-daughter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanaalive-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanaalive_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelegraph_Staff2011" class="citation journal cs1">Telegraph Staff (12 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923005413/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/libya-video/8782588/Exclusive-Gaddafis-dead-daughter-Hana-alive-and-well-in-family-video.html">"Exclusive: Gaddafi's 'dead' daughter Hana alive and well in family video [Ali, Mohammed, videographer]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/libya-video/8782588/Exclusive-Gaddafis-dead-daughter-Hana-alive-and-well-in-family-video.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(video, with text description)</span> on 23 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Telegraph has obtained the first video evidence that Hana, the adopted daughter that Col Gaddafi claimed had been killed in an American bombing raid in 1986, was alive years after the attack.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Gaddafi%27s+%27dead%27+daughter+Hana+alive+and+well+in+family+video+%5BAli%2C+Mohammed%2C+videographer%5D&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft.au=Telegraph+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Flibya%2Flibya-video%2F8782588%2FExclusive-Gaddafis-dead-daughter-Hana-alive-and-well-in-family-video.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The sad note is we have to assume the 2 missing men are dead. Evidence indicates their plane was shot down just off shore after dropping its bombs.</i> Reagan Diaries Volume 2: November 1985 – January 1989, Ronald Reagan, Douglas Brinkley, p. 590, HarperCollins, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Libya soon recovered the body of Captain Ribas-Dominicci but did not return it to the United States until 1989. An autopsy determined the cause of death to be drowning, not massive physical trauma ... the autopsy finding and the eyewitness accounts of several aviators who saw the explosion and the descent of the fireball to the sea support the conclusion that Karma-52 was shot down by a SAM or AAA.</i> El Dorado Canyon, Joseph T. Stanik, p. 190, Naval Institute Press, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V2lQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u1kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6279,4040553&hl=en">"One plane missing after raid"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i>. 15 April 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=One+plane+missing+after+raid.&rft.date=1986-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DV2lQAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Du1kDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6279%2C4040553%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1986" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Tony (17 April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19860417&id=bnczAAAAIBAJ&sjid=65IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3105,4597235&hl=en">"Air Raid Toll Comes Home to Gaddafi"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Air+Raid+Toll+Comes+Home+to+Gaddafi&rft.date=1986-04-17&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1300%26dat%3D19860417%26id%3DbnczAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D65IDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3105%2C4597235%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay2006" class="citation news cs1">Kay, Jennifer (29 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628154128/http://www.aiipowmia.com/inter26/in290406libyalost.html">"Lost Over Libya"</a>. Associated Press. 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United Nations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn1986" class="citation news cs1">Cockburn, Alexander (17 April 1986). 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(2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10659129231182404">"Using Process Tracing to Investigate Elite Experience Accrual: Explaining Margaret Thatcher's Support for US Air Strikes Against Libya"</a>. <i>Political Research Quarterly</i>. <b>77</b>: 226–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10659129231182404">10.1177/10659129231182404</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1065-9129">1065-9129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263278690">263278690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Using+Process+Tracing+to+Investigate+Elite+Experience+Accrual%3A+Explaining+Margaret+Thatcher%27s+Support+for+US+Air+Strikes+Against+Libya&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=226-238&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263278690%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1065-9129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10659129231182404&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Samuel+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F10659129231182404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Campbell2011" class="citation book cs1">John Campbell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odLmZZ514AkC&pg=PT286"><i>The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher, from Grocer's Daughter to Prime Minister</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 279–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55866-9"><bdi>978-1-101-55866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Lady%3A+Margaret+Thatcher%2C+from+Grocer%27s+Daughter+to+Prime+Minister&rft.pages=279-82&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-101-55866-9&rft.au=John+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodLmZZ514AkC%26pg%3DPT286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Moore, <i>Margaret Thatcher: At Her Zenith: In London, Washington and Moscow</i> (2016) pp 513-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/04/15/The-sharp-Soviet-reaction-to-the-US-attack-on/5603513925200">"The sharp Soviet reaction to the U.S. attack on Lybia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. 15 April 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+sharp+Soviet+reaction+to+the+U.S.+attack+on+Lybia&rft.pub=United+Press+International&rft.date=1986-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1986%2F04%2F15%2FThe-sharp-Soviet-reaction-to-the-US-attack-on%2F5603513925200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233951/http://www.undemocracy.com/generalassembly_49/meeting_93/pg020-bk03">"General Assembly Session 49 meeting 93"</a>. 20 December 1994. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Libya%2C+Italy+to+sign+compensation+deal%3A+Gaddafi+son&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-libya-italy-compensation-idUSL2457933120080724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104233/http://tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=2268">"Libya, US Sign Compensation Agreement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tripoli_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tripoli Post">The Tripoli Post</a></i>. 17 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=2268">the original</a> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tripoli+Post&rft.atitle=Libya%2C+US+Sign+Compensation+Agreement&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftripolipost.com%2Farticledetail.asp%3Fc%3D1%26i%3D2268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libya_compensates-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libya_compensates_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7703110.stm">"Libya compensates terror victims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 31 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Libya+compensates+terror+victims&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F7703110.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shady_dealings-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shady_dealings_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtblauRohdeRisen2011" class="citation news cs1">Lichtblau, Eric; Rohde, David; Risen, James (24 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/africa/24qaddafi.html">"Shady Dealings Helped Qaddafi Build Fortune and Regime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Library of Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of State, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/sept/109054.htm">Significant Events in U.S.-Libyan Relations</a> . 2 September 2008</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogan1991" class="citation journal cs1">Cogan, Charles G. (July 1991). "The response of the strong to the weak: The American raid on Libya, 1986". <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_National_Security" title="Intelligence and National Security">Intelligence and National Security</a></i>. <b>6</b> (3): 608–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684529108432120">10.1080/02684529108432120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=The+response+of+the+strong+to+the+weak%3A+The+American+raid+on+Libya%2C+1986&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=608-620&rft.date=1991-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684529108432120&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft.aulast=Cogan&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenDolan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, David B.; Dolan, Chris J. (Spring 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9855410">"Revisiting El Dorado Canyon: terrorism, the Reagan administration, and the 1986 bombing of Libya"</a>. <i>White House Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 153–175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=White+House+Studies&rft.atitle=Revisiting+El+Dorado+Canyon%3A+terrorism%2C+the+Reagan+administration%2C+and+the+1986+bombing+of+Libya.&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-175&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Dolan%2C+Chris+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9855410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Louis (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=2e61bc02e25cf4c5143f0788d959fd9551552ee2">"The Law: Military Operations in Libya: No War? No Hostilities?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Studies_Quarterly" title="Presidential Studies Quarterly">Presidential Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>42</b> (1): 176–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2012.03947.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.03947.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-4918">0360-4918</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41427455">41427455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Law%3A+Military+Operations+in+Libya%3A+No+War%3F+No+Hostilities%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=176-189&rft.date=2012-03&rft.issn=0360-4918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41427455%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2012.03947.x&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fdocument%3Frepid%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf%26doi%3D2e61bc02e25cf4c5143f0788d959fd9551552ee2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaham2008" class="citation book cs1">Laham, Nicholas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pVSQBQAAQBAJ"><i>The American bombing of Libya: a study of the force of miscalculation in Reagan foreign policy</i></a>. Jefferson (N.C.): <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3185-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3185-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-3185-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/172521656">172521656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+bombing+of+Libya%3A+a+study+of+the+force+of+miscalculation+in+Reagan+foreign+policy&rft.place=Jefferson+%28N.C.%29&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F172521656&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3185-4&rft.aulast=Laham&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpVSQBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiegert2007" class="citation book cs1">Riegert, Kristina, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjxI7hKZY0YC"><i>Politicotainment: television's take on the real</i></a>. Popular Culture and Everyday Life. New York: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. pp. 257–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8114-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8114-2"><bdi>978-0-8204-8114-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politicotainment%3A+television%27s+take+on+the+real&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Popular+Culture+and+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=257-259&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-8114-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPjxI7hKZY0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanik2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Stanik, LCDR Joseph T. (January 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2011/january/americas-first-strike-against-terrorism">"America's First Strike Against Terrorism"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Naval_History" title="Naval History">Naval History</a></i>. Vol. 25, no. 1. p. 24+. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-1920">1042-1920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History&rft.atitle=America%27s+First+Strike+Against+Terrorism&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24%2B&rft.date=2011-01&rft.issn=1042-1920&rft.aulast=Stanik&rft.aufirst=LCDR+Joseph+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2011%2Fjanuary%2Famericas-first-strike-against-terrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanik2003" class="citation book cs1">Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eldoradocanyonre00stan"><i>El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's undeclared war with Qaddafi</i></a></span>. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-983-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-983-3"><bdi>978-1-55750-983-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Dorado+Canyon%3A+Reagan%27s+undeclared+war+with+Qaddafi&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-983-3&rft.aulast=Stanik&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feldoradocanyonre00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlfsteinChristiansen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ulfstein, Geir; Christiansen, Hege Føsund (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ulfstein.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/UlfsteinLibya2013.pdf">"The legality of the NATO bombing in Libya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_and_Comparative_Law_Quarterly" title="International and Comparative Law Quarterly">International and Comparative Law Quarterly</a></i>. <b>62</b> (1): 159–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020589312000565">10.1017/S0020589312000565</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5893">0020-5893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+and+Comparative+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+legality+of+the+NATO+bombing+in+Libya&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-171&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020589312000565&rft.issn=0020-5893&rft.aulast=Ulfstein&rft.aufirst=Geir&rft.au=Christiansen%2C+Hege+F%C3%B8sund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fulfstein.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2FUlfsteinLibya2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkus1992" class="citation book cs1">Venkus, Robert E. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raidonqaddafiunt00venk"><i>Raid on Qaddafi: the untold story of history's longest fighter mission by the pilot who directed it</i></a></span>. New York, NY: St. Martin's Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-07073-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-07073-1"><bdi>978-0-312-07073-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raid+on+Qaddafi%3A+the+untold+story+of+history%27s+longest+fighter+mission+by+the+pilot+who+directed+it&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Pr&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-312-07073-1&rft.aulast=Venkus&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraidonqaddafiunt00venk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2007" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler, Carol (Summer 2007). "Parallels in Preemptive War Rhetoric: Reagan on Libya; Bush 43 on Iraq". <i>Rhetoric and Public Affairs</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 303–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2007.0042">10.1353/rap.2007.0042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-8392">1094-8392</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41940147">41940147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+and+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Parallels+in+Preemptive+War+Rhetoric%3A+Reagan+on+Libya%3B+Bush+43+on+Iraq&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-333&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1094-8392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41940147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frap.2007.0042&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZilian1980" class="citation journal cs1">Zilian, Frederick Jr (Autumn 1980). "The US Raid on Libya – and NATO". <i><a href="/wiki/Orbis_(journal)" title="Orbis (journal)">Orbis</a></i> (30): 499–519.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbis&rft.atitle=The+US+Raid+on+Libya+%E2%80%93+and+NATO&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=499-519&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Zilian&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann1987" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmermann, Tim (May 1987). "The American bombing of Libya: A success for coercive diplomacy?". <i><a href="/wiki/Survival_(journal)" title="Survival (journal)">Survival</a></i>. <b>29</b> (3): 195–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396338708442356">10.1080/00396338708442356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6338">0039-6338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survival&rft.atitle=The+American+bombing+of+Libya%3A+A+success+for+coercive+diplomacy%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-214&rft.date=1987-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00396338708442356&rft.issn=0039-6338&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1986+United+States+bombing+of+Libya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110326221622/http://www.life.com/gallery/58111/flashback-1986-bombing-of-libya#index/0">Flashback: 1986 Bombing of Libya</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513031018/http://margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=106363">Margaret Thatcher's statement on US bombing of Libya</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214141502/http://www.afa.org/magazine/March1999/0399canyon.asp">Operation El Dorado Canyon</a> from <i>Air Force Association</i> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ariwatch.com/OurAlly/Libya.htm">Excerpt from Victor Ostrovsky's <i>The Other Side of Deception</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, 1994</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausairpower.net/Eldorado-Canyon.html">The Libyan Strike: How The Americans Did It (Operation El Dorado Canyon)</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausairpower.net">Air Power Australia</a> (c) July 1986</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ronald_Reagan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ronald_Reagan" title="Template:Ronald Reagan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ronald_Reagan" title="Template talk:Ronald Reagan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ronald_Reagan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ronald Reagan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ronald_Reagan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">40th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California" title="List of governors of California">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> (1967–1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Birthplace of Ronald Reagan">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Pitney_Variety_Store_Building" title="H. C. Pitney Variety Store Building">Pitney Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Boyhood_Home" title="Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home">Boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_del_Cielo" title="Rancho del Cielo">Rancho del Cielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_filmography" title="Ronald Reagan filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Governorship of Ronald Reagan">Governorship of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library" title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Presidential Library and Museum </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/100px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/150px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/200px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2355" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981" title="Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981">Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">Tax Reform Act of 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">Assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">1st term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">2nd term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_(1987)" title="Washington Summit (1987)">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">INF Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1988)" title="Moscow Summit (1988)">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island_Summit" title="Governors Island Summit">Governors Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of international presidential trips made by Ronald Reagan">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grace_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grace Commission">The Grace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Ronald Reagan judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration scandals">Administration scandals</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_begin_bombing_in_five_minutes" title="We begin bombing in five minutes">We begin bombing in five minutes</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Ronald_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Efforts to impeach Ronald Reagan">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ronald_Wilson_Reagan/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Ronald Wilson Reagan/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ronald_Wilson_Reagan/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Ronald Wilson Reagan/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Bush transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_and_debates_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Speaks_Out_Against_Socialized_Medicine" title="Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine">Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Time_for_Choosing" title="A Time for Choosing">"A Time for Choosing"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan%27s_Neshoba_County_Fair_%22states%27_rights%22_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan's Neshoba County Fair "states' rights" speech">Reagan's Neshoba County Fair "states' rights" speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">First inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Second inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">"Ash heap of history"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">"Evil empire"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">"Tear down this wall!"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1981_Ronald_Reagan_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1981 Ronald Reagan speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1982 State of the Union Address">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1983 State of the Union Address">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1984 State of the Union Address">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1985 State of the Union Address">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1986 State of the Union Address">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1987 State of the Union Address">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1988 State of the Union Address">1988</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Bibliography of Ronald Reagan">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Life" title="An American Life">An American Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reagan_Diaries" title="The Reagan Diaries">The Reagan Diaries</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Electoral history of Ronald Reagan">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 California gubernatorial election">1966 California gubernatorial election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eleventh_Commandment_(Ronald_Reagan)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eleventh Commandment (Ronald Reagan)">11th commandment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 California gubernatorial election">1970 California gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican presidential primaries (1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention (1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1976 presidential campaign">1976 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/There_you_go_again" title="There you go again">"There you go again"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">"Let's make America great again"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_in_America" title="Morning in America">"Morning in America"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_the_woods" title="Bear in the woods">"Bear in the woods"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">United States presidential election (1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan">Cultural <br /> depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Bibliography of Ronald Reagan">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_in_music" title="Ronald Reagan in music">In music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Them_Eat_Jellybeans!" title="Let Them Eat Jellybeans!">Let Them Eat Jellybeans!</a> (1981)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rap_Master_Ronnie" title="Rap Master Ronnie">Rap Master Ronnie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ed_the_Happy_Clown" title="Ed the Happy Clown">Ed the Happy Clown</a></i> (1983 comic series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image"><i>Spitting Image</i> (TV series)</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mind_Forever_Voyaging" title="A Mind Forever Voyaging">A Mind Forever Voyaging</a></i> (1985 game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns" title="The Dark Knight Returns">The Dark Knight Returns</a></i> (1986) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Dark_Knight_Returns_(film)" title="Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film)">film adaptation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pizza_Man_(1991_film)" title="Pizza Man (1991 film)">Pizza Man</a></i> (1991 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_Reagan_Was_Shot" title="The Day Reagan Was Shot"><i>The Day Reagan Was Shot</i></a> (2001 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reagan%27s_War" title="Reagan's War">Reagan's War</a></i> (2002 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reagans" title="The Reagans"><i>The Reagans</i></a> (2003 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_(2011_film)" title="Reagan (2011 film)"><i>Reagan</i></a> (2011 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Butler" title="The Butler"><i>The Butler</i></a> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Killing_Reagan" title="Killing Reagan">Killing Reagan</a></i> (2015 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Reagan_(film)" title="Killing Reagan (film)"><i>Killing Reagan</i></a> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_Cold_War" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War">Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War</a></i> (2020 game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reagans_(2020_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reagans (2020 miniseries)"><i>The Reagans</i></a> (2020 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_(2023_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan (2023 film)"><i>Reagan</i></a> (2023 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_would_Reagan_do%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What would Reagan do?">"What would Reagan do?"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reykjavik_(film)" title="Reykjavik (film)">Reykjavik</a></i> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ronald_Reagan_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Ronald Reagan (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS <i>Ronald Reagan</i> (CVN-76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of things named after Ronald Reagan">Namesakes and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Dinner" title="Lincoln Dinner">Reagan Day Dinner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wyman" title="Jane Wyman">Jane Wyman</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Reagan" title="Maureen Reagan">Maureen Reagan</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Reagan" title="Michael Reagan">Michael Reagan</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Davis" title="Patti Davis">Patti Davis</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Reagan" title="Ron Reagan">Ron Reagan</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reagan" title="Jack Reagan">Jack Reagan</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelle_Wilson_Reagan" title="Nelle Wilson Reagan">Nelle Wilson Reagan</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Reagan" title="Neil Reagan">Neil Reagan</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_(Ronald_Reagan%27s_dog)" title="Rex (Ronald Reagan's dog)">Rex</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">← Jimmy Carter</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. 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