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<li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Colonial literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_19th_century_of_Latin_American_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_19th_century_of_Latin_American_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The 19th century of Latin American literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_19th_century_of_Latin_American_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanticism,_Realism,_Naturalism,_and_Emerging_Literary_Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanticism,_Realism,_Naturalism,_and_Emerging_Literary_Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, and Emerging Literary Trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanticism,_Realism,_Naturalism,_and_Emerging_Literary_Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernismo,_the_Vanguards,_and_Boom_precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernismo,_the_Vanguards,_and_Boom_precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modernismo, the Vanguards, and Boom precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernismo,_the_Vanguards,_and_Boom_precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_after_Modernismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_after_Modernismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Poetry after Modernismo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_after_Modernismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Boom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Boom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>The Boom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Boom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Boom_and_Macondo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Boom_and_Macondo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Post-Boom and Macondo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Boom_and_Macondo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_20th_century_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_20th_century_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prominent 20th century writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_20th_century_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_21st-century_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_21st-century_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prominent 21st-century writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_21st-century_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_American_Nobel_Prize_Laureates_in_Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_American_Nobel_Prize_Laureates_in_Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Latin American Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_American_Nobel_Prize_Laureates_in_Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology:_Late_19th_century-present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology:_Late_19th_century-present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chronology: Late 19th century-present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology:_Late_19th_century-present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_by_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_by_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature by nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_by_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB_%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8D%85%E1%88%81%E1%8D%8D" title="የላቲን አሜሪካ ሥነ ፅሁፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የላቲን አሜሪካ ሥነ ፅሁፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أدب أمريكا اللاتينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب أمريكا اللاتينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura_llatinoamericana" title="Lliteratura llatinoamericana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura llatinoamericana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B_%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Латин Америкаһы әҙәбиәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Латин Америкаһы әҙәбиәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Латиноамериканска литература – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латиноамериканска литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_llatinoamericana" title="Literatura llatinoamericana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura llatinoamericana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinskoamerick%C3%A1_literatura" title="Latinskoamerická literatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Latinskoamerická literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinamerikanische_Literatur" title="Lateinamerikanische Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lateinamerikanische Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_latinoamericana" title="Literatura latinoamericana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura latinoamericana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinamerika_literaturo" title="Latinamerika literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latinamerika literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinoamerikako_literatura" title="Latinoamerikako literatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Latinoamerikako literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_latino-am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Littérature latino-américaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature latino-américaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4_%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="라틴 아메리카 문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라틴 아메리카 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_latinoamericana" title="Letteratura latinoamericana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura latinoamericana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ספרות לטינו-אמריקאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות לטינו-אמריקאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae_Americae_Latinae" title="Litterae Americae Latinae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae Americae Latinae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latijns-Amerikaanse_literatuur" title="Latijns-Amerikaanse literatuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latijns-Amerikaanse literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="ラテンアメリカ文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテンアメリカ文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_iberoameryka%C5%84ska" title="Literatura iberoamerykańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Literatura iberoamerykańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_da_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" title="Literatura da América Latina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura da América Latina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Латиноамериканская литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латиноамериканская литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latin American literature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinoameri%C4%8Dka_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Latinoamerička književnost – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Latinoamerička književnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinalaisen_Amerikan_kirjallisuus" title="Latinalaisen Amerikan kirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latinalaisen Amerikan kirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinamerikansk_litteratur" title="Latinamerikansk litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Latinamerikansk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Amerika_edebiyat%C4%B1" title="Latin Amerika edebiyatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Latin Amerika edebiyatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Латиноамериканська література – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латиноамериканська література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1147454#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Oral and written tradition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Spanish American literature" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/American_literature_in_Spanish" title="American literature in Spanish">American literature in Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_literature" title="Latino literature">Latino literature</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg/180px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg/270px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg/360px-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>, one of the most renowned Latin American writers</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Latin American literature</b> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral</a> and written <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> in several languages, particularly in Spanish, Portuguese, and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous languages of Latin America</a>. It rose to particular prominence globally during the second half of the 20th century, largely due to the international success of the style known as <a href="/wiki/Magical_realism" title="Magical realism">magical realism</a>. As such, the region's literature is often associated solely with this style, with the 20th century literary movement known as <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a>, and with its most famous exponent, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>. Latin American literature has a rich and complex tradition of literary production that dates back many centuries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_literature">Pre-Columbian literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pre-Columbian cultures are documented as primarily oral, though the Aztecs and Mayans, for instance, produced elaborate <a href="/wiki/Aztec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec codices">codices</a>. Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of European colonizers, as was the case with the <a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a>. Moreover, a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day, for instance among the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>-speaking population of Peru and the <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' people">Quiché</a> of Peru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_literature">Colonial literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the very moment when Europeans encountered the New World, early explorers and <a href="/wiki/Conquistadores" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadores">conquistadores</a> produced written accounts and crónicas of their experience, such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>'s letters or <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a>'s description of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of the Aztec Empire">conquest of the Aztec Empire</a>. At times, colonial practices stirred a lively debate about the ethics of colonization and the status of the indigenous peoples, as reflected for instance in <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>'s <i>Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies</i>. The first printing press in North America was established in present-day <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in 1539 by publisher Juan Cromberger.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mestizos and natives also contributed to the body of colonial literature. Authors such as <a href="/wiki/El_Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" class="mw-redirect" title="El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega">El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guaman_Poma" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaman Poma">Guaman Poma</a> wrote accounts of the Spanish conquest that show a perspective that often contrasts with the colonizers' accounts. </p><p>During the colonial period, written culture was often in the hands of the church, the context within which <a href="/wiki/Sor_Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz">Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz</a> wrote memorable poetry and philosophical essays. Her interest in scientific thought and experiment led to professional discussions and writings with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Criollo_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollo (people)">criollo</a> literary tradition emerged, including the first novels such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi" title="José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi">José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/El_Periquillo_Sarniento" class="mw-redirect" title="El Periquillo Sarniento">El Periquillo Sarniento</a> (1816). The "libertadores" themselves were also often distinguished writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Andrés Bello</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_19th_century_of_Latin_American_literature">The 19th century of Latin American literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The 19th century of Latin American literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 19th century was a period of "foundational fictions" (in the words of critic <a href="/wiki/Doris_Sommer" title="Doris Sommer">Doris Sommer</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> novels in the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalist</a> traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity, and which often focused on the role and rights of the indigenous or the dichotomy of "civilization or barbarism", pioneered in Latin America by <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Esteban Echeverría">Esteban Echeverría</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was influenced by the Parisian romantics while he lived there from 1825 to 1830. Romanticism was then taken up by other prominent literary figures, for which see, the Argentine <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Sarmiento</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Facundo" title="Facundo">Facundo</a></i> (1845). Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Blest_Gana" title="Alberto Blest Gana">Alberto Blest Gana</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Rivas_(novel)" title="Martín Rivas (novel)">Martin Rivas</a> (1862), widely acknowledged as the first <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> novel, was at once a passionate love story and a <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> about revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other foundation fictions include the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Jorge Isaacs</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_(novel)" title="María (novel)">María</a></i> (1867), Ecuadorian <a href="/wiki/Juan_Le%C3%B3n_Mera" title="Juan León Mera">Juan León Mera</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cumand%C3%A1_(novel)" title="Cumandá (novel)">Cumandá</a></i> (1879), or the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Euclides_da_Cunha" title="Euclides da Cunha">Euclides da Cunha</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Sert%C3%B5es" title="Os Sertões">Os Sertões</a></i> (1902). Such works are still the bedrocks of national canons, and usually mandatory elements of high school curricula. </p><p>Other important works of 19th century Latin American literature include regional classics, such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(writer)" title="José Hernández (writer)">José Hernández</a>'s epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fierro" title="Martín Fierro">Martín Fierro</a></i> (1872). The story of a poor <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gaucho</a> drafted to fight a frontier war against Indians, <i>Martín Fierro</i> is an example of the "gauchesque", an Argentine genre of poetry centered around the lives of gauchos.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The literary movements of the 19th century in Latin America range from Neoclassicism at the beginning of the century to Romanticism in the middle of the century, to Realism and Naturalism in the final third of the century, and finally to the invention of Modernismo, a distinctly Latin American literary movement, at the end of the 19th century. The next sections discuss prominent trends in these movements more thoroughly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanticism,_Realism,_Naturalism,_and_Emerging_Literary_Trends"><span id="Romanticism.2C_Realism.2C_Naturalism.2C_and_Emerging_Literary_Trends"></span>Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, and Emerging Literary Trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, and Emerging Literary Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Latin American wars of Independence</a> that occurred in the early 19th century in Latin America led to literary themes of identity, resistance, and human rights. Writers often followed and innovated popular literary movements (such as Romanticism, Realism, and Naturalism), but many were also exploring ideas such as nationalism and independence. Cultural independence spread across Latin America during this time, and writers depicted Latin American themes and locations in their works.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While literature that questioned the colonial order may have emerged initially during the 17th century in Latin America, it rose in popularity in the form of resistance against Spain, the United States, and other imperialist nations in the 19th century. Latin American writers sought a Latin American identity, and this would later be closely tied with the <i>Modernismo</i> literary movement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Male authors mainly dominated colonial literature, with the exception of literary greats such as <a href="/wiki/Sor_Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz">Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz</a>, but a shift began in the 19th century that allowed for more female authors to emerge. An increase in women's education and writing brought some women writers to the forefront, including the Cuban Romantic author <a href="/wiki/Gertrudis_G%C3%B3mez_de_Avellaneda" title="Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda">Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda</a> with the novel <i>Sab</i> (1841), a romantic novel offering subtle critique of slavery and the treatment of women in Cuba, the Peruvian Naturalist author <a href="/wiki/Clorinda_Matto_de_Turner" title="Clorinda Matto de Turner">Clorinda Matto de Turner</a> who wrote what is considered one of the most important novels of "indigenismo" in the 19th century: <i>Aves sin nido</i> (1889), and the Argentinian Romantic writer <a href="/wiki/Juana_Manuela_Gorriti" title="Juana Manuela Gorriti">Juana Manuela Gorriti</a> (1818–1892), who penned a variety of novels and short stories, such as <i>La hija del mashorquero</i> (1860) and directed a literary circle in Peru. A Naturalist trail-blazer, Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Cabello_de_Carbonera" title="Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera">Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera</a> penned <i>Blanca Sol</i> (1888) to critique women's lack of practical work options in her society. Women writers of the 19th century often wrote about the inequalities in Latin America that were vestiges of colonialism such as the marginalization and oppression of Indigenous peoples, slaves, and women.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many works by women in this period challenged Latin American patriarchal societies. These prominent women writers discussed the hypocrisy of the dominant class and institutions that existed in their nascent nations and criticized the corruption of the government. Some prime examples of such works include Clorinda Matto de Turner's <i>Indole</i>, <i>Herencia</i>, and <i>El Conspirador: autobiografia de un hombre publico</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrango-Ramos_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrango-Ramos-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernismo,_the_Vanguards,_and_Boom_precursors"><span id="Modernismo.2C_the_Vanguards.2C_and_Boom_precursors"></span>Modernismo, the Vanguards, and Boom precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modernismo, the Vanguards, and Boom precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, <i><a href="/wiki/Modernismo" title="Modernismo">modernismo</a></i> emerged, a poetic movement whose founding text was the Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a>'s <i>Azul</i> (1888). This was the first <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_poetry" title="Latin American poetry">Latin American poetry</a> movement to influence literary culture outside of the region, and was also the first truly Latin American literature, in that national differences were no longer as much of an issue and authors sought to establish Latin American connections. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a>, for instance, though a Cuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the United States and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere. In 1900 the Uruguayan <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Enrique_Rod%C3%B3" title="José Enrique Rodó">José Enrique Rodó</a> wrote what became read as a manifesto for the region's cultural awakening, <i>Ariel</i>. <a href="/wiki/Delmira_Agustini" title="Delmira Agustini">Delmira Agustini</a>, one of the female figures of modernismo, wrote poetry that both utilized typical modernist images (such as swans) and adapted them with feminist messages and erotic themes, as critic Sylvia Molloy describes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though modernismo itself is often seen as aestheticist and anti-political, some poets and essayists, Martí among them but also the Peruvians <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">Manuel González Prada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a>, introduced compelling critiques of the contemporary social order and particularly the plight of Latin America's indigenous peoples. In this way, the early twentieth century also saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">indigenismo</a>, a trend previously popularized by <a href="/wiki/Clorinda_Matto_de_Turner" title="Clorinda Matto de Turner">Clorinda Matto de Turner</a>, that was dedicated to representing indigenous culture and the injustices that such communities were undergoing, as for instance with the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arguedas" title="José María Arguedas">José María Arguedas</a> and the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Castellanos" title="Rosario Castellanos">Rosario Castellanos</a>. </p><p>Resistance against colonialism, a trend that emerged earlier in the 19th century, was also extremely important in modernismo. This resistance literature was promoted by prominent modernists including the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a> (1853–1895) and <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a> (1867–1916). Martí warned readers about the imperialistic tendencies of the United States and described how Latin America should avoid allowing the United States to intervene in their affairs. A prime example of this sort of message is found in Martí's <i>Our America</i>, published in 1892. Darío also worked to highlight the threat of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>, which can be seen in his poem <i>To Roosevelt</i>, as well as his other works <i>Cake-Walk: El Baile de Moda</i>. Many of his works were published in <i>La Revista Moderna de Mexico</i>, a modernist magazine of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrango-Ramos_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrango-Ramos-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Argentine <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> invented what was almost a new genre, the philosophical short story, and would go on to become one of the most influential of all Latin American writers. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Arlt" title="Roberto Arlt">Roberto Arlt</a> offered a very different style, closer to mass culture and popular literature, reflecting the urbanization and European immigration that was shaping the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a>. Both writers were the most important emergents in an important controversy in Argentinian literature between the so-called <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Florida" class="extiw" title="es:Grupo Florida">Florida Group</a> of Borges and other writers and artists that used to meet at the <a href="/wiki/Confiter%C3%ADa_Richmond" title="Confitería Richmond">Richmond Cafe</a> in the centrical Florida street of Buenos Aires city vs. the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Boedo" class="extiw" title="es:Grupo Boedo">Boedo Group</a> of Roberto Arlt that used to meet at the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_El_Japon%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="es:Café El Japonés">Japanese Cafe</a> in the most periferical Boedo borough of the same city. </p><p>The Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos" title="Rómulo Gallegos">Rómulo Gallegos</a> wrote in 1929 what came to be one of the best known Latin American novels in the twentieth century, <i><a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Barbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Doña Barbara">Doña Barbara</a></i>. <i>Doña Barbara</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realist novel</a> describing the conflict between civilization and barbarism in the plainlands of South America, and is a masterpiece of <a href="/wiki/Criollismo" title="Criollismo">criollismo</a>. The novel became an immediate hit, being translated into over forty languages. </p><p>Notable figures in Brazil at this time include the exceptional novelist and short story writer <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Maria_Machado_de_Assis" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>, whose both ironic view and deep psychological analysis introduced a universal scope in Brazilian prose, the modernist poets <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Andrade" title="Mário de Andrade">Mário de Andrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_de_Andrade" title="Oswald de Andrade">Oswald de Andrade</a> (whose "<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Manifesto Antropófago</a>" praised Brazilian powers of <a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">transculturation</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade" title="Carlos Drummond de Andrade">Carlos Drummond de Andrade</a>. </p><p>In the 1920s Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/Stridentism" title="Stridentism">Stridentism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Contempor%C3%A1neos" title="Los Contemporáneos">los Contemporáneos</a> represented the influx of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movements, while the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> inspired novels such as <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Azuela" title="Mariano Azuela">Mariano Azuela</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Underdogs_(novel)" title="The Underdogs (novel)">Los de abajo</a></i>, a committed work of social realism and the revolution and its aftermath would continue to be a point of reference for <a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexican literature</a> for many decades. In the 1930s many artists treated to used a new style to express emotions through the written word, however it is essential to name the Venezuelan writer <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri" title="Arturo Uslar Pietri">Arturo Uslar Pietri</a> as the greatest exponent, who is considered the undisputed father of this literary avant-garde who gives life to <i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Realism">Magical Realism</a></i> with his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Las_lanzas_coloradas" title="Las lanzas coloradas">Las lanzas coloradas</a></i> published in 1931, since it mentions it in search of a name that would explain and reflect the needs that were lived at the time. The writer who would continue In the 1940s, the Cuban novelist and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Lo_real_maravilloso" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo real maravilloso">lo real maravilloso</a>" and, along with the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rulfo" title="Juan Rulfo">Juan Rulfo</a> and the Guatemalan <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a>, would prove a precursor of the Boom of Latin American literature its signature style of "magic realism". Years later in 1967 with his novel <i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude" title="One Hundred Years of Solitude">One Hundred Years of Solitude</a></i> the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>, shall win of the <a href="/wiki/Romulo_Gallegos_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulo Gallegos Prize">Romulo Gallegos Prize</a> for Literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_after_Modernismo">Poetry after Modernismo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poetry after Modernismo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_Reyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alfonso_Reyes.jpg/180px-Alfonso_Reyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alfonso_Reyes.jpg/270px-Alfonso_Reyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Alfonso_Reyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes" title="Alfonso Reyes">Alfonso Reyes</a> writer of influential pieces of Mexican <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a vibrant tradition of <a href="/wiki/Prose_poetry" title="Prose poetry">prose poetry</a> in 20th century Latin America; the <a href="/wiki/Prose_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Prose poem">prose poem</a> becomes a prevalent format for lyrical philosophical inquiry and sensual sentiments of the region's poets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masters of the prose poem include <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> ("Everything and Nothing"), <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> (<i>Passions and Impressions)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (<i>Aguila o Sol?/</i>Eagle or Sun?), <a href="/wiki/Alejandra_Pizarnik" title="Alejandra Pizarnik">Alejandra Pizarnik</a> ("Sex/Night"), <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Dreams_(poetry_collection)" title="Empire of Dreams (poetry collection)">Empire of Dreams</a>) and Rafael Cadenas (Memorial).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaders of the vanguard whose poetry express love, romance, and a commitment to left leaning regional politics are <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Vallejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesar Vallejo">Cesar Vallejo</a> (Peru) and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> (Chile).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following their lead are <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cardenal" title="Ernesto Cardenal">Ernesto Cardenal</a> (Nicaragua), <a href="/wiki/Roque_Dalton" title="Roque Dalton">Roque Dalton</a> (El Salvador), <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Nicolás Guillén">Nicolás Guillén</a> (Cuba), <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Rojas" title="Gonzalo Rojas">Gonzalo Rojas</a> (Chile) and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Benedetti" title="Mario Benedetti">Mario Benedetti</a> (Uruguay), and Peruvians <a href="/wiki/Blanca_Varela" title="Blanca Varela">Blanca Varela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eduardo_Eielson" title="Jorge Eduardo Eielson">Jorge Eduardo Eielson</a> or <a href="/wiki/Javier_Sologuren" title="Javier Sologuren">Javier Sologuren</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Modernismo" title="Modernismo">Modernismo</a> several lesser known, short-lived poetry movements emerged in Latin America. In Chile, <a href="/wiki/Braulio_Arenas" title="Braulio Arenas">Braulio Arenas</a> and others founded in 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Mandr%C3%A1gora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandrágora">Mandrágora</a> group, strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> as well as by <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Huidobro" title="Vicente Huidobro">Vicente Huidobro</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Creacionismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Creacionismo">Creacionismo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Peru, <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Moro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesar Moro">Cesar Moro</a> and Emilio Adolfo Westphalen developed <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> in the Andes region.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Boom">The Boom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Boom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a></div> <p>After World War II, Latin America enjoyed increasing economic prosperity, and a new-found confidence also gave rise to a <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">literary boom</a>. From 1960 to 1967, some of the major seminal works of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">boom</a> were published and before long became widely noticed, admired, and commented on beyond Latin America itself. Many of these novels and collections of short stories were somewhat rebellious from the general point of view of Latin America culture. Authors crossed traditional boundaries, experimented with language, and often mixed different styles of writing in their works. </p><p>Structures of literary works were also changing. Boom writers ventured outside traditional narrative structures, embracing non-linearity and experimental narration. The figure of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, though not a Boom author per se, was extremely influential for the Boom generation. Latin American authors were inspired by North American and European authors such as <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, by the legendary Spanish poet and dramatist <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a> as well as by each other's works; many of the authors knew one another, which led to a mutual crossbreeding of styles. </p><p>The Boom launched Latin American literature onto the world stage. It was distinguished by daring and experimental novels such as <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" title="Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hopscotch_(Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)">Rayuela</a></i> (1963), that were frequently published in Spanish and quickly translated into English. From 1966 to 1968, <a href="/wiki/Emir_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Monegal" title="Emir Rodríguez Monegal">Emir Rodríguez Monegal</a> published his influential Latin American literature monthly <i><a href="/wiki/Mundo_Nuevo" title="Mundo Nuevo">Mundo Nuevo</a></i>, with excerpts of unreleased novels from then-new writers such as <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Cabrera_Infante" title="Guillermo Cabrera Infante">Guillermo Cabrera Infante</a> or <a href="/wiki/Severo_Sarduy" title="Severo Sarduy">Severo Sarduy</a>, including two chapters of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude" title="One Hundred Years of Solitude">Cien años de soledad</a></i> in 1966. In 1967, the published book was one of the Boom's defining novels, which led to the association of Latin American literature with <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magic realism</a>, though other important writers of the period such as <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> do not fit so easily within this framework. In the same year, 1967. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a> was awarded the Nobel prize for literature, making his magical realist, metaphor-heavy, folkloristic and sometimes politically charged novels widely known in Europe and North America. Perhaps, the Boom's culmination arrived in <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos">Augusto Roa Bastos</a>'s monumental <i><a href="/wiki/Yo,_el_supremo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yo, el supremo">Yo, el supremo</a></i> (1974). Other important novelists of the period include the Chilean <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Donoso" title="José Donoso">José Donoso</a>, the Guatemalan <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Monterroso" title="Augusto Monterroso">Augusto Monterroso</a> and the Cuban <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Cabrera_Infante" title="Guillermo Cabrera Infante">Guillermo Cabrera Infante</a>. </p><p>Though the literary boom occurred while Latin America was having commercial success, the works of this period tended to move away from the positives of the modernization that was underway. Boom works often tended not to focus on social and local issues, but rather on universal and at times metaphysical themes. </p><p>Political turmoil in Latin American countries such as <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> at this time influenced the literary boom as well. Some works anticipated an end to the prosperity that was occurring, and even predicted old problems would resurface in the near future. Their works foreshadowed the events to come in the future of Latin America, with the 1970s and 1980s dictatorships, economic turmoil, and <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty Wars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Boom_and_Macondo">Post-Boom and Macondo <span class="anchor" id="Post-Boom_and_Contemporary_Literature"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-Boom and Macondo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg/180px-Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg/270px-Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg/360px-Roberto_bola%C3%B1o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a> is considered to have had the greatest United States impact of any post-Boom author</figcaption></figure> <p>Post-Boom literature is sometimes characterized by a tendency towards irony and humor, as the narrative of <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bryce_Echenique" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo Bryce Echenique">Alfredo Bryce Echenique</a>, and towards the use of popular genres, as in the work of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Puig" title="Manuel Puig">Manuel Puig</a>. Some writers felt the success of the Boom to be a burden, and spiritedly denounced the caricature that reduces Latin American literature to magical realism. Hence the Chilean <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fuguet" title="Alberto Fuguet">Alberto Fuguet</a> coined <a href="/wiki/McOndo" title="McOndo">McOndo</a> as an antidote to the Macondo-ism that demanded of aspiring writers that they set their tales in steamy tropical jungles in which the fantastic and the real happily coexisted. In a mock diary by <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">post-modernist</a> <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> the Narrator of the Latin American Boom is shot by a Macy's make-up artist who accuses the Boom of capitalizing on her solitude.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other writers, however, have traded on the Boom's success: see for instance <a href="/wiki/Laura_Esquivel" title="Laura Esquivel">Laura Esquivel</a>'s pastiche of magical realism in <i>Como agua para chocolate</i>. </p><p>The Spanish language author who has had most impact in United States has been <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from the best-selling <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a> to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Diamela_Eltit" title="Diamela Eltit">Diamela Eltit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Valenzuela" title="Luisa Valenzuela">Luisa Valenzuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Aguinis" title="Marcos Aguinis">Marcos Aguinis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Piglia" title="Ricardo Piglia">Ricardo Piglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ampuero" title="Roberto Ampuero">Roberto Ampuero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Marchant_Lazcano" title="Jorge Marchant Lazcano">Jorge Marchant Lazcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Y%C3%A1nez_Coss%C3%ADo" title="Alicia Yánez Cossío">Alicia Yánez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Bayly" title="Jaime Bayly">Jaime Bayly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Cueto" title="Alonso Cueto">Alonso Cueto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Paz_Sold%C3%A1n" title="Edmundo Paz Soldán">Edmundo Paz Soldán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioconda_Belli" title="Gioconda Belli">Gioconda Belli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Franco_(writer)" title="Jorge Franco (writer)">Jorge Franco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Daniel Alarcón">Daniel Alarcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Montoya" title="Víctor Montoya">Víctor Montoya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mario_Mendoza_Zambrano" title="Mario Mendoza Zambrano">Mario Mendoza Zambrano</a>. Other important figures include the Argentine <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Aira" title="César Aira">César Aira</a>, the Peruvian-Mexican Mario Bellatin or the Colombian <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Vallejo" title="Fernando Vallejo">Fernando Vallejo</a>, whose <i>La virgen de los sicarios</i> depicted the violence in Medellín under the influence of the drug trade. Emerging voices include Fernando Ampuero, Miguel Gutierrez, Edgardo Rivera Martinez, Jaime Marchán and Manfredo Kempff. </p><p>There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of <a href="/wiki/Testimony#Testimony_in_literature" title="Testimony">testimonio</a>, texts produced in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">subaltern</a> subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>. </p><p>Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Monsiv%C3%A1is" title="Carlos Monsiváis">Carlos Monsiváis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lemebel" title="Pedro Lemebel">Pedro Lemebel</a>, who draw also on the long-standing tradition of essayistic production as well as the precedents of engaged and creative non-fiction represented by the Uruguayan <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano" title="Eduardo Galeano">Eduardo Galeano</a> and the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska" title="Elena Poniatowska">Elena Poniatowska</a>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_20th_century_writers">Prominent 20th century writers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prominent 20th century writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_writers" title="List of Latin American writers">List of Latin American writers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paz0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paz0.jpg/180px-Paz0.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Paz0.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> helped to define modern poetry and the Mexican personality.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to literary critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, the most eminent Latin American author of any century is the Argentine <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>. In his controversial 1994 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Canon:_The_Books_and_School_of_the_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages">The Western Canon</a></i>, Bloom says: "Of all Latin American authors in this century, he is the most universal... If you read Borges frequently and closely, you become something of a Borgesian, because to read him is to activate an awareness of literature in which he has gone farther than anybody else."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the novelists, perhaps the most prominent author to emerge from Latin America in the 20th century is <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>. His book <i><a href="/wiki/Cien_A%C3%B1os_de_Soledad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cien Años de Soledad">Cien Años de Soledad</a></i> (1967), is one of the most important works in world literature of the 20th century. Borges opined that it was "the Don Quixote of Latin America."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the greatest poets of the 20th century is <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a>; according to Gabriel García Márquez, Neruda "is the greatest poet of the 20th century, in any language."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexican writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> is unique among Latin American writers in having won the Nobel Prize, the Neustadt Prize, and the Cervantes Prize. Paz has also been a recipient of the Jerusalem Prize, as well as an honorary doctorate from Harvard. </p><p>The most important literary prize of the Spanish language is widely considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Cervantes_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervantes Prize">Cervantes Prize</a> of Spain. Latin American authors who have won this prestigious award include: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Pacheco" title="José Emilio Pacheco">José Emilio Pacheco</a> (Mexico), <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gelman" title="Juan Gelman">Juan Gelman</a> (Argentina), <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Parra" title="Nicanor Parra">Nicanor Parra</a> (Chile), <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Pitol" title="Sergio Pitol">Sergio Pitol</a> (Mexico), <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Rojas" title="Gonzalo Rojas">Gonzalo Rojas</a> (Chile), <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Mutis" title="Álvaro Mutis">Álvaro Mutis</a> (Colombia), <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Edwards" title="Jorge Edwards">Jorge Edwards</a> (Chile), <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Cabrera_Infante" title="Guillermo Cabrera Infante">Guillermo Cabrera Infante</a> (Cuba), <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (Perú), <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Mar%C3%ADa_Loynaz" title="Dulce María Loynaz">Dulce María Loynaz</a> (Cuba), <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Bioy_Casares" title="Adolfo Bioy Casares">Adolfo Bioy Casares</a> (Argentina), <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos">Augusto Roa Bastos</a> (Paraguay), <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> (Mexico), <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Sabato" title="Ernesto Sabato">Ernesto Sabato</a> (Argentina), <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (Mexico), <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Onetti" title="Juan Carlos Onetti">Juan Carlos Onetti</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> (Argentina), <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> (Cuba) and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Cadenas" title="Rafael Cadenas">Rafael Cadenas</a> (Venezuela). </p><p>The Latin American authors who have won the most prestigious literary award in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a>, are: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a> (Chile, 1945), <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a> (Guatemala, 1967), <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> (Chile, 1971), <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> (Colombia, 1982), <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (Mexico, 1990), and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (Peru, 2010). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg/180px-Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Peruvian poet <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo" title="César Vallejo">César Vallejo</a>, considered by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a> "the greatest universal poet since Dante"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature" title="Neustadt International Prize for Literature">Neustadt International Prize for Literature</a>, perhaps the most important international literary award after the Nobel Prize, counts several Latin American authors among its recipients; they include: Claribel Alegría (Nicaragua), Álvaro Mutis (Colombia), João Cabral de Melo Neto (Brazil), Octavio Paz (Mexico), and Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia). Candidates for the prize include: <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri" title="Arturo Uslar Pietri">Arturo Uslar Pietri</a> (Venezuela), Ricardo Piglia (Argentina), Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru), Marjorie Agosin (Chile), Eduardo Galeano (Uruguay), Homero Aridjis (Mexico), Luis Fernando Verissimo (Brazil), Augusto Monterroso (Guatemala), Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua), Carlos Fuentes (Mexico), Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), Jorge Amado (Brazil), Ernesto Sábato (Argentina), Carlos Drummond de Andrade (Brazil), and Pablo Neruda (Chile). </p><p>Another important international literary award is the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a>; its recipients include: <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Aguinis" title="Marcos Aguinis">Marcos Aguinis</a> (Argentina), Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru), Ernesto Sabato (Argentina), Octavio Paz (Mexico), and Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina). </p><p>Latin American authors who figured in prominent literary critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>'s <i>The Western Canon</i> list of the most enduring works of world literature include: <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Dário</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, Alejo Carpentier, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Severo Sarduy, Reinaldo Arenas, Pablo Neruda, Octavio Paz, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo" title="César Vallejo">César Vallejo</a>, Miguel Ángel Asturias, José Lezama Lima, José Donoso, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" title="Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a>, Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa, Carlos Fuentes, and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade" title="Carlos Drummond de Andrade">Carlos Drummond de Andrade</a>. </p><p>Brazilian authors who have won the <a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%B5es_Prize" title="Camões Prize">Camões Prize</a>, the most prestigious literary award in the Portuguese language, include: João Cabral de Melo Neto, Rachel de Queiroz, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a>, Antonio Candido, Autran Dourado, Rubem Fonseca, Lygia Fagundes Telles, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, and Ferreira Gullar. Some notable authors who have won Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Machado_de_Assis" title="Prêmio Machado de Assis">Prêmio Machado de Assis</a> include: Rachel de Queiroz, Cecília Meireles, João Guimarães Rosa, Érico Veríssimo, Lúcio Cardoso, and Ferreira Gullar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_21st-century_writers">Prominent 21st-century writers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prominent 21st-century writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_writers" title="List of Latin American writers">List of Latin American writers</a></div> <p>Latin American literature produced since 2000 spans a wide realm of schools and styles. In the 20th century, Latin American literary studies was primarily centered around what came before, during, and after The Boom.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholarly optic has since widened to regularly examine Latin American literature within fields such as the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">postcolonial literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">postmodern literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">electronic literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hysterical_realism" title="Hysterical realism">hysterical realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a>, Latin American pop culture, <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>, among other fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent 21st-century authors whose works are widely available, taught, and translated into many languages include <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Volpi" title="Jorge Volpi">Jorge Volpi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska" title="Elena Poniatowska">Elena Poniatowska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Alvarez" title="Julia Alvarez">Julia Alvarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamela_Eltit" title="Diamela Eltit">Diamela Eltit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Piglia" title="Ricardo Piglia">Ricardo Piglia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_American_Nobel_Prize_Laureates_in_Literature">Latin American Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Latin American Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a>, Mexico (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology:_Late_19th_century-present_day">Chronology: Late 19th century-present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chronology: Late 19th century-present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><b>1888</b> <i>Azul</i> <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo" title="Rubén Darío">Rubén Darío</a> (Nicaragua)</li> <li><b>1889</b> <i>Aves sin nido</i> <a href="/wiki/Clorinda_Matto_de_Turner" title="Clorinda Matto de Turner">Clorinda Matto de Turner</a> (Peru)</li> <li><b>1899</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Dom_Casmurro" title="Dom Casmurro">Dom Casmurro</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Maria_Machado_de_Assis" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis">Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1900</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(essay)" title="Ariel (essay)">Ariel</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Enrique_Rod%C3%B3" title="José Enrique Rodó">José Enrique Rodó</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><b>1900</b> <i>El Moto</i> <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Garcia_Monge" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquin Garcia Monge">Joaquin Garcia Monge</a> (Costa Rica)</li> <li><b>1902</b> <i>Los maitines de la noche</i> <a href="/wiki/Julio_Herrera_y_Reissig" title="Julio Herrera y Reissig">Julio Herrera y Reissig</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><b>1902</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Sert%C3%B5es" title="Os Sertões">Os Sertões</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Euclides_da_Cunha" title="Euclides da Cunha">Euclides da Cunha</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1903</b> <i>Horas lejanas</i> <a href="/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Herrera" title="Darío Herrera">Darío Herrera</a> (Panama)</li> <li><b>1915</b> <i>El hombre de oro</i> <a href="/wiki/Rufino_Blanco-Fombona" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufino Blanco-Fombona">Rufino Blanco-Fombona</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><b>1915</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Underdogs_(novel)" title="The Underdogs (novel)">Los de abajo</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Azuela" title="Mariano Azuela">Mariano Azuela</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1917</b> <i>Los sueños son vida</i> <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Jaimes_Freyre" title="Ricardo Jaimes Freyre">Ricardo Jaimes Freyre</a> (Bolivia)</li> <li><b>1919</b> <i>Irremediablemente</i> <a href="/wiki/Alfonsina_Storni" title="Alfonsina Storni">Alfonsina Storni</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1919</b> <i>Los frutos ácidos</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Cat%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfonso Hernández Catá (page does not exist)">Alfonso Hernández Catá</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1919</b> <i>Raza de bronce</i> <a href="/wiki/Alcides_Arguedas" title="Alcides Arguedas">Alcides Arguedas</a> (Bolivia)</li> <li><b>1922</b> <i>La amada inmóvil</i> <a href="/wiki/Amado_Nervo" title="Amado Nervo">Amado Nervo</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1922</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Trilce" title="Trilce">Trilce</a></i> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo" title="César Vallejo">César Vallejo</a> (Peru)</li> <li><b>1922</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulic%C3%A9ia_desvairada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulicéia desvairada (page does not exist)">Paulicéia desvairada</a></i> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Andrade" title="Mário de Andrade">Mário de Andrade</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1922</b> <i>Desolación</i> <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a> (Chile)</li> <li><b>1922</b> <i>La señorita Etcétera</i> <a href="/wiki/Arqueles_Vela" title="Arqueles Vela">Arqueles Vela</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1924</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vortex_(novel)" title="The Vortex (novel)">La vorágine</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eustasio_Rivera" title="José Eustasio Rivera">José Eustasio Rivera</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><b>1926</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Segundo_Sombra" title="Don Segundo Sombra">Don Segundo Sombra</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%BCiraldes" title="Ricardo Güiraldes">Ricardo Güiraldes</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1926</b> <i>La canción de una vida</i> <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Fiallo" title="Fabio Fiallo">Fabio Fiallo</a> (Dominican Republic)</li> <li><b>1928</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Macuna%C3%ADma_(novel)" title="Macunaíma (novel)">Macunaíma</a></i> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Andrade" title="Mário de Andrade">Mário de Andrade</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1928</b> <i>Poemas en menguante</i> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Brull" title="Mariano Brull">Mariano Brull</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1929</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_B%C3%A1rbara" title="Doña Bárbara">Doña Bárbara</a></i> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos" title="Rómulo Gallegos">Rómulo Gallegos</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><b>1929</b> <i>Los siete locos</i> <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Arlt" title="Roberto Arlt">Roberto Arlt</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1929</b> <i>Onda</i> <a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Sin%C3%A1n" title="Rogelio Sinán">Rogelio Sinán</a> (Panama)</li> <li><b>1930</b> <i>O Quinze</i> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_de_Queiroz" title="Rachel de Queiroz">Rachel de Queiroz</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1931</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Altazor" title="Altazor">Altazor</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Huidobro" title="Vicente Huidobro">Vicente Huidobro</a> (Chile)</li> <li><b>1931</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Las_lanzas_coloradas" title="Las lanzas coloradas">Las lanzas coloradas</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri" title="Arturo Uslar Pietri">Arturo Uslar Pietri</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><b>1931</b> <i>Sóngoro Cosongo</i> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Nicolás Guillén">Nicolás Guillén</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1934</b> <i>Huasipungo</i> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Icaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Icaza">Jorge Icaza</a> (Ecuador)</li> <li><b>1936</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%BAstia" title="Angústia">Angústia</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Graciliano_Ramos" title="Graciliano Ramos">Graciliano Ramos</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1937</b> <i>Doble acento</i> <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Florit" title="Eugenio Florit">Eugenio Florit</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1938</b> <i>Olhai os Lírios do Campo</i> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rico_Ver%C3%ADssimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Érico Veríssimo">Érico Veríssimo</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1939</b> <i><a href="/wiki/El_pozo_(novel)" title="El pozo (novel)">El pozo</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Onetti" title="Juan Carlos Onetti">Juan Carlos Onetti</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><b>1940</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_Morel" title="The Invention of Morel">La invención de Morel</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Bioy_Casares" title="Adolfo Bioy Casares">Adolfo Bioy Casares</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1940</b> <i>Mamita Yunai</i> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Luis_Fallas" title="Carlos Luis Fallas">Carlos Luis Fallas</a> (Costa Rica)</li> <li><b>1941</b> <i>El mundo es ancho y ajeno</i> <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Ciro Alegría">Ciro Alegría</a> (Peru)</li> <li><b>1943</b> <i>Todo verdor perecerá</i> <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mallea" title="Eduardo Mallea">Eduardo Mallea</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1943</b> <i>Vestido de Noiva</i> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rodrigues" title="Nelson Rodrigues">Nelson Rodrigues</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1944</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Ficciones" title="Ficciones">Ficciones</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1945</b> <i>A rosa do povo</i> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade" title="Carlos Drummond de Andrade">Carlos Drummond de Andrade</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1946</b> <i><a href="/wiki/El_se%C3%B1or_presidente" class="mw-redirect" title="El señor presidente">El señor presidente</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a> (Guatemala)</li> <li><b>1947</b> <i>Al filo del agua</i> <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Agustín Yáñez">Agustín Yáñez</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1948</b> <i><a href="/wiki/El_t%C3%BAnel" class="mw-redirect" title="El túnel">El túnel</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Sabato" title="Ernesto Sabato">Ernesto Sabato</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1948</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Adam_Buenosayres" title="Adam Buenosayres">Adán Buenosayres</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Marechal" title="Leopoldo Marechal">Leopoldo Marechal</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1949</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Men_of_Maize" title="Men of Maize">Hombres de maíz</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a> (Guatemala)</li> <li><b>1949</b> <i><a href="/wiki/O_tempo_e_o_vento" class="mw-redirect" title="O tempo e o vento">O tempo e o vento</a></i> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rico_Ver%C3%ADssimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Érico Veríssimo">Érico Veríssimo</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1949</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Aleph_(short_story_collection)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Aleph (short story collection)">El Aleph</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1949</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_This_World" title="The Kingdom of This World">El reino de este mundo</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1950</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canto_general&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canto general (page does not exist)">Canto general</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> (Chile)</li> <li><b>1950</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Labyrinth_of_Solitude" title="The Labyrinth of Solitude">El laberinto de la soledad</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1950</b> <i><a href="/wiki/La_vida_breve_(novel)" title="La vida breve (novel)">La vida breve</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Onetti" title="Juan Carlos Onetti">Juan Carlos Onetti</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><b>1950</b> <i>Prisión verde</i> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Amaya_Amador" title="Ramón Amaya Amador">Ramón Amaya Amador</a> (Honduras)</li> <li><b>1951</b> <i>La mano junto al muro</i> <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Meneses" title="Guillermo Meneses">Guillermo Meneses</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><b>1952</b> <i>Confabulario</i> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Arreola" title="Juan José Arreola">Juan José Arreola</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1952</b> <i>La carne de René</i> <a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Virgilio Piñera">Virgilio Piñera</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1953</b> <i>Los pasos perdidos</i> <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1955</b> <i>El negrero</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lino_Nov%C3%A1s_Calvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lino Novás Calvo (page does not exist)">Lino Novás Calvo</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1955</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Morte_e_Vida_Severina" title="Morte e Vida Severina">Morte e Vida Severina</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral_de_Melo_Neto" title="João Cabral de Melo Neto">João Cabral de Melo Neto</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1955</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Pedro Páramo">Pedro Páramo</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rulfo" title="Juan Rulfo">Juan Rulfo</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1956</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_to_Pay_in_the_Backlands" title="The Devil to Pay in the Backlands">Grande Sertão: Veredas</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Guimar%C3%A3es_Rosa" title="João Guimarães Rosa">João Guimarães Rosa</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1956</b> <i>La hora 0</i> <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cardenal" title="Ernesto Cardenal">Ernesto Cardenal</a> (Nicaragua)</li> <li><b>1958</b> <i>Gabriela, cravo e canela</i> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1958</b> <i>Los ríos profundos</i> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arguedas" title="José María Arguedas">José María Arguedas</a> (Peru)</li> <li><b>1959</b> <i>A Morte e a Morte de Quincas Berro d'Água</i> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1960</b> <i>Hijo de hombre</i> <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos">Augusto Roa Bastos</a> (Paraguay)</li> <li><b>1960</b> <i>La tregua</i> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Benedetti" title="Mario Benedetti">Mario Benedetti</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><b>1962</b> <i>Sobre héroes y tumbas</i> <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Sabato" title="Ernesto Sabato">Ernesto Sabato</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1962</b> <i>El siglo de las luces</i> <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1962</b> <i>La amortajada</i> <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa_Bombal" title="María Luisa Bombal">María Luisa Bombal</a> (Chile)</li> <li><b>1962</b> <i>La muerte de Artemio Cruz</i> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1963</b> <i>Rayuela</i> <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" title="Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1963</b> <i>La ciudad y los perros</i> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (Peru)</li> <li><b>1964</b> <i>A Paixão segundo G.H.</i> <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Lispector" title="Clarice Lispector">Clarice Lispector</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1965</b> <i>O Vampiro de Curitiba</i> <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Trevisan" title="Dalton Trevisan">Dalton Trevisan</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1965</b> <i>Marzo anterior</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Balza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Balza (page does not exist)">José Balza</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><b>1966</b> <i>Cenizas de Izalco</i> <a href="/wiki/Claribel_Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Claribel Alegría">Claribel Alegría</a> (El Salvador)</li> <li><b>1966</b> <i>La casa verde</i> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (Peru)</li> <li><b>1966</b> <i>Paradiso</i> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lezama_Lima" title="José Lezama Lima">José Lezama Lima</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1967</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Tres_tristes_tigres_(novel)" title="Tres tristes tigres (novel)">Tres tristes tigres</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Cabrera_Infante" title="Guillermo Cabrera Infante">Guillermo Cabrera Infante</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1967</b> <i>Cien años de soledad</i> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><b>1967</b> <i>Quarup</i> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Callado" title="Antônio Callado">Antônio Callado</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1968</b> <i>Fuera del juego</i> <a href="/wiki/Heberto_Padilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Heberto Padilla">Heberto Padilla</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1969</b> <i>El mundo alucinante</i> <a href="/wiki/Reinaldo_Arenas" title="Reinaldo Arenas">Reinaldo Arenas</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1970</b> <i>El obsceno pájaro de la noche</i> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Donoso" title="José Donoso">José Donoso</a> (Chile)</li> <li><b>1970</b> <i>La cruz invertida</i> <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Aguinis" title="Marcos Aguinis">Marcos Aguinis</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1971</b> <i>Sargento Getúlio</i> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ubaldo_Ribeiro" title="João Ubaldo Ribeiro">João Ubaldo Ribeiro</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1973</b> <i>As Meninas</i> <a href="/wiki/Lygia_Fagundes_Telles" title="Lygia Fagundes Telles">Lygia Fagundes Telles</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1974</b> <i>Yo, el supremo</i> <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos">Augusto Roa Bastos</a> (Paraguay)</li> <li><b>1974</b> <i>El limonero real</i> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Saer" title="Juan José Saer">Juan José Saer</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1975</b> <i>El otoño del patriarca</i> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><b>1975</b> <i>Lavoura Arcaica</i> <a href="/wiki/Raduan_Nassar" title="Raduan Nassar">Raduan Nassar</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1975</b> <i>Pobrecito poeta que era yo</i> <a href="/wiki/Roque_Dalton" title="Roque Dalton">Roque Dalton</a> (El Salvador)</li> <li><b>1975</b> <i>Poema Sujo</i> <a href="/wiki/Ferreira_Gullar" title="Ferreira Gullar">Ferreira Gullar</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1975</b> <i>Terra nostra</i> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1976</b> <i>El beso de la mujer araña</i> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Puig" title="Manuel Puig">Manuel Puig</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1976</b> <i>La guaracha del Macho Camacho</i> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Luis Rafael Sánchez">Luis Rafael Sánchez</a> (Puerto Rico)</li> <li><b>1978</b> <i>Maitreya</i> <a href="/wiki/Severo_Sarduy" title="Severo Sarduy">Severo Sarduy</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1978</b> <i>Casa de campo</i> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Donoso" title="José Donoso">José Donoso</a> (Chile)</li> <li><b>1979</b> <i>O Que É Isso, Companheiro?</i> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Gabeira" title="Fernando Gabeira">Fernando Gabeira</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1980</b> <i>Respiración artificial</i> <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Piglia" title="Ricardo Piglia">Ricardo Piglia</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1981</b> <i>La guerra del fin del mundo</i> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (Peru)</li> <li><b>1982</b> <i>La casa de los espíritus</i> <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a> (Chile)</li> <li><b>1985</b> <i>El amor en los tiempos del cólera</i> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><b>1985</b> <i>El desfile del amor</i> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Pitol" title="Sergio Pitol">Sergio Pitol</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1988</b> <i>El imperio de los sueños</i> <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> (Puerto Rico)</li> <li><b>1988</b> <i>O Alquimista</i> <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1989</b> <i>Como agua para chocolate</i> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Esquivel" title="Laura Esquivel">Laura Esquivel</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>1990</b> <i>Agosto</i> <a href="/wiki/Rubem_Fonseca" title="Rubem Fonseca">Rubem Fonseca</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>1991</b> <i>La Gesta del Marrano</i> <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Aguinis" title="Marcos Aguinis">Marcos Aguinis</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>1992</b> <i>Antes que anochezca</i> <a href="/wiki/Reinaldo_Arenas" title="Reinaldo Arenas">Reinaldo Arenas</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>1995</b> <i>Maqroll el gaviero</i> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Mutis" title="Álvaro Mutis">Álvaro Mutis</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><b>1998</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Boing!" title="Yo-Yo Boing!">Yo-Yo Boing!</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> (Puerto Rico)</li> <li><b>1998</b> <i>Los detectives salvajes</i> <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a> (Chile)</li> <li><b>1999</b> <i>La pasion segun Carmela</i> <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Aguinis" title="Marcos Aguinis">Marcos Aguinis</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><b>2000</b> <i>La fiesta del chivo</i> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (Peru)</li> <li><b>2000</b> <i>Dois irmãos</i> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Hatoum" title="Milton Hatoum">Milton Hatoum</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><b>2001</b> <i>La reina de América</i> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Majfud" title="Jorge Majfud">Jorge Majfud</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><b>2002</b> <i>Ojos, de otro mirar: poemas</i> <a href="/wiki/Homero_Aridjis" title="Homero Aridjis">Homero Aridjis</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><b>2002</b> <i>Poesía</i> <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Mar%C3%ADa_Loynaz" title="Dulce María Loynaz">Dulce María Loynaz</a> (Cuba)</li> <li><b>2004</b> <i>2666</i> <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a> (Chile)</li> <li><b>2007</b> <i>The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao</i> <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a> (Dominican Republic)</li> <li><b>2011</b> <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Banana" title="United States of Banana">United States of Banana</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> (Puerto Rico)</li> <li><b>2019</b> <i>Torto Arado</i> <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Vieira_Junior" title="Itamar Vieira Junior">Itamar Vieira Junior</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_by_nationality">Literature by nationality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature by nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latin American literature written in Spanish and Portuguese by nationality: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_literature" title="Argentine literature">Argentine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_literature" title="Bolivian literature">Bolivian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_literature" title="Chilean literature">Chilean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Colombian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_literature" title="Costa Rican literature">Costa Rican literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuban literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_literature" title="Dominican Republic literature">Dominican literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_literature" title="Ecuadorian literature">Ecuadorian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_literature" title="Guatemalan literature">Guatemalan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_literature" title="Honduran literature">Honduran literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexican literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_literature" title="Nicaraguan literature">Nicaraguan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_literature" title="Panamanian literature">Panamanian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan literature">Paraguayan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Peruvian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_literature" title="Puerto Rican literature">Puerto Rican literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_literature" title="Salvadoran literature">Salvadoran literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_literature" title="Uruguayan literature">Uruguayan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_literature" title="Venezuelan literature">Venezuelan literature</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_literature" title="Chicano literature">Chicano literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_poetry" title="Chicano poetry">Chicano poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latin_America" title="Culture of Latin America">Culture of Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictator_Novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator Novel">Dictator Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Gothic" title="Latin American Gothic">Latin American Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_literature" title="Latino literature">Latino American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_poetry" title="Latino poetry">Latino American poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyorican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-language_literature" title="Spanish-language literature">Spanish-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Central_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas § Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians#Writers" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American Canadians § Writers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latinobookreview.com/first-printing-press-in-the-americas-was-established-in-mexico.html">"First Printing Press in the Americas was Established in Mexico"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Printing+Press+in+the+Americas+was+Established+in+Mexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinobookreview.com%2Ffirst-printing-press-in-the-americas-was-established-in-mexico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+American+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inside-mexico.com/sor-juana-ines-de-la-cruz-2/2/#gsc.tab=0">"Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz"</a>. December 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sor+Juana+Ines+de+la+Cruz&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inside-mexico.com%2Fsor-juana-ines-de-la-cruz-2%2F2%2F%23gsc.tab%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+American+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer,_Doris,_1947-1991" class="citation book cs1">Sommer, Doris, 1947- (1991). <i>Foundational fictions : the national romances of Latin America</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91386-8"><bdi>978-0-520-91386-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45730526">45730526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundational+fictions+%3A+the+national+romances+of+Latin+America&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45730526&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91386-8&rft.au=Sommer%2C+Doris%2C+1947-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+American+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Slaughteryard</i> (2010), by Esteban Echeverría, Norman Thomas di Giovanni and Susan Ashe, trans by Juan María Gutiérrez (HarperCollins Publishers: London).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorfman2020" class="citation news cs1">Dorfman, Ariel (April 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/society/chile-protest-literature-coronavirus/">"Confronting the Pandemic in a Time of Revolt: Voices From Chile"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378">0027-8378</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Confronting+the+Pandemic+in+a+Time+of+Revolt%3A+Voices+From+Chile&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Dorfman&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fsociety%2Fchile-protest-literature-coronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+American+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1943" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Walter T. (1943). 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New York: Oxford University Press. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-069120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-069120-2"><bdi>978-0-19-069120-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1121419672">1121419672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Latino+Studies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1121419672&rft.isbn=978-0-19-069120-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+American+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0124.xml">"Horror in Literature and Film in Latin America"</a>. <i>obo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obo&rft.atitle=Horror+in+Literature+and+Film+in+Latin+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199766581%2Fobo-9780199766581-0124.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+American+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/postmodern-literature-1019928">"Postmodern Literature in Latin America"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Postmodern+Literature+in+Latin+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpostmodern-literature-1019928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+American+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_FSG_Book_of_Twentieth-Century_Latin_American_Poetry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The FSG Book of Twentieth-Century Latin American Poetry (page does not exist)">The FSG Book of Twentieth-Century Latin American Poetry</a>: An Anthology</i> / ed. <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Stavans" title="Ilan Stavans">Ilan Stavans</a>, 2011.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Norton_Anthology_of_Latino_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature (page does not exist)">The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature</a></i> / eds. Ilan Stavans, Edna Acosta-Belén, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Augenbraum" title="Harold Augenbraum">Harold Augenbraum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_P%C3%A9rez_Firmat" title="Gustavo Pérez Firmat">Gustavo Pérez Firmat</a>, 2010.</li> <li><i>Latin American women writers: an encyclopedia</i> / ed. María André; Eva Bueno., 2008</li> <li><i>A companion to Latin American literature and culture</i> / ed. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sara_Castro-Klar%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sara Castro-Klarén (page does not exist)">Sara Castro-Klarén</a>, 2008</li> <li><i>The Cambridge companion to the Latin American novel</i> / ed. Efraín Kristal, 2005</li> <li><i>Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean literature, 1900–2003</i> / ed. Daniel Balderston, 2004</li> <li><i>Literary cultures of Latin America : a comparative history</i> / ed. Mario J. Valdés, 2004</li> <li><i>Latin American writers at work (Interviews)</i> / ed. <a href="/wiki/George_Plimpton" title="George Plimpton">George Plimpton</a>, 2003</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatures_of_Latin_America_(anthology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatures of Latin America (anthology) (page does not exist)">Literatures of Latin America</a>: from Antiquity to the Present</i> / <a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Willis Barnstone</a>, 2003</li> <li><i>Cuerpos errantes: literatura latina y latinoamericana en Estados Unidos</i>/ Laura Rosa Loustau, 2002.</li> <li><i>Latin American writers. Supplement I</i> / ed. Carlos A Solé; Klaus Müller-Bergh., 2002</li> <li><i>Concise encyclopedia of Latin American literature</i> / ed. Verity Smith, 2000</li> <li><i>Latin American literature and its times (12 volumes)</i> / Joyce Moss, 1999</li> <li><i>Mutual impressions : writers from the Americas reading one another</i> / ed. Ilan Stavans, 1999</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_literature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/region/literature/">Literature from Latin America</a>, from LANIC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palabravirtual.com">Palabra virtual</a> Latin American Poetry.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minitextos.org">miniTEXTOS.org</a> Contemporary short-stories, poetry, essays and theatre.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latineos.com">Latineos</a> Latin America, Caribbean, arts and culture</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Literature_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_topic" title="Template:Latin America and the Caribbean topic"><abbr title="View this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Aruba (page does not exist)"><i>Aruba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Curaçao (page does not exist)"><i>Curaçao</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Puerto Rico"><i>Puerto Rico</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Sint Maarten (page does not exist)"><i>Sint Maarten</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Latin_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin America and the Caribbean"><img alt="Latin America and the Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map-Latin_America.svg/70px-Map-Latin_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map-Latin_America.svg/105px-Map-Latin_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Map-Latin_America.svg/140px-Map-Latin_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Middle_America_(Americas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Middle America (Americas) (page does not exist)">Middle America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Guiana (page does not exist)"><i>French Guiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> not included.<span class="nowrap">    </span><i>Semi-autonomous territories are in italics.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_America_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_America_topics" title="Template:Latin America topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_America_topics" title="Template talk:Latin America topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_America_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin America topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_America_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_America" title="History of Latin America">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Latin_America" title="Great Depression in Latin America">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Debt crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Latin_America" title="Catholic Church in Latin America">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history_of_Latin_America" title="Environmental history of Latin America">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries_in_Latin_America" title="History of libraries in Latin America">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_American_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Latin American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latin_America" title="Military history of Latin America">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Brujería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Foreign relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Australia–Latin America relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Canada–Latin America relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="India–Latin America relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Ireland–Latin America relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Latin_America_Conference" title="Italy–Latin America Conference">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Japan–Latin America relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_League_of_Nations" title="Latin America and the League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="South Korea–Latin America relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Latin America–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Latin_America" title="List of regions of Latin America">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_involvement_in_international_peacekeeping" title="Latin American involvement in international peacekeeping">International peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Liberalism and conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_economy" title="Latin American economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Latin America">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology_in_Latin_America" title="Agroecology in Latin America">Agroecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Central banks and currencies of the Americas">Central banks and currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_Americas" title="List of stock exchanges in the Americas">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Latin America">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Latin_America" title="Water supply and sanitation in Latin America">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_Latin_America" title="Wealth inequality in Latin America">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_violence_in_Latin_America" title="Crime and violence in Latin America">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Illegal drug trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latin_America" title="Education in Latin America">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin American studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Latin_America" title="Etiquette in Latin America">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Latin_America" title="HIV/AIDS in Latin America">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Race and ethnicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latin_America" title="Culture of Latin America">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_films" title="List of Latin American films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Latin America">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latin_America" title="Religion in Latin America">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Latin_America" title="Television in Latin America">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_broadcasting_companies_in_Latin_America" title="List of broadcasting companies in Latin America">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">Telenovela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Latin_America" title="Video games in Latin America">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Latin America">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_countries_by_population" title="List of Latin American countries by population">Countries by population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_cities_by_population" title="List of Latin American cities by population">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Latin_America" title="Ethnic groups in Latin America">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Spanish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_Americans" title="List of Latin Americans">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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