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hilum</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: hilum"> <meta name="keywords" content="hilum"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="hilum"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: hilum</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Cadaveric Study of Lung Anatomy: A Surgical Overview</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arthi%20Ganapathy">Arthi Ganapathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rati%20Tandon"> Rati Tandon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saroj%20Kaler"> Saroj Kaler</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: A thorough knowledge of variations in lung anatomy is of prime significance during surgical procedures like lobectomy, pneumonectomy, and segmentectomy of lungs. The arrangement of structures in the lung hilum act as a guide in performing such procedures. The normal pattern of arrangement of hilar structures in the right lung is eparterial bronchus, pulmonary artery, hyparterial bronchus and pulmonary veins from above downwards. In the left lung, it is pulmonary artery, principal bronchus and pulmonary vein from above downwards. The arrangement of hilar structures from anterior to posterior in both the lungs is pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, and principal bronchus. The bronchial arteries are very small and usually the posterior most structures in the hilum of lungs. Aim: The present study aims at reporting the variations in hilar anatomy (arrangement and number) of lungs. Methodology: 75 adult formalin fixed cadaveric lungs from the department of Anatomy AIIMS New Delhi were observed for variations in the lobar anatomy. Arrangement of pulmonary hilar structures was meticulously observed, and any deviation in the pattern of presentation was recorded. Results: Among the 75 adult lung specimens observed 36 specimens were of right lung and the rest of left lung. Seven right lung specimens showed only 2 lobes with an oblique fissure dividing them and one left lung showed 3 lobes. The normal pattern of arrangement of hilar structures was seen in 22 right lungs and 23 left lungs. Rest of the lung specimens (14 right and 16 left) showed a varied pattern of arrangement of hilar structures. Some of them showed alterations in the sequence of arrangement of pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, bronchus, and others in the number of these structures. Conclusion: Alterations in the pattern of arrangement of structures in the lung hilum are quite frequent. A compromise in knowledge of such variations will result in inadvertent complications like intraoperative bleeding during surgical procedures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fissures" title="fissures">fissures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hilum" title=" hilum"> hilum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lobes" title=" lobes"> lobes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulmonary" title=" pulmonary"> pulmonary</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77925/cadaveric-study-of-lung-anatomy-a-surgical-overview" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Classification of Germinatable Mung Bean by Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaewkarn%20Phuangsombat">Kaewkarn Phuangsombat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arthit%20Phuangsombat"> Arthit Phuangsombat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anupun%20Terdwongworakul"> Anupun Terdwongworakul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hard seeds will not grow and can cause mold in sprouting process. Thus, the hard seeds need to be separated from the normal seeds. Near infrared hyperspectral imaging in a range of 900 to 1700 nm was implemented to develop a model by partial least squares discriminant analysis to discriminate the hard seeds from the normal seeds. The orientation of the seeds was also studied to compare the performance of the models. The model based on hilum-up orientation achieved the best result giving the coefficient of determination of 0.98, and root mean square error of prediction of 0.07 with classification accuracy was equal to 100%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mung%20bean" title="mung bean">mung bean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=near%20infrared" title=" near infrared"> near infrared</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=germinatability" title=" germinatability"> germinatability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20seed" title=" hard seed"> hard seed</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66730/classification-of-germinatable-mung-bean-by-near-infrared-hyperspectral-imaging" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Collection and Phenotypic Characterization of Some Nigerian Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Germplasm Using Seed Morphology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abejide%20Dorcas%20Ropo">Abejide Dorcas Ropo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Falusi%20Olamide%20Ahmed"> Falusi Olamide Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daudu%20Oladipupo%20Abdulazeez%20Yusuf"> Daudu Oladipupo Abdulazeez Yusuf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Liman%20Muhammad"> Muhammad Liman Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gado%20Aishatu%20Adamu"> Gado Aishatu Adamu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bambara groundnut is an indigenous African legume with great potential to tackle the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria. A germplasm collection mission was carried out in collaboration with the Agricultural Developments Project (ADP) Extension officers of Nigeria between October and December 2014. Bambara groundnut seeds were collected from farmers in different States in Nigeria, such as Kaduna, Niger, Kogi, Benue, Plateau, Adamawa, Nasarawa, Jigawa, Enugu, and Federal Capital Territoy (FCT) Abuja. Some seeds were also collected from National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB). The seeds were phenotyped using the descriptor list of Vigna subterranea produced by the International Plant Genetic Resource Institute. A total of 45 original seed lots were collected, which comprised of mixed seeds having different seed coat colours (15) and pure seeded accessions having the same seed coat and eye colour (30). After sorting, a total of 83 accessions were derived from the 45 original seed lots collected, and a total of 24 distinct seed morphotypes with varying seed coat colours and eye colours were identified from the collections. They include cream ( cream ash eye, cream plain eye, and cream black eye), cream purplish spots, cream brown spots/stripe, cream black stripe, cream dark brown patches, cream light grey spots, cream black patches, black, red, light red, dark red, brownish red, brown speckled with black, red speckled with black, brown, brown with brown pattern below hilum, brown with black pattern below hilum, cream black, grey brown, grey black and variegated red. The highest number of accessions were collected from NACGRAB (11), followed by Niger State (10), and the lowest from Benue, Jigawa, and Adamawa States (2). Niger State also had the highest number of mixed seeds. The different seed phenotypes observed in the study are important for the field production of true-to-type lines and can be exploited for the genetic improvement of the Bambara groundnut. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bambara%20groundnut" title="Bambara groundnut">Bambara groundnut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collection" title=" collection"> collection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=germplasm" title=" germplasm"> germplasm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenotypic" title=" phenotypic"> phenotypic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151562/collection-and-phenotypic-characterization-of-some-nigerian-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-germplasm-using-seed-morphology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Electrochemotherapy of Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus as Dowstaging to Liver Transplantation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luciano%20Tarantino">Luciano Tarantino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emanuele%20Balzano"> Emanuele Balzano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Tarantino"> Paolo Tarantino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riccardo%20Aurelio%20Nasto"> Riccardo Aurelio Nasto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aurelio%20Nasto"> Aurelio Nasto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Liver transplantation (OLT) is contraindicate in Portal Vein tumor Thrombosis (PVTT) from Hepatocellular Carcinoma at hepatic hilum(pH-HCC) Surgery,Thermal ablation and chemotherapy show poorer outcomes Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been successfully used in patients with pH-HCC with PVTT. We report the results of ECT as downstaging aimed to definitive cure by OLT. F.P. 53 years HBV related Cirrhosis Child-Pugh B7 class; EGDS F2 aesophageal Varices. Diabetes. April 2016 : Enhanced Computed Tomography (CT) detected HCC(n.3 nodules in VII-VIII-VI;diameter range=25 cm) and PVTT of right portal vein. The patient was considered ineligible for OLT. May 2016: first ablation session with percutaneous Radiofrequency-ablation(RFA) of 3 HCC-nodules . August 2016: second ablation session with ECT of PVTT. CT october 2016: disappearance of PVTT and patent right portal vein. No intraparenchymal recurrence. CT march 2017: No recurrence in portal vein and in the left lobe. local recurrence in the VII-VIII segments. May 2017 : transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of right lobe recurrences. CT October 2017: patent right portal vein. No recurrence. The patient was reconsidered for OLT. He underwent OLT in April 2018. At 36-months follow-up , no intrahepatic recurrence of HCC occurred. March 2021: enhanced CT and PET/CT detected a single small nodule (1.5 cm) uptaking tracer in the left upper pulmonary lobe, no hepatic recurrence . CT-guided FNB showed metastasis from HCC . June 2021: left lung upper lobectomy . At the current time the patient is alive and recurrence-free at 64 months follow-up. ECT Could be aneffective technique as pre-OLT dowstaging in HCC with PVTT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liver%20tumor%20ablation" title="liver tumor ablation">liver tumor ablation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interventional%20ultrasound" title=" interventional ultrasound"> interventional ultrasound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemotherapy" title=" electrochemotherapy"> electrochemotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liver%20transplantation" title=" liver transplantation"> liver transplantation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172793/electrochemotherapy-of-portal-vein-tumor-thrombus-as-dowstaging-to-liver-transplantation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Liver Transplantation after Downstaging with Electrochemotherapy of Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis: A Case Report</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luciano%20Tarantino">Luciano Tarantino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emanuele%20Balzano"> Emanuele Balzano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aurelio%20Nasto"> Aurelio Nasto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> S.R. 53 years. January 2009: HCV-related cirrhosis, Child-Pugh A5 class, EGDS no aesophageal Varices. No important comorbidities. Treated with PEG-IFN+Ribavirin (march-november 2009) with subsequent sustained virologic response. HCVRNA absent overtime. October 2016 :CT detected small HCC nodule in the VIII segment (diam.=12 mm). Treated with US guided RF-ablation. November 2016 CT: complete necrosis. Unfortunately, the patient dropped out US and CT follow-up controls.September 2018: asthenia and weight loss. CT showed a large tumor infiltrating V-VII-VI segments and complete PVTT of right portal vein and its branches . Surgical Consultation excluded indication to Liver resection and OLT . 23 october 2018: ECT of a large peri-hilar area of the tumor including the PVTT. 1 and 3 months post-treatment CT showed complete necrosis and retraction of the thrombus and residual viable tumor in the peripheral portion of the right lobe . Therefor, the patient was reevaluated for OLT and considered eligible in waiting list . March 2019: CT showed no perihilar or portal vein recurrence and distant progression in the right lobe . March 2019 : Trans-arterial-Radio-therapy (TARE) of the right lobe. Post-treatment CT demonstrated no perihilar or portal vein recurrence and extensive necrosis of the residual tumor . December 2019: CT demonstrated several recurrences of HCC infiltrating the VI and VII segment . Howewer no recurrence was observed at hepatic hilum and in portal vessels . Therefore, on February 2020 the patient received OLT. At 44 months follow-up, no complication or recurrence or liver disfunction have been observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatocellular%20carcinoma" title="hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=portal%20vein%20tumor%20thrombosis" title=" portal vein tumor thrombosis"> portal vein tumor thrombosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interventional%20ultrasound" title=" interventional ultrasound"> interventional ultrasound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liver%20tumor%20ablation" title=" liver tumor ablation"> liver tumor ablation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liver%20transplantation" title=" liver transplantation"> liver transplantation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172797/liver-transplantation-after-downstaging-with-electrochemotherapy-of-large-hepatocellular-carcinoma-and-portal-vein-tumor-thrombosis-a-case-report" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> A Case Study on Utility of 18FDG-PET/CT Scan in Identifying Active Extra Lymph Nodes and Staging of Breast Cancer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Risheq">Farid Risheq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zaid%20Alrisheq"> M. Zaid Alrisheq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuaa%20Al-Sadoon"> Shuaa Al-Sadoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karim%20Al-Faqih"> Karim Al-Faqih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mays%20Abdulazeez"> Mays Abdulazeez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, and a common cause of death among women. Various conventional anatomical imaging tools are utilized for diagnosis, histological assessment and TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastases) staging of breast cancer. Biopsy of sentinel lymph node is becoming an alternative to the axillary lymph node dissection. Advances in 18-Fluoro-Deoxi-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (18FDG-PET/CT) imaging have facilitated breast cancer diagnosis utilizing biological trapping of 18FDG inside lesion cells, expressed as Standardized Uptake Value (SUVmax). Objective: To present the utility of 18FDG uptake PET/CT scans in detecting active extra lymph nodes and distant occult metastases for breast cancer staging. Subjects and Methods: Four female patients were presented with initially classified TNM stages of breast cancer based on conventional anatomical diagnostic techniques. 18FDG-PET/CT scans were performed one hour post 18FDG intra-venous injection of (300-370) MBq, and (7-8) bed/130sec. Transverse, sagittal, and coronal views; fused PET/CT and MIP modality were reconstructed for each patient. Results: A total of twenty four lesions in breast, extended lesions to lung, liver, bone and active extra lymph nodes were detected among patients. The initial TNM stage was significantly changed post 18FDG-PET/CT scan for each patient, as follows: Patient-1: Initial TNM-stage: T1N1M0-(stage I). Finding: Two lesions in right breast (3.2cm2, SUVmax=10.2), (1.8cm2, SUVmax=6.7), associated with metastases to two right axillary lymph nodes. Final TNM-stage: T1N2M0-(stage II). Patient-2: Initial TNM-stage: T2N2M0-(stage III). Finding: Right breast lesion (6.1cm2, SUVmax=15.2), associated with metastases to right internal mammary lymph node, two right axillary lymph nodes, and sclerotic lesions in right scapula. Final TNM-stage: T2N3M1-(stage IV). Patient-3: Initial TNM-stage: T2N0M1-(stage III). Finding: Left breast lesion (11.1cm2, SUVmax=18.8), associated with metastases to two lymph nodes in left hilum, and three lesions in both lungs. Final TNM-stage: T2N2M1-(stage IV). Patient-4: Initial TNM-stage: T4N1M1-(stage III). Finding: Four lesions in upper outer quadrant area of right breast (largest: 12.7cm2, SUVmax=18.6), in addition to one lesion in left breast (4.8cm2, SUVmax=7.1), associated with metastases to multiple lesions in liver (largest: 11.4cm2, SUV=8.0), and two bony-lytic lesions in left scapula and cervicle-1. No evidence of regional or distant lymph node involvement. Final TNM-stage: T4N0M2-(stage IV). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that 18FDG-PET/CT scans had significantly changed the TNM stages of breast cancer patients. While the T factor was unchanged, N and M factors showed significant variations. A single session of PET/CT scan was effective in detecting active extra lymph nodes and distant occult metastases, which were not identified by conventional diagnostic techniques, and might advantageously replace bone scan, and contrast enhanced CT of chest, abdomen and pelvis. Applying 18FDG-PET/CT scan early in the investigation, might shorten diagnosis time, helps deciding adequate treatment protocol, and could improve patients’ quality of life and survival. Trapping of 18FDG in malignant lesion cells, after a PET/CT scan, increases the retention index (RI%) for a considerable time, which might help localize sentinel lymph node for biopsy using a hand held gamma probe detector. Future work is required to demonstrate its utility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axillary%20lymph%20nodes" title="axillary lymph nodes">axillary lymph nodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20cancer%20staging" title=" breast cancer staging"> breast cancer staging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluorodeoxyglucose%20positron%20emission%20tomography%2Fcomputed%20tomography" title=" fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography"> fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lymph%20nodes" title=" lymph nodes"> lymph nodes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69254/a-case-study-on-utility-of-18fdg-petct-scan-in-identifying-active-extra-lymph-nodes-and-staging-of-breast-cancer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">313</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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