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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iron technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iron_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuyères" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuyères"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tuyères</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuyères-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swamp_grass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swamp_grass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Swamp grass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swamp_grass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termite_linings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termite_linings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Termite linings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termite_linings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ritual medicine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ritual_medicine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ritual medicine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ritual_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Furnace_holes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furnace_holes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Furnace holes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furnace_holes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_bloom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_bloom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iron bloom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_bloom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&params=1_27_29_S_31_46_28_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°27′29″S</span> <span class="longitude">31°46′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.45806°S 31.77444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.45806; 31.77444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National Historic Site of Tanzania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Kemondo Iron Age Sites</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Tanzania"><img alt="Location in Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="3143" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.891%;left:26.96%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kemondo Iron Age Sites"><img alt="Location in Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Site location in Tanzania</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bukoba_Rural_District" title="Bukoba Rural District">Bukoba Rural District</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Kagera_Region" title="Kagera Region">Kagera Region</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label">Eastern Africa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&params=1_27_29_S_31_46_28_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°27′29″S</span> <span class="longitude">31°46′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.45806°S 31.77444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.45806; 31.77444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haya_people" title="Haya people">Haya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1970s & 1980s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schmid_(archaeologist)" title="Peter Schmid (archaeologist)">Peter Schmidt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Excavated</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Tanzanian Government</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data">Antiquities Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #A8EDEF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" title="National Historic Sites of Tanzania">National Historic Sites of Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Kemondo Iron Age Sites</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kemondo Iron Age Sites</b> or <b>KM2 and KM3</b> are <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a> complex <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_archaeological_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial archaeological site (page does not exist)">industrial archaeological sites</a> in Kemondo ward, <a href="/wiki/Bukoba_Rural_District" title="Bukoba Rural District">Bukoba Rural District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagera_Region" title="Kagera Region">Kagera Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, excavated by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schmid_(archaeologist)" title="Peter Schmid (archaeologist)">Peter Schmid</a> in the late 1970s and 1980s. The excavations aimed at better understanding the <a href="/wiki/Iron_smelting" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron smelting">iron smelting</a> process and its ritual aspects in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. At the KM2 and KM3 sites, Schmidt tested the hypothesis that the high combustion temperature of furnaces, discovered to be between 1,350–1,400 °C (2,460–2,550 °F), was caused by the preheating of air blasts. Preheating has been suggested to be a distinct feature of African Early Iron Age smelting techniques by ethnographic observations of the <a href="/wiki/Haya_people" title="Haya people">Haya people</a> of northwestern Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>KM2 site is located 14 m (46 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> on a knoll 500 m (1,600 ft) west of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemondo Bay (page does not exist)">Kemondo Bay</a> port facility. It was discovered in early 1977 by a Tanzanian member of Peter Schmidt's team as he walked over a newly exposed road surface that had been opened as part of the new Kemondo Bay port access road.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KM3 site is situated 1 km (0.62 mi) south of KM2 and sits 75–85 m (246–279 ft) above Lake Victoria. It was discovered during a village survey by a Tanzanian surveyor, who observed furnace bricks on a main path bisecting the site.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiocardon_dating">Radiocardon dating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Radiocardon dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon date">radiocarbon dates</a> from the KM2 site are derived from wood <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> found beneath furnace bricks or <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> in the deeper stratigraphic zones of the furnace pits. The KM2 radiocarbon dates show that there are 4 distinct use periods of the site: the first is an occupation period that spans from 300 to 200 BC; the second is an industrial period in 100-200 AD, after which there is a hiatus from 200-300 AD; the third in the 400-500 AD; and the fourth falls from the beginning of 600 AD into early 700 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All 10 dates of KM3 site are derived from furnace pits. The dates show that there are three use periods at the KM3 site: the first period is represented by two contiguous furnaces that are dated to the 100-200 AD (or between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span> and 250 AD); the second during 300 AD, when iron production was performed only in one episode at KM3 and was totally absent at KM2; and the third in 400-500 AD, which was also an active period at KM2, but the end of iron smelting at KM3. During the last use period of KM2 in the 600-700 AD, KM3 site was not used for iron production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_technology">Iron technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iron technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In KM2, the bases of 13 intact and 2 disturbed <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a> furnaces were excavated along with a large industrial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Refuse_pit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refuse pit (page does not exist)">refuse pit</a> and iron artifacts. The furnace bowls were lined with earth from <a href="/wiki/Termite_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Termite mound">termite mounds</a> and the furnace shaft was built with bricks. The furnaces have a mean diameter of 93.6 cm (36.9 in),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranging between 86–103 cm (34–41 in) in diameter, with 10 of the 11 furnaces between 93–103 cm (37–41 in).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In KM2, large amounts of industrial debris and domestic pottery were dumped into a refuse pit alongside discarded furnace bricks, <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>, tuyères, iron fragments, and <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the KM3 site are mines, slag dumps, ore-processing areas, industrial refuse dumps, and smelting furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smelting furnaces were abundant, although recent farming practices in the core of the industrial site had disturbed some furnaces. The KM3 furnaces are more consistent in design and contents than the KM2 furnace pits. The furnace bowls are larger and more regular in size than the KM2 furnaces, with a mean diameter of 113.8 cm (44.8 in), ranging only between 112–116 cm (44–46 in).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mean depth of 28 cm (11 in) among KM3 furnace pits is significantly greater than the mean depth of 18 cm (7.1 in) at KM2, a difference attributable to the more complete preservation at KM3.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The furnace bowls excavated on KM2 and KM3 were filled with a variety of materials, including slag, pieces of partly reduced <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, fired bricks used to build the furnace, charcoal, pieces of <a href="/wiki/Tuy%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuyère">tuyères</a>, as well as some domestic pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuyères"><span id="Tuy.C3.A8res"></span>Tuyères</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tuyères"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preheating of air blasts allowed the furnaces to achieve higher combustion temperatures, which dramatically improved fuel efficiency in the iron production process. Peter Schmidt observed that the Haya in northwestern Tanzania employed the practice of preheating by placing tuyères inside their furnaces, which results in hot air blast.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of KM2 and KM3 sites allowed for the collection of more definitive evidence for prehistoric tuyères, in order to discern how and when preheated iron technology developed in Africa. </p><p>The tuyères employed inside the smelting furnace must be made of clay that is highly <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a>. The heat transfer through the clay has to be sufficiently high to heat up the air passing through the clay chamber, in order to achieve a higher temperature in the blast zone, which in turns leads to more heat transfer through the clay walls of the tuyère.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many small pieces of tuyère with physical characteristics indicating their presence inside furnaces were recovered at the KM2 site. The majority of tuyère fragments show convincing evidence in their colors to indicate that they were inside the prehistoric smelting furnaces of KM2.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hypothesis that preheating had developed at least by the 400 AD in Africa has been confirmed by the discovery of a 36 cm (14 in) whole or long section of tuyère uncovered in furnace 9 of KM3. The tuyère is 40% (14.5 cm (5.7 in)) slag-wetted and vitrified, and the slag-wetted section is gray in color, suggesting exposure to <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other physical properties of the tuyère, such as the reduction of clay, also suggest that tuyères had been placed inside Early Iron Age furnaces for the preheating of air blast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swamp_grass">Swamp grass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Swamp grass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small pile of charred reeds was found adjacent to furnace 3 in KM2, and since <a href="/w/index.php?title=Furnace_bowl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furnace bowl (page does not exist)">furnace bowls</a> tend to be cleared out after smelting, this serves as the most direct evidence for the use of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swamp_grass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swamp grass (page does not exist)">swamp grass</a> in the iron production process. Ethnographic study of the <a href="/wiki/Haya_people" title="Haya people">Haya people</a> in Northwestern Tanzania shows that swamp grass is burned in the furnace bowl until the bowl is filled with the charred swamp reeds. When the iron ore melts above the tuyères, it forms a molten slag with carbon inclusions. The slag then interacts with the fibrous, carbonaceous bed provided by the burned swamp grass, which in turn provides an extremely high carbon-slag contact area for the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Carburization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carburization">carburization</a> of the bloom.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charred reeds also allow the draining of slag from the blast zone, as the slag runs down the inside of the grass stalks and through the spaces between the reeds to the bottom of the furnace pit.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Termite_linings">Termite linings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Termite linings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>60% of the KM2 furnaces were lined with termite earth, but only one of the KM3 furnaces had traces of an artificial liner. It is uncertain if furnace liners were not as common at KM3 or if they had been removed from furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earth of a termite mound is more refractory than normal soil because termites select quartz sand grains from the <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> to build their mounds. Termite mound soil is used as insulation, and employed for its resistance to fusion with slag.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritual_medicine">Ritual medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ritual medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furnace_holes">Furnace holes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Furnace holes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the 15 furnace bowls excavated at the KM2 site, six had a small hole in the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnographic evidence suggests that iron smelters excavated holes in their furnaces in order to place in it magical devices or ritual medicine. Sometimes these ritual objects were used to increase productivity or to protect against sinister forces that might disrupt the smelt. The properties of the ritual materials are those that the smelters hoped to impart to the iron bloom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_bloom">Iron bloom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iron bloom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the seven furnaces excavated at KM3, only furnace number 8, dated to 100 AD, has shown evidence of ritual modification. In the furnace floor, a small pit was discovered that contained a 6-cm-tall piece of prehistoric iron bloom, which was shown to have no relationship to the technological operation of the furnace.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later metallurgical analysis of the iron bloom shows evidence that the piece of iron had been produced by a smelting process that had formed large, dense, relatively slag-free bloom. The placement of this unprocessed iron in the pit evokes ethnographic comparison to iron smelting rituals that ensure the production of high-quality iron that mimics the attribute of the ritual device.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Sites in Tanzania">National Historic Sites in Tanzania</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tanzania&#124;link=Tanzania_National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" title="National Historic Sites of Tanzania">National Historic Sites of Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arusha_Region" title="Arusha Region">Arusha Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetoli" title="Laetoli">Laetoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaruka" title="Engaruka">Engaruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasera_Rockshelter" title="Nasera Rockshelter">Nasera Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumba_Cave" title="Mumba Cave">Mumba Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninj" title="Peninj">Peninj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam_Region" title="Dar es Salaam Region">Dar es Salaam Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunduchi_Ruins" title="Kunduchi Ruins">Kunduchi Ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dodoma_Region" title="Dodoma Region">Dodoma Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kondoa_Rock-Art_Sites" title="Kondoa Rock-Art Sites">Kondoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahi_Rock-Art_Sites" title="Bahi Rock-Art Sites">Bahi Rock-Art Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iringa_Region" title="Iringa Region">Iringa Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isimila_Stone_Age_Site" title="Isimila Stone Age Site">Isimila Stone Age Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenga" title="Kalenga">Kalenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlambalasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlambalasi">Mlambalasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kagera_Region" title="Kagera Region">Kagera Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">KM2 and KM3 sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuruka" title="Katuruka">Katuruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyabusora" title="Nyabusora">Nyabusora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuruka" title="Katuruka">Katuruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bweranyange" title="Bweranyange">Bweranyange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kigoma_Region" title="Kigoma Region">Kigoma Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvinza_Salt_Works" title="Uvinza Salt Works">Uvinza Salt Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Region" title="Kilimanjaro Region">Kilimanjaro Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marangu_Defences" title="Marangu Defences">Marangu Defences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lindi_Region" title="Lindi Region">Lindi Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa Kisiwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivinje" title="Kivinje">Kivinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo_Mnara" title="Songo Mnara">Songo Mnara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanje_ya_Kati" title="Sanje ya Kati">Sanje ya Kati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindi_Historic_Town" title="Lindi Historic Town">Lindi Historic Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manyara_Region" title="Manyara Region">Manyara Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxmanda" title="Luxmanda">Luxmanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mtwara_Region" title="Mtwara Region">Mtwara Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikindani" title="Mikindani">Mikindani</a> Historic Town</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pwani_Region" title="Pwani Region">Pwani Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaole" title="Kaole">Kaole Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chole_Island_Ruins" title="Chole Island Ruins">Chole Island Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisimani_Mafia" title="Kisimani Mafia">Kisimani Mafia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rukwa_Region" title="Rukwa Region">Rukwa Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalambo_Falls_Prehistoric_Site" title="Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site">Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tabora_Region" title="Tabora Region">Tabora Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone%27s_Tembe" title="Livingstone's Tembe">Livingstone's Tembe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongoni_Ruins" title="Tongoni Ruins">Tongoni Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toten_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Toten Island">Toten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vugha" title="Vugha">Vugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_Island" title="Yambe Island">Yambe Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unguja_North_Region" title="Unguja North Region">Zanzibar North Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumbatu" title="Tumbatu">Tumbatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magharibi_District" title="Magharibi District">Zanzibar West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Stonetown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unguja_South_Region" title="Unguja South Region">Zanzibar South Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unguja_Ukuu" title="Unguja Ukuu">Unguja Ukuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuumbi_Cave" title="Kuumbi Cave">Kuumbi Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pemba_North_Region" title="Pemba North Region">Pemba North Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chwaka,_Pemba" title="Chwaka, Pemba">Chwaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbe" title="Tumbe">Tumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkia_wa_Ng%27ombe" title="Mkia wa Ng'ombe">Mkia wa Ng'ombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msuka_Mjini_Ruins" title="Msuka Mjini Ruins">Msuka Mjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mduuni" title="Mduuni">Mduuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichokochwe_Ruins" title="Kichokochwe Ruins">Kichokochwe Ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pemba_South_Region" title="Pemba South Region">Pemba South Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mkama_Ndume" title="Mkama Ndume">Mkama Ndume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujini_Ruins" title="Pujini Ruins">Pujini Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambani" title="Chambani">Chambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Mkumbuu_Ruins" title="Ras Mkumbuu Ruins">Ras Mkumbuu Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamiani" title="Shamiani">Shamiani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maliasili.go.tz/sectors/category/antiquities">"Antiquities Division"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Jul</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiquities+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maliasili.go.tz%2Fsectors%2Fcategory%2Fantiquities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKemondo+Iron+Age+Sites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtAvery1978" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Peter; Avery, Donald H. (1978). "Complex Iron Smelting and Prehistoric Culture in Tanzania". <i>Science</i>. <b>201</b> (4361): 1085–1089. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.201.4361.1085">10.1126/science.201.4361.1085</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1746308">1746308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17830304">17830304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Complex+Iron+Smelting+and+Prehistoric+Culture+in+Tanzania&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=4361&rft.pages=1085-1089&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17830304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1746308%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.201.4361.1085&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Avery%2C+Donald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKemondo+Iron+Age+Sites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtChilds1985" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Peter R.; Childs, S. Terry (1985). "Innovation and Industry during the Early Iron Age in East Africa: The KM2 and KM3 Sites of Northwest Tanzania". <i>The African Archaeological Review</i>. <b>3</b>: 53–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01117455">10.1007/bf01117455</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130450">25130450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+African+Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=Innovation+and+Industry+during+the+Early+Iron+Age+in+East+Africa%3A+The+KM2+and+KM3+Sites+of+Northwest+Tanzania&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=53-94&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01117455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25130450%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft.au=Childs%2C+S.+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKemondo+Iron+Age+Sites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtAvery1983" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Peter R.; Avery, D. H. (1983). "More Evidence for an Advanced Prehistoric Iron Technology in Africa". <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 421–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F009346983791504228">10.1179/009346983791504228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/529465">529465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=More+Evidence+for+an+Advanced+Prehistoric+Iron+Technology+in+Africa&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=421-434&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F009346983791504228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F529465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft.au=Avery%2C+D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKemondo+Iron+Age+Sites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1997" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Peter R. (1997). <i>Iron Technology in East Africa: Symbolism, Science, and Archaeology</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21109-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21109-3"><bdi>0-253-21109-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Technology+in+East+Africa%3A+Symbolism%2C+Science%2C+and+Archaeology&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-253-21109-3&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKemondo+Iron+Age+Sites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1996" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Peter R., ed. (1996). <i>The Culture & Technology of African Iron Production</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1384-4"><bdi>0-8130-1384-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+%26+Technology+of+African+Iron+Production&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8130-1384-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKemondo+Iron+Age+Sites" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&oldid=1245058504">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites&oldid=1245058504</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_BC_establishments" title="Category:3rd-century BC establishments">3rd-century BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:700s_disestablishments" title="Category:700s disestablishments">700s disestablishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_disestablishments_in_Africa" title="Category:8th-century disestablishments in Africa">8th-century disestablishments in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1977_archaeological_discoveries" title="Category:1977 archaeological discoveries">1977 archaeological discoveries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Tanzania" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Tanzania">Archaeological sites in Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_archaeological_sites" title="Category:Industrial archaeological sites">Industrial archaeological sites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age_sites_in_Africa" title="Category:Iron Age sites in Africa">Iron Age sites in Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 September 2024, at 19:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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