CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ps" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>ماکرومالیکول - ويکيپېډيا</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )pswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[".\t,","٫\t٬"],"wgDigitTransformTable":[ "0\t1\t2\t3\t4\t5\t6\t7\t8\t9","۰\t۱\t۲\t۳\t۴\t۵\t۶\t۷\t۸\t۹"],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","جنوري","فبروري","مارچ","اپرېل","مې","جون","جولای","اگسټ","سپټمبر","اکتوبر","نومبر","ډيسمبر"],"wgRequestId":"335881bc-1d0e-4bf2-9cc6-834122e9e54a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"ماکرومالیکول","wgTitle":"ماکرومالیکول","wgCurRevisionId":302076,"wgRevisionId":302076,"wgArticleId":61841,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["د وېبپاڼيزې کينډۍ لارښوونيز لینکونه","مخونه چې متغير تکراري سرچينې لري"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ps","wgPageContentLanguage":"ps","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"ماکرومالیکول","wgRelevantArticleId":61841,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ps","pageLanguageDir":"rtl","pageVariantFallbacks":"ps"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q178593","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.39"};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.Font-Amiri":"ready","ext.gadget.palestineTheme":"ready","ext.gadget.WMP-icons":"ready","ext.gadget.Font-Arial":"ready","ext.gadget.HideExLinkIcon":"ready","ext.gadget.Urgent-fixes":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.events-loader","ext.gadget.Defaulteditnotices","ext.gadget.searchlang","ext.gadget.NoRefCopy","ext.gadget.exlinks","ext.gadget.content-support-loader","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.TemplateParamWizard","ext.gadget.decodesummary","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=ext.gadget.palestineTheme&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="ماکرومالیکول - ويکيپېډيا"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ps.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="سمول" href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="ويکيپېډيا (ps)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ps.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ps"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="ويکيپېډيا د اټوم کتنه" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-ماکرومالیکول rootpage-ماکرومالیکول skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="اصلي لړليک" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">اصلي لړليک</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">اصلي لړليک</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> گرځښت </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" title="آرنی مخ کتل [z]" accesskey="z"><span>لومړی مخ</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AF_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="د پروژې په اړه، تاسې څه شيان او چېرته کولای شی چې وې مومۍ"><span>جرګه</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%9A%DB%90" title="د اوسنيو پېښو اړونده د هغوی د شاليد مالومات موندل"><span>اوسنۍ پېښې</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="په ويکي کې د وروستي بدلونو لړليک. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>وروستي بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" title="يو ناټاکلی مخ ښکاره کوي [x]" accesskey="x"><span>ناټاکلی مخ</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="د موندلو ځای"><span>لارښود</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="ويکيپېډيا" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ps.svg" style="width: 5.3125em; height: 2em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ps.svg" width="84" height="16" style="width: 5.25em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%BC%D9%86%D9%87" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ويکيپېډيا پلټل [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>پلټنه</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ويکيپېډيا پلټل" aria-label="ويکيپېډيا پلټل" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ويکيپېډيا پلټل [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ځانگړی:پلټنه"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">پلټل</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="شخصي اوزار"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps" class=""><span>مرسته وکړئ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی" class=""><span>گڼون جوړول</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ننوتل</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="شخصي اوزار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">شخصي اوزار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ps.wikipedia.org&uselang=ps"><span>مرسته وکړئ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>گڼون جوړول</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&returnto=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eتړل\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ps\" dir=\"rtl\"\u003E\u003Ctable style=\"border: 1px solid #a40007; padding: 10px; width:100%; background-image: linear-gradient(#000000,#000000)\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:10%\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_(3).svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/70px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"70\" height=\"99\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/105px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/140px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"241\" data-file-height=\"342\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:80%; text-align:center ; color:white\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size:180%\"\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003Eد پښتو ویکیپېډیا ټولنه د زړه له کومې د فلسطين د وګړو سره ولاړه ده.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مالومات" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-تعریف" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#تعریف"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>تعریف</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-تعریف-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ځانګړتیاوې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ځانګړتیاوې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>ځانګړتیاوې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ځانګړتیاوې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-خطي_بایوپولیمېرونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#خطي_بایوپولیمېرونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>خطي بایوپولیمېرونه</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-خطي_بایوپولیمېرونه-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle خطي بایوپولیمېرونه subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-خطي_بایوپولیمېرونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-جوړښتي_ځانګړتیاوې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#جوړښتي_ځانګړتیاوې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۱</span> <span>جوړښتي ځانګړتیاوې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-جوړښتي_ځانګړتیاوې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DNA_د_معلوماتو_کوډ_کولو_لپاره_اصلاح_شوې_ده" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_د_معلوماتو_کوډ_کولو_لپاره_اصلاح_شوې_ده"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۱.۱</span> <span>DNA د معلوماتو کوډ کولو لپاره اصلاح شوې ده</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_د_معلوماتو_کوډ_کولو_لپاره_اصلاح_شوې_ده-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-پروټینونه_د_کاټالایز_لپاره_اصلاح_شوي_دي" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#پروټینونه_د_کاټالایز_لپاره_اصلاح_شوي_دي"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳.۱.۲</span> <span>پروټینونه د کاټالایز لپاره اصلاح شوي دي</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-پروټینونه_د_کاټالایز_لپاره_اصلاح_شوي_دي-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۴</span> <span>سرچينې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ماکرومالیکول</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۷۳ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۷۳ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekuul" title="Makromolekuul – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Makromolekuul" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A1_%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85" title="جزيء ضخم – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيء ضخم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromol%C3%A9cula" title="Macromolécula – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Macromolécula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Makromolekul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Макрамалекула – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Макрамалекула" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Макромолекула – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Макромолекула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="বৃহদাণু – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃহদাণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromol%C3%A8cula" title="Macromolècula – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Macromolècula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Макромолекула – چوواشي" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Макромолекула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چوواشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekyle" title="Makromolekyle – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Makromolekyle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolek%C3%BCl" title="Makromolekül – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Makromolekül" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μακρομόριο – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μακρομόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Macromolecule" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekulo" title="Makromolekulo – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makromolekulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromol%C3%A9cula" title="Macromolécula – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macromolécula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Makromolekul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="درشت‌مولکول – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درشت‌مولکول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekyyli" title="Makromolekyyli – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Makromolekyyli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromol%C3%A9cule" title="Macromolécule – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Macromolécule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macram%C3%B3il%C3%ADn" title="Macramóilín – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Macramóilín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromol%C3%A9cula" title="Macromolécula – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Macromolécula" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מקרומולקולה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקרומולקולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="वृहदणु – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृहदणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Մակրոմոլեկուլ – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մակրոմոլեկուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makromolekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3rsameind" title="Stórsameind – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stórsameind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecola" title="Macromolecola – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macromolecola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="高分子 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高分子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Makromolekul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მაკრომოლეკულა – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაკრომოლეკულა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Макромолекула – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Макромолекула" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="고분자 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고분자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolek%C3%BBl" title="Makromolekûl – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Makromolekûl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Макромолекула – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Макромолекула" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrumulecula" title="Macrumulecula – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Macrumulecula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekul%C4%97" title="Makromolekulė – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Makromolekulė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Макромолекул – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Макромолекул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makromolekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecuul" title="Macromolecuul – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Macromolecuul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekyl" title="Makromolekyl – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Makromolekyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekyl" title="Makromolekyl – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Makromolekyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecula" title="Macromolecula – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Macromolecula" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromoleku%C5%82a" title="Makromolekuła – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Makromolekuła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromol%C3%A9cula" title="Macromolécula – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macromolécula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecul%C4%83" title="Macromoleculă – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Macromoleculă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Макромолекула – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макромолекула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Макромолекула – سخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Макромолекула" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="سخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Macromolecule" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Macromolecule" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Makromolekul" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul – سوډاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Makromolekul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوډاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekyl" title="Makromolekyl – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Makromolekyl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="பெருமூலக்கூறு – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெருமூலக்கூறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="มาโครโมเลกุล – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาโครโมเลกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolek%C3%BCl" title="Makromolekül – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Makromolekül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Макромолекула – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макромолекула" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81" title="کلاں سالمہ – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلاں سالمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Makromolekula" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Đại phân tử – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại phân tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="高分子 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="高分子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მაკრომოლეკულა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაკრომოლეკულა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="高分子 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高分子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-hun-ch%C3%BA" title="Ko-hun-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-hun-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="大分子 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大分子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178593#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90:%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="د مخ د مېنځپانگې په اړه خبرې اترې (تر اوسه پورې نه شته) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">پښتو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="کتنې"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=history" title="د دې مخ پخوانۍ بڼې [h]" accesskey="h"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="اوزارونه" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">اوزارونه</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=history"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:WhatLinksHere/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="د ويکي د ټولو هغو مخونو لړليک چې همدې مخ سره تړنې لري [j]" accesskey="j"><span>د دې مخ تړنې</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:RecentChangesLinked/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" rel="nofollow" title="له دې مخ سره د تړل شويو مخونو وروستي بدلونونه [k]" accesskey="k"><span>اړونده بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" accesskey="u"><span>انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ټولو ځانگړو پاڼو لړليک [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ځانگړي مخونه</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&oldid=302076" title="د دې مخ د همدې بڼې تلپاتې تړنه"><span>تلپاتې تړنه</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=info" title="د دې مخ اړونده نور مالومات"><span>د مخ مالومات</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9&page=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&id=302076&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="دې مخ ته د اخځ مالومات"><span>د دې مخ اخځ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپي بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Macromolecules" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178593" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>ماکرومالیکول یو ډېر لوی مالیکول دی چې د بیوفزیکي پروسو، لکه پروټین یا نوکلیک اسیډ، لپاره مهم دی. هغوی له زرګونو اټومونو څخه جوړ دي چې له کووالانټي اړیکو سره نښلول شوي دي. ډېری ماکرومالیکولونه د مونومېر په نوم کوچنیو مالیکولونو پولیمېرونه دي. په بایوکیمیا کې ترټولو ډېر عام ماکرومالیکولونه بایوپولیمېرونه (نوکلیک اسیډونه، پروټینونه او کاربوهایډرېټونه) او غیر پولیمېري لوی مالیکولونه لکه لیپیډونه، نانوژلونه او ماکروسیکلونه دي. مصنوعي فایبرونه او آزمېښتي مواد لکه کاربني نانوټیوبونه هم د ماکرومالیکولونو له بېلګو څخه دي.<sup id="cite_ref-Stryer_2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stryer_2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تعریف"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.B9.D8.B1.DB.8C.D9.81"></span>تعریف</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: تعریف"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د ماکرومالیکول اصطلاح (ماکرو + مالیکول) په ۱۹۲۰مه لسیزه کې د نوبل جایزې ګټونکي هرمان سټاوډینګر لخوا جوړه شوه، که څه هم په دې اړه د هغه لومړنۍ خپرونه یوازې لوړو مالیکولي مرکباتو (له ۱۰۰۰ اټومو څخه زیات) ته اشاره کوي. په هغه وخت کې د پولیمېر اصطلاح، لکه څنګه چې برزېلیوس په ۱۸۳۲م کال کې معرفي کړه، له نن ورځې څخه جلا معنا درلودله: په ساده توګه دا د ایزومېریزم یوه بله بڼه وه، د بېلګې په توګه له بنزین او اسېټایلین سره او له اندازې سره یې ډېره اړیکه نه لرله.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د څانګو په منځ کې د لویو مالیکولونو د توصیف لپاره د دې اصطلاح کارونه توپیر لري. د بېلګې په توګه، په داسې حال کې چې بیولوژي ماکرومالیکول ته د ژوندیو موجوداتو په شمول د څلورو لویو مالیکولونو په توګه اشاره کوي، په کیمیا کې، دا اصطلاح کېدای شي د دوه یا څو مالیکولونو ټولګې ته اشاره ولري چې د کووالانټي اړیکو پرځای د مالیکولونو ترمنځ ځواکونو له لورې یوځای نیول شوي چې په اسانۍ سره نه جلا کېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د IUPAC سټانډارډ تعریف په اساس، د ماکرومالیکول اصطلاح هماغه ډول چې د پولیمېر په علم کې کارول کېږي، یوازې یوه مالیکول ته اشاره کوي. د بېلګې په توګه، یو واحد پولیمېري مالیکول په مناسب ډول د یو «پولیمېر» پرځای د «ماکرومالیکول» یا «پولیمېر مالیکول» په توګه توصیف کېږي، چې د ماکرومالیکول څخه جوړه شوې مادې وړاندیز کوي.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د هغوی د اندازې له امله، ماکرومالیکولونه په اسانۍ سره د سټوکیومټري له نظره یوازې نه تعریف کېږي. د ساده ماکرومالیکولونو جوړښت، لکه هوموپولیمېرونه، کېدای شي د انفرادي فرعي مونومېر او ټولیزې مالیکولي کتلې په توګه توصیف شي. له بلې خوا، پېچلي بایوماکرومالیکولونه څو اړخیزه جوړښتي توصیف ته اړتیا لري لکه د پروټینونو د توصیف لپاره کارول شوی د جوړښت درجه بندي. په برتانوي انګلیسي کې د «macromolecule» ویی تمایل لري چې د «لوړ پولیمېر» په توګه ونومول شي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ځانګړتیاوې"><span id=".DA.81.D8.A7.D9.86.DA.AB.DA.93.D8.AA.DB.8C.D8.A7.D9.88.DB.90"></span>ځانګړتیاوې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: ځانګړتیاوې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ماکرومالیکولنه ډېری وخت غیر معمولې ځانګړتیاوې لري چې په کوچنیو مالیکولونو کې نه تر سترګو کېږي. </p><p>یوه بله عامه ماکرومالیکولي ځانګړنه چې کوچني مالیکولونه نه ځانګړي کوي، په اوبو او ورته محلولونو کې د هغوی نسبي نه‌‌منحلېدل دي چې پرځای یې کولوئیډ جوړوي. د هغوی څخه ډېری یې په اوبو کې د حل کېدو لپاره مالګې یا نورو ځانګړو ایونونو ته اړتیا لري. په ورته ډول، که د هغوی د محلول، محلولي غلظت ډېر لوړ یا ډېر ټيټ وي ډېری پروټینونه (خپل شکل ته بدلون ورکوي) یا دې‌ناتوره کېږي. </p><p>په یو محلول کې د ماکرومالیکولونو لوړ غلظت کولی شي د ماکرومالیکولي ګڼه ګوڼې په نوم یو اغیز له لارې، د نورو ماکرومالیکولونو د غبرګونونو سرعت او تعادلي ثابتونو ته بدلون ورکړي. دا کار د هغو ماکرومالیکولونو څخه سرچینه اخلي چې نور مالیکولونه د محلول له لویې برخې څخه لرې کوي، په پایله کې د دې مالیکولونو اغیزمن غلظت ته زیاتوالی وربښي.<sup id="cite_ref-Minton_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="خطي_بایوپولیمېرونه"><span id=".D8.AE.D8.B7.D9.8A_.D8.A8.D8.A7.DB.8C.D9.88.D9.BE.D9.88.D9.84.DB.8C.D9.85.DB.90.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>خطي بایوپولیمېرونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: خطي بایوپولیمېرونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ټول ژوندي موجودات خپلو بیولوژیکي دندو لپاره درې اړینو بایوپولیمېرونو پورې تړلي دي: DNA، RNA او پروټين. دا هر یو مالیکول د ژوند لپاره اړین دی، ځکه هر یو په حجره کې جلا او لازمي رول ترسره کوي. ساده لنډیز دا دی چې DNA لومړی RNA جوړوي او وروسته بیا RNA، پروټین جوړوي.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-4292-2936-5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-4292-2936-5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4111-3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8153-4111-3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNA، RNA او پروټینونه ټول د اړونده جوړونکو بلاکونو له یو تکراري جوړښت (د DNA او RNA په صورت کې نوکلیوټایډونو، د پروټینونو په صورت کې امینو اسیډونو) څخه مشتمل دي. په عموم کې، دوی ټول بې شاخې پولیمرونه دي او له همدې کبله کولی شي د یوه تار په توګه راڅرګند شي. په اصل کې، هغوی د مهرو د تار په څېر هم لیدلی شو چې هره مهره د واحد نوکلیوټایډ یا امینو اسیډ مونومېر ښکارندویي کوي چې د کیمیایي کووالانټ اړیکو له لارې یوه ډېر اوږد زنځیر سره نښلول شوي دي. </p><p>په ډېری مواردو کې، د زنځیر د ننه مونومېرونه له نورو امینو اسیډونو یا نوکلیوټایډونو سره د متقابل عمل لپاره ډېر تمایل لري. په DNA او RNA کې، دا کېدای شي د واټسون-کرېک (G-C او A-T یا A-U) اساسي جوړو بڼه ونیسي، که څه هم د متقابل عمل ډېرې پېچلې بڼې هم کېدای شي رامنځته شي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="جوړښتي_ځانګړتیاوې"><span id=".D8.AC.D9.88.DA.93.DA.9A.D8.AA.D9.8A_.DA.81.D8.A7.D9.86.DA.AB.DA.93.D8.AA.DB.8C.D8.A7.D9.88.DB.90"></span>جوړښتي ځانګړتیاوې</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: جوړښتي ځانګړتیاوې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د DNA د دوه تاري طبیعت په دلیل، په اصل کې ټول نوکلیوټایډونه د دوه تاري تکمیلي ستنو نوکلیوټایډونو په منځ کې د واټسون-کرېک اساسي جوړو بڼه ځان ته اخلي. </p><p>برعکس، RNA او پروټین په نورمال ډول یو تاره دي. له همدې کبله، هغوی د DNA دوه تاره مارپیچي منظمې هندسې پورې نه محدودېږي، او ځکه د هغوی ترتیب ته په کتو سره په درې اړخیزه پېچلو بڼو کې پوښل کېږي. دا بېلابېلې بڼې د RNA او‌ پروټینونو د ډېرو ګډو ځانګړتیاوو، لکه د ځانګړو نښلېدونکو پاکټونو جوړېدل او د بایوکیمیایي غبرګونونو د کاټالېز وړتیا، مسئولې دي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DNA_د_معلوماتو_کوډ_کولو_لپاره_اصلاح_شوې_ده"><span id="DNA_.D8.AF_.D9.85.D8.B9.D9.84.D9.88.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.88_.DA.A9.D9.88.DA.89_.DA.A9.D9.88.D9.84.D9.88_.D9.84.D9.BE.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.87_.D8.A7.D8.B5.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.AD_.D8.B4.D9.88.DB.90_.D8.AF.D9.87"></span>DNA د معلوماتو کوډ کولو لپاره اصلاح شوې ده</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&section=5" title="د سمولو برخه: DNA د معلوماتو کوډ کولو لپاره اصلاح شوې ده"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DNA د اطلاعاتو د ذخیره کولو یو ماکرومالیکول دی چې د لارښوونو بشپړ سیټ (جېنوم)، چې د هر ژوندي موجود راټولولو، ساتلو او بیاتولید لپاره اړین دی، کوډ کوي.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn978-0062730992_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn978-0062730992-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNA او RNA دواړه د جنېټیکي معلوماتو د کوډ کولو وړتیا لري، ځکه بایوکیمیایي میکانیزمونه شتون لري چې د یوې DNA یا RNA په ترتیب کې کوډ شوي معلومات لولي او له هغه څخه د یوه مشخص پروټین تولید لپاره کار اخلي. له بلې خوا، د پروټین مالیکول ترتیبي معلومات د حجرو لخوا د جنېټیکي معلوماتو د وظیفوي کوډ کولو لپاره نه کارول کېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-Stryer_20022_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stryer_20022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNA درې اصلي ځانګړتیاوې لري چې هغې ته اجازه ورکوي ترڅو د جنېټیکي معلوماتو په کوډ کولو کې له RNA څخه ډېره ښه ووسي. لومړی دا چې هغه دوه تاره لري، نو ځکه په هره حجره کې د هر جېن په کوډ کولو کې د معلوماتو لږ تر لږه دوه کاپي ګانې شتون لري. دوهم دا چې، DNA د RNA په پرتله د تجزیې په وړاندې ډېر زیات پایښت او ثبات لري، کومه ځانګړنه چې د DNA په هر نوکلیوټایډ کې د 2'-هایډروکسیل ګروپ نه شتون پورې اړه لري. دریم دا چې، په DNA کې ډېر پېچلي نظارتي او ترمیمي سیسټمونه شتون لري چې DNA ته هر زیان ارزوي او د اړتیا په وخت کې هغه بېرته ترمیموي. مشابه سیسټمونه د RNA مالیکولونو د زیان د ترمیم لپاره وده نده کړې. په پایله کې، کروموزومونه کولی شي په میلیارډونو اټومونه ولري چې په یوه ځانګړي کیمیاوي جوړښت کې ترتیب شوي دي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="پروټینونه_د_کاټالایز_لپاره_اصلاح_شوي_دي"><span id=".D9.BE.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.BC.DB.8C.D9.86.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87_.D8.AF_.DA.A9.D8.A7.D9.BC.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.DB.8C.D8.B2_.D9.84.D9.BE.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.87_.D8.A7.D8.B5.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.AD_.D8.B4.D9.88.D9.8A_.D8.AF.D9.8A"></span>پروټینونه د کاټالایز لپاره اصلاح شوي دي</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&section=6" title="د سمولو برخه: پروټینونه د کاټالایز لپاره اصلاح شوي دي"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>پروټینونه د کاټالیز او بایوکیمیایي غبرګونونو مسئوله فعاله ماکرومالیکولونه دي چې له ژوند نه ساتنه کوي. پروټینونه د ژوندي موجود ټولې دندې ترسره کوي، د بېلګې په توګه فوټوسنټېز، عصبي دنده، لید او حرکت.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn978-1593272029_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn978-1593272029-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د پروټین مالیکولونو یو رشته یي طبیعت، او له ۲۰ یا ډېرو بېلابېلو امینو اسیډي جوړښتي بلاکونو څخه د هغوی ترکیب، دوی ته اجازه ورکوي ترڅو ډېر شمېر درې اړخیز شکلونه ځان ته غوره کړي، په داسې حال کې چې نښلوونکي پاکټونه برابروي چې د هغوی له لارې کولی شي په ځانګړې توګه د هغو مالیکولونو له بڼو سره تعامل ولري. سربېره پر دې، د بېلابېلو امینو اسیډونو کیمیایي تنوع، او کیمیایي بېلابېل چاپېریالونه چې د سیمه‌ییزو درې اړخیزو جوړښتونو له لورې جوړېږي، ډېری پروټینونو ته دا وړتیا ورکوي ترڅو د انزایم په توګه عمل وکړي او په حجرو کې د بایوکیمایي بدلونونو پراخه لړۍ کاټالایز کړي. سربېره پر دې، پروټینونو کې دې وړتیا هم وده کړې چې د کوانزایمونو او کوفکټورونو له پراخې لړۍ سره ونښلي، هغه واړه مالیکولونه چې پروټین ته د پولي پپټایډي زنځیر پورې تړلو څخه هاخوا نور ځانګړي فعالیتونه ورکړي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&section=7" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stryer_2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stryer_2002_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFStryerBergTymoczko2002" class="citation book cs1">Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21154/"><i>Biochemistry</i></a> (5th ed.). San Francisco: <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.H._Freeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.H. Freeman (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">W.H. Freeman</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-7167-4955-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-7167-4955-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-7167-4955-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-4955-4&rft.aulast=Stryer&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Berg%2C+JM&rft.au=Tymoczko%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK21154%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/doc.asp?CID=1571&DID=5972">Life cycle of a plastic product</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100317004747/http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/doc.asp?CID=1571&DID=5972">Archived</a> 2010-03-17 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>.. Americanchemistry.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGullapalliWong2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gullapalli, S.; Wong, M.S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813180046/http://www.aiche.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/CEPMagazine/051128_public.pdf">"Nanotechnology: A Guide to Nano-Objects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chemical Engineering Progress</i>. <b>107</b> (5): 28–32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiche.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/CEPMagazine/051128_public.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2015-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Progress&rft.atitle=Nanotechnology%3A+A+Guide+to+Nano-Objects&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=28-32&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gullapalli&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Wong%2C+M.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiche.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FPublications%2FCEPMagazine%2F051128_public.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_journal" title="کينډۍ:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archivedate=</code> و <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archiveurl=</code> و <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFStaudinger,_H.Fritschi,_J.1922" class="citation journal cs1">Staudinger, H.; Fritschi, J. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1426825">"Über Isopren und Kautschuk. 5. Mitteilung. Über die Hydrierung des Kautschuks und über seine Konstitution"</a>. <i>Helvetica Chimica Acta</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 785. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhlca.19220050517">10.1002/hlca.19220050517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helvetica+Chimica+Acta&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+Isopren+und+Kautschuk.+5.+Mitteilung.+%C3%9Cber+die+Hydrierung+des+Kautschuks+und+%C3%BCber+seine+Konstitution&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=785&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhlca.19220050517&rft.au=Staudinger%2C+H.&rft.au=Fritschi%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1426825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_B._Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William B. Jensen (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Jensen, William B.</a> (2008). "The Origin of the Polymer Concept". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>85</b> (5): 624. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JChEd..85..624J">2008JChEd..85..624J</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed085p624">10.1021/ed085p624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Polymer+Concept&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=624&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed085p624&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JChEd..85..624J&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">van Holde, K.E. (1998) <i>Principles of Physical Biochemistry</i> Prentice Hall: New Jersey, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-13-720459-0" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-13-720459-0">0-13-720459-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins,_A._D.KratochvílSteptoSuter1996" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkins, A. D.; Kratochvíl, P.; Stepto, R. F. T.; Suter, U. W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223103549/http://www.iupac.org/reports/1996/6812jenkins/6812basicterms.pdf">"Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. <b>68</b> (12): 2287. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199668122287">10.1351/pac199668122287</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/reports/1996/6812jenkins/6812basicterms.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Basic+Terms+in+Polymer+Science&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2287&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac199668122287&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+A.+D.&rft.au=Kratochv%C3%ADl%2C+P.&rft.au=Stepto%2C+R.+F.+T.&rft.au=Suter%2C+U.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Freports%2F1996%2F6812jenkins%2F6812basicterms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minton-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Minton_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMinton_AP2006" class="citation journal cs1">Minton AP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.03063">"How can biochemical reactions within cells differ from those in test tubes?"</a>. <i>J. Cell Sci</i>. <b>119</b> (Pt 14): 2863–9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.03063">10.1242/jcs.03063</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16825427">16825427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Cell+Sci.&rft.atitle=How+can+biochemical+reactions+within+cells+differ+from+those+in+test+tubes%3F&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=Pt+14&rft.pages=2863-9&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjcs.03063&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16825427&rft.au=Minton+AP&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjcs.03063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-4292-2936-5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-4292-2936-5_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBerg,_Jeremy_MarkTymoczko,_John_L.Stryer,_Lubert2010" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert (2010). <i>Biochemistry, 7th ed. (Biochemistry (Berg))</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.H._Freeman_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.H. Freeman & Company (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">W.H. Freeman & Company</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-4292-2936-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-4292-2936-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-4292-2936-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry%2C+7th+ed.+%28Biochemistry+%28Berg%29%29&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4292-2936-4&rft.au=Berg%2C+Jeremy+Mark&rft.au=Tymoczko%2C+John+L.&rft.au=Stryer%2C+Lubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span> Fifth edition available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=stryer">link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8153-4111-3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8153-4111-3_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWalter,_PeterAlberts,_BruceJohnson,_Alexander_S.Lewis,_Julian2008" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Peter; Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander S.; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin C.; Roberts, Keith (2008). <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th edition, Extended version)</i>. New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garland_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garland Science (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Garland Science</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-8153-4111-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-8153-4111-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-8153-4111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell+%285th+edition%2C+Extended+version%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4111-6&rft.au=Walter%2C+Peter&rft.au=Alberts%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alexander+S.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Julian&rft.au=Raff%2C+Martin+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span>. Fourth edition is available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4">link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn978-0062730992-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn978-0062730992_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGolnick,_LarryWheelis,_Mark.1991" class="citation book cs1">Golnick, Larry; Wheelis, Mark. (1991-08-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartoonguidetoge00larr"><i>The Cartoon Guide to Genetics</i></a>. Collins Reference. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-06-273099-2" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-06-273099-2 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-06-273099-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cartoon+Guide+to+Genetics&rft.pub=Collins+Reference&rft.date=1991-08-14&rft.isbn=978-0-06-273099-2&rft.au=Golnick%2C+Larry&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+Mark.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcartoonguidetoge00larr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stryer_20022-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stryer_20022_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFStryerBergTymoczko2002" class="citation book cs1">Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21154/"><i>Biochemistry</i></a> (5th ed.). San Francisco: <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.H._Freeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.H. Freeman (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">W.H. Freeman</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-7167-4955-4" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-7167-4955-4 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-7167-4955-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-4955-4&rft.aulast=Stryer&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Berg%2C+JM&rft.au=Tymoczko%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK21154%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn978-1593272029-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn978-1593272029_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFTakemura,_Masaharu2009" class="citation book cs1">Takemura, Masaharu (2009). <i>The Manga Guide to Molecular Biology</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=No_Starch_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No Starch Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">No Starch Press</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-59327-202-9" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1-59327-202-9 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1-59327-202-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manga+Guide+to+Molecular+Biology&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59327-202-9&rft.au=Takemura%2C+Masaharu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ماکرومالیکول&oldid=302076">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ماکرومالیکول&oldid=302076</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90" title="ځانگړی:وېشنيزې">وېشنيزې</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%90%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90_%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:د وېبپاڼيزې کينډۍ لارښوونيز لینکونه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">د وېبپاڼيزې کينډۍ لارښوونيز لینکونه</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%86%DB%90_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:مخونه چې متغير تکراري سرچينې لري (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">مخونه چې متغير تکراري سرچينې لري</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> دا مخ وروستی ځل په ۲۲:۳۷، ۲۷ سپټمبر ۲۰۲۳ بدلون موندلی.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">دا متن د <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">کريټيف کامنز ورته-شريکېدنې-اړوندتيا منښتليک</a> له مخې خپور شوی؛ اضافه شرطونه به هم کارېدلي وي. د لا تفصيل لپاره <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">د کارولو شرطونه</a> وگورئ.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">د پټنتيا تگلاره</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87">د ويکيپېډيا په اړه</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9">ردادعاليکونه</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">پرمختگگران:</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ps.wikipedia.org">شمار</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">د کوکيز ويناليک</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ps.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">د موبايل په بڼې کتل</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-dcsrp","wgBackendResponseTime":650,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.310","walltime":"0.365","ppvisitednodes":{"value":666,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":24769,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":133,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":35642,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 323.094 1 -total"," 54.49% 176.067 6 کينډۍ:Cite_book"," 34.70% 112.107 5 کينډۍ:Cite_journal"," 8.02% 25.921 1 کينډۍ:ISBN"," 3.81% 12.303 1 کينډۍ:Catalog_lookup_link"," 2.34% 7.555 1 کينډۍ:Webarchive"," 0.64% 2.058 1 کينډۍ:Main_other"," 0.38% 1.231 3 کينډۍ:Yesno-no"," 0.31% 1.007 1 کينډۍ:Yesno-yes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.229","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4126215,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-dcsrp","timestamp":"20241125224751","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u0645\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644","url":"https:\/\/ps.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178593","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178593","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2022-06-06T17:35:25Z","dateModified":"2023-09-27T22:37:56Z"}</script> </body> </html>