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class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目錄" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去量度細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-量度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-消費物價指數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#消費物價指數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>消費物價指數</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-消費物價指數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-平均物價指數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#平均物價指數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>平均物價指數</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-平均物價指數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-成因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>成因</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-成因-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去成因細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-成因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-貨幣主義觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#貨幣主義觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>貨幣主義觀點</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-貨幣主義觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-凱恩斯派觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#凱恩斯派觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>凱恩斯派觀點</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-凱恩斯派觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-理性預期觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理性預期觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>理性預期觀點</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理性預期觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>影響</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-影響-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去影響細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-負面影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#負面影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>負面影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-負面影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-囤積行為" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#囤積行為"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>囤積行為</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-囤積行為-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-貨幣替代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#貨幣替代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>貨幣替代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-貨幣替代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-正面影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#正面影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>正面影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-正面影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-穩定勞工市場" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穩定勞工市場"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>穩定勞工市場</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穩定勞工市場-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多咗迴旋餘地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多咗迴旋餘地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>多咗迴旋餘地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多咗迴旋餘地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mundell–Tobin_效應" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mundell–Tobin_效應"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Mundell–Tobin 效應</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mundell–Tobin_效應-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通縮帶嚟嘅唔穩定" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通縮帶嚟嘅唔穩定"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>通縮帶嚟嘅唔穩定</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-通縮帶嚟嘅唔穩定-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生活補貼" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生活補貼"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>生活補貼</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生活補貼-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詞彙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞彙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>詞彙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞彙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引咗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引咗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>引咗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引咗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">通貨膨脹</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有121種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasie" title="Inflasie – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Inflasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="تضخم اقتصادي – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تضخم اقتصادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89" title="تضخم اقتصادى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تضخم اقتصادى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মুদ্ৰাস্ফীতি – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মুদ্ৰাস্ফীতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3n" title="Inflación – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inflación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nflyasiya" title="İnflyasiya – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnflyasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تورم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflazion" title="Inflazion – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Inflazion" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implasyon" title="Implasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Implasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Інфляцыя – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інфляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Інфляцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інфляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфлация – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инфлация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="इन्फ्लेशन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इन्फ्लेशन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মুদ্রাস্ফীতি – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুদ্রাস্ফীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monc%27hwez" title="Monc'hwez – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Monc'hwez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacija" title="Inflacija – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Inflacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3" title="Inflació – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inflació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ھەڵاوسانی ئابووری – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵاوسانی ئابووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflace" title="Inflace – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Inflace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwyddiant" title="Chwyddiant – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwyddiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C9%94r%C3%AB%C9%A3%C9%94%CC%88c" title="Thiɔrëɣɔ̈c – 丁卡文" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Thiɔrëɣɔ̈c" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enflasyon" title="Enflasyon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Enflasyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%9D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އިންފްލޭޝަން – 迪維西文" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިންފްލޭޝަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪維西文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πληθωρισμός – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πληθωρισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacio" title="Inflacio – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inflacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3n" title="Inflación – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inflación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatsioon" title="Inflatsioon – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inflatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflazio" title="Inflazio – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inflazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enflacion" title="Enflacion – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Enflacion" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تورم – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaatio" title="Inflaatio – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Inflaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatsion" title="Inflatsion – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Inflatsion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilsci%C3%BA" title="Boilsciú – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Boilsciú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3n" title="Inflación – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inflación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B" title="ફુગાવો – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફુગાવો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="אינפלציה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינפלציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="मुद्रास्फीति – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुद्रास्फीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacija" title="Inflacija – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Inflacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavich%C3%A8" title="Lavichè – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lavichè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Infláció – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infláció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B3" title="Գնաճ – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գնաճ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaciono" title="Inflaciono – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Inflaciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%B0b%C3%B3lga" title="Verðbólga – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verðbólga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflazione" title="Inflazione – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inflazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="インフレーション – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフレーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინფლაცია – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფლაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0" title="ಹಣದುಬ್ಬರ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಣದುಬ್ಬರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="인플레이션 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인플레이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatio_monetalis" title="Inflatio monetalis – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inflatio monetalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatioun" title="Inflatioun – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Inflatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatie" title="Inflatie – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Inflatie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflazion" title="Inflazion – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Inflazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%89" title="ສະພາວະເງິນເຟີ້ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະພາວະເງິນເຟີ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infliacija" title="Infliacija – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Infliacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C4%81cija" title="Inflācija – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Inflācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidangan%27_ny_vidim-piainana" title="Fidangan' ny vidim-piainana – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fidangan' ny vidim-piainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Инфлација – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инфлација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="നാണയപ്പെരുപ്പം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാണയപ്പെരുപ്പം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Инфляци – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Инфляци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2" title="चलनवाढ – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चलनवाढ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ငွေကြေးဖောင်းပွခြင်း – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငွေကြေးဖောင်းပွခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatschoon" title="Inflatschoon – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Inflatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatie" title="Inflatie – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Inflatie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="मुद्रा स्फिती – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुद्रा स्फिती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatie" title="Inflatie – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inflatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasjon" title="Inflasjon – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Inflasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasjon" title="Inflasjon – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Inflasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacion" title="Inflacion – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Inflacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਮਹਿੰਗਾਈ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਿੰਗਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacja" title="Inflacja – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inflacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="افراط زر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افراط زر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="انفلاسيون – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انفلاسيون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infla%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Inflação – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inflação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infla%C8%9Bie" title="Inflație – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inflație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nflazzioni" title="Nflazzioni – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nflazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="افراط زر – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="افراط زر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacija" title="Inflacija – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Inflacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="උද්ධමනය – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උද්ධමනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C3%A1cia_(ekonomika)" title="Inflácia (ekonomika) – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Inflácia (ekonomika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacija" title="Inflacija – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Inflacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacioni" title="Inflacioni – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inflacioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Инфлација – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инфлација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பணவீக்கம் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பணவீக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="ద్రవ్యోల్బణం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్రవ్యోల్బణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Таваррум – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таваррум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD" title="ภาวะเงินเฟ้อ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาวะเงินเฟ้อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C3%BDasi%C3%BDa_n%C3%A4medir" title="Inflýasiýa nämedir – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Inflýasiýa nämedir" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implasyon_(presyo)" title="Implasyon (presyo) – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Implasyon (presyo)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enflasyon" title="Enflasyon – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enflasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%87%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89" title="پۇل پاخاللىقى – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پۇل پاخاللىقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Інфляція – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інфляція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="افراط زر – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افراط زر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflyatsiya" title="Inflyatsiya – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inflyatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1m_ph%C3%A1t" title="Lạm phát – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lạm phát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implasyon" title="Implasyon – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Implasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="通货膨胀 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="通货膨胀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინფლაცია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინფლაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינפלאציע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינפלאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="通货膨胀 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通货膨胀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="通貨膨脹 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="通貨膨脹" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thong-h%C3%B2e_ph%C3%B2ng-ti%C3%B2ng" title="Thong-hòe phòng-tiòng – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thong-hòe phòng-tiòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&oldid=2212420" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&id=2212420&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%2580%259A%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E8%2586%25A8%25E8%2584%25B9"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%2580%259A%25E8%25B2%25A8%25E8%2586%25A8%25E8%2584%25B9"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inflation" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35865" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%84%B9&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="通脹">通脹</a>跳轉過嚟)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_and_US_1989-present_monthly_CPI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UK_and_US_1989-present_monthly_CPI.svg/300px-UK_and_US_1989-present_monthly_CPI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UK_and_US_1989-present_monthly_CPI.svg/450px-UK_and_US_1989-present_monthly_CPI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UK_and_US_1989-present_monthly_CPI.svg/600px-UK_and_US_1989-present_monthly_CPI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>幅圖顯示 1990 年至 2020 年之間<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合王國">聯合王國</a>（<span style="color:blue;">藍色線</span>）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>（<span style="color:red;">紅色線</span>）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%84%B9%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="通脹率">通脹率</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>通貨膨脹</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/通貨膨脹/#yue"><span>Tung<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> fo<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> paang<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> zoeng<span class="Jpingtone">3</span></span></a></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en">Inflation</span>），日常用語就噉簡稱<b>通脹</b>，係指「個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟體">經濟體</a>內部啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8" title="貨">貨</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="服務">服務</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="價錢">價錢</a>普遍噉升」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟現象">現象</a>，通常表示個經濟體裏面多<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="經濟">經濟</a>活動<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；<b>通脹率</b>就係指啲反映「通脹發生得幾快」嘅數值，會用「啲嘢嘅價錢喺呢年呢年升咗幾多 <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="百分率">%</a>」噉嘅方式表示<sup id="cite_ref-mankiw200222to32_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mankiw200222to32-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>相關工作上，通脹呢個課題廣受關注： </p> <ul><li>一方面，極快嘅通脹（<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="惡性通脹">惡性通脹</a>）會對民生造成龐大嘅負面影響。想像家陣有個人，佢<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="銀行">銀行</a>入面儲住咗 100,000 文<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E9%87%91" title="美金">美金</a>，打後佢身處嗰個經濟體發生通脹（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89" title="貨幣供應">亂咁印銀紙</a>，搞到<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E7%B4%99" title="銀紙">銀紙</a>價值跌），而且靠<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%81%AF" title="利息">利息</a>賺到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2" title="錢">錢</a>追唔上通脹，噉等到佢攞返筆錢出嚟嗰陣，筆錢<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="實際價值">買到嘅貨同服務嘅量</a>就少咗－即係話通脹會導致隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8" title="通貨">貨幣</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%9B" title="購買力">購買力</a>下降；而如果通脹勁得滯，仲有可能會搞到啲人對隻貨幣冇嗮信心，唔想再揸隻貨幣，最後就出現「隻貨幣冇人要」噉嘅局面，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%8B%E5%85%83" title="津巴布韋元">津巴布韋元</a>（Z$）就係噉<sup id="cite_ref-Zs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>不過另一方面，慢同輕微嘅通脹畀人覺得係對經濟<b>有利</b>嘅<sup id="cite_ref-hummel2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hummel2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：通脹會搞到隻貨幣嘅購買力慢慢噉跌；簡化講，噉就表示啲人會唔想淨係揸住啲錢，而係會有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%98%E5%9B%A0" title="誘因">誘因</a>想攞啲錢去做<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="投資">投資</a>（例如買<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A1%E7%A5%A8" title="股票">股票</a>）慢慢轆大自己嚿儲蓄，然後呢啲投資就會刺激經濟（例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="企業">企業</a>賣到股票就會多咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E9%87%91" title="資金">資金</a>，有資金就有得擴張業務）；除此之外，慢同輕微嘅通脹仲畀人指可以達致「減低<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="失業率">失業率</a>」等嘅正面效果<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>因為通脹對經濟同民生咁有影響力，世界各地嘅政府同經濟相關工作者都成日會諗「點樣<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>通脹」或者「要用乜<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="政策">政策</a>先可以控制通脹」等嘅問題，想自己管嘅經濟體有慢同輕微嘅通脹，同時又唔會出現惡性通脹。喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93" title="學術">學術</a>上，唔少專業嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="經濟學家">經濟學家</a>仲會醉心<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">鑽研</a>通脹，會喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="學術期刊">學術期刊</a>等嘅地方撰文，對呢種現象做<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>性質嘅研究<sup id="cite_ref-hummel2007_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hummel2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>通脹嘅相反係<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%B8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="通縮">通縮</a>（啲貨同服務嘅價錢普遍噉跌）<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Lizier_-_Intermarch%C3%A9_Super_-_Le_Pont_du_Baup_-_20171029_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Saint-Lizier_-_Intermarch%C3%A9_Super_-_Le_Pont_du_Baup_-_20171029_%281%29.jpg/300px-Saint-Lizier_-_Intermarch%C3%A9_Super_-_Le_Pont_du_Baup_-_20171029_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Saint-Lizier_-_Intermarch%C3%A9_Super_-_Le_Pont_du_Baup_-_20171029_%281%29.jpg/450px-Saint-Lizier_-_Intermarch%C3%A9_Super_-_Le_Pont_du_Baup_-_20171029_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Saint-Lizier_-_Intermarch%C3%A9_Super_-_Le_Pont_du_Baup_-_20171029_%281%29.jpg/600px-Saint-Lizier_-_Intermarch%C3%A9_Super_-_Le_Pont_du_Baup_-_20171029_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>一間<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="超市">超市</a>有一拃<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8" title="貨">貨</a>；每件貨都有個<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="價錢">價錢</a>，如果睇勻唔同超市啲貨嘅價錢，發覺啲貨嘅價錢普遍都升緊嘅話，就應該係有通脹。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2" title="錢">錢</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E5%90%8C%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" title="實際同名目價值">實際同名目價值</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E7%B7%8A%E7%B8%AE" title="通貨緊縮">通貨緊縮</a></div> <p>2022 年嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="不列顛百科全書">不列顛百科全書</a>係噉樣描述<b>通脹</b>呢個概念嘅<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>翻譯：喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>上，<b>通脹</b>係指<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89" title="貨幣供應">貨幣供應</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="名目價值">以錢量度</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="收入">收入</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="價錢">價錢</a>嘅整體上升。 </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>－喺個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>裏面，「整體」係隻好重要嘅關鍵詞<sup id="cite_ref-mankiw200222to32_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mankiw200222to32-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>想像家陣有位讀<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>嘅學生，佢想做份有關通脹嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a>，於是佢就行勻幾間<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="超市">超市</a>，睇吓啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="貨品">貨品</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="價錢">價錢</a>，想知呢啲嘢嘅價喺過去一年內有咩變化；佢發現原來喺過去嗰年有唔少地方爆<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BD%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F" title="禽流感">禽流感</a>，有好多<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9E" title="雞">雞</a>都焗住要攞去銷毀，搞到雞相關嘅產品<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89" title="供應">供應</a>大跌，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E8%82%89" title="雞肉">雞肉</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E8%9B%8B" title="雞蛋">雞蛋</a>嘅價都明顯升咗<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87" title="平均">平均</a>升咗成 10% 咁多；不過同時第啲貨品－包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%9E%9C" title="生果">生果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%B5%E5%8C%85" class="mw-redirect" title="麵包">麵包</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%A3%AB" title="芝士">芝士</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E9%85%92" title="紅酒">紅酒</a>呀噉－嘅價就冚唪唥都冇升過，有啲甚至係跌咗；嗰位學生<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>到噉嘅情況，並唔表示個經濟體喺過去嗰年實係有通脹。</li> <li>定義上，通脹係涉及成個經濟體入面啲貨品同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="服務">服務</a>嘅價<b>普遍</b>噉升；淨係睇到其中一兩樣貨品服務嘅價升咗，都唔表示係有通脹；要知「係咪有通脹」，必需要考慮好多種唔同貨品服務嘅價錢，睇吓呢啲價錢「總體上」變咗幾多，先至可以做決定。</li></ul> <p>通脹通常仲會伴隨住啲人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="收入">收入</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="名目價值">以錢嚟計</a>）跟住一齊升<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Inflation_Rate_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/World_Inflation_Rate_2019.png/500px-World_Inflation_Rate_2019.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/World_Inflation_Rate_2019.png/750px-World_Inflation_Rate_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/World_Inflation_Rate_2019.png/1000px-World_Inflation_Rate_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>2019 年世界各國家同地區嘅通脹率分佈圖；每笪國家或者地區嘅色水反映佢嘅通脹率，笪地方愈<span style="color:red;">深紅</span>就表示通脹率愈高，一笪地方<span style="color:blue;">藍色</span>表示佢哋有<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%B8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="通縮">通縮</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="量度"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.BA.A6"></span>量度</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 量度"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99" title="經濟指標">經濟指標</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟測量">經濟測量</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87" title="平均">平均</a></div> <p>原則上，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>採用嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>，研究一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>嗰陣，實要有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>嘅方法<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>個變數先得。响廿一世紀初，通脹有多種方法量度： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="消費物價指數"><span id=".E6.B6.88.E8.B2.BB.E7.89.A9.E5.83.B9.E6.8C.87.E6.95.B8"></span>消費物價指數</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 消費物價指數"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Food_basket.jpg/300px-Food_basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Food_basket.jpg/450px-Food_basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Food_basket.jpg/600px-Food_basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="蔬菜">蔬菜</a>嘅 CPI：假設上面籃菜<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="樣本代表性">準確噉代表到</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>一般民眾會買嘅菜；將籃菜入面嘅菜逐種逐種攞嚟睇，嗰種菜嘅價同對上一年比升咗或者跌咗幾多呢？啲菜平均價錢升咗或者跌咗幾多呢？</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="消費物價指數">消費物價指數</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="消費物價指數">消費物價指數</a>（CPI）係廿世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>最常用嗰種通脹指標；CPI 最基本個諗頭係「搵一般普羅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85" title="消費者">消費者</a>會買嘅貨品服務，睇吓呢啲嘢嘅價嘅變化，從而量度通脹率」，計 CPI 嘅步驟大致如下<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>首先，考慮<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E7%B1%83" title="市場籃">市場籃</a>嘅概念－一個市場籃係指一拃「响個經濟體裏面，啲普羅消費者普通消費嗰陣會買嘅貨品同服務」，正路起碼會包括啲人買餸嗰陣買嘅嘢、各種日用品（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E6%A2%98" title="番梘">番梘</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%81%E7%B4%99" title="廁紙">廁紙</a>）同埋日常會用嘅服務（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E9%AB%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="飛髮">飛髮</a>同睇<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" title="醫生">醫生</a>）... 等等； <ul><li>「市場籃包乜」受好多因素影響－首先，唔同國家地區嘅市場籃都唔同，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>差異，所以<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="香港人">香港人</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭人">英格蘭人</a>買餸嗰陣傾向會買嘅嘢都有分別，而唔同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="年齡層">年齡層</a>嘅人消費習慣會有異，所以（例如）<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%B6" title="老人家">老人家</a>嘅市場籃又會唔同<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li>响實際嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟研究">經濟研究</a>當中，市場籃「有咩响裏面」可以透過「對消費者做<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E5%8D%B7%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="問卷調查">問卷調查</a>」等嘅途徑得知<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li>知道市場籃入面有邊啲貨品服務之後，分析師就要郁手計「同舊年（或者對上一次調查通脹率）比起嚟，啲貨品服務嘅價<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87" title="平均">平均</a>變咗幾多」；呢個過程遠遠唔淨只係「攞今年嘅價同舊年嘅價，將兩個數相減或者相除，再計平均」咁簡單－分析師通常起碼要調節吓啲價嘅數值，（例如）考慮埋啲貨品服務嘅質素有乜變化，確保一件貨品服務嘅價升唔係源於件貨品服務嘅質素升咗。</li> <li>做好咗調節之後，分析師就會攞住<b>今年個價</b>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{gaa}}_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>gaa</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{gaa}}_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5e548bc5acae0d593fdb9a3c4e6707d2ff7b293" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.542ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{gaa}}_{1}}"></span>）同<b>對上一次計 CPI 嗰時嘅價</b>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{gaa}}_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>gaa</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{gaa}}_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e25350fb5864cc94f918d41fd483b4f9e617620e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.542ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{gaa}}_{0}}"></span>），用類似下面嗰條式噉嘅式，計出<b>今年嘅 CPI 數值</b>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{CPI}}_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CPI</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{CPI}}_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc5cc62901236614a22d6838c1a66d79582c821c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.155ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{CPI}}_{1}}"></span>）－「同對上一次調查通脹率比起嚟，啲貨品服務嘅價變咗幾多 <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="百分比">%</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{CPI}}_{1}={\frac {{\text{gaa}}_{1}}{{\text{gaa}}_{0}}}\times 100}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CPI</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>gaa</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>gaa</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>100</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{CPI}}_{1}={\frac {{\text{gaa}}_{1}}{{\text{gaa}}_{0}}}\times 100}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5da9b166fb606a4a04ad0c731e2d00efbb416b0b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.959ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{CPI}}_{1}={\frac {{\text{gaa}}_{1}}{{\text{gaa}}_{0}}}\times 100}"></span></dd></dl></li></ul> <p>CPI 嘅計法响<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學界">經濟學界</a>相當有爭議性－例如「要點樣先可以準確知消費者日常買乜」同埋「郁手計 CPI 之前，啲價嘅數值要用乜方法調節」都係相當大嘅問題。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="平均物價指數"><span id=".E5.B9.B3.E5.9D.87.E7.89.A9.E5.83.B9.E6.8C.87.E6.95.B8"></span>平均物價指數</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 平均物價指數"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="平均物價指數">平均物價指數</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="成因"><span id=".E6.88.90.E5.9B.A0"></span>成因</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 成因"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89" title="貨幣供應">貨幣供應</a></div> <p>對於「通脹點解會發生」呢條問題，唔同經濟學派有唔同睇法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="貨幣主義觀點"><span id=".E8.B2.A8.E5.B9.A3.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E8.A7.80.E9.BB.9E"></span>貨幣主義觀點</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 貨幣主義觀點"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="貨幣主義">貨幣主義</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="凱恩斯派觀點"><span id=".E5.87.B1.E6.81.A9.E6.96.AF.E6.B4.BE.E8.A7.80.E9.BB.9E"></span>凱恩斯派觀點</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 凱恩斯派觀點"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="凱恩斯經濟學">凱恩斯經濟學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理性預期觀點"><span id=".E7.90.86.E6.80.A7.E9.A0.90.E6.9C.9F.E8.A7.80.E9.BB.9E"></span>理性預期觀點</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 理性預期觀點"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F" title="理性預期">理性預期</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影響"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 影響"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restaurant_increasing_prices_by_$1.00_due_to_inflation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Restaurant_increasing_prices_by_%241.00_due_to_inflation.jpg/300px-Restaurant_increasing_prices_by_%241.00_due_to_inflation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Restaurant_increasing_prices_by_%241.00_due_to_inflation.jpg/450px-Restaurant_increasing_prices_by_%241.00_due_to_inflation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Restaurant_increasing_prices_by_%241.00_due_to_inflation.jpg/600px-Restaurant_increasing_prices_by_%241.00_due_to_inflation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>2021 年一間<a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%90%E5%BB%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="餐廳">餐廳</a>掛咗個牌（英文），牌上面同啲客（<b>patron</b>）講，話因為糧食成本上漲（<b>spike of food cost</b>），佢哋焗住要將餐牌上面所有嘢食嘅價提高 $1.00。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="投資">投資</a></div> <p>通脹會對經濟造成各種嘅影響。以下係啲「畀人覺得未必好未必壞」嘅影響： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2" title="錢">錢</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="實際價值">實際價值</a>：首先，通脹最直接嘅影響係會令一隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2" title="錢">錢</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="實際價值">實際價值</a>跌；想像家陣有個人手上揸住 1,000 文<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AF%E5%B9%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="港幣">港幣</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E7%B4%99" title="銀紙">銀紙</a>，然後<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>出現通脹；雖然筆錢<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="名目價值">名義上</a>仲係 1,000 文咁多，但因為啲嘢貴嗮，揸住筆錢可以買到嘅貨品服務實際上就少咗－筆錢嘅實際價值跌咗<sup id="cite_ref-hummel2007_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hummel2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢點就自然表示，通脹會令人冇咁肯<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%B2%E8%93%84" class="mw-redirect" title="儲蓄">儲住</a>啲錢，而係會想用自己啲錢換取第啲嘢－例如攞啲錢去買<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A1%E7%A5%A8" title="股票">股票</a>或者做第啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="投資">投資</a>，嘗試將嚿錢轆大佢；而喺極端嘅情況下，啲人可能會索性放棄隻貨幣，買價值穩定啲嘅貨幣嚟保存自己手上揸嘅價值<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:p. 1</sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%86%8D%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="收入再分配">收入再分配</a>：通脹能夠達致一定嘅收入再分配效果；想像家陣有人<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E9%8C%A2" title="借錢">借咗</a> 1,000 文港紙咁多錢，佢同佢<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B5%E4%B8%BB" title="債主">債主</a>簽咗份借據，講好咗要還幾多錢同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%81%AF" title="利息">利息</a>係幾多<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，然後個經濟體發生通脹，而且啲人（包括個債仔）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5" title="人工">人工</a>跟住升埋一份，噉個債仔就著數咗－佢要還嘅錢嘅量（名目價值）冇變，但佢還嗰筆錢喺佢收入裏面佔嘅比例（反映實際價值）低咗；噉講即係，通脹傾向令借錢俾人嘅人財富少咗，同時令問人借錢嘅人財富多咗－收入再分配<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="負面影響"><span id=".E8.B2.A0.E9.9D.A2.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>負面影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 負面影響"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="惡性通脹">惡性通脹</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="惡性通脹">惡性通脹</a>係指極快嘅通脹：喺好多經濟學工作者心目中，通脹率高過 2% 已經有啲高得滯<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上如果一個經濟體啲貨品服務嘅價每月升超過 50% 或者每年升超過 1,000% <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，就可以算係有惡性通脹，例如據報 2017 年嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉">委內瑞拉</a>就出現超過 4,000% 嘅通脹率<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>研究清楚表明咗，高嘅通脹率會對經濟造成各種負面影響。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="囤積行為"><span id=".E5.9B.A4.E7.A9.8D.E8.A1.8C.E7.82.BA"></span>囤積行為</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 囤積行為"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A4%E7%A9%8D_(%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8)" title="囤積 (經濟學)">囤積 (經濟學)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A4%E7%A9%8D_(%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8)" title="囤積 (經濟學)">囤積</a>係指啲人有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%98%E5%9B%A0" title="誘因">誘因</a>係噉買或者揸住<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="市場">市場</a>入面某隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81" title="產品">產品</a>；高通脹表示錢嘅實際價值係噉跌，啲人一攞到錢（人工或者儲蓄）就會想有咁快得咁快使嗮自己揸住嘅錢，用啲錢換取貨品－簡單嘅有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%A7%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="糧食">糧食</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E6%B0%B4" title="食水">食水</a>，保存手上嘅實際價值，同時手上揸住啲有實際價值嘅貨品嘅人，就會唔肯<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A3%E5%98%A2" title="賣嘢">賣嘢</a>（賣嘢即係攞啲貨品換取錢）－兩種行為都表示，有好多人都會手上揸住愈嚟愈多嘅貨品，呢種累積貨品嘅行為就係所謂嘅囤積<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；囤積往往會搞到啲貨品出現<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E7%BC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="短缺">短缺</a>，仲成日會加劇高通脹造成嘅社會混亂。 </p><p>好似係 2022 年嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>噉，2022 年嘅阿根廷出現咗一年成 64% 咁高嘅通脹率，於是啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A4%AB" title="農夫">農夫</a>就响度囤積<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%B1%86" title="黃豆">黃豆</a>－阿根廷嘅黃豆農夫見到錢愈嚟愈冇價值，就將佢哋收成當中 54% 嘅收埋，唔肯攞去賣，要黃豆唔要錢，單嘢仲對全球黃豆供應造成咗衝擊<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="貨幣替代"><span id=".E8.B2.A8.E5.B9.A3.E6.9B.BF.E4.BB.A3"></span>貨幣替代</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 貨幣替代"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3" title="貨幣替代">貨幣替代</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3" title="貨幣替代">貨幣替代</a>係指「啲人揸外幣，唔肯揸自己本地貨幣」噉嘅現象；一個經濟體有高通脹，表示個經濟體隻貨幣嘅價值係噉跌，啲人心知假如自己啲人工同儲蓄係以嗰隻貨幣計住嘅話，自己啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="收入">收入</a>嘅實際價值就會係噉跌；喺呢種情況下，啲人好多時會索性將自己手上嘅本地貨幣換嗮做（價值穩定啲嘅）外幣－最後就會出現「個經濟體嘅人，個個都係揸住外幣」噉嘅情況<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="非洲南部">非洲南部</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%8B" title="津巴布韋">津巴布韋</a>就係噉－喺 2000 年代，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%8B%E5%85%83" title="津巴布韋元">津巴布韋元</a>（Z$）因為惡性通脹搞到政府要印驚世嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E9%A1%8D" title="面額">面額</a> 100 萬億文<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E7%B4%99" title="銀紙">銀紙</a>，於是津巴布韋國民個個都寧願揸<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E9%87%91" title="美金">美金</a>，最後美金取代津巴布韋元，成為津巴布韋用嘅貨幣<sup id="cite_ref-Zs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="正面影響"><span id=".E6.AD.A3.E9.9D.A2.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>正面影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 正面影響"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>好多人一聽通脹，就會想起啲錢唔見駛，人工變相貶值咗。的確惡性通脹係好得人驚嘅，但係其實，適當嘅輕微通脹對經濟嚟講係好嘢嚟㗎。大多數經濟學家都認為，溫和嘅通脹，例如1%~3%，對經濟成長有利<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當啲人覺得將來嘅商品價格會更加貴，就會早啲買，呢啲消費動力會增加整體需求。需求上升會令到商家賺到多啲錢，亦都令佢哋對將來嘅需求會更加樂觀，咁佢哋就會增加投資，請多啲人，買多啲原材料，最終令到商品嘅產量上升，經濟（GDP）就會變得更好。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="穩定勞工市場"><span id=".E7.A9.A9.E5.AE.9A.E5.8B.9E.E5.B7.A5.E5.B8.82.E5.A0.B4"></span>穩定勞工市場</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 穩定勞工市場"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>研究顯示，失業率同通貨膨脹呈<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="負相關">負相關性</a>（negative correlation）<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。註：但係銀行嘅貸款政策會左右呢個關係，如果通脹嚴重，加上銀行對商家嘅貸款政策收緊，失業率唔單止唔會跌，反而會上升，特別係嗰啲需要大量研發融資嘅公司<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由於經濟情況出現突然嘅意外轉變，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="名目工資 (無呢版)">名目工資</a>（nominal wages）嘅水平需要調整嘅時候，因為名目工資係無乜彈性嘅，有啲薪水（例如最低工資）好難下調，勞工市場會失去均衡。如果勞工市場長期失衡，失業率就會上升。如果有通脹情況發生，即使名目工資保持不變，通脹亦都會令到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實際工資 (無呢版)">實際工資</a>（real wages）下降，所以適度嘅通脹可以令勞工市場更快咁達到均衡，減少失業<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="多咗迴旋餘地"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E5.92.97.E8.BF.B4.E6.97.8B.E9.A4.98.E5.9C.B0"></span>多咗迴旋餘地</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 多咗迴旋餘地"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>控制貨幣供給嘅主要工具係設定貼現率（銀行向中央銀行借錢嘅利率）同埋公開市場操作（中央銀行對債券市場嘅干預），呢啲行動嘅目的係影響貨幣發行量。如果一個經濟體發現自己陷入衰退，減息係最簡單而有效嘅方法，不過如果名目利率已經好低，甚至好似過去嘅日本咁，差唔多係零，咁中央銀行就無得進一步減息（負名目利率係唔可能嘅，因為啲人會將銀行嘅錢攞出嚟，鎖係夾萬嗰度）嚟刺激經濟——呢種情況叫做「流動性陷阱」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mundell–Tobin_效應"><span id="Mundell.E2.80.93Tobin_.E6.95.88.E6.87.89"></span>Mundell–Tobin 效應</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: Mundell–Tobin 效應"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根據 Mundell-Tobin 效應，通貨膨脹嘅加劇會令商家增加資本投資，從而刺激經濟成長<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。諾貝爾獎得主羅拔蒙道（Robert Alexander Mundell）認為，溫和嘅通膨會令到啲人減少儲蓄；佢哋將來需要用錢嘅時候，會選擇借錢，而唔係預先儲定啲錢；呢種消費模式嘅改變會令市場嘅實際利率下跌<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。較低嘅實際利率會令更多商家選擇借錢嚟投資。同樣，諾貝爾獎得主占士托賓（James Tobin）認為，呢種通貨膨脹將令企業用實體資本（廠房、設備同庫存）投資嚟取代資產組合中嘅貨幣餘額；呢種替代意味著選擇實際回報率較低嘅投資<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。註：回報率比較低，係因為高回報率嘅投資機會，喺之前已經投資咗，所以剩番嘅投資機會嘅回報率會比較低。呢兩種相關嘅效應叫做 Mundell-Tobin 效應。根據經濟成長理論模型，除非某個經濟體已經出現咗過度投資，否則輕微通貨膨脹引發嘅額外投資都係好嘅，對經濟有正面影響。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="通縮帶嚟嘅唔穩定"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E7.B8.AE.E5.B8.B6.E5.9A.9F.E5.98.85.E5.94.94.E7.A9.A9.E5.AE.9A"></span>通縮帶嚟嘅唔穩定</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 通縮帶嚟嘅唔穩定"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>美籍台灣經濟學家蔣碩傑認為，一旦市場預期會出現大幅度嘅通貨緊縮，就會出現兩個重要影響：兩個都係持有貨幣，增加儲蓄，唔借錢嘅結果<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>第一個係，因為持續下跌嘅價格同埋因此令到貨幣囤積嘅動機增加，會導致啲人越來越擔心，令到經濟變成好唔穩定；同時呢啲貨幣囤積會增值，而嚟啲增值會面對風險，因為啲人意識到啲人開始用嚟啲貨幣買嘢（消費品同資產），就會推高呢啲嘢嘅價錢。任何花費呢啲囤積嘅錢嘅舉動，「一旦開始咗，都有可能會形成巨大嘅雪崩式消費，喺用盡呢啲錢之前，呢啲消費可能會維持一段相當長嘅時間。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>」因為呢個原因，長期通貨緊縮好可能會俾週期性嘅通貨緊縮所打斷。 </p><p>蔣碩傑指出嘅第二個影響係，當存戶用手上嘅錢，而唔係喺金融市場嗰度借錢嘅話，咁樣金融市場將存戶儲蓄嘅錢轉化做投資資產嘅作用就會削弱咗。啲人對經濟前景負面，無通脹預期，所以即使係喺零利率之下，都寧願將啲錢儲起嚟而唔願意消費或者投資，儲蓄意願嘅增加唔會進一步壓低利率（因為已經無得再低），無得降低利率就無得用降低投資成本嘅方法去刺激投資。呢啲儲蓄意願嘅增加，反而會導致更多嘅資金囤積，結果搞到消費價格進一步下跌，商家無肉食就會生產少啲嘢，投資嘅吸引力又會再降低，經濟就會更差。呢個影響，其實喺1930年代美國大蕭條期間，凱因斯已經提出過，喺經濟體出現流動性陷阱（Liquidity Trap）嘅時候，名目利率接近零，唔能夠用調低名目利率嚟刺激經濟，所以無辦法刺激經濟活動（商業投資同埋消費），貨幣政策對經濟體系嘅作用失效。喺1990年嘅日本，亦都出現過，日本銀行（Bank of Japan，日本嘅中央銀行）應對泡沫經濟嘅方法係零利率政策；佢哋想用減息嘅方法去振興經濟，結果造成咗克魯明（Paul Krugman）所講嘅日本當時已經出現咗流動性陷阱。克魯明建議用增加通脹預期嘅方法去扭轉日本面對嘅流動性陷阱問題，包括：（一）政府喺公開市場回購政府債券嚟增加市場嘅貨幣供給量，（二）大規模擴大政府嘅財政開支，創造需求，製造通脹預期。當市場開始出現通貨膨脹，啲人就會買嘢（遲啲買會貴啲），經濟活動就會增加，經濟就會好翻。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生活補貼"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB.E8.A3.9C.E8.B2.BC"></span>生活補貼</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 生活補貼"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>收固定收入嘅人嘅實際購買力會俾通脹侵蝕，除非呢啲係通脹調整（inflation-adjusted）收入，咁先至可以保持實際嘅價值唔變。喺好多國家，打工仔嘅僱傭合約、退休金同埋政府福利（例如香港嘅綜援）都係同生活成本指數（通常係消費者物價指數）掛鉤嘅<sup id="cite_ref-cola_wars_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cola_wars-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。生活成本調整（cost-of-living adjustment，COLA）薪金，會根據生活成本指數嘅變化而調整<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢種薪金嘅調整方法，唔係為咗控制通貨膨脹，而係想減輕通貨膨脹對固定收入人士嘅影響。喺低通膨經濟體嗰度，薪金通常每年調整一次。喺惡性通貨膨脹期間，需要更加頻繁嘅調整<sup id="cite_ref-cola_wars_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cola_wars-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有啲公司會將出差或者派去其他國家嘅職員嘅人工同當地嘅生活成本指數掛鉤，減少佢哋因為調派去其他國家而降低咗收入。 </p><p>僱傭合約裏面嘅年度加薪條款，可能寫明職員嘅加薪率，即係佢哋嘅人工喺未來嘅增長百分比，但係呢啲加薪率通常都係同任何指數無關聯。而嗰啲談判協商嘅加人工，通俗啲講就係生活成本調整（COLA）或者係生活成本增長（cost-of-living increases）調整嘅人工調整，因為呢啲人工嘅增幅係跟住外部指數（例如消費者物價指數）而增加嘅。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政策"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>政策</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 政策"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="貨幣政策">貨幣政策</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E5%8C%AF%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="固定匯率 (無呢版)">固定匯率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8D" title="金本位">金本位</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="惡性通脹">惡性通脹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E7%B7%8A%E7%B8%AE" title="通貨緊縮">通貨緊縮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E7%90%86%E8%B2%A1" title="個人理財">個人理財</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%8C%AF%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="外匯市場">外匯市場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%95%E6%98%87" title="糕昇">糕昇</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞彙"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E5.BD.99"></span>詞彙</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 詞彙"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以下係篇文用咗嘅詞彙嘅粵英對照，啲拼音用嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a>： </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li><b>通脹率</b> / <span>tung<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> zoeng<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> leot<span class="Jpingtone">2</span></span> / inflation rate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="消費物價指數">消費物價指數</a> / <span>siu<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> fai<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> mat<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> gaa<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> zi<span class="Jpingtone">2</span> sou<span class="Jpingtone">3</span></span> / consumer price index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E7%B1%83" title="市場籃">市場籃</a> / <span>si<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> coeng<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> laam<span class="Jpingtone">2</span></span> / market basket</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="惡性通脹">惡性通脹</a> / <span>ok<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> sing<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> tung<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> zoeng<span class="Jpingtone">3</span></span> / hyperinflation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A4%E7%A9%8D_(%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8)" title="囤積 (經濟學)">囤積</a> / <span>tyun<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> zik<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span> / hoarding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3" title="貨幣替代">貨幣替代</a> / <span>fo<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> bai<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> ceoi<span class="Jpingtone">2</span> doi<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span> / currency substitution</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">不過「啲人嘅收入升幅追唔追得上通脹」係另一條問題。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">假設債主唔係放<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%88%A9" title="貴利">貴利</a>嘅</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引咗"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E5.92.97"></span>引咗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 引咗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fcpi%2Ftables%2Fsupplemental-files%2Fnews-release-table1-202203.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK">Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. city average, by expenditure category, March 2022</a>". <i>Bureau of Labor Statistics</i>. March 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/economy_14419.htm">The Fed - What is inflation and how does the Federal Reserve evaluate changes in the rate of inflation?</a>". <i>Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</i>. September 9, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mankiw200222to32-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mankiw200222to32_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mankiw200222to32_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). "Macroeconomics" (5th ed.). Worth. pp. 22-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zs_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zs_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Barro and Vittorio Grilli (1994), <i>European Macroeconomics</i>, Ch. 8, p. 139, Fig. 8.1. Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hummel2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hummel2007_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hummel2007_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hummel2007_5-2">5.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hummel, J. R. (2007). Death and taxes, including inflation: the public versus economists. <i>Econ journal watch</i>, 4(1), 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). "Macroeconomics" (5th ed.). Worth. pp. 238-255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Toporowski, J. (2009). The economics and culture of financial inflation. <i>Competition & Change</i>, 13(2), 145-156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/inflation-economics">Inflation</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>，原版<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>："<b>Inflation</b>, in economics, collective increases in the supply of money, in money incomes, or in prices."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gro-intelligence.com/insights/soaring-avian-flu-death-toll-drives-up-us-chicken-egg-prices">Soaring Avian Flu Death Toll Drives Up US Chicken, Egg Prices</a>. <i>Gro Intelligence</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/cpi/data.htm">Consumer Price Index: Data Sources</a>. <i>Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hobijn, Bart; Lagakos, David (May 2003). "Social Security and the Consumer Price Index for the Elderly". Current Issues in Economics and Finance. <i>Federal Reserve Bank of New York</i>. 9 (5): 1-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Nutrition-FINAL-report-on-Healthy-Food-Basket-Survey-Cost-and-availability-15-February-2008.pdf">NSW HEALTHY FOOD BASKET</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824051635/https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Nutrition-FINAL-report-on-Healthy-Food-Basket-Survey-Cost-and-availability-15-February-2008.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2022年8月24號，. (PDF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/consumer-price-index-cpi/">Consumer Price Index (CPI)</a>. <i>Intelligent Economist</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, D. H. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1924247.pdf">Personal saving behavior and the rate of inflation</a> (PDF). <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i>, 547-554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Doepke, M., & Schneider, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/508379#:~:text=An%20immediate%20consequence%20of%20an,inflation%20in%20the%20U.S.%20economy.">Inflation and the redistribution of nominal wealth</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, 114(6), 1069-1097.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/5D58E72F066A4DBDA80BBA659C55F774.htm">What is an acceptable level of inflation?</a>. <i>FRB</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, B. M., & Woodford, M. (Eds.). (2010). <i>Handbook of monetary economics</i>. Elsevier. "Hyperinflation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-food/venezuelans-report-big-weight-losses-in-2017-as-hunger-hits-idUSKCN1G52HA">Venezuelans report big weight losses in 2017 as hunger hits</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobirova, Z. (2020). Hoarding and opportunistic behavior during Covid-19 pandemics: A conceptual model of non-ethical behavior. <i>International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration</i>, 6(4), 22-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-15/inflation-at-64-has-argentine-soy-farmers-hoarding-all-they-can">Inflation at 64% Has Argentine Soy Farmers Hoarding All They Can</a>. <i>Bloomberg Markets</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Savastano, Miguel (1996). "Dollarization in Latin America: Recent Evidence and Some Policy Issues". <i>IMF Working Paper</i>. WP/96/4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription 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.zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5119371"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈通膨是什麼？通膨升息有關係？該怎麼進行通膨投資？〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>通</span><span class="zit3">膨是什麼？通膨升息有關係？該怎麼進行通膨投資？</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《天下雜誌》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>天</span><span class="zit3">下雜誌</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C&rft.atitle=%E9%80%9A%E8%86%A8%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%EF%BC%9F%E9%80%9A%E8%86%A8%E5%8D%87%E6%81%AF%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%EF%BC%9F%E8%A9%B2%E6%80%8E%E9%BA%BC%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E9%80%9A%E8%86%A8%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87%EF%BC%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cw.com.tw%2Farticle%2F5119371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0">23.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1">23.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFChuCozziFanFurukawa2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chu, Angus C.; Cozzi, Guido; Fan, Haichao; Furukawa, Yuichi (2021–07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sjoe.12416">"Inflation, Unemployment, and Economic Growth in a Schumpeterian Economy*"</a>. <i>The Scandinavian Journal of Economics</i> (英文). <b>123</b> (3): 874–909. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsjoe.12416">10.1111/sjoe.12416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0347-0520">0347-0520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scandinavian+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Inflation%2C+Unemployment%2C+and+Economic+Growth+in+a+Schumpeterian+Economy%2A&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=874-909&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsjoe.12416&rft.issn=0347-0520&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Angus+C.&rft.au=Cozzi%2C+Guido&rft.au=Fan%2C+Haichao&rft.au=Furukawa%2C+Yuichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fsjoe.12416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_format" title="Category:CS1 maint: date format">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKorkmazAbdullazade2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korkmaz, Suna; Abdullazade, Muzhgan (2020–09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=9853">"The Causal Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation in G6 Countries"</a>. <i>Advances in Economics and Business</i> (英文). <b>8</b> (5): 303–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13189%2Faeb.2020.080505">10.13189/aeb.2020.080505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2331-5059">2331-5059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Economics+and+Business&rft.atitle=The+Causal+Relationship+between+Unemployment+and+Inflation+in+G6+Countries&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=303-309&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13189%2Faeb.2020.080505&rft.issn=2331-5059&rft.aulast=Korkmaz&rft.aufirst=Suna&rft.au=Abdullazade%2C+Muzhgan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrpub.org%2Fjournals%2Farticle_info.php%3Faid%3D9853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_format" title="Category:CS1 maint: date format">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1972" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1821468">"Inflation and Unemployment"</a>. <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>62</b> (1/2): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282">0002-8282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Inflation+and+Unemployment&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=0002-8282&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1821468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Edwards, Jeffrey A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36443/">"Politics, Inflation, and the Mundell-Tobin Effect"</a>. <i>mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de</i> (英文)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2024-05-01</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de&rft.atitle=Politics%2C+Inflation%2C+and+the+Mundell-Tobin+Effect&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F36443%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMundell1963" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mundell, Robert (1963–06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/258771">"Inflation and Real Interest"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i> (英文). <b>71</b> (3): 280–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F258771">10.1086/258771</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Inflation+and+Real+Interest&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=280-283&rft.date=1963-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F258771&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft.aulast=Mundell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F258771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_format" title="Category:CS1 maint: date format">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1965" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1965–10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1910352">"Money and Economic Growth"</a>. <i>Econometrica</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1910352">10.2307/1910352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9682">0012-9682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=Money+and+Economic+Growth&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=671&rft.date=1965-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1910352&rft.issn=0012-9682&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1910352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_format" title="Category:CS1 maint: date format">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFTsiang1969" class="citation journal cs1">Tsiang, S. C. (1969–05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1991274?origin=crossref">"A Critical Note on the Optimum Supply of Money"</a>. <i>Journal of Money, Credit and Banking</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1991274">10.2307/1991274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Money%2C+Credit+and+Banking&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Note+on+the+Optimum+Supply+of+Money&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=266&rft.date=1969-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1991274&rft.aulast=Tsiang&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1991274%3Forigin%3Dcrossref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_format" title="Category:CS1 maint: date format">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsiang, 1969 (p. 272).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cola_wars-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cola_wars_33-0">31.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cola_wars_33-1">31.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2006" class="citation web cs1">Flanagan, Tammy (September 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005120234/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0906/090806rp.htm">"COLA Wars"</a>. <i>Government Executive</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Journal_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Journal Group (無呢版)">National Journal Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0906/090806rp.htm">原著</a>喺October 5, 2008歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2008搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Executive&rft.atitle=COLA+Wars&rft.date=2006-09-08&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Tammy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govexec.com%2Fdailyfed%2F0906%2F090806rp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKunkel" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kunkel, Sue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssa.gov/oact/cola/colasummary.html">"Cost-Of-Living Adjustment (COLA)"</a>. <i>www.ssa.gov</i> (美國英文). 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127155725/https://www.ssa.gov/OACT/COLA/colasummary.html">歸檔</a>喺November 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2018-05-15</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ssa.gov&rft.atitle=Cost-Of-Living+Adjustment+%28COLA%29&rft.aulast=Kunkel&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2Foact%2Fcola%2Fcolasummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inflation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Inflation"><span style="">通脹</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/inflation.asp#:~:text=Inflation%20is%20a%20rise%20in,over%20some%20period%20of%20time.">通脹</a>，<a href="/wiki/Investopedia" title="Investopedia">投資百科</a>講通脹。</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/111314/what-causes-inflation-and-does-anyone-gain-it.asp#:~:text=Inflation%20can%20occur%20when%20prices,pay%20more%20for%20the%20product.">通脹係由咩引起嘅？</a>，投資百科講通脹嘅成因。</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="經濟學嘅相關專題（詞彙表）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:經濟學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:經濟學"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="經濟學嘅相關專題（詞彙表）" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>嘅相關專題（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8" title="經濟學詞彙表">詞彙表</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="商學同社會科學一門，專研究人類點樣分配資源同爭嘢（經濟）"><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>一門，專研究人類點樣<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="資源分配">分配資源</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AD%E5%98%A2" title="爭嘢">爭嘢</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="經濟">經濟</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="研究方法" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="經濟學方法">研究方法</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">方法基礎</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="實證經濟學">實證</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="規範經濟學">規範</a>經濟學<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟測量學">經濟測量學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="運算經濟學">運算經濟學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E9%AB%94%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="個體為本模型">個體為本模型</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗經濟學">實驗經濟學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="自然實驗">自然實驗</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實地實驗">實地實驗</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="神經經濟學">神經經濟學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="虛擬經濟">虛擬經濟</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="經濟模型">數學模型</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E8%AB%96" title="決策論">決策論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AB%96" title="博弈論">博弈論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AB%96" title="行為博弈論">行為博弈論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="機制設計">機制設計</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="數理經濟學">數理經濟學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="社會選擇理論">社會選擇理論</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="微觀經濟學" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%80%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="微觀經濟學">微觀經濟學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">微觀基礎</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%80%8B%E9%AB%94" title="經濟個體">經濟個體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E7%BC%BA%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="稀缺性">稀缺性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%85%BE%E6%9C%9B" title="慾望">慾望</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%98%E5%9B%A0" title="誘因">誘因</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB" title="消費">消費</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="投資">投資</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="交易">交易</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%96%E6%9C%80%E9%81%A9" title="柏里圖最適">柏里圖最適</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性">不確定性</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊經濟學">資訊經濟學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="貿易">貿易</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%97" title="貿易利得">貿易利得</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="交易成本">交易成本</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　　價值</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" title="經濟價值">經濟價值</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" title="市場價值">市場價值</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E5%90%8C%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" title="實際同名目價值">實際同名目價值</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A6%8F%E5%BE%8B" title="價值規律">價值規律</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E6%A0%BC" title="價格">價格</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%AF%8C" title="財富">財富</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A2" title="財產">財產</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="效用">效用</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%A5%BD" title="偏好">偏好</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="預期效用理論">預期效用理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="有限理性">有限理性</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2" title="錢">錢</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8" title="通貨">通貨</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A3%E5%B9%A3%E9%A9%85%E9%80%90%E8%89%AF%E5%B9%A3" title="劣幣驅逐良幣">劣幣驅逐良幣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%8C%A2" title="內錢">內錢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E9%87%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="貨幣量說">貨幣量說</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="現代貨幣理論">現代貨幣理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3" title="數碼貨幣">數碼貨幣</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%86%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3" title="加密電子貨幣">加密電子貨幣</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2" title="生產">生產</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">生產概念</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="機會成本">機會成本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="生產因素">生產因素</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%8E%87" title="生產率">生產率</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="生產理論">生產理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E9%85%AC%E9%81%9E%E6%B8%9B" title="報酬遞減">報酬遞減</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="生產可能性曲線">生產可能性曲線</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E5%84%AA%E5%8B%A2" title="相對優勢">相對</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E5%84%AA%E5%8B%A2" title="絕對優勢">絕對</a>優勢<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%E9%8F%88" title="供應鏈">供應鏈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sector_(%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8)" title="Sector (經濟學)">Sector</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" title="勞動力">勞動力</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="勞工">勞工</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5" title="人工">人工</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B7%A5" title="分工">分工</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89" title="勞工供應">勞工供應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%BD%8E%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="後彎勞動供給曲線">後彎勞動供給曲線</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="勞動經濟學">勞動經濟學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　　<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81" title="產品">產品</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8" title="貨">貨</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%93%81" title="商品">商品</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="服務">服務</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%95%E7%94%A2" title="不動產">不動產</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E5%93%81" title="必需品">必需品</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A8%E5%93%81" title="共用品">共用品</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E6%80%A7" title="網絡外部性">網絡外部性</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="市場">市場</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%E5%90%8C%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="供應同需求">供應需求</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89" title="供應">供應</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="供應曲線">曲線</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="供應定律">定律</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="需求">需求</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="需求曲線">曲線</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="需求定律">定律</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E9%A0%90%E6%B8%AC" title="需求預測">預測</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%9B%88%E9%A4%98" title="經濟盈餘">盈餘</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%9F%AD%E7%BC%BA" title="經濟短缺">短缺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="市場均衡">均衡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7_(%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8)" title="彈性 (經濟學)">彈性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%81" title="替代品">替代品</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A3%9C%E5%93%81" title="互補品">互補品</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">市場現象</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="市場形式">市場形式</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="自由市場">自由市場</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%A4%B1%E9%9D%88" title="市場失靈">市場失靈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A2" title="市場趨勢">市場趨勢</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F" title="理性預期">理性預期</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E6%B5%81%E9%80%9A%E5%BA%A6" title="市場流通度">流通度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="效率市場假說">效率市場假說</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="金融市場">金融市場</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%B8%82" title="黑市">黑市</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%BD%A2%E4%B9%8B%E6%89%8B" title="無形之手">無形之手</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%84%8F%E4%BA%BA" title="生意人">生意人</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="組織類型" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="組織">組織</a>類型</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="企業">企業</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="公司">公司</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="公司組織">公司組織</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="有限公司">有限公司</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="上市公司">上市公司</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E8%82%A1%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="控股公司">控股公司</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%BD%A4" title="利潤">利潤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%BD%A4%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96" title="利潤最大化">利潤最大化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A" title="成本效益">成本效益</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="規模經濟">規模經濟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E5%90%8C%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="協同效應">協同效應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%A5%AD" title="創業">創業</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%B5%E8%B3%BC" title="併購">併購</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="創新">創新</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="宏觀經濟學" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%80%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="宏觀經濟學">宏觀經濟學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">宏觀現象</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="商業週期">商業週期</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%B7" title="經濟增長">增長</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80" title="經濟衰退">衰退</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB" title="經濟泡沫">泡沫</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="失業">失業</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="結構性失業">結構性</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="摩擦性失業">摩擦性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%82%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="奧肯法則">奧肯法則</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%AF%8C%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="財富分配">財富分配</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%AE" title="窮">貧窮</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE%E9%96%80%E6%AA%BB" title="貧窮門檻">貧窮門檻</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="馬太效應">馬太效應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE" title="跨代貧窮">跨代貧窮</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99" title="經濟指標">經濟指標</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC" title="本地生產總值">GDP</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC" title="人均本地生產總值">人均 GDP</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="個人收入">個人</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="國民收入">國民</a>收入<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="人均收入">人均收入</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="失業率">失業率</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%9B" title="購買力">購買力</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E5%83%B9" title="購買力平價">購買力平價</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%96" title="生活水準">生活水準</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="經濟政策">經濟政策</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="財政政策">財政政策</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A0%90%E7%AE%97" title="政府預算">政府預算</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%85" title="稅">稅</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%87" title="利率">利率</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD" title="公共事業">公共事業</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="公共選擇理論">公共選擇理論</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8C%96" title="自由化">自由化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="福利經濟學">福利經濟學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="貨幣政策">貨幣政策</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="銀行">銀行</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="中央銀行">中央銀行</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89" title="貨幣供應">貨幣供應</a>（<a class="mw-selflink selflink">通脹</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E7%B7%8A%E7%B8%AE" title="通貨緊縮">通縮</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="貨幣經濟學">貨幣經濟學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="貨幣主義">貨幣主義</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="經濟體系">經濟體系</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="資本主義" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="資本主義">資本主義</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC" title="資本">資本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E7%B4%AF%E7%A9%8D" title="資本累積">資本累積</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="資本市場">資本市場</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%8A" title="私有產權">私有產權</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="私有化">私有化</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="市場經濟">市場經濟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%BB" title="自由放任">自由放任</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E6%92%92%E9%81%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="盎格魯-撒遜模式">盎格魯-撒遜模式</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="法人團體資本主義">法人團體資本主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="無政府資本主義">無政府資本主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="混合經濟">混合經濟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E7%89%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="禮物經濟">禮物經濟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%A8%80%E7%BC%BA" title="後稀缺">後稀缺</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="國際經濟學">國際經濟</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="國際貿易">國際貿易</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="淨出口">淨出口</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">全球化</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="經濟全球化">經濟全球化</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%AF%E7%8E%87" title="匯率">匯率</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%8C%AF%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="外匯市場">外匯市場</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="其他相關" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">其他相關</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="經濟學史">經濟學史</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%95%86%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="重商主義">重商</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E8%BE%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="重農主義">重農</a>主義<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AF%8C" title="原富">原富</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="古典經濟學">古典經濟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="馬克思主義">馬克思主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="新古典經濟學">新古典經濟</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="理性選擇理論">理性選擇理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E4%BA%BA" title="經濟人">經濟人</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="凱恩斯經濟學">凱恩斯經濟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="芝加哥經濟學派">芝加哥學派</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="貨幣主義">貨幣主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="行為經濟學">行為經濟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="經濟學家">經濟學家‎</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E5%A4%AB" title="亞當史密夫">亞當史密夫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="凱恩斯">凱恩斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%8D%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%BD" title="朗納弗里施">朗納弗里施</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B" title="海耶克">海耶克</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E4%B8%81%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%B9" title="揚丁伯根">揚丁伯根</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%88%A9%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="佛利民">佛利民</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E7%A9%86%E9%81%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="森穆遜">森穆遜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%BF%E6%AE%8A" title="莊·科比斯·拿殊">莊·科比斯·拿殊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E5%A7%86" title="奧斯特羅姆">奧斯特羅姆</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="邁倫·斯科爾斯">邁倫·斯科爾斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9_(%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="米高波特 (經濟學家)">米高波特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">相關領域</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="商學領域" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a>領域</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="管理學">管理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%AD%B8" title="市場學">市場學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="會計學">會計學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="金融學">金融學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="金融經濟學">金融經濟學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="資訊系統">資訊系統</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%B1%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="運籌學">運籌學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8" title="精算學">精算學</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="應用數學">應用數學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="地理學">地理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學">社會學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="政治學">政治學</a><span 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