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Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jemr" > Journal of Eye Movement Research (JEMR) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmms" > Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences (JMMS) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration 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<option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="microwave" > Microwave </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option 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value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" selected='selected'> Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > 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for="refine_article_types_systematic_review">Systematic Review (181)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="correction" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_correction" value="correction"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_correction">Correction (158)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="technical note" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_technical-note" value="technical-note"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_technical-note">Technical Note (98)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="perspective" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_perspective" value="perspective"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_perspective">Perspective (87)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="brief report" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_brief-report" value="brief-report"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_brief-report">Brief Report (37)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="case report" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_case-report" value="case-report"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_case-report">Case Report (30)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="concept paper" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_concept-paper" value="concept-paper"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_concept-paper">Concept Paper (19)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="retraction" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_retraction" value="retraction"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_retraction">Retraction (11)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="project report" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_project-report" value="project-report"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_project-report">Project Report (10)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="comment" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_article-commentary" value="article-commentary"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_article-commentary">Comment (9)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="tutorial" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_tutorial" value="tutorial"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_tutorial">Tutorial (9)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="reply" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_reply" value="reply"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_reply">Reply (7)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="study protocol" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_study-protocol" value="study-protocol"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_study-protocol">Study Protocol (7)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="opinion" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_opinion" value="opinion"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_opinion">Opinion (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="essay" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_essay" value="essay"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_essay">Essay (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="protocol" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_protocol" value="protocol"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_protocol">Protocol (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="commentary" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_commentary" value="commentary"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_commentary">Commentary (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="viewpoint" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_viewpoint" value="viewpoint"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_viewpoint">Viewpoint (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="new book received" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_books-received" value="books-received"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_books-received">New Book Received (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="short note" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_note" value="note"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_note">Short Note (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="hypothesis" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_hypothesis" value="hypothesis"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_hypothesis">Hypothesis (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="conference report" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_conference-report" value="conference-report"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_conference-report">Conference Report (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="data descriptor" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_data-descriptor" value="data-descriptor"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_data-descriptor">Data Descriptor (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="obituary" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_obituary" value="obituary"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_obituary">Obituary (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="discussion" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_discussion" value="discussion"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_discussion">Discussion (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="article_types" onclick="$('#refine-modal-article_types').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="article_types" id="refine_article_types_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-countries" style=""> <h3>Countries / Regions</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> China </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Republic of Korea </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> USA </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SPAIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Spain </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ITALY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Italy </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> UK </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GERMANY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Germany </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_POLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Poland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JAPAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Japan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TAIWAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Taiwan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CANADA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Canada </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FRANCE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> France </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Australia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SAUDI_ARABIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Saudi Arabia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BRAZIL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brazil </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PORTUGAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Portugal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PAKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pakistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALAYSIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malaysia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> India </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_RUSSIAN_FEDERATION"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Russia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> The Netherlands </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MEXICO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mexico </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BELGIUM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Belgium </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ROMANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Romania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CZECH_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Czech Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GREECE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Greece </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SWEDEN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sweden </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Switzerland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Austria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_EGYPT"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Egypt </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SINGAPORE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Singapore </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TURKEY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Turkey (Türkiye) </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRELAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ireland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FINLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Finland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SLOVENIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Slovenia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NORWAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Norway </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_DENMARK"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Denmark </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ISRAEL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Israel </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_VIETNAM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Vietnam </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iran </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHILE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chile </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_THAILAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Thailand </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> United Arab Emirates </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NEW_ZEALAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> New Zealand </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_COLOMBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Colombia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Slovakia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LITHUANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Lithuania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HUNGARY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Hungary </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SERBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Serbia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CROATIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Croatia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> South Africa </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ECUADOR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ecuador </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TUNISIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tunisia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRAQ"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iraq </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDONESIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Indonesia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BANGLADESH"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bangladesh </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_QATAR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Qatar </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JORDAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Jordan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UKRAINE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ukraine </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HONG_KONG"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Hong Kong </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ALGERIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Algeria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MOROCCO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Morocco </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BULGARIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bulgaria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ESTONIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Estonia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KAZAKHSTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kazakhstan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ARGENTINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Argentina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LATVIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Latvia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Luxembourg </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CYPRUS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cyprus </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LEBANON"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Lebanon </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sri Lanka </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NIGERIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nigeria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PERU"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Peru </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KUWAIT"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kuwait </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CUBA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cuba </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ethiopia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PHILIPPINES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Philippines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UZBEKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Uzbekistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_OMAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Oman </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bosnia and Herzegovina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_YEMEN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Yemen </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NORTH_MACEDONIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> North Macedonia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BRUNEI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brunei </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ANGOLA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Angola </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PALESTINE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Palestine </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GHANA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ghana </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BELARUS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Belarus </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_COSTA_RICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Costa Rica </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PANAMA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Panama </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SUDAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sudan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ICELAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iceland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KENYA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kenya </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALTA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malta </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NEPAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nepal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GABON"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Gabon </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_URUGUAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Uruguay </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CAMEROON"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cameroon </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_VENEZUELA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Venezuela </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Libya </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_RWANDA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Rwanda </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MONTENEGRO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Montenegro </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Dominican Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BAHRAIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bahrain </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BOTSWANA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Botswana </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MONGOLIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mongolia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PUERTO_RICO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Puerto Rico </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CONGO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Congo </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MOLDOVA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Moldova </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SENEGAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Senegal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tanzania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ARMENIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Armenia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MACAO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Macao </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ALBANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Albania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FRENCH_POLYNESIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> French Polynesia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KYRGYZSTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kyrgyzstan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NAMIBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Namibia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Syrian Arab Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TAJIKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tajikistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UGANDA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Uganda </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AFGHANISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Afghanistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CAMBODIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cambodia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FRENCH_GUIANA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> French Guiana </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GEORGIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Georgia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HONDURAS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Honduras </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALAWI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malawi </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mali </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MYANMAR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Myanmar </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PARAGUAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Paraguay </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TRINIDAD_AND_TOBAGO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Trinidad and Tobago </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ZIMBABWE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Zimbabwe </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AMERICAN_SAMOA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> American Samoa </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ANDORRA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Andorra </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BOLIVIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bolivia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BURUNDI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Burundi </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_EL_SALVADOR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> El Salvador </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FIJI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Fiji </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GUATEMALA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Guatemala </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JAMAICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Jamaica </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PAPUA_NEW_GUINEA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Papua New Guinea </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ESWATINI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Eswatini </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ZAMBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Zambia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BARBADOS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Barbados </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BENIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Benin </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BURKINA_FASO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Burkina Faso </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHAD"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chad </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_COTE_DIVOIRE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Côte d'Ivoire </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FAROE_ISLANDS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Faroe Islands </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GREENLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Greenland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MAURITIUS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mauritius </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MONACO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Monaco </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NEW_CALEDONIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> New Caledonia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_REUNION"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Réunion </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SAN_MARINO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> San Marino </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TIMOR-LESTE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Timor-Leste </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TOGO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Togo </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_VANUATU"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Vanuatu </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_Kosovo"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kosovo </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-countries" data-filter="countries"><strong>Add Countries / Regions</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="countries"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--empty "> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-refine-filter" href="#" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-countries" data-filter="countries" class="all">Select Countries / Regions</a> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div id="refine-modal-countries" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Filter Countries / Regions</h2> <input class="js-filter" type="text" form="temp" placeholder="Search for Countries / Regions" style="width: 100%; max-width: 300px;" /> <p class="reveal-modal-new__description"> Select countries / regions you want to add to your filter. </p> </div> <div class="js-refinement-values-container"> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="china" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CHINA" value="CHINA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CHINA">China (22577)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="republic of korea" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF" value="KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF">Republic of Korea (6644)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="usa" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES" value="UNITED_STATES"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES">USA (6278)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="spain" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SPAIN" value="SPAIN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SPAIN">Spain (5603)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="italy" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ITALY" value="ITALY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ITALY">Italy (4159)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="uk" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM" value="UNITED_KINGDOM"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM">UK (3356)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="germany" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GERMANY" value="GERMANY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GERMANY">Germany (3089)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="poland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_POLAND" value="POLAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_POLAND">Poland (2567)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="japan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_JAPAN" value="JAPAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_JAPAN">Japan (2377)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="taiwan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TAIWAN" value="TAIWAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TAIWAN">Taiwan (2253)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="canada" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CANADA" value="CANADA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CANADA">Canada (1970)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="france" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_FRANCE" value="FRANCE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_FRANCE">France (1874)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="australia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA" value="AUSTRALIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA">Australia (1780)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="saudi arabia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SAUDI_ARABIA" value="SAUDI_ARABIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SAUDI_ARABIA">Saudi Arabia (1487)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="brazil" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BRAZIL" value="BRAZIL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BRAZIL">Brazil (1280)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="portugal" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PORTUGAL" value="PORTUGAL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PORTUGAL">Portugal (1142)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="pakistan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PAKISTAN" value="PAKISTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PAKISTAN">Pakistan (1023)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="malaysia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MALAYSIA" value="MALAYSIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MALAYSIA">Malaysia (982)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="india" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_INDIA" value="INDIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_INDIA">India (966)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="russia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_RUSSIAN_FEDERATION" value="RUSSIAN_FEDERATION"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_RUSSIAN_FEDERATION">Russia (908)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="the netherlands" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS" value="NETHERLANDS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS">The Netherlands (878)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="mexico" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MEXICO" value="MEXICO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MEXICO">Mexico (818)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="belgium" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BELGIUM" value="BELGIUM"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BELGIUM">Belgium (803)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="romania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ROMANIA" value="ROMANIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ROMANIA">Romania (752)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="czech republic" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CZECH_REPUBLIC" value="CZECH_REPUBLIC"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CZECH_REPUBLIC">Czech Republic (726)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="greece" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GREECE" value="GREECE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GREECE">Greece (680)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sweden" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SWEDEN" value="SWEDEN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SWEDEN">Sweden (650)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="switzerland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND" value="SWITZERLAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND">Switzerland (642)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="austria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_AUSTRIA" value="AUSTRIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_AUSTRIA">Austria (571)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="egypt" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_EGYPT" value="EGYPT"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_EGYPT">Egypt (534)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="singapore" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SINGAPORE" value="SINGAPORE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SINGAPORE">Singapore (501)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="turkey (türkiye)" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TURKEY" value="TURKEY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TURKEY">Turkey (Türkiye) (454)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ireland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_IRELAND" value="IRELAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_IRELAND">Ireland (445)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="finland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_FINLAND" value="FINLAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_FINLAND">Finland (422)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="slovenia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SLOVENIA" value="SLOVENIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SLOVENIA">Slovenia (410)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="norway" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NORWAY" value="NORWAY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NORWAY">Norway (407)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="denmark" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_DENMARK" value="DENMARK"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_DENMARK">Denmark (381)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="israel" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ISRAEL" value="ISRAEL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ISRAEL">Israel (349)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="vietnam" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_VIETNAM" value="VIETNAM"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_VIETNAM">Vietnam (333)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="iran" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF" value="IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF">Iran (317)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="chile" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CHILE" value="CHILE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CHILE">Chile (305)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="thailand" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_THAILAND" value="THAILAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_THAILAND">Thailand (303)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="united arab emirates" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES" value="UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES">United Arab Emirates (303)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="new zealand" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NEW_ZEALAND" value="NEW_ZEALAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NEW_ZEALAND">New Zealand (294)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="colombia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_COLOMBIA" value="COLOMBIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_COLOMBIA">Colombia (290)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="slovakia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA" value="SLOVAKIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA">Slovakia (285)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="lithuania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LITHUANIA" value="LITHUANIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LITHUANIA">Lithuania (271)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="hungary" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_HUNGARY" value="HUNGARY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_HUNGARY">Hungary (259)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="serbia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SERBIA" value="SERBIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SERBIA">Serbia (218)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="croatia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CROATIA" value="CROATIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CROATIA">Croatia (216)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="south africa" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA" value="SOUTH_AFRICA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA">South Africa (214)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ecuador" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ECUADOR" value="ECUADOR"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ECUADOR">Ecuador (184)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="tunisia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TUNISIA" value="TUNISIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TUNISIA">Tunisia (183)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="iraq" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_IRAQ" value="IRAQ"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_IRAQ">Iraq (170)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="indonesia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_INDONESIA" value="INDONESIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_INDONESIA">Indonesia (168)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bangladesh" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BANGLADESH" value="BANGLADESH"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BANGLADESH">Bangladesh (156)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="qatar" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_QATAR" value="QATAR"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_QATAR">Qatar (148)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="jordan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_JORDAN" value="JORDAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_JORDAN">Jordan (131)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ukraine" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UKRAINE" value="UKRAINE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UKRAINE">Ukraine (123)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="hong kong" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_HONG_KONG" value="HONG_KONG"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_HONG_KONG">Hong Kong (118)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="algeria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ALGERIA" value="ALGERIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ALGERIA">Algeria (104)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="morocco" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MOROCCO" value="MOROCCO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MOROCCO">Morocco (93)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bulgaria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BULGARIA" value="BULGARIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BULGARIA">Bulgaria (91)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="estonia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ESTONIA" value="ESTONIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ESTONIA">Estonia (91)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="kazakhstan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KAZAKHSTAN" value="KAZAKHSTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KAZAKHSTAN">Kazakhstan (84)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="argentina" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ARGENTINA" value="ARGENTINA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ARGENTINA">Argentina (76)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="latvia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LATVIA" value="LATVIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LATVIA">Latvia (75)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="luxembourg" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG" value="LUXEMBOURG"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG">Luxembourg (73)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="cyprus" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CYPRUS" value="CYPRUS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CYPRUS">Cyprus (69)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="lebanon" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LEBANON" value="LEBANON"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LEBANON">Lebanon (65)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sri lanka" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA" value="SRI_LANKA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA">Sri Lanka (63)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 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id="refine_countries_KUWAIT" value="KUWAIT"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KUWAIT">Kuwait (51)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="cuba" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CUBA" value="CUBA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CUBA">Cuba (45)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ethiopia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA" value="ETHIOPIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA">Ethiopia (44)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 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refine_countries" id="refine_countries_OMAN" value="OMAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_OMAN">Oman (33)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bosnia and herzegovina" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA" value="BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA">Bosnia and Herzegovina (31)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="yemen" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_YEMEN" value="YEMEN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_YEMEN">Yemen (30)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="north macedonia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NORTH_MACEDONIA" value="NORTH_MACEDONIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NORTH_MACEDONIA">North Macedonia (29)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="brunei" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BRUNEI" value="BRUNEI"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BRUNEI">Brunei (28)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="angola" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ANGOLA" value="ANGOLA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ANGOLA">Angola (26)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="palestine" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PALESTINE" value="PALESTINE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PALESTINE">Palestine (24)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ghana" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GHANA" value="GHANA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GHANA">Ghana (23)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="belarus" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BELARUS" value="BELARUS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BELARUS">Belarus (21)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="costa rica" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_COSTA_RICA" value="COSTA_RICA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_COSTA_RICA">Costa Rica (21)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="panama" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PANAMA" value="PANAMA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PANAMA">Panama (20)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sudan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SUDAN" value="SUDAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SUDAN">Sudan (20)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="iceland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ICELAND" value="ICELAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ICELAND">Iceland (19)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="kenya" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KENYA" value="KENYA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KENYA">Kenya (19)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="malta" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MALTA" value="MALTA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MALTA">Malta (17)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="nepal" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NEPAL" value="NEPAL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NEPAL">Nepal (16)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="gabon" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GABON" value="GABON"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GABON">Gabon (15)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="uruguay" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_URUGUAY" value="URUGUAY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_URUGUAY">Uruguay (15)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="cameroon" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CAMEROON" value="CAMEROON"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CAMEROON">Cameroon (14)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="venezuela" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_VENEZUELA" value="VENEZUELA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_VENEZUELA">Venezuela (14)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="libya" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA" value="LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA">Libya (12)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="rwanda" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_RWANDA" value="RWANDA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_RWANDA">Rwanda (12)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="montenegro" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" 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style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MOLDOVA">Moldova (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="senegal" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SENEGAL" value="SENEGAL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SENEGAL">Senegal (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="tanzania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF" value="TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF">Tanzania (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns 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style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PARAGUAY" value="PARAGUAY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PARAGUAY">Paraguay (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="trinidad and tobago" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TRINIDAD_AND_TOBAGO" value="TRINIDAD_AND_TOBAGO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TRINIDAD_AND_TOBAGO">Trinidad and Tobago (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="zimbabwe" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" 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class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592509" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 34535 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1208/pdf?version=1739701389" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhanced N-Butanol Sensing Performance of Cr-Doped CeO2 Nanomaterials" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1208">Enhanced N-Butanol Sensing Performance of Cr-Doped CeO<sub>2</sub> Nanomaterials</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanping Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haoyang Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jing Ren</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guangfeng Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yonghui Jia</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041208 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The Cr-doped CeO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterials were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. Morphological analysis revealed that Cr doping altered the morphology and size of the CeO<sub>2</sub> particles. Gas sensing tests results showed that Cr/Ce-2 has the highest response (<i>R<sub>a</sub></i>/<i></i> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1208/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The Cr-doped CeO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterials were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. Morphological analysis revealed that Cr doping altered the morphology and size of the CeO<sub>2</sub> particles. Gas sensing tests results showed that Cr/Ce-2 has the highest response (<i>R<sub>a</sub></i>/<i>R<sub>g</sub></i> = 15.6 @ 10 ppm), which was 12.58 times higher than that of the pure CeO<sub>2</sub> sensor. Furthermore, the optimal operating temperature was reduced from 210 °C to 170 °C. The Cr/Ce-2 sensor also displayed outstanding repeatability and gas selectivity. The improved gas sensing performance of the Cr-doped CeO<sub>2</sub> sensor can be attributed to its smaller grain size and higher porosity compared to pure CeO<sub>2</sub>. In addition, oxygen vacancies played a pivotal role in improving the gas-sensing performance. The present work provides a new CeO<sub>2</sub>-based gas-sensitive material for the detection of n-butanol. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1208">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/KRZ5R53B23 ">Smart Gas Sensor Applications in Environmental Change Monitoring</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592506" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 4640 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1207/pdf?version=1739701184" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Mixed-Supervised Learning for Cell Classification" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1207">Mixed-Supervised Learning for Cell Classification</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hao Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Danqi Guo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhao Chen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041207 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Cell classification based on histopathology images is crucial for tumor recognition and cancer diagnosis. Using deep learning, classification accuracy is hugely improved. Semi-supervised learning is an advanced deep learning approach that uses both labeled and unlabeled data. However, complex datasets that comprise diverse <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1207/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Cell classification based on histopathology images is crucial for tumor recognition and cancer diagnosis. Using deep learning, classification accuracy is hugely improved. Semi-supervised learning is an advanced deep learning approach that uses both labeled and unlabeled data. However, complex datasets that comprise diverse patterns may drive models towards learning harmful features. Therefore, it is useful to involve human guidance during training. Hence, we propose a mixed-supervised method incorporating semi-supervision and “human-in-the-loop” for cell classification. We design a sample selection mechanism that assigns highly confident unlabeled samples to automatic semi-supervised optimization and unreliable ones for online annotation correction. We use prior human annotations to pretrain the backbone and trustworthy pseudo labels and online human annotations to fine-tune the model for accurate cell classification. Experimental results show that the mixed-supervised model reaches overall accuracies as high as 86.56%, 99.33% and 74.12% on LUSC, BloodCell, and PanNuke datasets, respectively. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1207">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/U0ICDM97E9 ">Advances in Image and Signal Processing and Biomedical Engineering Informatics</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592445" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 35 pages, 787 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1206/pdf?version=1739698348" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Path Planning Trends for Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation: A Review" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1206">Path Planning Trends for Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation: A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuexia Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muhammad Aizzat Zakaria</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maryam Younas</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041206 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> With the development of robotics technology, there is a growing demand for robots to perform path planning autonomously. Therefore, rapidly and safely planning travel routes has become an important research direction for autonomous mobile robots. This paper elaborates on traditional path-planning algorithms and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1206/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> With the development of robotics technology, there is a growing demand for robots to perform path planning autonomously. Therefore, rapidly and safely planning travel routes has become an important research direction for autonomous mobile robots. This paper elaborates on traditional path-planning algorithms and the limitations of these algorithms in practical applications. Meanwhile, in response to these limitations, it reviews the current research status of recent improvements to these traditional algorithms. The results indicate that these improved path-planning algorithms perform well in tests or practical applications, and multi-algorithm fusion for path planning outperforms single-algorithm path planning. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1206">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sensors/sections/robotics">Sensors and Robotics</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592400" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 28 pages, 5460 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1203/pdf?version=1739696742" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Constrained Pulse Radar Waveform Design Based on Optimization Theory" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1203">Constrained Pulse Radar Waveform Design Based on Optimization Theory</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jianwei Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiawei Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yifan Chen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041203 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Radar is utilized as an active sensing device across many fields. Its waveform optimization is responsible for target signature extraction, profoundly influencing the overall performance. First, the principle of pulse radar waveform design is explored. Waveform design strategies vary based on target models, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1203/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Radar is utilized as an active sensing device across many fields. Its waveform optimization is responsible for target signature extraction, profoundly influencing the overall performance. First, the principle of pulse radar waveform design is explored. Waveform design strategies vary based on target models, whether point-like or extended ones, and are often formulated as high-dimensional, non-convex optimization problems with multiple constraints, such as energy, constant modulus, and sidelobe ratios. Second, to address them, techniques like alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), semidefinite relaxation (SDR), and minimization-maximization (MM) algorithms are widely employed. Finally, challenges in multimodal sensing collaborative detection, joint multi-tasking, sparse signal recovery, and intelligent perception highlight the need for innovative solutions to meet future demands. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1203">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/E1OXVV689C ">Advancing Land Monitoring through Synergistic Harmonization of Optical, Radar and Lidar Satellite Technologies</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592386" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 4342 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1204/pdf?version=1739696253" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Low-Voltage Low-Power Voltage-to-Current Converter with Low Temperature Coefficient Design Awareness" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1204">A Low-Voltage Low-Power Voltage-to-Current Converter with Low Temperature Coefficient Design Awareness</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haoze Chen</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pak Kwong Chan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041204 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper presents a low-voltage, low-power voltage-to-current converter (V-I Converter) implemented in TSMC 40 nm CMOS technology. Operating at a supply voltage of 0.45 V with an input range of 0.1 V to 0.3 V, the proposed circuit achieves a temperature coefficient of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1204/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper presents a low-voltage, low-power voltage-to-current converter (V-I Converter) implemented in TSMC 40 nm CMOS technology. Operating at a supply voltage of 0.45 V with an input range of 0.1 V to 0.3 V, the proposed circuit achieves a temperature coefficient of 54.68 ppm/°C, which is at least 2× better than prior works, ensuring stable performance across a wide temperature range (−20 °C to 80 °C). The design employs a three-stage operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with a Q-reduction frequency compensation technique to produce programmable output currents while maintaining a power dissipation of less than 2.76 μW. With a bandwidth of 34.45 kHz and a total harmonic distortion (THD) of −56.66 dB at 1 kHz and 0.1 V<sub>PP</sub> input signal, the circuit demonstrates high linearity and low power consumption under ultra-low voltage design scenarios. These features make the proposed V-I Converter highly suitable for energy-constrained applications such as biomedical sensors, energy harvesting systems, and IoT nodes, where low power consumption and temperature stability are critical parameters. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1204">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/46U2W9IP2X ">Advanced Interface Circuits for Sensor Systems (Volume II)</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592376" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 28 pages, 6338 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1202/pdf?version=1739695892" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Emergency Position Recovery Using Forward Kinematics in Robotic Patient Positioning Systems for Radiosurgery" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1202">Emergency Position Recovery Using Forward Kinematics in Robotic Patient Positioning Systems for Radiosurgery</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alaa Saadah</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laszlo Fadgyas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Donald Medlin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jad Saud</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jason Henderson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tibor Koroknai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mate Koroknai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David Takacs</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Panko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoran Zheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Endre Takacs</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Géza Husi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041202 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Precise patient positioning is paramount in radiosurgery to ensure the accurate targeting of tumors while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This study focuses on the development and validation of a robust forward kinematics (FK) model for a robotic patient positioning system, specifically <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1202/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Precise patient positioning is paramount in radiosurgery to ensure the accurate targeting of tumors while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This study focuses on the development and validation of a robust forward kinematics (FK) model for a robotic patient positioning system, specifically designed to handle emergency interruptions such as power loss or emergency stops. The FK model integrates data from high-resolution primary encoders within the actuators and secondary encoders post-load on each axis, providing real-time feedback and ensuring sub-millimeter positional accuracy. The control architecture leverages a dual-loop feedback system to enhance precision and stability during operation and recovery. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the FK model, combined with encoder feedback, reliably determines the patient bed’s exact position during interruptions and guides the system’s safe and accurate resumption of treatment. These findings underscore the critical role of FK and encoder integration in improving the safety, reliability, and precision of robotic radiosurgery systems, addressing key challenges in medical robotics for radiation therapy. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1202">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/8MT90Q98R8 ">Design and Integration of Sensors for Control, Planning and Deployment in Robotic Systems</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592374" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 5635 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1205/pdf?version=1739695676" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Design of Electronic Nose Based on MOS Gas Sensors and Its Application in Juice Identification" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1205">Design of Electronic Nose Based on MOS Gas Sensors and Its Application in Juice Identification</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yafei Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yongli Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Feiyang Jiang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rongjie Lai</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041205 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Due to its advantages of fast response, low cost, low power consumption, and easy integration, Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) gas sensor is widely used in the electronic nose system (E-nose). However, the MOS sensor has cross-sensitivity to different gases, which can impair the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1205/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Due to its advantages of fast response, low cost, low power consumption, and easy integration, Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) gas sensor is widely used in the electronic nose system (E-nose). However, the MOS sensor has cross-sensitivity to different gases, which can impair the performance of the E-nose. Another key factor affecting the E-nose performance is the extraction method of gas features. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, an E-nose system that can modulate the operating temperature of gas sensors during the gas detection was designed in this paper, and a new gas feature extraction algorithm named Boruta-Recursive Feature Elimination (Boruta-RFE) was proposed based on the designed system. In order to verify the effectiveness of the designed system and the gas feature extraction algorithm, they were applied to the identification of different categories of apple juice. The experimental results show that more gas features can be obtained by modulating the operating temperature of the gas sensors, and the Boruta-RFE algorithm can effectively reduce the dimensionality of the original gas feature dataset, and can quickly select the key gas features, so as to effectively improve the identification accuracy of the E-nose system. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1205">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sensors/sections/electronic_sensors">Electronic Sensors</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1205/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592374"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592374"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592374" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592374" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592374" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g001-550.jpg?1739695759" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1592374" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g002-550.jpg?1739695760'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g006-550.jpg?1739695764'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g007-550.jpg?1739695765'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g008a-550.jpg?1739695767'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g008b-550.jpg?1739695768'><p>Figure 8 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g011-550.jpg?1739695774'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1592374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g012-550.jpg?1739695776'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592374-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g001-550.jpg?1739695759" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The schematic of the as designed E-nose system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g002-550.jpg?1739695760" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The design of the temperature modulation and signal detection circuit in the E-nose.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g003-550.jpg?1739695761" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of the juice identification approach based on the designed Boruta-RFE algorithm and the E-nose.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g004-550.jpg?1739695762" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of the feature extraction based on the Boruta-RFE algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g005-550.jpg?1739695764" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The response curves of the E-nose after the normalization using Formula (3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g006-550.jpg?1739695764" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the feature vector organization in the feature dataset.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g007-550.jpg?1739695765" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The importance values of the extracted gas features based on Boruta algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g008a-550.jpg?1739695767" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of the samples detected on different operating temperatures after the dimensionality reduction using PCA: (<b>a</b>) 250 °C, (<b>b</b>) 300 °C, (<b>c</b>) 350 °C, and (<b>d</b>) on temperature modulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g008b-550.jpg?1739695768" title=" <strong>Figure 8 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of the samples detected on different operating temperatures after the dimensionality reduction using PCA: (<b>a</b>) 250 °C, (<b>b</b>) 300 °C, (<b>c</b>) 350 °C, and (<b>d</b>) on temperature modulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g009a-550.jpg?1739695770" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of the samples detected on different operating temperatures after the dimensionality reduction using Boruta-RFE: (<b>a</b>) 250 °C, (<b>b</b>) 300 °C, (<b>c</b>) 350 °C, and (<b>d</b>) on temperature modulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g009b-550.jpg?1739695771" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of the samples detected on different operating temperatures after the dimensionality reduction using Boruta-RFE: (<b>a</b>) 250 °C, (<b>b</b>) 300 °C, (<b>c</b>) 350 °C, and (<b>d</b>) on temperature modulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g010-550.jpg?1739695773" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Identification accuracies of the E-nose based on the gas feature dataset processed by different dimensionality reduction methods: (<b>a</b>) 250 °C, (<b>b</b>) 300 °C, (<b>c</b>) 350 °C, and (<b>d</b>) temperature modulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g011-550.jpg?1739695774" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Confusion matrix of the juice identification based on temperature modulation dataset.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01205/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01205-g012-550.jpg?1739695776" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Feature weight values of the sensor contributions in the four datasets.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592343" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 14440 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1201/pdf?version=1739694179" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Spectral Super-Resolution Technology Based on Fabry–Perot Interferometer for Temporally and Spatially Modulated Fourier Transform Imaging Spectrometer" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1201">Spectral Super-Resolution Technology Based on Fabry–Perot Interferometer for Temporally and Spatially Modulated Fourier Transform Imaging Spectrometer</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qunbo Lv</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jianwei Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yinhui Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jia Si</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xinwen Chen</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yangyang Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041201 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A new spectral super-resolution technique was proposed by combining the Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) with Temporally and Spatially Modulated Fourier Transform Imaging Spectrometer (TSMFTIS). This study uses the multi-beam interference of the FPI to modulate the target spectrum periodically, and it acquires the modulated <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1201/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A new spectral super-resolution technique was proposed by combining the Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) with Temporally and Spatially Modulated Fourier Transform Imaging Spectrometer (TSMFTIS). This study uses the multi-beam interference of the FPI to modulate the target spectrum periodically, and it acquires the modulated interferogram through TSMFTIS. The combined interference of the two techniques overcomes the limitations of the maximum optical path difference (OPD) on spectral resolution. FPI is used to encode high-frequency interference information into low-frequency interference information, proposing an inversion algorithm to recover high-frequency information, studying the impact of FPI optical defects on the system, and proposing targeted improvement algorithms. The simulation results indicate that this method can achieve multi-component joint interference imaging, improving spectral resolution by twofold. This technology offers advantages such as high throughput, stability, simple and compact structure, straightforward principles, high robustness, and low cost. It provides new insights into TSMFTIS spectral super-resolution research. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1201">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sensors/sections/sensing_imaging">Sensing and Imaging</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1201/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592343"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592343"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592343" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592343" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592343" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-ag-550.jpg?1739694284" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1592343" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g001-550.jpg?1739694266'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g002-550.jpg?1739694266'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g003-550.jpg?1739694267'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g004-550.jpg?1739694268'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g005-550.jpg?1739694269'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g006-550.jpg?1739694270'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g007-550.jpg?1739694271'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g008-550.jpg?1739694272'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g009-550.jpg?1739694272'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g010-550.jpg?1739694274'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g011-550.jpg?1739694274'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g012-550.jpg?1739694276'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g013-550.jpg?1739694278'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g014-550.jpg?1739694279'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g015-550.jpg?1739694280'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1592343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g016-550.jpg?1739694281'><p>Figure 16</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592343-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-ag-550.jpg?1739694284" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g001-550.jpg?1739694266" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>FPI principle schematic diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g002-550.jpg?1739694266" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of system structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g003-550.jpg?1739694267" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of teh TSMFTIS interferogram scanning method: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) interference images captured by TSMFTIS at times <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, where the position of a specific target point in the image is <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, respectively; (<b>d</b>) pushing the scan along the X direction, interference data are assembled based on the actual spatial positions and time sequence; (<b>e</b>) interference patterns formed by the Y dimension of space and the T dimension of time; (<b>f</b>) The interferogram of a specific target point formed by assembling data in time sequence.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g004-550.jpg?1739694268" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Optical equivalent model of LSI; (<b>b</b>) Optical equivalent model of FPI; (<b>c</b>) optical equivalent model of SMJI between the LSI and FPI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g005-550.jpg?1739694269" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the spectrum mixing principle. (<b>a</b>) Object spectrum and (<b>b</b>) its interferogram; (<b>c</b>) cosine-modulated spectrum and (<b>d</b>) its interferogram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g006-550.jpg?1739694270" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Spectrum after FPI modulation; (<b>b</b>) schematic diagram of its interferogram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g007-550.jpg?1739694271" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Overall flowchart of the restoration algorithm; (<b>b</b>) flowchart of the interpolation algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g008-550.jpg?1739694272" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Input spectrum: (<b>a</b>) Gaussian function; (<b>b</b>) spectral data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g009-550.jpg?1739694272" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Interferograms <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g010-550.jpg?1739694274" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Interferogram of Gaussian input spectrum: (<b>a</b>) overall restoration result; (<b>b</b>) partial magnification of <span class="html-italic">L</span>∼<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g011-550.jpg?1739694274" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Overall super-resolution spectral result of the Gaussian input spectrum; (<b>b</b>) partial magnification and the fitting and <span class="html-italic">FWHM</span> calculation of <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g012-550.jpg?1739694276" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Interferogram of spectral data input spectrum: (<b>a</b>) overall restoration result; (<b>b</b>) partial magnification of <span class="html-italic">L</span>∼<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g013-550.jpg?1739694278" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Overall super-resolution spectral result of spectral data input spectrum; (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) partial magnifications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g014-550.jpg?1739694279" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Super-resolution interferogram and (<b>b</b>) super-resolution spectrum for each row of the field of view and its partial magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g015-550.jpg?1739694280" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Frequency shift broadening caused by different degrees of non-parallelism for (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>; frequency shift broadening caused by different degrees of non-flatness for (<b>e</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>f</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>g</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>h</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01201/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01201-g016-550.jpg?1739694281" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Interferogram restoration results for Defect1 with <span class="html-italic">FWH</span><math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mi>D</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> values of 0.125 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m, 0.25 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m, and 0.5 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1201'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592329" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 3055 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1200/pdf?version=1739693263" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="LoRaBB: An Algorithm for Parameter Selection in LoRa-Based Communication for the Amazon Rainforest" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1200">LoRaBB: An Algorithm for Parameter Selection in LoRa-Based Communication for the Amazon Rainforest</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Diogo Soares Moreira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gilmara Santos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Angela Emi Yanai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pedro Barreto de Souza</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Victor Fernandes de Melo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Edjair Mota</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041200 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The interference of human activities in water bodies has contributed to a deterioration in water quality. With the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT), aided by transmission technologies such as LoRa (Long Range), low-cost solutions have emerged for long-distance environment monitoring scenarios. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1200/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The interference of human activities in water bodies has contributed to a deterioration in water quality. With the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT), aided by transmission technologies such as LoRa (Long Range), low-cost solutions have emerged for long-distance environment monitoring scenarios. One key challenge in such IoT-based systems is selecting LoRa transmission parameters to ensure efficient data exchange among nodes, adapting to varying network conditions. Well-known strategies adapt transmission parameters according to network context through information exchange among nodes and LoRa gateway(s). In this work, we introduce a novel LoRa parameter selection algorithm by incorporating three major LoRa metrics (RSSI, SNR, and PDR) and conducting a comprehensive characterization and validation in the forest environment to build a set of reference values of transmission quality, which are employed in a binary search methodology, utilizing the <i>R</i>-array, representing the transmission quality according to LoRa parameters. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm achieves a 16.20% reduction in Time on Air (ToA). Furthermore, our algorithm optimized the transmission power (TP) selection, achieving at least 38% lower energy consumption than ADR TP parameters. These results highlight that our proposed algorithm can enhance the transmissions in a rainforest environment. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1200">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sensors/sections/internet_of_things">Internet of Things</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1200/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592329"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592329"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592329" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592329" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592329" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g001-550.jpg?1739693334" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1592329" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g002-550.jpg?1739693334'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g003-550.jpg?1739693336'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g004-550.jpg?1739693338'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g005-550.jpg?1739693340'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g006-550.jpg?1739693342'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g007-550.jpg?1739693344'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g008-550.jpg?1739693346'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g009-550.jpg?1739693347'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g010-550.jpg?1739693348'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g011-550.jpg?1739693349'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g012-550.jpg?1739693350'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g013-550.jpg?1739693352'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g014-550.jpg?1739693353'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g015-550.jpg?1739693354'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1592329-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g016-550.jpg?1739693356'><p>Figure 16</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592329-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g001-550.jpg?1739693334" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>LoRa parameter selection: (<b>A</b>) illustrates optimal parameters, while (<b>B</b>) depicts suboptimal choices. Each smaller circle represents a node, while the larger circle denotes the communication range determined by the selected LoRa parameters. Triangles represent gateways. Communication can occur between nodes and gateways that are within or on the border of the larger circle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g002-550.jpg?1739693334" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Three-way handshake to establish first contact between an end node and a gateway.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g003-550.jpg?1739693336" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>ADR algorithm flowchart [<a href="#B34-sensors-25-01200" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g004-550.jpg?1739693338" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Location of experiments for <span class="html-italic">R</span>-array building.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g005-550.jpg?1739693340" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Correlation matrices illustrating the relationship between parameters and target metrics in the R-array characterization process. (<b>a</b>) Correlation matrix including the PT = 18 scenario; (<b>b</b>) correlation matrix excluding the PT = 18 scenario.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g006-550.jpg?1739693342" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>R values found in characterization experiments for each parameter combination. A very high resolution version of the R chart is available at: <a href="https://tede.ufam.edu.br/image/R_values_characterization.jpg" target="_blank">https://tede.ufam.edu.br/image/R_values_characterization.jpg</a>, accessed on 15 December 2024).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g007-550.jpg?1739693344" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>RSSI results in the <span class="html-italic">R</span>-array build characterization experiment for each LoRa parameter.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g008-550.jpg?1739693346" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>PDR results in the R–array build characterization experiment for each combination of SF and BW parameters at varying distances.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g009-550.jpg?1739693347" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Example of binary search algorithm proposed using <span class="html-italic">R</span> values in sorted <span class="html-italic">R</span>-array for the calculated <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.3</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, by comparing them in the green <span class="html-italic">R</span>-array using <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>. In the red <span class="html-italic">R</span>-array, the old parameter combination (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>) has shifted to the right side of the array to use the new parameter combination (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mn>8</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and comparing it to the newly calculated <span class="html-italic">R</span>, re-applying the <span class="html-italic">R</span> evaluation step using <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mn>8</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g010-550.jpg?1739693348" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Timeline visualization of the LoRaBB binary search phase process, showing the progression and decisions at each step.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g011-550.jpg?1739693349" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Linear regression analysis of <span class="html-italic">R</span> values compared to the means of SNR, RSSI, and PDR for each combination/distance during the characterization experiments, considering <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.33</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g012-550.jpg?1739693350" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Linear regression analysis of <span class="html-italic">R</span> values compared to the means of SNR, RSSI, and PDR for each combination/distance during the characterization experiments, considering <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.2</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.6</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g013-550.jpg?1739693352" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Illustrations about the scenarios used in this research on the campus of UFAM. (<b>a</b>) The view of line-of-sight transmission across the forest at UFAM campus. (<b>b</b>) UFAM campus, one of the world largest urban forests, in the middle of Manaus City [<a href="#B38-sensors-25-01200" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g014-550.jpg?1739693353" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Location of validation experiments for proposed algorithm effectiveness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g015-550.jpg?1739693354" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Convergence time for select LoRa parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01200/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01200-g016-550.jpg?1739693356" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Packet delivery ratio.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1200'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592252" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 10342 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1199/pdf?version=1739685817" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Integrating Artificial Intelligence into an Automated Irrigation System" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1199">Integrating Artificial Intelligence into an Automated Irrigation System</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicoleta Cristina Gaitan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bianca Ioana Batinas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Calin Ursu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Filaret Niculai Crainiciuc</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041199 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Climate change in Eastern Europe requires introducing automated irrigation systems and monitoring agricultural and climatic parameters to ensure food security. The automation of irrigation, together with the generation of climate reports based on AI (artificial intelligence) using OpenAI models for Internet of Things <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1199/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Climate change in Eastern Europe requires introducing automated irrigation systems and monitoring agricultural and climatic parameters to ensure food security. The automation of irrigation, together with the generation of climate reports based on AI (artificial intelligence) using OpenAI models for Internet of Things (IoT) data processing, contributes to the optimization of resources by reducing excessive water and energy consumption, supporting plant health through proper irrigation and increasing sustainable agricultural productivity by providing suggestions and statistics to streamline the agricultural process. In this paper, the authors present a system that allows continuous data collection of parameters such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture, providing detailed information and advanced analytics for each device and area monitored using AI to generate predictive recommendations. The data transmission is performed wirelessly via WebSocket to the central database. This system uses data from all devices connected to the application to assess current climate conditions at a national level, identifying trends and generating reports that aid in adapting to extreme events. The integration of artificial intelligence in the context of monitoring and irrigation of agricultural areas is a step forward in the development of sustainable agriculture and for the adaptation of agriculture to increasingly aggressive climate phenomena, providing a replicable framework for vulnerable regions. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1199">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/5AY2546771 ">Women’s Special Issue Series: Sensors</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1199/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592252"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592252"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592252" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592252" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592252" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g001-550.jpg?1739685897" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1592252" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g002-550.jpg?1739685899'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g003-550.jpg?1739685901'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g004-550.jpg?1739685903'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g005-550.jpg?1739685904'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g006-550.jpg?1739685905'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g007-550.jpg?1739685906'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g008-550.jpg?1739685908'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g009-550.jpg?1739685911'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g010-550.jpg?1739685914'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g011-550.jpg?1739685915'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g012-550.jpg?1739685916'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g013-550.jpg?1739685917'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g014-550.jpg?1739685919'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g015-550.jpg?1739685919'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1592252-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g016-550.jpg?1739685920'><p>Figure 16</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592252-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g001-550.jpg?1739685897" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The proposed architecture of the system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g002-550.jpg?1739685899" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The proposed system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g003-550.jpg?1739685901" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Monitored places.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g004-550.jpg?1739685903" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Device-specific page.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g005-550.jpg?1739685904" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Preconditions for analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g006-550.jpg?1739685905" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Prompt Analysis Structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g007-550.jpg?1739685906" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Irrigation Monitoring Dashboard.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g008-550.jpg?1739685908" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Irrigation Decision Flowchart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g009-550.jpg?1739685911" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Heat Map.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g010-550.jpg?1739685914" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>History page for monitoring.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g011-550.jpg?1739685915" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Decision Graph at 02:00–08:00.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g012-550.jpg?1739685916" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Decision Graph at 11:00–15:00.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g013-550.jpg?1739685917" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Graphical display of temperature and humidity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g014-550.jpg?1739685919" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of temperature evolution between 2023 and 2024.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g015-550.jpg?1739685919" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of humidity evolution between 2023 and 2024.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01199/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01199-g016-550.jpg?1739685920" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Graph of rainfall and water quantity recorded by the system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1199'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592233" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 9045 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1195/pdf?version=1739679144" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Adaptive Exposure Control for Line-Structured Light Sensors Based on Global Grayscale Statistics" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1195">Adaptive Exposure Control for Line-Structured Light Sensors Based on Global Grayscale Statistics</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuehua Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qingfeng Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Po Hu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hao Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ziheng Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaohong Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingbo Zhou</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041195 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Stripe images are crucial for ensuring the measurement quality of line-structured light sensors. To improve the measurement effectiveness of objects with different shapes, materials, and colors, an adaptive exposure method is proposed based on global grayscale statistical analysis of stripe images. The logarithm <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1195/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Stripe images are crucial for ensuring the measurement quality of line-structured light sensors. To improve the measurement effectiveness of objects with different shapes, materials, and colors, an adaptive exposure method is proposed based on global grayscale statistical analysis of stripe images. The logarithm sum of grayscale statistical results is calculated as the quality evaluation parameter for each stripe image. Theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrate that the proposed quality evaluation value exhibits an approximate linear relationship with a camera’s exposure time. Subsequently, an adaptive exposure control method is developed. The influence of control system parameters on measurement results is also analyzed in detail. The experimental results show that our method can adaptively adjust a camera’s exposure time according to different surface characteristics. Both the number of effective measurement points and the accuracy are improved. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1195">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sensors/sections/optical_sensors">Optical Sensors</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1195/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592233"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592233"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592233" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592233" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592233" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g001-550.jpg?1739679214" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1592233" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g002-550.jpg?1739679215'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g003-550.jpg?1739679216'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g004-550.jpg?1739679217'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g005-550.jpg?1739679219'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g006-550.jpg?1739679220'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g007-550.jpg?1739679222'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g008-550.jpg?1739679222'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g009-550.jpg?1739679224'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g010-550.jpg?1739679225'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g011-550.jpg?1739679227'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g012-550.jpg?1739679228'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g013-550.jpg?1739679230'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1592233-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g014-550.jpg?1739679231'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592233-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g001-550.jpg?1739679214" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Line-structured light measurement system. (<b>a</b>) System components. (<b>b</b>) Measurement principle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g002-550.jpg?1739679215" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Image of laser stripe and its corresponding histogram curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g003-550.jpg?1739679216" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Variation in the number of different grayscale pixels with exposure time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g004-550.jpg?1739679217" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Block diagram of the adaptive control system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g005-550.jpg?1739679219" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Influence of exposure time on stripe quality. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Logarithmic curves of gray distribution on different surfaces at different exposure times, and (<b>d</b>) stripe quality curves of different surfaces under different exposure times.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g006-550.jpg?1739679220" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Measurement process without and with adaptive control; (<b>a</b>) paper with color stripe, (<b>b</b>) without adaptive control, and (<b>c</b>) with adaptive control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g007-550.jpg?1739679222" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Measurement results of LSLS for the color stripe surface (<b>a</b>) without adaptive control and (<b>b</b>) with adaptive control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g008-550.jpg?1739679222" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Changes in surface exposure time and stripe quality under different <span class="html-italic">K<sub>p</sub></span> (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">K<sub>p</sub></span> = 0.2, (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">K<sub>p</sub></span> = 1.0, (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">K<sub>p</sub></span> = 4.0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g009-550.jpg?1739679224" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Scanning process and measurement results in the presence of laser stripe occlusion. (<b>a</b>) Measured object. (<b>b</b>) Images of the light stripe at different positions. (<b>c</b>) Changes in exposure time and quality of the stripe in measurement process. (<b>d</b>) Measurement results.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g010-550.jpg?1739679225" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Flat surfaces of different materials (<b>a</b>) aluminum plane, (<b>b</b>) polyurethane plane, (<b>c</b>) ceramic plane.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g011-550.jpg?1739679227" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Measurement results of aluminum plane at different exposure times, (<b>a</b>) 1 ms, (<b>b</b>) 2 ms, (<b>c</b>) 6 ms, and (<b>d</b>) 10 ms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g012-550.jpg?1739679228" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Measurement results and corresponding laser stripes: (<b>a</b>) aluminum plane, (<b>b</b>) ceramic plane, (<b>c</b>) laser stripe for aluminum plane, and (<b>d</b>) laser stripe for ceramic plane.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g013-550.jpg?1739679230" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Typical complex surfaces and measurement results; (<b>a</b>) the measured object, (<b>b</b>) without adaptive control, and (<b>c</b>) with adaptive control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01195/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01195-g014-550.jpg?1739679231" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Adaptive measurement process and cross-sectional profile analysis. (<b>a</b>) Adaptive control process of exposure time during scanning (<b>b</b>) without adaptive control, and (<b>c</b>) with adaptive control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1195'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592224" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 3865 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1198/pdf?version=1739634672" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Spatial Blind Source Estimation of Respiratory Rate and Heart Rate Detection Based on Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Radar" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1198">Spatial Blind Source Estimation of Respiratory Rate and Heart Rate Detection Based on Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Radar</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tong Pei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tao Liao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiangkui Wan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Binhui Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Danni Hao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041198 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> When detecting respiratory rate and heart rate in an FMCW radar room, there is a lot of static clutter and white Gaussian noise generated by hardware heat loss in the environment, which makes the separation of respiratory and heartbeat signals poor. At the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1198/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> When detecting respiratory rate and heart rate in an FMCW radar room, there is a lot of static clutter and white Gaussian noise generated by hardware heat loss in the environment, which makes the separation of respiratory and heartbeat signals poor. At the same time, the harmonic component of the respiratory signal in the frequency domain will affect the estimation of heart rate. To solve the above problems, a spatial blind source estimation method was proposed to accurately estimate respiratory heart rate. Firstly, the weighted principal component analysis (WPCA) algorithm was used to extract the features of the target signal from the IF signal, and then the respiratory heart rate signal was reconstructed according to the different features. Then, the multi-signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm is used to convert the respiration and heartbeat signals into the zero domain to avoid the influence of the respective harmonic components on the detection results. The experimental results showed that the accuracy of respiratory rate detection and heart rate detection was 94.51% and 97.79%, respectively. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the proposed method is stable and has higher detection accuracy. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1198">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/sensors/sections/Radar_Sensors">Radar Sensors</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1198/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592224"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592224"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592224" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592224" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592224" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g001-550.jpg?1739634756" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1592224" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g002-550.jpg?1739634756'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g003-550.jpg?1739634757'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g004-550.jpg?1739634759'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g005-550.jpg?1739634761'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g006-550.jpg?1739634763'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g007-550.jpg?1739634765'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g008-550.jpg?1739634766'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g009-550.jpg?1739634768'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g010-550.jpg?1739634769'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g011-550.jpg?1739634771'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1592224-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g012-550.jpg?1739634773'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592224-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g001-550.jpg?1739634756" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>FMCW radar structure diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g002-550.jpg?1739634756" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>FMCW time domain waveform.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g003-550.jpg?1739634757" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FMCW time–frequency domain diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g004-550.jpg?1739634759" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Overall structure of MUSIC algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g005-550.jpg?1739634761" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of WPCA separating respiration and heartbeat signals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g006-550.jpg?1739634763" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>MUSIC algorithm estimation flow chart of respiratory heart rate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g007-550.jpg?1739634765" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Scenario diagram of respiratory heart rate detection.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g008-550.jpg?1739634766" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Diagram of DC component processing results. (<b>a</b>) Plot of results before removal of DC component; (<b>b</b>) plot of results after removal of DC component.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g009-550.jpg?1739634768" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Plot of eigenvalue ranges selected for WPCA-reconstructed target signals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g010-550.jpg?1739634769" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>WPCA reconstruction of respiration and heartbeat signal result map.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g011-550.jpg?1739634771" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>MUSIC algorithm to estimate respiratory heart rate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01198/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01198-g012-550.jpg?1739634773" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of detection results.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1198'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592140" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 3417 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1197/pdf?version=1739615794" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Localization of Rock Acoustic Emission Sources Based on a Spaced Sensors System Consisting of Two Combined Receivers and a Hydrophone" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1197">Localization of Rock Acoustic Emission Sources Based on a Spaced Sensors System Consisting of Two Combined Receivers and a Hydrophone</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuri Marapulets</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Albert Shcherbina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexandra Solodchuk</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mikhail Mishchenko</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041197 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The paper considers the results of experiments on localization of the sources of geoacoustic radiation generated in near-surface sedimentary rocks. Geoacoustic signals from sources were recorded by a spaced sensor system consisting of two combined receivers and a hydrophone. The system was installed <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1197/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The paper considers the results of experiments on localization of the sources of geoacoustic radiation generated in near-surface sedimentary rocks. Geoacoustic signals from sources were recorded by a spaced sensor system consisting of two combined receivers and a hydrophone. The system was installed near the bottom of a natural water body (Mikizha lake) in Kamchatka. Radiation sources were located by two methods, a triangulation survey and estimation of the signal arrival time difference from spaced receivers. Coordinates for more than 40 sources were measured, and their space distribution was mapped. As the result of the experiment, it was stated that geoacoustic radiation sources are located in bottom rocks at the depths up to 2.20 ± 0.25 m at the distances of up to 8 ± 0.25 m. Localization of geoacoustic radiation sources is topical for projecting a new alarm system for the notification on the possibility of strong earthquake occurrence. The results of the analysis of the frequency of rock AE source generation and accurate estimation of their location will be the basis of this system. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1197">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Z3QQ42NN7S ">Acoustic Sensing and Monitoring in Urban and Natural Environments (2nd Edition)</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1592086" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 5181 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1196/pdf?version=1739613049" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Electric Motor Vibration Signal Classification Using Wigner–Ville Distribution for Fault Diagnosis" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1196">Electric Motor Vibration Signal Classification Using Wigner–Ville Distribution for Fault Diagnosis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jian-Da Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wen-Jun Luo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kai-Chao Yao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041196 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Noise and vibration signal classification can be applied to fault diagnosis in mechanical and electronic systems such as electric vehicles. Traditional signal classification technology uses signal time and frequency domain characteristics as the identification basis. This study proposes a technique for visualizing sound <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1196/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Noise and vibration signal classification can be applied to fault diagnosis in mechanical and electronic systems such as electric vehicles. Traditional signal classification technology uses signal time and frequency domain characteristics as the identification basis. This study proposes a technique for visualizing sound signals using the Wigner–Ville distribution (WVD) method to extract vibration signal characteristics and artificial neural networks as the signal classification basis. A brushless motor is used as the machinery power source to verify the feasibility of this method to classify different signal vibration characteristics. In this experimental work, six states in various brushless motor revolutions were deliberately designed for measuring vibration signals. The brushless motor vibration signal is imaged using the WVD analysis method to extract the vibration signal characteristics. Through the WVD method, the brushless motor data is converted, and the YOLO (you only look once) deep coiling machine neural method is used to identify and classify the brushless motor WVD images. The Wagener analysis method parameters and recognition rates are discussed, thereby improving accurate motor fault diagnostic capabilities. This research provides a method for fault diagnosis that can be accurately performed without dismantling the brushless motor. The proposed approach can improve the reliability and stability of brushless motor applications. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1196">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/E77ZOLU919 ">Sensors and Machine-Learning Based Signal Processing</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1196/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592086"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592086"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592086" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592086" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592086" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g001-550.jpg?1739613128" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1592086" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g002-550.jpg?1739613129'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g003-550.jpg?1739613130'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g004-550.jpg?1739613130'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g005-550.jpg?1739613131'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g006-550.jpg?1739613135'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g007-550.jpg?1739613137'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g008-550.jpg?1739613137'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g009-550.jpg?1739613141'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g010a-550.jpg?1739613143'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1592086-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g010b-550.jpg?1739613145'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592086-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g001-550.jpg?1739613128" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Sine wave WVD 2D time-frequency energy diagram. The bluer areas indicate lower vibration energy, while the green areas represent moderate vibration energy, and the yellow regions correspond to higher vibration energy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g002-550.jpg?1739613129" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Brushless motor normal state vibration signal WVD 2D time-frequency energy diagram. The bluer areas indicate lower vibration energy, while the green areas represent moderate vibration energy, and the yellow regions correspond to higher vibration energy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g003-550.jpg?1739613130" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The evolution of deep learning.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g004-550.jpg?1739613130" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>CNN architecture.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g005-550.jpg?1739613131" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>IOU diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g006-550.jpg?1739613135" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Brushless motor experimental architecture diagram. (<b>a</b>) Normal brushless motor status diagram; (<b>b</b>) Motor fixed screw loose, the fixing screws of the motor body are loose; (<b>c</b>) Motor bracket screw loose is the brushless motor bracket’s fault; (<b>d</b>) Motor bottom screw loose is the motor bracket base screw loose; (<b>e</b>) Motor shaft wear means the middle shaft of the motor is damaged; (<b>f</b>) Motor bearing not fixed means the motor bearing is damaged.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g007-550.jpg?1739613137" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Time-frequency diagram and Fourier transform image of the brushless motor in normal state.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g008-550.jpg?1739613137" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Brushless DC Motor Fault Diagnosis Flowchart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g009-550.jpg?1739613141" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Brushless motor WVD figure with sampling points 2~30.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g010a-550.jpg?1739613143" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>When the interval parameter N = 2 and the number of iterations is equal to 40, (<b>a</b>) confusion matrix figure; (<b>b</b>) confidence curve; (<b>c</b>) Recall-confidence curve figure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01196/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01196-g010b-550.jpg?1739613145" title=" <strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>When the interval parameter N = 2 and the number of iterations is equal to 40, (<b>a</b>) confusion matrix figure; (<b>b</b>) confidence curve; (<b>c</b>) Recall-confidence curve figure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1196'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1591964" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 1143 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1194/pdf?version=1739608779" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Securing UAV Flying Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Authentication Development for Robust Communications" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/25/4/1194">Securing UAV Flying Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Authentication Development for Robust Communications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muhammet A. Sen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Saba Al-Rubaye</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonios Tsourdos</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>25</em>(4), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041194 (registering DOI) - 15 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have revolutionized numerous domains by introducing exceptional capabilities and efficiencies. As UAVs become increasingly integrated into critical operations, ensuring the security of their communication channels emerges as a paramount concern. This paper investigates the importance of safeguarding UAV communication <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1194/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have revolutionized numerous domains by introducing exceptional capabilities and efficiencies. As UAVs become increasingly integrated into critical operations, ensuring the security of their communication channels emerges as a paramount concern. This paper investigates the importance of safeguarding UAV communication against cyber threats, considering both intra-UAV and UAV–ground station interactions in the scope of the Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs). To leverage the advancements in security methodologies, particularly focusing on Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs), this paper proposes a novel authentication framework tailored for UAV networking systems. Investigating the existing literature, we categorize related studies into authentication strategies, illuminating the evolving landscape of UAV security. The proposed framework demonstrated a high level of security with lower communication and computation costs in comparison with selected studies with similar types of attacks. This paper highlights the urgent need for strong security measures to mitigate the increasing threats that UAVs encounter and ensure their sustained effectiveness in a variety of applications. The results indicate that the proposed protocol is sufficiently secure and, in terms of communication cost, achieves an 18% improvement compared to the best protocol in the referenced studies. <a href="/1424-8220/25/4/1194">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/M40D6W54RL ">Security, Privacy and Trust in Wireless Sensor Networks</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1194/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1591964"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1591964"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1591964" data-cycle-prev="#prev1591964" data-cycle-progressive="#images1591964" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1591964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g001-550.jpg?1739608889" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1591964" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1591964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g002-550.jpg?1739608890'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1591964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g003-550.jpg?1739608892'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1591964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g004-550.jpg?1739608894'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1591964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g005-550.jpg?1739608896'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1591964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g006-550.jpg?1739608898'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1591964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g007-550.jpg?1739608899'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1591964-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g008-550.jpg?1739608900'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1591964-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g001-550.jpg?1739608889" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>PUFs in UAV authentication: fundamental operational mechanism.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g002-550.jpg?1739608890" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Characteristics of PUFs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g003-550.jpg?1739608892" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FANET Architectures. (<b>a</b>) Basic FANET model, (<b>b</b>) Multi-Group FANET, (<b>c</b>) Multi-Layer FANET.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g004-550.jpg?1739608894" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Security flaws in UAV system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g005-550.jpg?1739608896" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Authentication process between UAV and GS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g006-550.jpg?1739608898" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The authentication process between UAVs through the GS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g007-550.jpg?1739608899" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Logical proof of the protocol.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-25-01194/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-25-01194-g008-550.jpg?1739608900" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of communication costs in similar protocols [<a href="#B14-sensors-25-01194" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B28-sensors-25-01194" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B44-sensors-25-01194" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-sensors-25-01194" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-sensors-25-01194" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/25/4/1194'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <span class="more" style="display: none;"></span> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; 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