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Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Sterrenag" title="Die Sterrenag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Die Sterrenag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85_(%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9)" title="ليلة النجوم (لوحة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليلة النجوم (لوحة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="দ্য ষ্টাৰী নাইট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দ্য ষ্টাৰী নাইট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_nueche_estrellada" title="La nueche estrellada – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="La nueche estrellada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulduzlu_gec%C9%99_(tablo)" title="Ulduzlu gecə (tablo) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ulduzlu gecə (tablo)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="তারাময় রাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তারাময় রাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Йондоҙло төн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йондоҙло төн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Зорная ноч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зорная ноч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Зорная ноч – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зорная ноч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%89" title="Звездна нощ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звездна нощ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvjezdana_no%C4%87" title="Zvjezdana noć – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zvjezdana noć" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Noz_stergannek" title="An Noz stergannek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="An Noz stergannek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_nit_estelada" title="La nit estelada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La nit estelada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzdn%C3%A1_noc" title="Hvězdná noc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvězdná noc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notte_stillata" title="Notte stillata – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Notte stillata" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Noson_Serennog" title="Y Noson Serennog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Noson Serennog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernenatten" title="Stjernenatten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stjernenatten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternennacht" title="Sternennacht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sternennacht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4histaevas_(maal)" title="Tähistaevas (maal) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tähistaevas (maal)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%9D%CF%8D%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Έναστρη Νύχτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έναστρη Νύχτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_noche_estrellada" title="La noche estrellada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La noche estrellada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela_nokto" title="Stela nokto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stela nokto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_izartsua" title="Gau izartsua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gau izartsua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="شب پرستاره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شب پرستاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nuit_%C3%A9toil%C3%A9e_(1889)" title="La Nuit étoilée (1889) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Nuit étoilée (1889)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_O%C3%ADche_R%C3%A9altach" title="An Oíche Réaltach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Oíche Réaltach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_noite_estrelada" title="A noite estrelada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A noite estrelada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%84%EC%9D%B4_%EB%B9%9B%EB%82%98%EB%8A%94_%EB%B0%A4" title="별이 빛나는 밤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="별이 빛나는 밤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աստղալից գիշեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղալից գիշեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="दि स्टारी नाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दि स्टारी नाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvjezdana_no%C4%87" title="Zvjezdana noć – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvjezdana noć" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malam_Berbintang" title="Malam Berbintang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malam Berbintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notte_stellata" title="Notte stellata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Notte stellata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ליל כוכבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליל כוכבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="ვარსკვლავებიანი ღამე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარსკვლავებიანი ღამე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Жұлдызды түн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұлдызды түн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuit_zetwal_(1889)" title="Nuit zetwal (1889) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nuit zetwal (1889)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nox_stellans" title="Nox stellans – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nox stellans" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvaig%C5%BE%C5%86ot%C4%81_nakts" title="Zvaigžņotā nakts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvaigžņotā nakts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaig%C5%BEd%C4%97ta_naktis" title="Žvaigždėta naktis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvaigždėta naktis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillagos_%C3%A9j" title="Csillagos éj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillagos éj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9C" title="Ѕвездена ноќ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѕвездена ноќ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ദ സ്റ്റാറി നൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ സ്റ്റാറി നൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85" title="ليله النجوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليله النجوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_sterrennacht" title="De sterrennacht – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="De sterrennacht" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_sterrennacht" title="De sterrennacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De sterrennacht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="तारामय रात – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तारामय रात" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%9C" title="星月夜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="星月夜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%ABStjernenatt%C2%BB" title="«Stjernenatt» – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="«Stjernenatt»" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulduzli_tun" title="Yulduzli tun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" 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data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C" title="Звёздная ночь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звёздная ночь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Starry Night" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1889 Vincent van Gogh painting. For the similar 1888 Van Gogh painting, see <a href="/wiki/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Starry Night Over the Rhône">Starry Night Over the Rhône</a>. For the 1850 painting by Jean François Millet, see <a href="/wiki/Starry_Night_(Millet)" title="Starry Night (Millet)">Starry Night (Millet)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Starry Night" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Starry_Night_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Starry Night (disambiguation)">Starry Night (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic">The Starry Night</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a scene at night with 10 swirly stars, Venus, and a bright yellow crescent Moon. In the background are hills, and in the foreground a cypress tree and houses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/350px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/525px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/700px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="23756" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Year</th><td class="infobox-data">1889</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Catalogue</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baart_de_la_Faille" title="Jacob Baart de la Faille">F612</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hulsker" title="Jan Hulsker">JH1731</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802">79802</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Medium</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">Oil on canvas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">73.7 cm × 92.1 cm (29.01 in × 36.26 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Accession</th><td class="infobox-data">472.1941</td></tr></tbody></table> The Starry Night is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionist</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, painted in June 1889. It depicts the view from the east-facing window of his <a href="/wiki/Lunatic_asylum" title="Lunatic asylum">asylum</a> room at <a href="/wiki/Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence" title="Saint-Rémy-de-Provence">Saint-Rémy-de-Provence</a>, just before sunrise, with the addition of an imaginary village.<a href="#cite_note-Pickvance,_p._103-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naif_&_Smith,_p._747-2">[2]</a> It has been in the permanent collection of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in New York City since 1941,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> acquired through the <a href="/wiki/Lillie_P._Bliss#The_Lillie_P._Bliss_Bequest" title="Lillie P. Bliss">Lillie P. Bliss Bequest</a>. Described as a "touchstone of modern art", The Starry Night has been regarded as one of the most recognizable paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The painting was created in mid-June 1889, inspired by the view from Van Gogh’s bedroom window at the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul-de-Mausole_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Paul-de-Mausole Monastery">Saint-Paul-de-Mausole monastery</a>. The monastery functioned as a mental asylum, where Van Gogh voluntarily admitted himself on May 8, 1889, following a <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#Hospital_in_Arles_(December_1888)" title="Vincent van Gogh">mental breakdown</a> and Van Gogh's infamous act of <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-mutilation</a> that occurred in late December 1888. Catering to wealthy patients, the facility was less than half full at the time of Van Gogh's admission, allowing the artist access to both a second-story bedroom and a ground-floor studio. During his year-long stay, he remained highly productive, creating <a href="/wiki/Irises_(painting)" title="Irises (painting)">Irises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_self-portrait_(1889)" title="Van Gogh self-portrait (1889)">a self-portrait</a>, and The Starry Night. The painting's celestial elements include <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, which was visible in the sky at the time, though the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon’s</a> depiction is not astronomically accurate. The <a href="/wiki/Cypress_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypress tree">cypress trees</a> in the foreground were exaggerated in scale compared to other works. Van Gogh's letters suggest he viewed them primarily in aesthetic rather than symbolic terms. The village in the painting is an imaginary addition, based on sketches rather than the actual landscape seen from the asylum. The Starry Night has been subject to various interpretations, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">religious symbolism</a> to representations of Van Gogh’s emotional turmoil. Some art historians link the swirling sky to contemporary astronomical discoveries, while others see it as an expression of Van Gogh’s <a href="/wiki/Health_of_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Health of Vincent van Gogh">personal struggles</a>. Van Gogh himself was critical of the painting, referring to it as a "failure" in letters to his brother. The artwork eventually made its way through several collectors before being acquired by the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1941. Scientific analysis of the painting has confirmed Van Gogh’s use of <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a> for the sky, with <a href="/wiki/Indian_yellow" title="Indian yellow">indian yellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc yellow">zinc yellow</a> for the stars and moon. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_asylum">The asylum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Starry_Night&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The asylum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevet_de_Saint-Paul_de_Mausole.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chevet_de_Saint-Paul_de_Mausole.JPG/290px-Chevet_de_Saint-Paul_de_Mausole.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chevet_de_Saint-Paul_de_Mausole.JPG/435px-Chevet_de_Saint-Paul_de_Mausole.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chevet_de_Saint-Paul_de_Mausole.JPG/580px-Chevet_de_Saint-Paul_de_Mausole.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Monastery of Saint-Paul de Mausole</figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of the 23 December 1888 breakdown that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Self-mutilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-mutilation">self-mutilation</a> of his left ear,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Van Gogh voluntarily admitted himself to the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul-de-Mausole" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Paul-de-Mausole">Saint-Paul-de-Mausole</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_psychiatric_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of psychiatric institutions">lunatic asylum</a> on 8 May 1889.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Housed in a former monastery, Saint-Paul-de-Mausole catered to the wealthy and was less than half full when Van Gogh arrived,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> allowing him to occupy not only a second-story bedroom but also a ground-floor room for use as a painting studio.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> During the year Van Gogh stayed at the asylum in <a href="/wiki/Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence" title="Saint-Rémy-de-Provence">Saint-Rémy-de-Provence</a>, the prolific output of paintings he had begun in <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> continued.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> During this period, he produced some of the best-known works of his career, including the <a href="/wiki/Irises_(painting)" title="Irises (painting)">Irises</a> from May 1889, now in the <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>, and the blue <a href="/wiki/Self-portraits_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-portraits by Vincent van Gogh">self-portrait</a> from September 1889, in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>. The Starry Night was painted mid-June by around 18 June, the date he wrote to his brother <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)" title="Theo van Gogh (art dealer)">Theo</a> to say he had a new study of a starry sky.<a href="#cite_note-Pickvance,_p._103-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whitney,_p._356-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_pp._759-61-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letter_782-16">[L 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_painting">The painting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Starry_Night&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The painting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chambre_van_Gogh_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chambre_van_Gogh_1.JPG/220px-Chambre_van_Gogh_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chambre_van_Gogh_1.JPG/330px-Chambre_van_Gogh_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chambre_van_Gogh_1.JPG/440px-Chambre_van_Gogh_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Van Gogh's bedroom in the asylum</figcaption></figure> Although The Starry Night was painted during the day in Van Gogh's ground-floor studio, it would be inaccurate to state that the picture was painted from memory. The view has been identified as the one from his bedroom window, facing east,<a href="#cite_note-Pickvance,_p._103-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naif_&_Smith,_p._747-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._88-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whitney,_p._358-18">[17]</a> a view which Van Gogh painted variations of no fewer than twenty-one times,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] including The Starry Night. "Through the iron-barred window", he wrote to his brother, Theo, around 23 May 1889, "I can see an enclosed square of wheat ... above which, in the morning, I watch the sun rise in all its glory."<a href="#cite_note-Naif_&_Smith,_p._747-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letter_776-19">[L 2]</a> Van Gogh depicted the view at different times of the day and under various weather conditions, such as the sunrise, moonrise, sunshine-filled days, overcast days, windy days, and one day with rain. While the hospital staff did not allow Van Gogh to paint in his bedroom, he was able there to make sketches in ink or charcoal on paper; eventually, he would base newer variations on previous versions. The pictorial element uniting all of these paintings is the diagonal line coming in from the right depicting the low rolling hills of the <a href="/wiki/Alpilles" title="Alpilles">Alpilles</a> mountains. In fifteen of the twenty-one versions, <a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">cypress</a> trees are visible beyond the far wall enclosing the wheat field. Van Gogh exaggerated their size in six of these paintings, most notably in F717 <a href="/wiki/Wheat_Field_with_Cypresses" title="Wheat Field with Cypresses">Wheat Field with Cypresses</a> and The Starry Night, bringing the trees closer to the <a href="/wiki/Picture_plane" title="Picture plane">picture plane</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the first paintings of the view was F611 <a href="/wiki/The_Wheat_Field" title="The Wheat Field">Mountainous Landscape Behind Saint-Rémy</a>, now in Copenhagen. Van Gogh made several sketches for the painting, of which F1547 The Enclosed Wheatfield After a Storm is typical. It is unclear whether the painting was made in his studio or outside. In his 9 June letter describing it, he mentions he had been working outside for a few days.<a href="#cite_note-Hulsker,_p._394-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letter_779-22">[L 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whitney,_p._356-14">[14]</a> Van Gogh described the second of the two landscapes he mentions he was working on, in a letter to his sister <a href="/wiki/Wil_van_Gogh" title="Wil van Gogh">Wil</a> on 16 June 1889.<a href="#cite_note-Hulsker,_p._394-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letter_780-23">[L 4]</a> This is F719 <a href="/wiki/Green_Wheat_Field_with_Cypress" title="Green Wheat Field with Cypress">Green Wheat Field with Cypress</a>, now in Prague, and the first painting at the asylum he painted <a href="/wiki/En_plein_air" title="En plein air">en plein air</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hulsker,_p._394-20">[18]</a> F1548 Wheatfield, Saint-Rémy de Provence, now in New York, is a study for it. Two days later, Vincent wrote to Theo stating that he had painted "a starry sky".<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._759-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letter_782-16">[L 1]</a> The Starry Night is the only <a href="/wiki/Nocturne_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturne (painting)">nocturne</a> in the series of views from his bedroom window. In early June, Vincent wrote to Theo, "This morning I saw the countryside from my window a long time before sunrise with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big".<a href="#cite_note-Letter_777-25">[L 5]</a> Researchers have determined that <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> (sometimes referred to as the "morning star") was indeed visible at dawn in Provence in the spring of 1889, and was at that time nearly as bright as possible. So the brightest "star" in the painting, just to the viewer's right of the cypress tree, is Venus.<a href="#cite_note-Whitney,_p._356-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._88-17">[16]</a> The Moon is stylized, as astronomical records indicate that it was waning <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">gibbous</a> at the time Van Gogh painted the picture,<a href="#cite_note-Whitney,_p._356-14">[14]</a> and even if the phase of the Moon had been its waning crescent at the time, Van Gogh's Moon would not have been astronomically correct. (For other interpretations of the Moon, see below.) The one pictorial element that was not visible from Van Gogh's cell is the village,<a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._89-26">[21]</a> which is based on a sketch (F1541v) made from a hillside above the village of Saint-Rémy.<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._760-27">[22]</a> Pickvance thought F1541v was done later, and the steeple more Dutch than Provençal, a conflation of several Van Gogh had painted and drawn in his <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh#Nuenen_and_Antwerp_.281883.E2.80.931886.29" title="Vincent van Gogh">Nuenen period</a>, and thus the first of his "<a href="/wiki/Houses_at_Auvers#.22Reminisces_of_the_North.22" title="Houses at Auvers">reminisces of the North</a>" he was to paint and draw early the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Pickvance,_p._103-1">[1]</a> Hulsker thought a landscape on the reverse (F1541r) was also a study for the painting.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield,_Saint-R%C3%A9my_de_Provence_-_F1548_JH1726.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F1548 Wheatfield, Saint-Rémy de Provence, Morgan Library & Museum"><img alt="F1548 Wheatfield, Saint-Rémy de Provence, Morgan Library & Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield%2C_Saint-R%C3%A9my_de_Provence_-_F1548_JH1726.jpg/154px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield%2C_Saint-R%C3%A9my_de_Provence_-_F1548_JH1726.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield%2C_Saint-R%C3%A9my_de_Provence_-_F1548_JH1726.jpg/231px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield%2C_Saint-R%C3%A9my_de_Provence_-_F1548_JH1726.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield%2C_Saint-R%C3%A9my_de_Provence_-_F1548_JH1726.jpg/308px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Wheatfield%2C_Saint-R%C3%A9my_de_Provence_-_F1548_JH1726.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1934" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">F1548 Wheatfield, Saint-Rémy de Provence, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Green_Field_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F719 Green Wheat Field with Cypress, National Gallery Prague"><img alt="F719 Green Wheat Field with Cypress, National Gallery Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Green_Field_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/154px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Green_Field_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Green_Field_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/231px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Green_Field_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Green_Field_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/308px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Green_Field_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2785" data-file-height="2287" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">F719 <a href="/wiki/Green_Wheat_Field_with_Cypress" title="Green Wheat Field with Cypress">Green Wheat Field with Cypress</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_Prague" title="National Gallery Prague">National Gallery Prague</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Enclosed_Wheatfield_After_a_Storm_F1547_JH1724.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F1547 The Enclosed Wheatfield After a Storm, Van Gogh Museum"><img alt="F1547 The Enclosed Wheatfield After a Storm, Van Gogh Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Enclosed_Wheatfield_After_a_Storm_F1547_JH1724.jpg/154px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Enclosed_Wheatfield_After_a_Storm_F1547_JH1724.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Enclosed_Wheatfield_After_a_Storm_F1547_JH1724.jpg/231px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Enclosed_Wheatfield_After_a_Storm_F1547_JH1724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Enclosed_Wheatfield_After_a_Storm_F1547_JH1724.jpg/308px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_The_Enclosed_Wheatfield_After_a_Storm_F1547_JH1724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7686" data-file-height="5851" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">F1547 The Enclosed Wheatfield After a Storm, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_from_Saint-R%C3%A9my_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F611 Mountainous Landscape Behind Saint-Rémy, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek"><img alt="F611 Mountainous Landscape Behind Saint-Rémy, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_from_Saint-R%C3%A9my_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/154px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_from_Saint-R%C3%A9my_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_from_Saint-R%C3%A9my_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/231px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_from_Saint-R%C3%A9my_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_from_Saint-R%C3%A9my_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/308px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_from_Saint-R%C3%A9my_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5003" data-file-height="3920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">F611 Mountainous Landscape Behind Saint-Rémy, <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Bird%27s-Eye_View_of_the_Village_F1541v_JH1729.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F1541v Bird's-Eye View of the Village, Van Gogh Museum"><img alt="F1541v Bird's-Eye View of the Village, Van Gogh Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Bird%27s-Eye_View_of_the_Village_F1541v_JH1729.jpg/154px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Bird%27s-Eye_View_of_the_Village_F1541v_JH1729.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Bird%27s-Eye_View_of_the_Village_F1541v_JH1729.jpg/231px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Bird%27s-Eye_View_of_the_Village_F1541v_JH1729.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Bird%27s-Eye_View_of_the_Village_F1541v_JH1729.jpg/308px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Bird%27s-Eye_View_of_the_Village_F1541v_JH1729.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3910" data-file-height="2875" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">F1541v Bird's-Eye View of the Village, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_with_Cypresses_F1541r_JH_1730.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="F1541r Landscape with Cypresses, Van Gogh Museum"><img alt="F1541r Landscape with Cypresses, Van Gogh Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_with_Cypresses_F1541r_JH_1730.jpg/154px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_with_Cypresses_F1541r_JH_1730.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_with_Cypresses_F1541r_JH_1730.jpg/231px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_with_Cypresses_F1541r_JH_1730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_with_Cypresses_F1541r_JH_1730.jpg/308px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Landscape_with_Cypresses_F1541r_JH_1730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3955" data-file-height="2898" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">F1541r Landscape with Cypresses, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Starry_Night&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interpretations">edit</a>]</div> Despite the large number of letters Van Gogh wrote, he said very little about The Starry Night.<a href="#cite_note-Pickvance,_p._103-1">[1]</a> After reporting that he had painted a starry sky in June, Van Gogh next mentioned the painting in a letter to Theo on or about 20 September 1889, when he included it in a list of paintings he was sending to his brother in Paris, referring to it as a "night study."<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> Of this list of paintings, he wrote, "All in all the only things I consider a little good in it are the Wheatfield, the Mountain, the Orchard, the Olive trees with the blue hills and the Portrait and the Entrance to the quarry, and the rest says nothing to me"; "the rest" would include The Starry Night. When he decided to hold back three paintings from this batch to save money on postage, The Starry Night was one of the paintings he did not send.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Gogh_Letters_Project,_no._806-30">[25]</a> Finally, in a letter to painter <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard" title="Émile Bernard">Émile Bernard</a> from late November 1889, Van Gogh referred to the painting as a "failure."<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._784-31">[26]</a> Van Gogh argued with Bernard and especially <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a> as to whether one should paint from nature, as Van Gogh preferred,<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> or paint what Gauguin called "abstractions":<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> paintings conceived in the imagination, or de tête.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> In the letter to Bernard, Van Gogh recounted his experiences when Gauguin lived with him from October 23, 1888, to December 25 of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> "When Gauguin was in Arles, I once or twice allowed myself to be led astray into abstraction, as you know. . . . But that was a delusion, dear friend, and one soon comes up against a brick wall. . . And yet, once again I allowed myself to be led astray into reaching for stars that are too big—another failure—and I have had my fill of that."<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> Van Gogh here is referring to the expressionistic swirls which dominate the upper center portion of The Starry Night.<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._762-37">[32]</a> Theo referred to these pictorial elements in a letter to Vincent dated 22 October 1889: "I sense what preoccupies you in the new canvases like the village in the moonlight [The Starry Night] or the mountains, but I feel that the search for style takes away the real sentiment of things."<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._784-31">[26]</a> Vincent responded in early November, "Despite what you say in your previous letter, that the search for style often harms other qualities, the fact is that I feel greatly driven to seek style if you like, but I mean by that a more manly and more deliberate drawing. If that will make me more like Bernard or Gauguin, I can't do anything about it. But am inclined to believe that in the long run, you'd get used to it." And later in the same letter, he wrote, "I know very well that the studies drawn with long, sinuous lines from the last consignment weren't what they ought to become, however, I dare urge you to believe that in landscapes one will continue to mass things by means of a drawing style that seeks to express the entanglement of the masses."<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> But although Van Gogh periodically defended the practices of Gauguin and Bernard, each time he inevitably repudiated them<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> and continued with his preferred method of painting from nature.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> Like the impressionists he had met in Paris, especially <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, Van Gogh also favored working in series. He had painted his series of <a href="/wiki/Sunflowers_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)">sunflowers</a> in Arles, and he painted the series of cypresses and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_Fields" title="Wheat Fields">wheat fields</a> at Saint-Rémy. The Starry Night belongs to this latter series,<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> as well as to a small series of nocturnes he initiated in Arles. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/300px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/450px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/600px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5407" data-file-height="4191" /></a><figcaption>Van Gogh's <a href="/wiki/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Starry Night Over the Rhône">Starry Night Over the Rhône</a>, 1888, oil on canvas</figcaption></figure> The nocturne series was limited by the difficulties posed by painting such scenes from nature, i.e., at night.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> The first painting in the series was <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Terrace_at_Night" title="Café Terrace at Night">Café Terrace at Night</a>, painted in Arles in early September 1888, followed by <a href="/wiki/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Starry Night Over the Rhone">Starry Night (Over the Rhône)</a> later that same month. Van Gogh's written statements concerning these paintings provide further insight into his intentions for painting night studies in general and The Starry Night in particular. Soon after he arrives in Arles in February 1888, Van Gogh wrote to Theo, "I need a starry night with cypresses or—perhaps above a field of ripe wheat; there are some really beautiful nights here." That same week, he wrote to Bernard, "A starry sky is something I should like to try to do, just as in the daytime I am going to try to paint a green meadow spangled with dandelions."<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._649-43">[38]</a> He compared the stars to dots on a map and mused that, as one takes a train to travel on Earth, "we take death to reach a star."<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> Although at this point in his life Van Gogh was disillusioned by religion,<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> he appears not to have lost his belief in an afterlife. He voiced this ambivalence in a letter to Theo after having painted Starry Night Over the Rhône, confessing to a "tremendous need for, shall I say the word—for religion—so I go outside at night to paint the stars."<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> He wrote about existing in another dimension after death and associated this dimension with the night sky. "It would be so simple and would account so much for the terrible things in life, which now amaze and wound us so if life had yet another hemisphere, invisible it is true, but where one lands when one dies."<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> "Hope is in the stars," he wrote, but he was quick to point out that "this earth is a planet too, and consequently a star, or celestial orb."<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._649-43">[38]</a> And he stated flatly that The Starry Night was "not a return to the romantic or to religious ideas."<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> Noted art historian <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Schapiro" title="Meyer Schapiro">Meyer Schapiro</a> highlights the expressionistic aspects of The Starry Night, saying it was created under the "pressure of feeling" and that it is a "visionary [painting] inspired by a religious mood."<a href="#cite_note-Schapiro,_p._100-50">[45]</a> Schapiro theorizes that the "hidden content"<a href="#cite_note-Schapiro,_p._100-50">[45]</a> of the work refers to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, revealing an "<a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">apocalyptic theme of the woman in pain of birth</a>, girded with the sun and moon and crowned with stars, whose newborn child is threatened by the dragon."<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> (Schapiro, in the same volume, also professes to see an image of a mother and child in the clouds in <a href="/wiki/Olive_Trees_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Olive Trees (Van Gogh series)">Landscape with Olive Trees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> painted at the same time and often regarded as a pendant to The Starry Night.)<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> Art historian Sven Loevgren expands on Schapiro's approach, again calling The Starry Night a "visionary painting" that "was conceived in a state of great agitation."<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> He writes of the "hallucinatory character of the painting and its violently expressive form," although he takes pains to note that the painting was not executed during one of Van Gogh's incapacitating breakdowns.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> Loevgren compares Van Gogh's "religiously inclined longing for the beyond" to the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> He calls The Starry Night "an infinitely expressive picture which symbolizes the final absorption of the artist by the cosmos" and which "gives a never-to-be-forgotten sensation of standing on the threshold of eternity."<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> Loevgren praises Schapiro's "eloquent interpretation" of the painting as an apocalyptic vision<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> and advances his symbolist theory concerning the eleven stars in one of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a>'s dreams in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> Loevgren asserts that the pictorial elements of The Starry Night "are visualized in purely symbolic terms" and notes that "the cypress is the tree of death in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> countries."<a href="#cite_note-Loevgren,_p._184-60">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_Starry_Night_Drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Van_Gogh_Starry_Night_Drawing.jpg/220px-Van_Gogh_Starry_Night_Drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Van_Gogh_Starry_Night_Drawing.jpg/330px-Van_Gogh_Starry_Night_Drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Van_Gogh_Starry_Night_Drawing.jpg/440px-Van_Gogh_Starry_Night_Drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>The drawing Cypresses in Starry Night, a <a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">reed pen</a> copy executed by Van Gogh after the painting in 1889. Originally held at <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Bremen" title="Kunsthalle Bremen">Kunsthalle Bremen</a>, today part of the disputed <a href="/wiki/Baldin_Collection" title="Baldin Collection">Baldin Collection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clark-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes-62">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> Art historian Lauren Soth also finds a symbolist subtext in The Starry Night, saying that the painting is a "traditional religious subject in disguise"<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> and a "sublimated image of [Van Gogh's] deepest religious feelings."<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> Citing Van Gogh's avowed admiration for the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, and especially the earlier painter's use of <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citron_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Citron yellow">citron yellow</a> in paintings of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, Soth theorizes that Van Gogh used these colors to represent Christ in The Starry Night.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> He criticizes Schapiro's and Loevgren's biblical interpretations, dependent as they are on a reading of the crescent moon as incorporating elements of the Sun. He says it is merely a crescent moon, which, he writes, also had symbolic meaning for Van Gogh, representing "consolation."<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> It is in light of such symbolist interpretations of The Starry Night that art historian <a href="/wiki/Albert_Boime" title="Albert Boime">Albert Boime</a> presents his study of the painting. As noted above, Boime has proven that the painting depicts not only the topographical elements of Van Gogh's view from his asylum window but also the celestial elements, identifying not only Venus but also the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Aries" class="mw-redirect" title="Constellation Aries">constellation Aries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._88-17">[16]</a> He suggests that Van Gogh originally intended to paint a <a href="/wiki/Gibbous_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbous moon">gibbous moon</a> but "reverted to a more traditional image" of the crescent moon, and theorizes that the bright aureole around the resulting crescent is a remnant of the original gibbous version.<a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._89-26">[21]</a> He recounts Van Gogh's interest in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> as a possible inspiration for his belief in an afterlife on stars or planets.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> he provides a detailed discussion of the well-publicized advances in astronomy that took place during Van Gogh's lifetime. Boime asserts that while Van Gogh never mentioned astronomer <a href="/wiki/Camille_Flammarion" title="Camille Flammarion">Camille Flammarion</a> in his letters,<a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._96-68">[63]</a> he believes that Van Gogh must have been aware of Flammarion's popular illustrated publications, which included drawings of spiral nebulae (as galaxies were then called) as seen and photographed through telescopes. Boime interprets the swirling figure in the central portion of the sky in The Starry Night to represent either a spiral galaxy or a comet, photographs of which had also been published in popular media.<a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._89-26">[21]</a> He asserts that the only non-realistic elements of the painting are the village and the swirls in the sky. These swirls represent Van Gogh's understanding of the cosmos as a living, dynamic place.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> Harvard astronomer Charles A. Whitney conducted his astronomical study of The Starry Night contemporaneously with but independent of Boime (who spent almost his entire career at U.C.L.A.).<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> While Whitney does not share Boime's certainty about the constellation Aries,<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> he concurs with Boime on the visibility of Venus in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> at the time the painting was executed.<a href="#cite_note-Whitney,_p._356-14">[14]</a> He also sees the depiction of a spiral galaxy in the sky, although he gives credit for the original to Anglo-Irish astronomer <a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse</a>, whose work Flammarion reproduced.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M51Sketch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/M51Sketch.jpg/220px-M51Sketch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/M51Sketch.jpg/330px-M51Sketch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/M51Sketch.jpg/440px-M51Sketch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Galaxy" title="Whirlpool Galaxy">Whirlpool Galaxy</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Lord Rosse</a> in 1845, 44 years before Van Gogh's painting</figcaption></figure> Whitney also theorizes that the swirls in the sky could represent wind, evoking the <a href="/wiki/Mistral_(wind)" title="Mistral (wind)">mistral</a> that had such a profound effect on Van Gogh during the twenty-seven months he spent in Provence.<a href="#cite_note-Whitney,_p._358-18">[17]</a> (It was the mistral which triggered his first breakdown after entering the asylum, in July 1889, less than a month after painting The Starry Night.)<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._771-73">[68]</a> Boime theorizes that the lighter shades of blue just above the horizon show the first light of morning.<a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._89-26">[21]</a> The village has been variously identified as either a recollection of Van Gogh's Dutch homeland,<a href="#cite_note-Pickvance,_p._103-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> or based on a sketch he made of the town of Saint-Rémy.<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._760-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._89-26">[21]</a> In either case, it is an imaginary component of the picture, not visible from the window of the asylum bedroom. Cypress trees have long been associated with <a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">death in</a> <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a>, though the question of whether Van Gogh intended for them to have such a symbolic meaning in The Starry Night is the subject of an open debate. In an April 1888 letter to Bernard, Van Gogh referred to "funereal cypresses,"<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> though this is possibly similar to saying "stately oaks" or "weeping willows." One week after painting The Starry Night, he wrote to his brother Theo, "The cypresses are always occupying my thoughts. I should like to make something of them like the canvases of the sunflowers because it astonishes me that they have not yet been done as I see them."<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> In the same letter he mentioned "two studies of cypresses of that difficult shade of <a href="/wiki/Bottle_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle green">bottle green</a>."<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> These statements suggest that Van Gogh was interested in the trees more for their formal qualities than for their symbolic connotation. Schapiro refers to the cypress in the painting as a "vague symbol of a human striving."<a href="#cite_note-Schapiro,_p._100-50">[45]</a> Boime calls it the "symbolic counterpart of Van Gogh's own striving for the Infinite through non-orthodox channels."<a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._96-68">[63]</a> Art historian Vojtech Jirat-Wasiutynski says that for Van Gogh the cypresses "function as rustic and natural obelisks" providing a "link between the heavens and the earth."<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> (Some commentators see one tree, others see two or more.) Loevgren reminds the reader that "the cypress is the tree of death in the Mediterranean countries."<a href="#cite_note-Loevgren,_p._184-60">[55]</a> Art historian Ronald Pickvance says that with "its arbitrary collage of separate motifs," The Starry Night "is overtly stamped as an '<a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstraction</a>'".<a href="#cite_note-Pickvance_1986,_p._106-79">[74]</a> Pickvance claims that cypress trees were not visible facing east from Van Gogh's room, and he includes them with the village and the swirls in the sky as products of Van Gogh's imagination.<a href="#cite_note-Pickvance,_p._103-1">[1]</a> Boime asserts that the cypresses were visible in the east,<a href="#cite_note-Boime,_p._88-17">[16]</a> as does Jirat-Wasiutyński.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> Van Gogh biographers Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith concur, saying that Van Gogh "telescoped" the view in certain of the pictures of the view from his window,<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._759-24">[20]</a> and it stands to reason that Van Gogh would do this in a painting featuring the Morning Star. Such a compression of depth serves to enhance the brightness of the planet. Soth uses Van Gogh's statement to his brother, that The Starry Night is "an exaggeration from the point of view of arrangement" to further his argument that the painting is "an amalgam of images."<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> However, it is by no means certain that Van Gogh was using "arrangement" as a synonym for "composition." Van Gogh was speaking of three paintings, one of which was The Starry Night, when he made this comment: "The olive trees with white cloud and background of mountains, as well as the Moonrise and the Night effect," as he called it, "these are exaggerations from the point of view of the arrangement, their lines are contorted like those of the ancient woodcuts." The first two pictures are universally acknowledged to be realistic, non-composite views of their subjects. What the three pictures do have in common is exaggerated color and brushwork of the type that Theo referred to when he criticized Van Gogh for his "search for style [that] takes away the real sentiment of things" in The Starry Night. On two other occasions around this time, Van Gogh used the word "arrangement" to refer to color, similar to the way <a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">James Abbott McNeill Whistler</a> used the term. In a letter to Gauguin in January 1889, he wrote, "As an arrangement of colours: the reds moving through to pure oranges, intensifying even more in the flesh tones up to the chromes, passing into the pinks and marrying with the olive and Veronese greens. As an impressionist arrangement of colours, I've never devised anything better."<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> (The painting he is referring to is La Berceuse, which is a realistic portrait of Augustine Roulin with an imaginative floral background.) And to Bernard in late November 1889: "But this is enough for you to understand that I would long to see things of yours again, like the painting of yours that Gauguin has, those Breton women walking in a meadow, the arrangement of which is so beautiful, the colour so naively distinguished. Ah, you're exchanging that for something—must one say the word—something artificial—something affected."<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> While stopping short of calling the painting a hallucinatory vision, Naifeh and Smith discuss The Starry Night in the context of Van Gogh's mental illness, which they identify as <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>, or latent epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> "Not the kind," they write, "known since antiquity, that caused the limbs to jerk and the body to collapse ('the <a href="/wiki/Falling_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Falling sickness">falling sickness</a>', as it was sometimes called), but a mental epilepsy—a seizing up of the mind: a collapse of thought, perception, reason, and emotion that manifested itself entirely in the brain and often prompted bizarre, dramatic behavior."<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Symptoms of the seizures "resembled fireworks of electrical impulses in the brain."<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._762-37">[32]</a> Van Gogh experienced his second breakdown in seven months in July 1889.<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._771-73">[68]</a> Naifeh and Smith theorize that the seeds of this breakdown were present when Van Gogh painted The Starry Night, that in giving himself over to his imagination "his defenses had been breached."<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> On that day in mid-June, in a "state of heightened reality," with all the other elements of the painting in place,<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> Van Gogh threw himself into the painting of the stars, producing, they write, "a night sky unlike any other the world had ever seen with ordinary eyes."<a href="#cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._762-37">[32]</a> The painting echoes his thoughts and the state of mind he was in. Despite the darkness there is always hope at the end of the tunnel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provenance">Provenance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Starry_Night&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Provenance">edit</a>]</div> After having initially held it back, Van Gogh sent The Starry Night to Theo in Paris on 28 September 1889, along with nine or ten other paintings.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Gogh_Letters_Project,_no._806-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pickvance_1986,_p._106-79">[74]</a> Theo died less than six months after Vincent, in January 1891. Theo's widow <a href="/wiki/Johanna_van_Gogh-Bonger" title="Johanna van Gogh-Bonger">Jo</a> became the caretaker of Van Gogh's legacy. In Paris in 1900 she sold the painting to a poet <a href="/wiki/Julien_Leclercq_(poet)" title="Julien Leclercq (poet)">Julien Leclercq</a>. In 1901 Leclercq sold it to Gauguin's old friend <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Schuffenecker" title="Émile Schuffenecker">Émile Schuffenecker</a>. Jo bought the painting back from Schuffenecker and in 1906 sold it to the Oldenzeel Gallery in Rotterdam. From 1906 to 1938 it was owned by Georgette P. van Stolk, of Rotterdam, who sold it to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rosenberg_(art_dealer)" title="Paul Rosenberg (art dealer)">Paul Rosenberg</a>, of Paris and New York. It was through Rosenberg that the Museum of Modern Art acquired the painting in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_materials">Painting materials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Starry_Night&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Painting materials">edit</a>]</div> The painting was investigated by scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> analysis has shown that the sky was painted with <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>, and for the stars and the moon, Van Gogh employed the rare pigment <a href="/wiki/Indian_yellow" title="Indian yellow">indian yellow</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Zinc_chromate#Uses" title="Zinc chromate">zinc yellow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Details of Van Gogh's The Starry Night exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art of New York.</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_Nuit_Etoil%C3%A9e_Van_Gogh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon"><img alt="Moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Detail_Nuit_Etoil%C3%A9e_Van_Gogh.jpg/240px-Detail_Nuit_Etoil%C3%A9e_Van_Gogh.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Detail_Nuit_Etoil%C3%A9e_Van_Gogh.jpg/360px-Detail_Nuit_Etoil%C3%A9e_Van_Gogh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Detail_Nuit_Etoil%C3%A9e_Van_Gogh.jpg/480px-Detail_Nuit_Etoil%C3%A9e_Van_Gogh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus"><img alt="Venus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_2.jpg/240px-Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_2.jpg/360px-Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_2.jpg/480px-Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Venus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_hills.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hills and sky"><img alt="Hills and sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_hills.jpg/240px-Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_hills.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_hills.jpg/360px-Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_hills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_hills.jpg/480px-Starry_night_Van_Gogh_detail_hills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hills and sky</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Starry_night_Van_Gogh_details_left_part_of_canevas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Left part of the canvas and frame"><img alt="Left part of the canvas and frame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Starry_night_Van_Gogh_details_left_part_of_canevas.jpg/240px-Starry_night_Van_Gogh_details_left_part_of_canevas.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Starry_night_Van_Gogh_details_left_part_of_canevas.jpg/360px-Starry_night_Van_Gogh_details_left_part_of_canevas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Starry_night_Van_Gogh_details_left_part_of_canevas.jpg/480px-Starry_night_Van_Gogh_details_left_part_of_canevas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left part of the canvas and frame</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Starry_night_by_Van_Gogh,_detail_of_the_sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stars in the sky"><img alt="Stars in the sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Starry_night_by_Van_Gogh%2C_detail_of_the_sky.jpg/240px-The_Starry_night_by_Van_Gogh%2C_detail_of_the_sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Starry_night_by_Van_Gogh%2C_detail_of_the_sky.jpg/360px-The_Starry_night_by_Van_Gogh%2C_detail_of_the_sky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Starry_night_by_Van_Gogh%2C_detail_of_the_sky.jpg/480px-The_Starry_night_by_Van_Gogh%2C_detail_of_the_sky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stars in the sky</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Starry_Night&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballerina-icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/23px-Ballerina-icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/35px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/47px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="367" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Art">Art portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="List of works by Vincent van Gogh">List of works by Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_(Don_McLean_song)" title="Vincent (Don McLean song)">"Vincent"</a>, 1971 song by <a href="/wiki/Don_McLean" title="Don McLean">Don McLean</a> written as a tribute to Vincent van Gogh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbres,_espace,_mouvement" title="Timbres, espace, mouvement">Timbres, espace, mouvement</a>: an orchestral work (1978) by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Henri Dutilleux</a> inspired by the painting</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Starry_Night&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pickvance,_p._103-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pickvance,_p._103_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickvance,_p._103_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickvance,_p._103_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickvance,_p._103_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickvance,_p._103_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickvance,_p._103_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickvance,_p._103_1-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFPickvance1986">Pickvance 1986</a>, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-Naif_&_Smith,_p._747-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naif_&_Smith,_p._747_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naif_&_Smith,_p._747_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naif_&_Smith,_p._747_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 747 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/art-and-stories/stories/all-stories/where-is-the-starry-night">"Where is The Starry Night?"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 February 2025. <q>it has since become one of van Gogh's most famous, if not one of the most recognized, works in the art history canon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=The+Starry+Night+%7C+History%2C+Description%2C+Artist%2C+Vincent+van+Gogh%2C+Painting%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Starry-Night%3Futm_source%3Dchatgpt.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyer2012" class="citation web cs1">Moyer, Edward (14 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/interactive-canvas-lets-viewers-stir-van-goghs-starry-night/">"Interactive canvas lets viewers stir Van Gogh's 'Starry Night'"</a>. CNET News. Retrieved 12 June 2015. <q>...one of the West's most iconic paintings: Vincent Van Gogh's "The Starry Night."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET+News&rft.atitle=Interactive+canvas+lets+viewers+stir+Van+Gogh%27s+%27Starry+Night%27&rft.date=2012-02-14&rft.aulast=Moyer&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Finteractive-canvas-lets-viewers-stir-van-goghs-starry-night%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2010" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Hannah (27 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2010/05/27/vincent-van-gogh-s-the-starry-night-now-pocket-sized">"Vincent van Gogh's The Starry Night, now pocket-sized!"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 June 2015. <q>Instantly recognizable and an iconic image in our culture, Vincent van Gogh's The Starry Night is a touchstone of modern art and one of the most beloved works...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MoMA&rft.atitle=Vincent+van+Gogh%27s+The+Starry+Night%2C+now+pocket-sized%21&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fexplore%2Finside_out%2F2010%2F05%2F27%2Fvincent-van-gogh-s-the-starry-night-now-pocket-sized&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, pp. 701–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPickvance1984">Pickvance 1984</a>, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, pp. 741–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPickvance1986">Pickvance 1986</a>, pp. 25–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 746 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 754 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, pp. 592, 778 </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitney,_p._356-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney,_p._356_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney,_p._356_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney,_p._356_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney,_p._356_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney,_p._356_14-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitney1986">Whitney 1986</a>, p. 356 </li> <li id="cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_pp._759-61-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Naifeh_&_Smith,_pp._759-61_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, pp. 759–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boime,_p._88-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._88_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._88_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._88_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._88_17-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoime1984">Boime 1984</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitney,_p._358-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney,_p._358_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitney,_p._358_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitney1986">Whitney 1986</a>, p. 358 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hulsker,_p._394-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hulsker,_p._394_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hulsker,_p._394_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hulsker,_p._394_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHulsker1986">Hulsker 1986</a>, p. 394 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPickvance1986">Pickvance 1986</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._759-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._759_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._759_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 759 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boime,_p._89-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._89_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._89_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._89_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._89_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._89_26-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoime1984">Boime 1984</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._760-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._760_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._760_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 760 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHulsker1986">Hulsker 1986</a>, p. 396 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Van Gogh Letters Project, no. 805 </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Gogh_Letters_Project,_no._806-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Gogh_Letters_Project,_no._806_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Gogh_Letters_Project,_no._806_30-1">b</a> Van Gogh Letters Project, no. 806 </li> <li id="cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._784-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._784_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._784_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 784 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 755 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 625n </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 674 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayford2006" class="citation book cs1">Gayford, Martin (2006). 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Retrieved 3 June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-62"><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_62-0">^</a> Richard Boudreaux: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-03-20-mn-45026-story.html">"Ex-Soviet Officer Tried to Return Art Found in Cellar"</a>, Los Angeles Times 20 March 1995, retrieved 3 June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoth1986">Soth 1986</a>, p. 308 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoth1986">Soth 1986</a>, p. 312 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoth1986">Soth 1986</a>, p. 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoth1986">Soth 1986</a>, p. 309 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoime1984">Boime 1984</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boime,_p._96-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._96_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boime,_p._96_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoime1984">Boime 1984</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoime1984">Boime 1984</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRourke2008" class="citation web cs1">Rourke, Mary (23 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-oct-23-me-boime23-story.html">"Art historian viewed works from social, political standpoints"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Art+historian+viewed+works+from+social%2C+political+standpoints&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft.aulast=Rourke&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-oct-23-me-boime23-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitney1986">Whitney 1986</a>, p. 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitney1986">Whitney 1986</a>, p. 351 </li> <li id="cite_note-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._771-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._771_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naifeh_&_Smith,_p._771_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 771 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Schapiro, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPickvance1984">Pickvance 1984</a>, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 758 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Van Gogh Letters Project, no. 783 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Jirat-Wasiutynski, p. 657 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pickvance_1986,_p._106-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pickvance_1986,_p._106_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pickvance_1986,_p._106_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPickvance1986">Pickvance 1986</a>, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Jirat-Wasiutynski, p. 667 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoth1986">Soth 1986</a>, p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Van Gogh Letters Project, no. 739 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Van Gogh Letters Project, no. 822 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 675 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, pp. 762–763 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 749; emphasis in the original </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 763 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaifehSmith2011">Naifeh & Smith 2011</a>, p. 761 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/collection/provenance/provenance_object.php?object_id=79802">"The Provenance Research Project"</a>. Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.atitle=The+Provenance+Research+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fcollection%2Fprovenance%2Fprovenance_object.php%3Fobject_id%3D79802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Yonghui Zhao, Roy S. Berns, Lawrence A. Taplin, James Coddington, An Investigation of Multispectral Imaging for the Mapping of Pigments in Paintings, in Proc. SPIE 6810, Computer Image Analysis in the Study of Art, 681007 (29 February 2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Van Gogh, The Starry Night, illustrated pigment analysis, ColourLex </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Letters</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Letter_782-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_782_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_782_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let782/letter.html">"Letter 782:To Theo van Gogh. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, on or about Tuesday, 18 June 1889"</a>. Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>. 1v:2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014105657/https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let782/letter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. <q>At last I have a landscape with olive trees, and also a new study of a starry sky.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vincent+van+Gogh%3A+The+Letters&rft.atitle=Letter+782%3ATo+Theo+van+Gogh.+Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence%2C+on+or+about+Tuesday%2C+18+June+1889&rft.pages=1v%3A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvangoghletters.org%2Fvg%2Fletters%2Flet782%2Fletter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_776-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_776_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let776/letter.html">"Letter 776: To Theo van Gogh. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, on or about Thursday, 23 May 1889"</a>. Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>. 1v:2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014105606/https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let776/letter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. <q>Through the iron-barred window I can make out a square of wheat in an enclosure, a perspective in the manner of Van Goyen, above which in the morning I see the sun rise in its glory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vincent+van+Gogh%3A+The+Letters&rft.atitle=Letter+776%3A+To+Theo+van+Gogh.+Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence%2C+on+or+about+Thursday%2C+23+May+1889&rft.pages=1v%3A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvangoghletters.org%2Fvg%2Fletters%2Flet776%2Fletter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_779-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_779_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let779/letter.html">"Letter 779: To Theo van Gogh. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Sunday, 9 June 1889"</a>. Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>. 1v:2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014105617/https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let779/letter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. <q>... for a few days now I've been going outside to work in the neighbourhood... One is the countryside that I glimpse from the window of my bedroom. In the foreground, a field of wheat, ravaged and knocked to the ground after a storm. A boundary wall and beyond, grey foliage of a few olive trees, huts and hills. Finally, at the top of the painting a large white and grey cloud swamped by the azure. It's a landscape of extreme simplicity — in terms of colouration as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vincent+van+Gogh%3A+The+Letters&rft.atitle=Letter+779%3A+To+Theo+van+Gogh.+Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence%2C+Sunday%2C+9+June+1889&rft.pages=1v%3A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvangoghletters.org%2Fvg%2Fletters%2Flet779%2Fletter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_780-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_780_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let780/letter.html">"Letter 780: To Willemien van Gogh. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Sunday, 16 June 1889"</a>. Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>. 1r:1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014105850/https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let780/letter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. <q>Then yet another that depicts a field of yellowing wheat surrounded by brambles and green bushes. At the end of the field, a little pink house with a tall and dark cypress tree that stands out against the distant purplish and bluish hills, and against a forget-me-not blue sky streaked with pink whose pure tones contrast with the already heavy, scorched ears, whose tones are as warm as the crust of a loaf of bread.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vincent+van+Gogh%3A+The+Letters&rft.atitle=Letter+780%3A+To+Willemien+van+Gogh.+Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence%2C+Sunday%2C+16+June+1889&rft.pages=1r%3A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvangoghletters.org%2Fvg%2Fletters%2Flet780%2Fletter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_777-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_777_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let777/letter.html">"Letter 777: To Theo van Gogh. Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, between about Friday, 31 May and about Thursday, 6 June 1889"</a>. Vincent van Gogh: The Letters. <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>. 1v:2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014160307/https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let777/letter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. <q>This morning I saw the countryside from my window a long time before sunrise with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vincent+van+Gogh%3A+The+Letters&rft.atitle=Letter+777%3A+To+Theo+van+Gogh.+Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence%2C+between+about+Friday%2C+31+May+and+about+Thursday%2C+6+June+1889&rft.pages=1v%3A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvangoghletters.org%2Fvg%2Fletters%2Flet777%2Fletter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoime1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Boime" title="Albert Boime">Boime, Albert</a> (December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123150057/http://www.albertboime.com/Articles/Dec1984.pdf">"Van Gogh's Starry Night: A History of Matter and a Matter of History"</a> (PDF). Arts Magazine. 59 (4): 86–103. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertboime.com/Articles/Dec1984.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Magazine&rft.atitle=Van+Gogh%27s+Starry+Night%3A+A+History+of+Matter+and+a+Matter+of+History&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=1984-12&rft.aulast=Boime&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertboime.com%2FArticles%2FDec1984.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_La_Faille1970" class="citation book cs1">De La Faille, Jacob Baart (1970). The works of Vincent van Gogh (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Meulenhoff. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300160639">300160639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works+of+Vincent+van+Gogh&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Meulenhoff&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300160639&rft.aulast=De+La+Faille&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Baart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulsker1986" class="citation book cs1">Hulsker, Jan (1986). The Complete Van Gogh: Paintings, Drawings, Sketches. New York, NY: Harrison House/Harry N. Abrams Distributed by Crown Publishers, Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-44867-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-44867-X"><bdi>0-517-44867-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Van+Gogh%3A+Paintings%2C+Drawings%2C+Sketches&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harrison+House%2FHarry+N.+Abrams+Distributed+by+Crown+Publishers%2C+Random+House&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-517-44867-X&rft.aulast=Hulsker&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJirat-Wasiutynski1993" class="citation journal cs1">Jirat-Wasiutynski, Vojtech (December 1993). "Vincent van Gogh's Paintings of Olive Trees and Cypresses from St.-Remy". Art Bulletin. 75 (4): 647–670. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3045988">10.2307/3045988</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3045988">3045988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Vincent+van+Gogh%27s+Paintings+of+Olive+Trees+and+Cypresses+from+St.-Remy&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E647-%3C%2Fspan%3E670&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3045988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3045988%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jirat-Wasiutynski&rft.aufirst=Vojtech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoevgren1971" class="citation book cs1">Loevgren, Sven (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesisofmoderni0000lovg">The Genesis of Modernism: Seurat, Gauguin, Van Gogh, and French Symbolism in the 1880s</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253325600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253325600"><bdi>978-0253325600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+Modernism%3A+Seurat%2C+Gauguin%2C+Van+Gogh%2C+and+French+Symbolism+in+the+1880s&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0253325600&rft.aulast=Loevgren&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenesisofmoderni0000lovg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaifehSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Naifeh, Steven and Gregory White Smith (2011). Van Gogh: The Life. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50748-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50748-9"><bdi>978-0-375-50748-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Van+Gogh%3A+The+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50748-9&rft.aulast=Naifeh&rft.aufirst=Steven+and+Gregory+White+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickvance1984" class="citation book cs1">Pickvance, Ronald (1984). Van Gogh in Arles. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87099-376-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87099-376-3"><bdi>0-87099-376-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Van+Gogh+in+Arles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-87099-376-3&rft.aulast=Pickvance&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickvance1986" class="citation book cs1">Pickvance, Ronald (1986). Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers (exhibition catalog, Metropolitan Museum of Art). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87099-477-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87099-477-8"><bdi>0-87099-477-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Van+Gogh+in+Saint-R%C3%A9my+and+Auvers+%28exhibition+catalog%2C+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2C+Abrams&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87099-477-8&rft.aulast=Pickvance&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoth1986" class="citation journal cs1">Soth, Lauren (June 1986). "Van Gogh's Agony". Art Bulletin. 68 (2): 301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.1986.10788341">10.1080/00043079.1986.10788341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192138073">192138073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Van+Gogh%27s+Agony&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=301&rft.date=1986-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043079.1986.10788341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192138073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Soth&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1986" class="citation journal cs1">Whitney, Charles A. (September 1986). "The Skies of Vincent van Gogh". Art History. 9 (3): 351–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8365.1986.tb00206.x">10.1111/j.1467-8365.1986.tb00206.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+History&rft.atitle=The+Skies+of+Vincent+van+Gogh&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E362&rft.date=1986-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8365.1986.tb00206.x&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Starry+Night" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Starry_Night&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/De_sterrennacht" class="extiw" title="commons:De sterrennacht">The Starry Night</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=79802">The Starry Night</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whoisvangogh.com/2016/09/08/starry-night-1889/">The Starry Night</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whoisvangogh.com/">Who is van Gogh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/167899">Van Gogh, paintings and drawings: a special loan exhibition</a>, a fully digitized exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on this painting (see index)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vangoghsstudiopractice.com/2011/07/studio-behind-bars/">Aerial photo of monastery marking Vincent's bedroom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424233013/http://www.vangoghsstudiopractice.com/2011/07/studio-behind-bars/">Archived</a> 24 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, ColourLex</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paintandpainting.com/12-top-famous-paintings-in-history/">"12 Most Famous Paintings in History", paintandpainting.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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van Gogh chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="The Letters of Vincent van Gogh">The Letters of Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Health of Vincent van Gogh">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_Ravoux" title="Auberge Ravoux">Auberge Ravoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Death of Vincent van Gogh">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_looting_of_artworks_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Nazi looting of artworks by Vincent van Gogh">Nazi looting of artworks by Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_fame_of_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh">Posthumous fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Arles_sketchbook" title="Lost Arles sketchbook">Lost Arles sketchbook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups of works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_works_of_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Early works of Vincent van Gogh">Early works</a> (1881–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Portraits by Vincent van Gogh">Portraits</a> (1881–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Character_Studies_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series)">Peasant Character Studies</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh%27s_family_in_his_art" title="Van Gogh's family in his art">Van Gogh's family in his art</a> (1881–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sien_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Sien (Van Gogh series)">Sien</a> (1882–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottages_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Cottages (Van Gogh series)">Cottages</a> (1883–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Mill_at_Gennep" title="Water Mill at Gennep">Water Mill at Gennep</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_paintings_by_Vincent_van_Gogh_(Netherlands)" title="Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Netherlands)">Still life paintings, Netherlands</a> (1884–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Tower_at_Nuenen" title="Old Church Tower at Nuenen">Old Church Tower at Nuenen</a> (1884–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_of_Amsterdam_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Paintings of Amsterdam by Vincent van Gogh">Amsterdam</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Fields_(Van_Gogh_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat Fields (Van Gogh series)">Wheat Fields</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Le Moulin de la Galette (Van Gogh series)">Le Moulin de la Galette</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_paintings_by_Vincent_van_Gogh_(Paris)" title="Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)">Still life paintings, Paris</a> (1886–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Montmartre (Van Gogh series)">Montmartre</a> (1886–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Portraits of Vincent van Gogh">Self portraits</a> (1886–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outskirts_of_Paris_(Van_Gogh)" title="Outskirts of Paris (Van Gogh)">Outskirts of Paris</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Asnières (Van Gogh series)">Asnières</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Seine (Van Gogh series)">Seine</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonaiserie_(Van_Gogh)" title="Japonaiserie (Van Gogh)">Japonaiserie</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflowers_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)">Sunflowers</a> (1887–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_and_Undergrowth_(Van_Gogh_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees and Undergrowth (Van Gogh series)">Trees and Undergrowth</a> (1887–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copies_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Copies by Vincent van Gogh">Copies by Vincent van Gogh</a> (1887–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlois_Bridge_at_Arles" title="Langlois Bridge at Arles">Langlois Bridge at Arles</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintes-Maries_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Saintes-Maries (Van Gogh series)">Saintes-Maries</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boats_du_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Boats du Rhône">Boats du Rhône</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9coration_for_the_Yellow_House" title="Décoration for the Yellow House">Décoration for the Yellow House</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roulin_Family" title="The Roulin Family">The Roulin Family</a> (1888–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_in_Arles" title="Hospital in Arles">Hospital in Arles</a> (1888–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_Orchards" title="Flowering Orchards">Flowering Orchards</a> (1888–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almond_Blossoms" title="Almond Blossoms">Almond Blossoms</a> (1888–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_of_Children_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series)">Paintings of Children</a> (1888–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wheat_Field" title="The Wheat Field">The Wheat Field</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaper_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Reaper (Van Gogh series)">Reaper</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Trees_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Olive Trees (Van Gogh series)">Olive Trees</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Fields" title="Wheat Fields">Wheat Fields</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterflies_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Butterflies (Van Gogh series)">Butterflies</a> (1889–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul_Asylum,_Saint-R%C3%A9my_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Rémy (Van Gogh series)">Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Rémy</a> (1889–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvers_size_30_canvases" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvers size 30 canvases">Auvers size 30 canvases</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-square_painting" title="Double-square painting">Auvers Double-squares and Squares</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_works_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Lost works by Vincent van Gogh">Lost works by Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh%27s_display_at_Les_XX,_1890" title="Vincent van Gogh's display at Les XX, 1890">Display at Les XX, 1890</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oil paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1882</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_at_Scheveningen_in_Stormy_Weather" title="Beach at Scheveningen in Stormy Weather">Beach at Scheveningen in Stormy Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_in_White_in_the_Woods" title="Girl in White in the Woods">Girl in White in the Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_Cow" title="Lying Cow">Lying Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Girl_in_the_Street,_Two_Coaches_in_the_Background" title="A Girl in the Street, Two Coaches in the Background">A Girl in the Street, Two Coaches in the Background</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1883</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cows_in_the_Meadow" title="Cows in the Meadow">Cows in the Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouses_Among_Trees" title="Farmhouses Among Trees">Farmhouses Among Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_Fields" title="Bulb Fields">Bulb Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_a_Church_at_Twilight" title="Landscape with a Church at Twilight">Landscape with a Church at Twilight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Dunes" title="Landscape with Dunes">Landscape with Dunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footbridge_across_a_Ditch" title="Footbridge across a Ditch">Footbridge across a Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshy_Landscape" title="Marshy Landscape">Marshy Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Wind-Beaten_Tree" title="A Wind-Beaten Tree">A Wind-Beaten Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_with_Stacks_of_Peat" title="Farm with Stacks of Peat">Farm with Stacks of Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouses_in_Loosduinen_near_The_Hague_at_Twilight" title="Farmhouses in Loosduinen near The Hague at Twilight">Farmhouses in Loosduinen near The Hague at Twilight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Figures_near_a_Canal_with_Windmill" title="Three Figures near a Canal with Windmill">Three Figures near a Canal with Windmill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1884</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Rats" title="Two Rats">Two Rats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_Leaving_the_Reformed_Church_in_Nuenen" title="Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen">Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Parsonage_Garden_at_Nuenen" title="The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen">The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Pollard_Willows" title="Landscape with Pollard Willows">Landscape with Pollard Willows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart_with_Black_Ox" title="Cart with Black Ox">Cart with Black Ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart_with_Red_and_White_Ox" title="Cart with Red and White Ox">Cart with Red and White Ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_in_Autumn" title="Lane in Autumn">Lane in Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Mill_at_Opwetten" title="Water Mill at Opwetten">Water Mill at Opwetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Mill_at_Kollen_Near_Nuenen" title="Water Mill at Kollen Near Nuenen">Water Mill at Kollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_at_Sunset" title="Village at Sunset">Village at Sunset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_Poplars_in_Autumn" title="Avenue of Poplars in Autumn">Avenue of Poplars in Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_Poplars_at_Sunset" title="Avenue of Poplars at Sunset">Avenue of Poplars at Sunset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_an_Old_Farmer%27s_Wife_in_a_White_Hat" title="Head of an Old Farmer's Wife in a White Hat">Head of an Old Farmer's Wife in a White Hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1885</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Still_Life_with_Straw_Hat" title="Still Life with Straw Hat">Still Life with Straw Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Eaters" title="The Potato Eaters">The Potato Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peasant_Woman_Digging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peasant Woman Digging (page does not exist)">Peasant Woman Digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Woman_Digging_Up_Potatoes" title="Peasant Woman Digging Up Potatoes">Peasant Woman Digging Up Potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull_of_a_Skeleton_with_Burning_Cigarette" title="Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette">Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1886</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vase_with_Poppies" title="Vase with Poppies">Vase with Red Poppies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vase_with_White_and_Red_Carnations" title="Vase with White and Red Carnations">Vase with White and Red Carnations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingfisher" title="The Kingfisher">The Kingfisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1887</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_Flowers" title="Poppy Flowers">Poppy Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Field_with_a_Lark" title="Wheat Field with a Lark">Wheat Field with a Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_Paris_from_Vincent%27s_Room_in_the_Rue_Lepic" title="View of Paris from Vincent's Room in the Rue Lepic">View of Paris from Vincent's Room in the Rue Lepic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_P%C3%A8re_Tanguy" title="Portrait of Père Tanguy">Portrait of Père Tanguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Walking_in_a_Garden" title="A Woman Walking in a Garden">A Woman Walking in a Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fritillaries_in_a_Copper_Vase" title="Imperial Fritillaries in a Copper Vase">Imperial Fritillaries in a Copper Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostina_Segatori_Sitting_in_the_Caf%C3%A9_du_Tambourin" title="Agostina Segatori Sitting in the Café du Tambourin">Agostina Segatori Sitting in the Café du Tambourin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cabbages_and_Garlic" title="Red Cabbages and Garlic">Red Cabbages and Garlic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1888</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roulin_and_Her_Baby" title="Madame Roulin and Her Baby">Madame Roulin and Her Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Snow" title="Landscape with Snow">Landscape with Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mousm%C3%A9" title="La Mousmé">La Mousmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Zouave" title="The Zouave">The Zouave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Life:_Vase_with_Oleanders" title="Still Life: Vase with Oleanders">Still Life: Vase with Oleanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Caf%C3%A9" title="The Night Café">The Night Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_House" title="The Yellow House">The Yellow House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh%27s_Chair" title="Van Gogh's Chair">Van Gogh's Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Terrace_at_Night" title="Café Terrace at Night">Café Terrace at Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Starry Night Over the Rhône">Starry Night Over the Rhône</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Artist%27s_Mother_(Van_Gogh)" title="Portrait of the Artist's Mother (Van Gogh)">Portrait of the Artist's Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom_in_Arles" title="Bedroom in Arles">Bedroom in Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Painter_on_the_Road_to_Tarascon" title="The Painter on the Road to Tarascon">The Painter on the Road to Tarascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Alyscamps" title="Les Alyscamps">Les Alyscamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lane_in_the_Public_Garden_at_Arles" title="A Lane in the Public Garden at Arles">A Lane in the Public Garden at Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_Autumn_Leaves" title="Falling Autumn Leaves">Falling Autumn Leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_(painting)" title="L'Arlésienne (painting)">L'Arlésienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Vineyard" title="The Red Vineyard">The Red Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_Garden_at_Etten_(Ladies_of_Arles)" title="Memory of the Garden at Etten (Ladies of Arles)">Memory of the Garden at Etten (Ladies of Arles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Ar%C3%A8nes" title="Les Arènes">Les Arènes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_of_a_Restaurant_in_Arles" title="Interior of a Restaurant in Arles">Interior of a Restaurant in Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lane_near_Arles" title="A Lane near Arles">A Lane near Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles:_View_from_the_Wheat_Fields" title="Arles: View from the Wheat Fields">Arles: View from the Wheat Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_at_Montmajour" title="Sunset at Montmajour">Sunset at Montmajour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse_in_Provence" title="Farmhouse in Provence">Farmhouse in Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_with_Cypresses" title="Orchard with Cypresses">Orchard with Cypresses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1889</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valley_with_Ploughman_Seen_from_Above" title="Valley with Ploughman Seen from Above">Valley with Ploughman Seen from Above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_Arles,_Flowering_Orchards" title="View of Arles, Flowering Orchards">View of Arles, Flowering Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Doctor_Rey" title="Portrait of Doctor Rey">Portrait of Doctor Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_on_its_Back" title="Crab on its Back">Crab on its Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Crabs" title="Two Crabs">Two Crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irises_(painting)" title="Irises (painting)">Irises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilac_Bush" title="Lilac Bush">Lilac Bush</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Starry Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gardener_(painting)" title="The Gardener (painting)">The Gardener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_self-portrait_(1889)" title="Van Gogh self-portrait (1889)">Self-portrait (1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait_without_beard" title="Self-portrait without beard">Self-portrait without beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Bandaged_Ear" title="Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear">Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Meadow_in_the_Mountains:_Le_Mas_de_Saint-Paul" title="A Meadow in the Mountains: Le Mas de Saint-Paul">A Meadow in the Mountains: Le Mas de Saint-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Road_at_Saint-Remy_with_Female_Figure" title="A Road at Saint-Remy with Female Figure">A Road at Saint-Remy with Female Figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Field_with_Peasant" title="Enclosed Field with Peasant">Enclosed Field with Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_(Van_Gogh)" title="Rain (Van Gogh)">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypresses_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)" title="Cypresses (Metropolitan Museum of Art)">Cypresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Field_with_Cypresses" title="Wheat Field with Cypresses">Wheat Field with Cypresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Wheat_Field_with_Cypress" title="Green Wheat Field with Cypress">Green Wheat Field with Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Diggers_(Van_Gogh)" title="The Diggers (Van Gogh)">The Diggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ravine_of_the_Peyroulets" title="The Ravine of the Peyroulets">The Ravine of the Peyroulets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Paul_Asylum,_Saint-R%C3%A9my_(Van_Gogh_series)" title="Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Rémy (Van Gogh series)">Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_the_Asylum_and_Chapel_of_Saint-R%C3%A9my" title="View of the Asylum and Chapel of Saint-Rémy">View of the Asylum and Chapel of Saint-Rémy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Large_Plane_Trees" title="The Large Plane Trees">The Large Plane Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mulberry_Tree_(Van_Gogh)" title="The Mulberry Tree (Van Gogh)">The Mulberry Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Siesta_(Van_Gogh)" title="The Siesta (Van Gogh)">The Siesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_with_Cypress_and_Star" title="Road with Cypress and Star">Road with Cypress and Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Eternity%27s_Gate" title="At Eternity's Gate">At Eternity's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatched_Cottages_and_Houses" title="Thatched Cottages and Houses">Thatched Cottages and Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet" title="Portrait of Dr. Gachet">Portrait of Dr. Gachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Gachet%27s_Garden_in_Auvers" title="Doctor Gachet's Garden in Auvers">Doctor Gachet's Garden in Auvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houses_at_Auvers" title="Houses at Auvers">Houses at Auvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_at_Night" title="White House at Night">White House at Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_a_Carriage_and_a_Train" title="Landscape with a Carriage and a Train">Landscape with a Carriage and a Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_in_White" title="Girl in White">Girl in White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_at_Auvers" title="The Church at Auvers">The Church at Auvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daubigny%27s_Garden" title="Daubigny's Garden">Daubigny's Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farms_near_Auvers" title="Farms near Auvers">Farms near Auvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cows_(painting)" title="The Cows (painting)">The Cows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Town_Hall_at_Auvers" title="The Town Hall at Auvers">The Town Hall at Auvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blossoming_Chestnut_Branches" title="Blossoming Chestnut Branches">Blossoming Chestnut Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Woman_Against_a_Background_of_Wheat" title="Peasant Woman Against a Background of Wheat">Peasant Woman Against a Background of Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Life:_Vase_with_Pink_Roses" title="Still Life: Vase with Pink Roses">Still Life: Vase with Pink Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Adeline_Ravoux" title="Portrait of Adeline Ravoux">Portrait of Adeline Ravoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_near_Auvers" title="Plain near Auvers">Plain near Auvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatfield_Under_Thunderclouds" title="Wheatfield Under Thunderclouds">Wheatfield Under Thunderclouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatfield_with_Crows" title="Wheatfield with Crows">Wheatfield with Crows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_Round_(after_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9)" title="Prisoners' Round (after Gustave Doré)">Prisoners' Round (after Gustave Doré)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_Roots" title="Tree Roots">Tree Roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_at_Auvers_in_the_Rain" title="Landscape at Auvers in the Rain">Landscape at Auvers in the Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_Field" title="Poppy Field">Poppy Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Watercolours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Cutting_Grass_with_a_Sickle" title="Boy Cutting Grass with a Sickle">Boy Cutting Grass with a Sickle</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadows_near_Rijswijk_and_the_Schenkweg" title="Meadows near Rijswijk and the Schenkweg">Meadows near Rijswijk and the Schenkweg</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_%27Laakmolen%27_near_The_Hague" title="The 'Laakmolen' near The Hague">The 'Laakmolen' near The Hague</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Pew_with_Worshippers" title="Church Pew with Worshippers">Church Pew with Worshippers</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_on_Her_Deathbed" title="Woman on Her Deathbed">Woman on Her Deathbed</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Trees" title="Landscape with Trees">Landscape with Trees</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatery_in_Drenthe" title="Peatery in Drenthe">Peatery in Drenthe</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Wheelbarrow" title="Landscape with Wheelbarrow">Landscape with Wheelbarrow</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge_in_Nieuw-Amsterdam" title="Drawbridge in Nieuw-Amsterdam">Drawbridge in Nieuw-Amsterdam</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Women" title="Breton Women">Breton Women</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Vineyard_with_Peasant_Woman" title="Old Vineyard with Peasant Woman">Old Vineyard with Peasant Woman</a> (1890)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drawings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/87_Hackford_Road_(Van_Gogh)" title="87 Hackford Road (Van Gogh)">87 Hackford Road</a> (1873 or 1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_with_Water_Lilies" title="Marsh with Water Lilies">Marsh with Water Lilies</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(Van_Gogh)" title="Sorrow (Van Gogh)">Sorrow</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Man_in_a_Top_Hat" title="Portrait of a Man in a Top Hat">Portrait of a Man in a Top Hat</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torso_of_Venus_and_a_Landscape" title="Torso of Venus and a Landscape">Torso of Venus and a Landscape</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Girl" title="Head of a Girl">Head of a Girl</a> (1888)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_House_(Drenthe)" title="Van Gogh House (Drenthe)">Van Gogh House (Drenthe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_Van_Gogh" title="Maison Van Gogh">Maison Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum" title="Kröller-Müller Museum">Kröller-Müller Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint-Paul_de_Mausole" title="Monastery of Saint-Paul de Mausole">Monastery of Saint-Paul de Mausole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondation_Vincent_van_Gogh_Arles" title="Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles">Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh_(Russell_painting)" title="Vincent van Gogh (Russell painting)">Vincent van Gogh (1886 painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Vincent_van_Gogh_(1887)" title="Portrait of Vincent van Gogh (1887)">Portrait of Vincent van Gogh (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Painter_of_Sunflowers" title="The Painter of Sunflowers">The Painter of Sunflowers (1888 painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(novel)" title="Lust for Life (novel)">Lust for Life (1934 novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_(1948_film)" title="Van Gogh (1948 film)">Van Gogh (1948 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(1956_film)" title="Lust for Life (1956 film)">Lust for Life (1956 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_(opera)" title="Van Gogh (opera)">Van Gogh (1956 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Vincent_and_Theo_van_Gogh" title="Statue of Vincent and Theo van Gogh">Vincent and Theo van Gogh (1963 statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_(Don_McLean_song)" title="Vincent (Don McLean song)">"Vincent" (1971 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_(1987_film)" title="Vincent (1987 film)">Vincent (1987 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_%26_Theo" title="Vincent & Theo">Vincent & Theo (1990 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_and_Me" title="Vincent and Me">Vincent and Me (1990 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_(1990_film)" title="Dreams (1990 film)">Dreams (1990 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_(opera)" title="Vincent (opera)">Vincent (1990 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_(1991_film)" title="Van Gogh (1991 film)">Van Gogh (1991 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_in_Brixton" title="Vincent in Brixton">Vincent in Brixton (2003 play)</a></li> <li>The Yellow House (2007 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_and_the_Doctor" title="Vincent and the Doctor">"Vincent and the Doctor" (2010 TV episode)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_Vincent" title="Loving Vincent">Loving Vincent (2017 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Eternity%27s_Gate_(film)" title="At Eternity's Gate (film)">At Eternity's Gate (2018 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)" title="Theo van Gogh (art dealer)">Theo van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wil_van_Gogh" title="Wil van Gogh">Wil van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_van_Gogh-Bonger" title="Johanna van Gogh-Bonger">Johanna van Gogh-Bonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andries_Bonger" title="Andries Bonger">Andries Bonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(film_director)" title="Theo van Gogh (film director)">Theo van Gogh (film director)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Mauve" title="Anton Mauve">Anton Mauve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stricker" title="Johannes Stricker">Johannes Stricker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cataloguers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baart_de_la_Faille" title="Jacob Baart de la Faille">Jacob Baart de la Faille</a> (1928 and 1970; "F")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hulsker" title="Jan Hulsker">Jan Hulsker</a> (1978, revised 1989; "JH")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Vincent_Award" title="The Vincent Award">The Vincent Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_immersive_experience" title="Van Gogh immersive experience">Van Gogh immersive experience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a> (1913–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a> (1928–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a> (1887)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Starry Night</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></li></ul> 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