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大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" 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id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-1801年-1820年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1801年-1820年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>1801年-1820年</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1801年-1820年-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关1801年-1820年子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1801年-1820年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-大不列颠与爱尔兰合并" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大不列颠与爱尔兰合并"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>大不列颠与爱尔兰合并</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大不列颠与爱尔兰合并-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拿破崙戰爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拿破崙戰爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>拿破崙戰爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拿破崙戰爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1812年戰爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1812年戰爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1812年戰爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1812年戰爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-戰後:1815-1822" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戰後:1815-1822"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>戰後:1815-1822</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戰後:1815-1822-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-极端保守党" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#极端保守党"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>极端保守党</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-极端保守党-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-彼得盧屠殺和治安六法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#彼得盧屠殺和治安六法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>彼得盧屠殺和治安六法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-彼得盧屠殺和治安六法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-极端保守:巅峰和衰退" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#极端保守:巅峰和衰退"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>极端保守:巅峰和衰退</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-极端保守:巅峰和衰退-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1820年-1837年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1820年-1837年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1820年-1837年</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1820年-1837年-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关1820年-1837年子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1820年-1837年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-新教不从国教者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新教不从国教者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>新教不从国教者</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新教不从国教者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外交政策" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外交政策"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>外交政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外交政策-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-改革时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#改革时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>改革时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-改革时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-主要成就" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要成就"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>主要成就</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要成就-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治进程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治进程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>政治进程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治进程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宪章运动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宪章运动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>宪章运动</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宪章运动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-领导人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#领导人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>领导人</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-领导人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-惠灵顿首相" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#惠灵顿首相"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>惠灵顿首相</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-惠灵顿首相-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-格雷首相" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#格雷首相"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>格雷首相</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-格雷首相-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-巴麥尊首相" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#巴麥尊首相"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>巴麥尊首相</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-巴麥尊首相-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-改革的领导者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#改革的领导者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>改革的领导者</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-改革的领导者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-杰里米·边沁_(1748–1832)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#杰里米·边沁_(1748–1832)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4.1</span> <span>杰里米·边沁 (1748–1832)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-杰里米·边沁_(1748–1832)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-约翰·布莱特_(1811–1889)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#约翰·布莱特_(1811–1889)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4.2</span> <span>约翰·布莱特 (1811–1889)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-约翰·布莱特_(1811–1889)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-維多利亞時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#維多利亞時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>維多利亞時代</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-維多利亞時代-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关維多利亞時代子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-維多利亞時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-外交政策_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外交政策_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>外交政策</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外交政策_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自由贸易帝国主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自由贸易帝国主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>自由贸易帝国主义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自由贸易帝国主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-俄国,法国和奥斯曼帝国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#俄国,法国和奥斯曼帝国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>俄国,法国和奥斯曼帝国</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-俄国,法国和奥斯曼帝国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美国内战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美国内战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>美国内战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美国内战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帝国的扩张" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帝国的扩张"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>帝国的扩张</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-帝国的扩张-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会发展的引导者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会发展的引导者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>社会发展的引导者</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会发展的引导者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-维多利亚女王" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#维多利亚女王"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>维多利亚女王</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-维多利亚女王-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-迪斯雷利" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#迪斯雷利"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>迪斯雷利</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-迪斯雷利-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-格萊斯頓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#格萊斯頓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>格萊斯頓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-格萊斯頓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-索爾斯伯利" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#索爾斯伯利"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>索爾斯伯利</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-索爾斯伯利-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-道德水准" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#道德水准"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>道德水准</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-道德水准-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20世纪初期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20世纪初期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>20世纪初期</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20世纪初期-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关20世纪初期子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20世纪初期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-爱德华时代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#爱德华时代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>爱德华时代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-爱德华时代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第一次世界大战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第一次世界大战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>第一次世界大战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第一次世界大战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-战间期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#战间期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>战间期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-战间期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-愛爾蘭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#愛爾蘭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>愛爾蘭</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-愛爾蘭-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关愛爾蘭子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-愛爾蘭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-爱尔兰自治运动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#爱尔兰自治运动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>爱尔兰自治运动</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-爱尔兰自治运动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-爱尔兰独立" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#爱尔兰独立"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>爱尔兰独立</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-爱尔兰独立-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-君主列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#君主列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>君主列表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-君主列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关延伸阅读子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-史料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>史料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>主要来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。77种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk_van_Groot-Brittanje_en_Ierland" title="Verenigde Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje en Ierland – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verenigde Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje en Ierland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Uniu_de_Gran_Bretanya_y_Irlanda" title="Reino Uniu de Gran Bretanya y Irlanda – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino Uniu de Gran Bretanya y Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_ya_Irlanda" title="Reinu Xuníu de Gran Bretaña ya Irlanda – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu Xuníu de Gran Bretaña ya Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Britaniya_v%C9%99_%C4%B0rlandiya_Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Böyük Britaniya və İrlandiya Birləşmiş Krallığı – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Britaniya və İrlandiya Birləşmiş Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="بؤیوک بریتانیا و ایرلند بیرلشیک شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بؤیوک بریتانیا و ایرلند بیرلشیک شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%96_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Злучанае Каралеўства Вялікабрытаніі і Ірландыі – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Злучанае Каралеўства Вялікабрытаніі і Ірландыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Обединено кралство Великобритания и Ирландия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обединено кралство Великобритания и Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Unanet_Breizh-Veur_hag_Iwerzhon" title="Rouantelezh Unanet Breizh-Veur hag Iwerzhon – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Unanet Breizh-Veur hag Iwerzhon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Unit_de_la_Gran_Bretanya_i_Irlanda" title="Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_Velk%C3%A9_Brit%C3%A1nie_a_Irska" title="Spojené království Velké Británie a Irska – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojené království Velké Británie a Irska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_Unedig_Prydain_Fawr_ac_Iwerddon" title="Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr ac Iwerddon – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr ac Iwerddon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Forenede_Kongerige_Storbritannien_og_Irland" title="Det Forenede Kongerige Storbritannien og Irland – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Forenede Kongerige Storbritannien og Irland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_und_Irland" title="Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Irland – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Irland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qraliya_Yewbiyayiya_Britanya_G%C4%B1rde_u_%C4%B0rlanda" title="Qraliya Yewbiyayiya Britanya Gırde u İrlanda – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qraliya Yewbiyayiya Britanya Gırde u İrlanda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας και της Ιρλανδίας – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας και της Ιρλανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dinta_Re%C4%9Dlando_de_Granda_Britio_kaj_Irlando" title="Unuiĝinta Reĝlando de Granda Britio kaj Irlando – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unuiĝinta Reĝlando de Granda Britio kaj Irlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlanda" title="Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurbritannia_ja_Iirimaa_%C3%9Chendkuningriik" title="Suurbritannia ja Iirimaa Ühendkuningriik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurbritannia ja Iirimaa Ühendkuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britainia_Handia_eta_Irlandako_Erresuma_Batua" title="Britainia Handia eta Irlandako Erresuma Batua – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britainia Handia eta Irlandako Erresuma Batua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پادشاهی متحد بریتانیای کبیر و ایرلند – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی متحد بریتانیای کبیر و ایرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ison-Britannian_ja_Irlannin_yhdistynyt_kuningaskunta" title="Ison-Britannian ja Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ison-Britannian ja Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume-Uni_de_Grande-Bretagne_et_d%27Irlande" title="Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d&#039;Irlande – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d&#039;Irlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriene_Keninkryk_fan_Grut-Brittanje_en_Ierl%C3%A2n" title="Feriene Keninkryk fan Grut-Brittanje en Ierlân – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feriene Keninkryk fan Grut-Brittanje en Ierlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_Aontaithe_na_Breataine_M%C3%B3ire_agus_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlanda" title="Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_Unnaneysit_y_Vretyn_Vooar_as_Nerin" title="Reeriaght Unnaneysit y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght Unnaneysit y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Britain_l%C3%A2u_Ireland_Li%C3%A8n-ha%CC%8Dp_V%C3%B2ng-koet" title="Thai Britain lâu Ireland Lièn-ha̍p Vòng-koet – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai Britain lâu Ireland Lièn-ha̍p Vòng-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="הממלכה המאוחדת של בריטניה הגדולה ואירלנד – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הממלכה המאוחדת של בריטניה הגדולה ואירלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="ग्रेट ब्रिटेन और आयरलैंड का यूनाइटेड किंगडम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेट ब्रिटेन और आयरलैंड का यूनाइटेड किंगडम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo_Velike_Britanije_i_Irske" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way%C3%B2m_Ini_Grann_Bretay_ak_Iland" title="Wayòm Ini Grann Bretay ak Iland – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wayòm Ini Grann Bretay ak Iland" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy-Britannia_%C3%A9s_%C3%8Drorsz%C3%A1g_Egyes%C3%BClt_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1ga" title="Nagy-Britannia és Írország Egyesült Királysága – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy-Britannia és Írország Egyesült Királysága" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի և Իռլանդիայի միացյալ թագավորություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի և Իռլանդիայի միացյալ թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perserikatan_Kerajaan_Britania_Raya_dan_Irlandia" title="Perserikatan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perserikatan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_Reyatu_de_Grande_Britannia_e_Irland" title="Unit Reyatu de Grande Britannia e Irland – 国际文字(E)" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Unit Reyatu de Grande Britannia e Irland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字(E)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Unito_di_Gran_Bretagna_e_Irlanda" title="Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ұлыбритания және Ирландия біріккен патшалығы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлыбритания және Ирландия біріккен патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%BC_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="그레이트브리튼 아일랜드 연합왕국 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레이트브리튼 아일랜드 연합왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97_Did%C5%BEiosios_Britanijos_ir_Airijos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Jungtinė Didžiosios Britanijos ir Airijos karalystė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinė Didžiosios Britanijos ir Airijos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielbrit%C4%81nijas_un_%C4%AArijas_Apvienot%C4%81_Karaliste" title="Lielbritānijas un Īrijas Apvienotā Karaliste – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielbritānijas un Īrijas Apvienotā Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रेट ब्रिटन व आयर्लंडचे संयुक्त राजतंत्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रेट ब्रिटन व आयर्लंडचे संयुक्त राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk_van_Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB_en_Ierland" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_sameinte_kongeriket_Storbritannia_og_Irland" title="Det sameinte kongeriket Storbritannia og Irland – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det sameinte kongeriket Storbritannia og Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_forente_kongerike_Storbritannia_og_Irland" title="Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Irland – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਗ੍ਰੇਟ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੇਨ ਅਤੇ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ ਦਾ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ੍ਰੇਟ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੇਨ ਅਤੇ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ ਦਾ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjednoczone_Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Wielkiej_Brytanii_i_Irlandii" title="Zjednoczone Królestwo Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zjednoczone Królestwo Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A" title="د برېتانيا او ايرلينډ متحده پاچايي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د برېتانيا او ايرلينډ متحده پاچايي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_da_Gr%C3%A3-Bretanha_e_Irlanda" title="Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_Irlandei" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Соединённое королевство Великобритании и Ирландии – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соединённое королевство Великобритании и Ирландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Споене кральовство Великой Британии и Ирландии – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Споене кральовство Великой Британии и Ирландии" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_Unidu_de_Bretagna_Manna_e_Irlanda" title="Regnu Unidu de Bretagna Manna e Irlanda – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Regnu Unidu de Bretagna Manna e Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_Kinrick_o_Great_Breetain_an_Ireland" title="Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DB%BD_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="عظيم برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي گڏيل بادشاھت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عظيم برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ جي گڏيل بادشاھت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo_Velike_Britanije_i_Irske" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo_Ve%C4%BEkej_Brit%C3%A1nie_a_%C3%8Drska" title="Spojené kráľovstvo Veľkej Británie a Írska – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spojené kráľovstvo Veľkej Británie a Írska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEeno_kraljestvo_Velike_Britanije_in_Irske" title="Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Irske – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Irske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Bashkuar_e_Britanis%C3%AB_s%C3%AB_Madhe_dhe_Irland%C3%ABs" title="Mbretëria e Bashkuar e Britanisë së Madhe dhe Irlandës – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Bashkuar e Britanisë së Madhe dhe Irlandës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Уједињено Краљевство Велике Британије и Ирске – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уједињено Краљевство Велике Британије и Ирске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6renade_kungariket_Storbritannien_och_Irland" title="Förenade kungariket Storbritannien och Irland – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förenade kungariket Storbritannien och Irland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெரிய பிரித்தானியா மற்றும் அயர்லாந்தின் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரிய பிரித்தானியா மற்றும் அயர்லாந்தின் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="สหราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่และไอร์แลนด์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่และไอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Britanya_ve_%C4%B0rlanda_Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Сполучене Королівство Великої Британії та Ірландії – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сполучене Королівство Великої Британії та Ірландії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Anh_v%C3%A0_Ireland" title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Ireland – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="大不列颠爱尔兰联合王国 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大不列颠爱尔兰联合王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BB%8Dba_A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%80kan_Br%C3%ADt%C3%A1n%C3%AC_Ol%C3%B3k%C3%ACk%C3%AD_%C3%A0ti_%C3%8Dr%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Írẹ́lándì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan Brítánì Olókìkí àti Írẹ́lándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i_Put-lia%CC%8Dt-tian_kap_%C3%80i-n%C3%AD-l%C3%A2n_Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian kap Ài-ní-lân Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian kap Ài-ní-lân Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛愛爾蘭聯合王國 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大不列顛愛爾蘭聯合王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q174193#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a 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.ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>,請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="Talk:大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>,以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年12月17日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>,幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。(<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="Talk:大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国">討論</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年12月17日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言,也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫,并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。<b>明顯拙劣</b>的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>&#124;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-47f98e2e" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="People"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="UK Places"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="PoliticiansUK"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是1801年—1922年统治<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="爱尔兰岛">爱尔兰岛</a>全境的国家。关于<a href="/wiki/1707%E5%B9%B4%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1707年聯合法令">1707年聯合法令</a>与<a href="/wiki/1800%E5%B9%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1800年联合法令">1800年联合法令</a>之间统治<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E5%B3%B6" title="大不列顛島">大不列顛島</a>全境的国家,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國">大不列顛王國</a></b>」。关于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span lang="en" title="英語文本">United Kingdom of Great Britain<br />and Ireland</span><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1801年-1922年<sup class="reference" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; padding:0 2px 0 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="英国国旗"><img alt="英国国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="英国国旗">国旗</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; padding:0 5px 0 2px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1901-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="英国英国王室徽章 (1901年−1922年)"><img alt="英国英国王室徽章 (1901年−1922年)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></div> <div>英国王室徽章<br />(1901年−1922年)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem" style=""><b>国歌:</b>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="天佑國王">天佑吾王</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="52" data-mwtitle="God_Save_the_King_(1927).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/God_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg/God_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/God_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=de&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=es&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=fr&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=haw&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="haw" label="Hawaiʻi‪(haw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=is&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="is" label="íslenska‪(is)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=it&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=mi&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mi" label="Māori‪(mi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=nb&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=rm&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="rm" label="rumantsch‪(rm)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=ru&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&amp;lang=th&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><b>苏格兰版英国王室徽章<br />(1837年−1922年)</b><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_(1837-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/98px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/147px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/196px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1580" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_1914.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1914年的英国"><img alt="1914年的英国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UK_1914.svg/250px-UK_1914.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UK_1914.svg/375px-UK_1914.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UK_1914.svg/500px-UK_1914.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">1914年的英国</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">首都</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a><br /><span style="font-size:smaller;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&amp;pagename=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;params=51_30_N_0_7_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">51°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°7′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">51.500°N 0.117°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">51.500; -0.117</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">常用语言</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="苏格兰语">苏格兰语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="爱尔兰语">爱尔兰语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇格蘭蓋爾語">蘇格蘭蓋爾語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E8%AF%AD" title="威尔士语">威尔士语</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="英国政治">政府</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="议会制君主立宪制">议会制君主立宪制</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英国君主列表">英国君主</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">&#160;</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1801年—1820年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="喬治三世">喬治三世</a><sup class="reference" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1820年—1830年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="喬治四世">喬治四世</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1830年—1837年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="威廉四世 (英國)">威廉四世</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1837年—1901年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="维多利亚 (英国女王)">维多利亚女王</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1901年—1910年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华七世">爱德华七世</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1910年—1922年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="乔治五世">乔治五世</a><sup class="reference" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">[c]</a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英国首相列表">英国首相</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">&#160;</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1801年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特">小威廉·皮特</a><sup class="reference" id="ref_d"><a href="#endnote_d">[d]</a></sup>(首任)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1922年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E" title="博納·勞">博納·勞</a><sup class="reference" id="ref_e"><a href="#endnote_e">[e]</a></sup>(末任)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">立法机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="英国国会">英国国会</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="上议院">上议院</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="英国上议院">英国上议院</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="下议院">下议院</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8B%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="英国下议院">英国下议院</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">历史</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">&#160;</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/1800%E5%B9%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1800年联合法令">1800年联合法令</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1801年1月1日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%88%B1%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="英爱条约">英爱条约</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1921年12月6日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1922年愛爾蘭自由邦憲政法令" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922%E5%B9%B4%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1922年愛爾蘭自由邦憲政法令(页面不存在)">1922年愛爾蘭自由邦憲政法令</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State_Constitution_Act_1922" class="extiw" title="en:Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922</span></a></span>)</span></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1922年12月6日<sup class="reference" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/1927%E5%B9%B4%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E5%8F%8A%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1927年王室及议会头衔法令">1927年王室及议会头衔法令</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1927年4月12日<sup class="reference" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="英国地理">面积</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">总计</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">315,093平方公里</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="英国人口">人口</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1801年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">16,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1911年 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">45,221,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">货币</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%95%91" title="英镑">英镑</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E9%8E%8A" title="愛爾蘭鎊">爱尔兰镑</a> <small>(1801–1826)</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166码</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>前身</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>继承</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國">大不列顛王國</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/30px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="愛爾蘭王國">愛爾蘭王國</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦">爱尔兰自由邦</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">今属于</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">愛爾蘭</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> 1922年<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦">爱尔兰自由邦</a>独立以后,大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国仍继续维持原国名,直至1927年更名为“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国”。</li><li value="2"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^</a></b></span> 1760年10月25日<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="喬治三世">喬治三世</a>即位为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">大不列颠国王</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="爱尔兰君主列表">爱尔兰国王</a>直至《<a href="/wiki/1800%E5%B9%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1800年联合法令">1800年联合法令</a>》生效,随后在位为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">联合王国国王</a>直至1820年1月29日逝世。</li><li value="3"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c"><b><a href="#ref_c">^</a></b></span> 1910年5月6日—1936年1月20日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="乔治五世">乔治五世</a>在位为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">联合王国国王</a>,1922年12月6日<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦">爱尔兰自由邦</a>独立以后兼任<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="爱尔兰君主列表">爱尔兰国王</a>。</li><li value="4"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_d"><b><a href="#ref_d">^</a></b></span> 1783年12月19日<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特">小威廉·皮特</a>就任<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">大不列颠首相</a>直至《<a href="/wiki/1800%E5%B9%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1800年联合法令">1800年联合法令</a>》生效,随后成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">联合王国首相</a>直至1801年3月14日卸任,1804年5月10日至1806年1月23日再次担任<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">联合王国首相</a>。</li><li value="5"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_e"><b><a href="#ref_e">^</a></b></span> 1922年10月23日至1923年5月20日<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E" title="博納·勞">博納·勞</a>担任<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">联合王国首相</a>,1922年12月6日<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦">爱尔兰自由邦</a>独立。</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#169B62"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="愛爾蘭歷史"><span style="color:white">愛爾蘭历史</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE,_CONNACIAE,_LAGENIAE,_et_MOMONIAE,_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias,_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE%2C_CONNACIAE%2C_LAGENIAE%2C_et_MOMONIAE%2C_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias%2C_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg/170px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE%2C_CONNACIAE%2C_LAGENIAE%2C_et_MOMONIAE%2C_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias%2C_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg/255px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_048-HIBERNIAE_REGNUM_tam_in_praecipuas_ULTONIAE%2C_CONNACIAE%2C_LAGENIAE%2C_et_MOMONIAE%2C_quam_in_minores_earundem_Provincias%2C_et_Ditiones_subjacentes_peraccurat%C3%A9_divisum.jpeg/340px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4666" data-file-height="5500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#FF883E"> <span style="color:white">本條目是<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:不列顛群島歷史"><span style="color:white">不列顛群島歷史系列</span></a>中的文章</span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">按年代</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭歷史年表(页面不存在)">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="史前愛爾蘭(页面不存在)">史前</a> 與 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭早期歷史(页面不存在)">早期愛爾蘭</a> (AD 400以前)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="早期基督教愛爾蘭(页面不存在)">早期基督教愛爾蘭</a> (400–800)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD_800%E2%80%931166&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀早期愛爾蘭 800–1166(页面不存在)">中世紀早期時代</a> (800–1168)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="諾曼愛爾蘭(页面不存在)">諾曼愛爾蘭</a> (1169–1536)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD_1536%E2%80%931691&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭 1536–1691(页面不存在)">近代初期</a> (1536–1691)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD_1691%E2%80%931801&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭 1691–1801(页面不存在)">新教徒崛起</a> (1691–1801)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD_1801%E2%80%931922&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭 1801–1922(页面不存在)">英國聯盟時期</a> (1801–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="愛爾蘭共和國歷史">共和國</a> (1919–至今)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="北爱尔兰历史">北愛爾蘭</a> (1921–至今)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center">按主題</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭戰爭列表(页面不存在)">戰爭</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%97%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="凱爾特族列表(页面不存在)">種族</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1171%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1171年後的愛爾蘭領土(页面不存在)">國土</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="爱尔兰君主列表">愛爾蘭君主</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英国君主列表">英國君主</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭經濟史(页面不存在)">經濟史</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭語歷史(页面不存在)">愛爾蘭語</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="text-align:center;"> <hr /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:愛爾蘭(页面不存在)">愛爾蘭首頁</a></b><br /> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>本模板:</span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:愛爾蘭歷史"><span title="查看该模板">查看</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:愛爾蘭歷史(页面不存在)"><span title="讨论该模板">讨论</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:愛爾蘭歷史"><span title="编辑该模板">编辑</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:愛爾蘭歷史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:愛爾蘭歷史(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:愛爾蘭歷史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国</b>(英語:<span lang="en">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</span>)是根据《<a href="/wiki/1800%E5%B9%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1800年联合法令">1800年联合法令</a>》建立的主权国家。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國">大不列顛王國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="愛爾蘭王國">愛爾蘭王國</a>根据该法案合并,并一直存续直到1922年<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦">爱尔兰自由邦</a>独立,1927年更名为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国</a>为止。在这段时期,英国联合欧洲各国共同击败了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑">拿破仑</a>领导下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭西第一帝國">法国</a>,组建起了一支庞大的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="英国皇家海军">皇家海军</a>,并建立起了绵延整个十九世纪的霸权地位。在十九世纪,英国与各列强维持了基本的和平局面,仅直接参与了对俄罗斯的规模较小的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="克里米亚战争">克里米亚战争</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>19世纪是一个经济快速<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" title="现代化">现代化</a>和工业、贸易和金融增长的时代,英国在很大程度上主宰<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="世界经济">世界经济</a>。英国向主要海外领地和美国输出了大量移民。帝国扩张到<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>的大部分地区。殖民办公室和印度办公室通过少数行政人员在当地管理帝国的各个单位,同时民主制度开始发展,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国东印度公司">英国东印度公司</a>為其最重要的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="英國殖民地">海外殖民地</a>。十九世纪中期,由于马铃薯疫病与不当的政策,爱尔兰爆发了<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" title="爱尔兰大饥荒">爱尔兰大饥荒</a>。1857年,东印度公司爆发一场短暂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="印度民族起义">叛乱</a>。以自由贸易为中心的通商策略使英国和爱尔兰的金融家和商人得以像在南美洲一样,在许多其他独立的国家成功地运作。 </p><p>对爱尔兰自治日益增长的要求导致<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="爱尔兰独立战争">爱尔兰独立战争</a>爆發,这场战争最终使爱尔兰岛大部脱离聯合王國,并在1922年形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦">爱尔兰自由邦</a>;<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="北爱尔兰">北爱尔兰</a>仍然是聯合王國的一部分。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1801年-1820年"><span id="1801.E5.B9.B4-1820.E5.B9.B4"></span>1801年-1820年</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:1801年-1820年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大不列颠与爱尔兰合并"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E4.B8.8D.E5.88.97.E9.A2.A0.E4.B8.8E.E7.88.B1.E5.B0.94.E5.85.B0.E5.90.88.E5.B9.B6"></span>大不列颠与爱尔兰合并</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:大不列颠与爱尔兰合并"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/1800%E5%B9%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1800年联合法令">1800年联合法令</a></div> <p>1798年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a>期间,爱尔兰受其影响发生了暴动并形成了一定的规模,不过此次暴动很快就被平定了。尽管如此,考虑到爱尔兰和法国均信仰天主教,英国政府担心爱尔兰会和法国处于同一阵营,因此决定合并<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="大不列颠王国">大不列颠王国</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="爱尔兰王国">爱尔兰王国</a>。经过两国议会商讨后,决定于1801年1月1日正式合并。在英国人看来,尽管爱尔兰丧失了名义上的独立地位,但是其天主教信仰的种种限制将会被解除。不过英国国王<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治三世">乔治三世</a>反对终止对天主教会的打压,亦竭力阻止议会通过任何解放天主教会的法令。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拿破崙戰爭"><span id=".E6.8B.BF.E7.A0.B4.E5.B4.99.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD"></span>拿破崙戰爭</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:拿破崙戰爭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息:<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑战争">拿破仑战争</a></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次反法同盟战争">第二次反法同盟战争</a>(1799-1801)期间,英国占领了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a>的大部分海外领地,而荷兰在1796年成为法国的附属国。虽然英国获得了很大的好处,但热带疾病夺去了4万多名英军士兵的生命。因此当英国签署《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%A0%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84" title="亞眠和約">亞眠和約</a>》结束战争时,同意归还它所占领的大部分领土。不过签署《亞眠和約》所带来的结果只是暂时性的停火,而在此之后拿破仑继续挑衅英国并对其实行贸易禁运。除此之外,拿破仑甚至还出兵占领了英国盟友<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%A6%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B-%E5%90%95%E8%AE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E9%80%89%E4%BE%AF%E5%9B%BD" title="不伦瑞克-吕讷堡选侯国">汉诺威候选国</a>的首都<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81" title="汉诺威">汉诺威</a>。1803年5月,战争再度爆发,拿破仑试图入侵英国本土,但由于法国海军实力不足而未能成功。1805年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E9%9C%8D%E9%9B%B7%E8%82%96%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="第一代纳尔逊子爵霍雷肖·纳尔逊">纳尔逊</a>率领的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="英國皇家海軍">皇家海军</a>舰队在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8A%A0%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="特拉法加海戰">特拉法加</a>打败了法国和西班牙,这是拿破仑战争中最后一次重要的海上军事行动。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1806年,拿破仑颁布了一系列柏林法令,使<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E5%B0%81%E9%94%81" title="大陆封锁">大陆封锁</a>政策生效。这项政策的目的是通过关闭法国控制领土的对外贸易来消除来自英国的威胁。英国军队对法国的威胁仍然很小,即使是在拿破仑战争最激烈的时候,英国的常备兵力也只有22万人。而法国的军队则超过了100万人,此外还有许多盟国的军队和几十万名国民自卫军,拿破仑可以在需要时征召他们加入法国军队。尽管英国皇家海军通过威胁法国海运以及占领法国殖民地有效地破坏了法国在欧洲大陆外的贸易,但英国对法国与欧洲大陆其他经济体的贸易却无能为力,对法国在欧洲的领土的威胁也微乎其微。此时法国的人口和农业生产能力远远超过了不列颠群岛,但在工业、金融、商船和海军实力方面法国要逊色一些。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>拿破仑期望把英国从欧洲大陆上割裂出去就能结束它的经济霸权。但是恰恰相反,英国拥有世界上最大的工业能力,它对海洋的控制使它能够通过对其属地和美国的贸易从而维持相当大的经济实力。1808年的西班牙起义终于使英国在欧洲大陆获得了立足点,<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A8%81%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9" title="第一代威靈頓公爵阿瑟·韋爾斯利">威灵顿公爵</a>借此机会逐渐把法国人赶出了西班牙。1814年初,趁着拿破仑与普鲁士、奥地利和俄国的战斗逐渐失利时,威灵顿公爵入侵了法国南部。拿破仑随后投降并被流放到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B2%9B" title="厄尔巴岛">厄尔巴岛</a>,但于1815年逃了回法国。反法同盟再度联合,威灵顿和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E8%B4%9D%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="格布哈德·莱贝雷希特·冯·布吕歇尔">布吕歇尔</a>的军队在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E9%93%81%E5%8D%A2%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="滑铁卢战役">滑铁卢</a>一劳永逸地击败了拿破仑。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1812年戰爭"><span id="1812.E5.B9.B4.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD"></span>1812年戰爭</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:1812年戰爭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/1812%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1812年战争">1812年战争</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_(1814).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg/220px-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg/330px-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg/440px-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier_-_Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>签署《根特条约》,结束与美国的战争</figcaption></figure> <p>为了击败拿破仑,英国对美国施加了沉重的压力。英国先是扣押了与法国进行贸易的美国商船,接着强征出生于英国但已归化成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="美国公民">美国公民</a>的水手。除此之外英国政府还武装加拿大的印第安人部落,并煽动他们去袭击位于美加边境的美国城镇。美国人将之视为奇耻大辱,虽然并没有做好战争准备,但美国民众普遍希望对英开战从而一雪前耻。不过正因为准备不足,美国军队在这场战争中表现极为糟糕,无法做到击败加拿大的英军。1813年,美国军队控制了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B9%96" title="伊利湖">伊利湖</a>,从而控制了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5%E7%9C%81" title="安大略省">安大略省</a>的西部,并迫使大部分印第安部落退出了这场战争。但是到了1814年拿破仑第一次投降时,英国派出三支军队袭击了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="纽约州">纽约州</a>北部,并沿着<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E" title="马里兰州">马里兰州</a>海岸一路南下,甚至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB" title="华盛顿大火">焚毁了华盛顿</a>。不过英军随后在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="巴尔的摩">巴尔的摩</a>被击败,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%89%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="新奥尔良之战">新奥尔良之战</a>中亦损失惨重。由于双方陷入了僵局,因此双方在1814年底进行了和平一致同意恢复战前边界。这次谈判可谓皆大欢喜,同时也奠定了今后两个世纪<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%8A%A0%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C" title="美加邊界">美加邊界</a>的开放,直至今日。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="戰後:1815-1822"><span id=".E6.88.B0.E5.BE.8C.EF.BC.9A1815-1822"></span>戰後:1815-1822</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:戰後:1815-1822"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>拿破仑战争后的英国和1793年的英国大不相同。随着工业化的发展,英国社会发生了变化,确切来说是变得更加<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="城市化">城市化</a>。不过英国在战后经济萧条,歉收和通货膨胀造成了广泛的社会动荡。英国的领导层极为保守,始终警惕革命活动的迹象,以免重蹈法国大革命的覆辙。但是历史学家发现当时这种迹象其实很少,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E9%81%93%E5%AE%97" title="循道宗">卫理公会</a>等宗教团体都强烈支持保守派。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>主要的宪法变化包括议会改革,以及君主制的权力和威望的急剧下降。1820年国王<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治四世">乔治四世</a>登基时,要求议会允许他与妻子不伦瑞克的卡罗琳王妃离婚,这样他就可以和他最喜欢的情人结婚了。不过不论是一般民众还是精英阶层都强烈支持王妃,并嘲笑国王。这场惨败在一定程度上损害了君主制的声誉,但也恢复了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治三世">乔治三世</a>清醒时期的部分权力。历史学家尤金·布莱克说: </p> <dl><dd>损失是不可挽回的。在他所处的时代,君主日益成为一种象征性的矛盾。通过疯狂、愚蠢和不道德,维多利亚的三位前任降低了君主制的地位。只有三十年的维多利亚女王狭隘的家庭美德,才最终恢复了君主的象征光彩。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="极端保守党"><span id=".E6.9E.81.E7.AB.AF.E4.BF.9D.E5.AE.88.E5.85.9A"></span>极端保守党</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:极端保守党"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>极端保守党是反动的领导者,他们似乎控制了控制政府的保守党。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>每一次不幸的事件似乎都指向左翼的阴谋,这使得更多的镇压成为必要,以阻止另一场恐怖,就像1793年法国大革命中发生的那样。历史学家发现,暴力的激进元素是弱小的:有几个小阴谋,涉及的人很少,并且他们也不注意安全;他们很快就被镇压下去了。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>然而,镇压手段包括在1817年暂停人身保护令(允许政府逮捕和拘留嫌疑犯而不需要理由或审判)。1817年锡德茅斯的封口行动严重钳制了反对派报纸;改革者转而制作小册子,每周卖出5万册。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="彼得盧屠殺和治安六法"><span id=".E5.BD.BC.E5.BE.97.E7.9B.A7.E5.B1.A0.E6.AE.BA.E5.92.8C.E6.B2.BB.E5.AE.89.E5.85.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>彼得盧屠殺和治安六法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:彼得盧屠殺和治安六法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1819年,在工业区,工厂工人要求提高工资,并举行了示威游行。最重要的事件是1819年8月16日在曼彻斯特发生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%8D%A2%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="彼得卢屠杀">彼得盧屠殺</a>,当时一个由地主组成的地方民兵组织冲进了60,000人的有序人群,这些人聚集在一起要求改革议会代表制度。人群惊慌失措,11人死亡,数百人受伤。政府认为这是一场对抗革命者的战役。作为回应,利物浦政府于1819年通过了“六法案”。他们禁止演习和军事演习;协助搜查武器的搜查令;禁止50人以上的公开集会,包括组织请愿的集会;严厉惩罚亵渎及煽动性的刊物;在许多小册子上印上四便士的邮票,以减少新闻和批评的传播。违规者可能会受到严厉惩罚,包括流放到澳大利亚。在实践中,这些法律的目的是阻止麻烦制造者和安抚保守派:它们不常被使用。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>历史学家诺曼·加什说:“彼得卢是个错误;这很难说是一场大屠杀。”这是当地政府犯下的一个严重错误,他们不明白發生了什么。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>尽管如此,它还是对当时的英国舆论和历史产生了重大影响,从那以后,它就成为了官场残酷镇压和平示威的象征。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>到19世纪20年代末,随着经济的全面复苏,许多18世纪10年代的压制性法律被废除,1828年,新的法律保障了宗教异见者的公民权利。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="极端保守:巅峰和衰退"><span id=".E6.9E.81.E7.AB.AF.E4.BF.9D.E5.AE.88.EF.BC.9A.E5.B7.85.E5.B3.B0.E5.92.8C.E8.A1.B0.E9.80.80"></span>极端保守:巅峰和衰退</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:极端保守:巅峰和衰退"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1819年至1822年,极端保守党势力达到顶峰,随后在托利党内部失利。他们在19世纪20年代末在容忍第一批持不同意见的新教徒方面所取得的重大突破中失败了。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>一个更为决定性的打击是,在丹尼尔·奥康奈尔领导下的爱尔兰天主教协会在英格兰天主教徒的支持下,举行了广泛的有组织的抗议活动,并出人意料地废除了对天主教的诸多限制。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>罗伯特·皮尔爵士对天主教会的力量感到震惊,他在1824年警告说:“当危险每小时都在增加时,我们不能温顺地坐视不管,而与政府协调的力量却在它身边崛起,不,每天都在对抗它的观点。”<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>英国最著名的战争英雄惠灵顿首相对皮尔说:“如果我们不能摆脱天主教会,我们迟早要面对爱尔兰的内战。”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>皮尔和威灵顿一致认为,为了阻止天主教协会的势头,必须通过《天主教解放法案》,该法案赋予天主教徒投票权和进入议会的权利。这发生在1829年辉格党的支持下。该法案的通过表明,极端保守党长期持有的否决权已不再有效,全面实施重大改革已成为可能。改革时代的舞台已经搭好了。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1820年-1837年"><span id="1820.E5.B9.B4-1837.E5.B9.B4"></span>1820年-1837年</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:1820年-1837年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg/220px-Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg/330px-Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg/440px-Trafalgar_Square_by_James_Pollard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>詹姆斯·波拉德的一幅画,展示了纳尔逊纪念柱竖立前的特拉法加广场</figcaption></figure> <p>改革时代是在和平时期到来的,这在很大程度上得到了英国皇家海军压倒性力量的保证。英国在1815年至1914年之间只参与了一场严重的战争,即19世纪50年代针对俄罗斯的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="克里米亚战争">克里米亚战争</a>。那场战争在范围和影响方面都是十分有限的。主要的结果是认识到军队医疗服务需要紧急改革,正如护理领导人<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="弗罗伦斯·南丁格尔">弗罗伦斯·南丁格尔</a>所倡导的那样。在帕默斯顿勋爵的领导下,英国外交官宣扬英国的民族主义,反对欧洲大陆上的反动政权,帮助西班牙殖民地获得自由,并努力废除国际奴隶贸易。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>那是一个繁荣、人口增长和健康状况较好的时代,但并不包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a>,由于19世纪40年代马铃薯歉收所引发的<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" title="爱尔兰大饥荒">大饥荒</a>造成了一百多万人死亡。而政府却对处于饥荒的爱尔兰人无所作为,除了一百万人死亡外,还有一百万人在短短几年内移民到其他国家,大多数人选择移民到英国和美国。这次的移民潮持续了数十年并且爱尔兰的人口也再没有恢复到饥荒前的水平。 </p><p>工业革命开始加速,包括钢铁、煤矿、铁路和造船在内的行业也加入了纺织厂的行列。而在18世纪70年代失去13个美国殖民地后建立的大英帝国,在印度、亚洲其他地区和非洲也得到了极大的扩展。在19世纪90年代之前,英国与其他殖民大国之间几乎没有摩擦。英国的外交政策避免了卷入同盟。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>从19世纪20年代到19世纪60年代,英国经历了动荡和令人兴奋的“改革时代”。这个世纪始于对法国长达15年的战争,结束于1815年威灵顿在滑铁卢战胜拿破仑。在接下来的15年里,托利党采取了严厉的镇压。托利党代表的是一小部分富裕的土地贵族,他们害怕法国模式下的大众革命。然而,在19世纪20年代中期,随着社会动荡的加剧,政府发生了一系列戏剧性的变化。保守党中较为自由的一派反对极端保守主义的“极端保守主义”派系。政党分裂,主要领导人倒戈,保守党失去权力,思想更开明的反对党辉格党取而代之。托利联合政府分崩离析,在保守党的旗帜下重新组合。许多保守党人,如帕默斯顿,都转而支持辉格党,并成为自由党。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>1830年开通利物浦和曼彻斯特铁路</figcaption></figure> <p>从宪法上讲,19世纪30年代是一个分水岭:王室对内阁的控制结束了。1834年,国王威廉四世被迫接受一位在议会中占多数席位的首相,从那以后,国王就一直与多数人保持一致。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1832年的《大改革法案》出台之时,公众和精英阶层正处于极度焦虑之中,它打破了僵局。议会制度建立在非常少的选民和由少数精英严格控制的大量席位的基础上,进行了彻底的改革。不断发展的工业城市第一次在议会中有了代表。这为另一个十年的改革铺平了道路,改革最终以1846年废除《谷物法》而告终,结束了对进口谷物的关税,从而使土地贵族的价格保持在高位。废除该法案得到了反玉米法联盟的大力支持,该联盟是由理查德·科布登领导的草根活动人士,总部设在工业城市;他们要求便宜的食物。对选举法进行了一系列的改革,扩大了男性选民的数量,降低了腐败的程度。保守的反革命与英国国教关系密切,他们通过限制天主教和新教的政治和公民权利来表达对他们的强烈敌意。天主教开始在爱尔兰组织起来,以社会不稳定和内战作威胁,议会中的温和派解放了他们。不墨守成规的人同样也摆脱了他们的限制。除了议会层面的改革外,在快速发展的城市中,政府体系也进行了重组,重视现代化和专业技能,重视大型选民,而不是小的统治集团。迅速增长的中产阶级以及活跃的知识分子扩大了改革的范围,包括人道主义活动,如新的《济贫法》和保护妇女和儿童工人的工厂法。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新教不从国教者"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E6.95.99.E4.B8.8D.E4.BB.8E.E5.9B.BD.E6.95.99.E8.80.85"></span>新教不从国教者</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:新教不从国教者"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>历史学家阿萨·布里格斯发现,在1790-1815年间,人们的道德水平有所提高。他认为原因在于英国国教内部的福音派、<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和非国教或新教的宗教努力。布里格斯看到了人们在道德和礼仪上的真正进步: </p> <dl><dd>变得比以前更聪明、更好、更节俭、更诚实、更可敬、更贤惠。”邪恶依然猖獗,但好人越来越好,轻浮的习惯被抛到更严肃的事情上。那个时代的主要道德家威廉·威尔伯福斯到处都看到“宗教传播的新证据”。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>不墨守成规者,包括长老会教徒、公理会教徒、浸信会教徒和发展迅速的卫理公会教派,以及贵格会教徒、一神论者和较小的团体。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他们都不属于英格兰国教(除了苏格兰,那里的国教是长老会),他们宣扬努力工作、节制、节俭和向上流动,这是今天的历史学家大多同意的。主要的一神论杂志《基督教月刊》在1827年宣称: </p> <dl><dd>在整个英格兰,社会中最活跃的一大部分人,也就是对民众影响最大的人,都是新教的非国教徒。这些人是制造商、商人和实业家,或者是那些在贸易、商业和制造商所实现的能力中得到享受的人,是法律和医学专业的绅士,是农业学家,特别是那些靠自己的自由保有权生活的人。节制、节俭、谨慎和正直的美德是由宗教上的不一致所提倡的。帮助这些人的描述的暂时繁荣,因为他们也往往提高其他人在社会上的地位。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>这些不墨守成规的人遭受了一系列的限制,其中一些是象征性的,另一些是痛苦的,他们都是被故意施加的,以削弱对圣公会正统教义的异议挑战。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>不墨守成规者与辉格党结盟,要求公民与宗教平等。他们的不满包括1753年的一项法律,该法律规定,婚姻必须在圣公会教区教堂中才能得到法律承认。英国国教的教区登记册是唯一合法接受的出生证明文件。圣公会教区控制着唯一的宗教墓地。牛津和剑桥不得不拒绝非英国国教的申请者。在地方层面,每一个住在圣公会教堂边界内的人都必须纳税来支持教区。考试和公司法要求所有国家和地方政府官员必须参加圣公会的礼拜仪式。1828年2月,辉格党领袖约翰·罗素勋爵提交了由主要的非国教压力团体联合委员会组织的请愿书,该团体代表了公理会、浸信会和一神论者。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他们的要求是立即废除那些可恶的法律。惠灵顿和皮尔最初是反对的,但后来试图妥协。他们最终放弃了,分裂了托利党,并发出信号,表明曾经势不可挡的英国国教权势现在出乎意料地脆弱,很容易受到挑战。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外交政策"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BA.A4.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96"></span>外交政策</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:外交政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>打败拿破仑的联盟是由英国资助的,并于1814 - 1815年在维也纳会议上举行。它成功地打破了拿破仑在1815年的东山再起。卡斯尔雷和奥地利领导人克萊門斯·梅特涅在维也纳会议上发挥了核心作用。当许多欧洲人想要严厉惩罚法国时,卡斯尔雷坚持温和的和平,法国支付7亿利弗的赔款,并失去1791年后占领的领土。他意识到更严厉的条件会在法国引起危险的反应,现在保守的老式波旁王朝重新掌权,他们不再是试图征服整个欧洲的威胁。事实上,卡斯尔雷强调了“力量平衡”的必要性,即没有一个国家会像拿破仑那样强大到足以威胁征服欧洲。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>维也纳迎来了一个世纪的和平,在克里米亚战争(1853年至1856年)之前,没有重大战争,也很少有重要的局部战争。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>普鲁士、奥地利和俄国作为绝对君主制国家,在任何地方都试图压制自由主义。1815年,英国在维也纳会议上首次采取了反动立场,但在1820年态度软化,与绝对君主制决裂。英国于1826年干涉葡萄牙,以维护其立宪政府,并于1824年承认西班牙美洲殖民地的独立。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>英国商人和金融家,以及后来的铁路建设者,在大多数拉丁美洲国家的经济中发挥了重要作用。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="改革时期"><span id=".E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>改革时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:改革时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="主要成就"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E6.88.90.E5.B0.B1"></span>主要成就</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:主要成就"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在1825年至1867年期间,广泛的公众示威活动(其中一些是暴力示威)升级,要求改革。执政的托利党坚决反对任何带有民主或民治色彩的东西,并主张严惩示威者,例如1819年曼彻斯特的彼得盧大屠杀。然而,托利党的队伍正在瓦解,尤其是当罗伯特·皮尔爵士在几个关键问题上分裂的时候。并且辉格党获得了大部分的荣誉。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中产阶级,通常由不墨守成规的新教徒领导,转而反对保守党,并获得了最大的收益。例如,对被称为测试法案的不墨守成规者的象征性限制在1828年被废除。更有争议的是在爱尔兰天主教徒组织并威胁叛乱后,废除了对罗马天主教徒的严重歧视,迫使其在1829年做出重大让步。 </p><p>由威廉·胡斯基森和皮尔领导的金融改革使关税制度合理化,并最终在1846年废除了对进口谷物的关税,这让种植谷物的农民非常沮丧。1846年《谷物法》的废除确立了自由贸易的基本原则,英国商人借此主宰了全球,并为英国工人带来了廉价的食物。基于功绩的非政治化的公务员制度取代了任免政策,后者奖励为党派努力工作的职位。效率是政府工作的重中之重,其目标是降低税收。总的来说,税收只有10%,是所有现代国家中最低的。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>外交政策变得道德化,对欧洲大陆的反动势力充满敌意,并与美国合作,通过1823年的门罗主义,阻止欧洲在新大陆实行殖民主义。整个大英帝国都废除了奴隶制。皇家海军加紧努力阻止奴隶的国际贸易。市政改革对于快速发展的工业城市来说是必要的,而这些城市仍在数百年的法律和传统的大杂烩下挣扎。当皮尔接管内政部时,他废除了间谍罪和残忍的刑罚,废除了大多数罪行的死刑,并开创了第一个专业警察系统——在伦敦,直到今天,人们仍然用他的名字称呼警察为“Bobbies”。1835年的市政公司法对城市政府进行了现代化改造,在此之前,城市政府是由保守党控制的封闭机构控制的。超过200个旧团体被废除,取而代之的是179个民选的自治市议会。选举将以登记选民为基础,城市财政必须以统一的方式进行审计,城市官员由当地纳税人选举产生。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>到目前为止,最重要的改革是议会的民主化。1832年,随着《<a href="/wiki/1832%E5%B9%B4%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1832年改革法令">1832年改革法令</a>》(Reform Act 1832)的颁布,议会的民主化以一种小规模但极具争议的方式开始。主要的影响是大幅减少了非常小的选区的数量,只有几十个选民在当地大亨的控制下。工业城市获得了许多席位,但在议会中的席位仍明显不足。历史学家r·k·韦伯认为,1831年至1832年的议会改革之争,“在英国历史上,其激烈程度之广,恐怕无人能及。”<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>每隔几年,议会就会增加一次选民,到1880年代,几乎所有的男性选民都能投票,到1928年,所有的女性选民都能投票。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>两党都引进了付费的专业组织者,他们监督每个选区所有可能的支持的动员;大约80%的男性参与了投票。保守党发现他们的保守主义对熟练工人有吸引力,对妇女也有吸引力,成千上万的妇女是由樱草花联盟组织的。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>妇女选举权不在议程上。废除上议院虽然经常被讨论,但却从来没有必要,因为上议院在下议院的坚决行动面前一再退缩。在击败1832年改革法案的前两个版本后,辉格党让国王同意任命尽可能多的新贵族来改变结果。他答应这样做,但说服了上议院,让他们批准这项法律会更明智。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="政治进程"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E8.BF.9B.E7.A8.8B"></span>政治进程</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:政治进程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>作为摄政王(1811-20年)和国王(1820-30年)的软弱统治者,乔治四世让他的大臣们全权负责政府事务。他是一个非常不受欢迎的花花公子。当他试图让议会通过一项允许他与妻子卡洛琳王妃离婚的法律时,公众舆论强烈支持王妃。<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他的弟弟威廉四世统治于1830-1837年,但很少参与政治。 </p><p>在皮蒂茨和托利党40年的统治之后,改革的第一个突破是,托利党政府取消了对新教非国教人士职业生涯的限制,并于1828年废除了要求圣公会教徒担任许多学术和政府职位的法律。<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>更为激烈的是关于罗马天主教徒民权的长期斗争。1829年,天主教解放运动废除了英国和爱尔兰对罗马天主教的最严格限制。保守党首相惠灵顿认为,天主教徒占多数的爱尔兰不断加剧的危机需要天主教的一些救济,尽管他之前一直反对这个想法。另一位主要的保守党领袖是罗伯特•皮尔爵士,他在天主教问题上突然改变了立场,遭到顽固分子组成的保守党内极端派别的严厉谴责和永久不信任。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG/400px-Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG/600px-Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Detail_House_of_Commons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>乔治·海特爵士为纪念1832年通过的改革法案而创作的一幅画。它描绘了1833年2月5日新改革的下议院的第一次会议。前景是来自上议院的主要政治家:查尔斯·格雷,格雷伯爵二世(1764-1845),威廉·兰姆,墨尔本子爵二世(1779-1848)和左边的辉格党;威灵顿第一公爵(1769-1852)和保守党在右侧。</figcaption></figure> <p>格雷伯爵于1830年至1834年担任英国首相,他领导的复兴的辉格党实施了一系列重大改革:更新了《济贫法》,限制了童工,最重要的是,1832年的《改革法案》重塑了英国的选举制度。<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1832年,国会通过《1833年废奴法案》废除了奴隶制。政府花了2000万英镑买下了所有的奴隶(这笔钱给了富裕的种植园主,他们大多住在英格兰),并释放了奴隶,他们中的大多数人住在加勒比糖岛。<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>辉格党通过1832年的改革法案成为议会改革的拥护者。它大幅减少了“腐败区”和“袖珍行政区”(选举由有权势的家族控制)的数量,取而代之的是根据人口重新分配席位。它还扩大了选举权,在英格兰和威尔士43.5万选民的基础上增加了21.7万选民。该法案的主要效果是削弱了地主乡绅的权力,扩大了职业和商业中产阶级的权力,他们在议会中第一次有了重要的发言权。然而,在这一点上,绝大多数体力劳动者、职员和农民没有足够的财产有资格投票。他们中的许多人在1867年获得了选举权。贵族继续统治着英国国教、最负盛名的军事和海军哨所以及上流社会,而不是商业、工业或金融。在国家政府政策方面,全体人民的民主愿望已成为决定性的。<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>大多数历史学家强调19世纪30 - 60年代立法的中心重要性,尽管在20世纪60年代和70年代有少数持不同意见的学者,他们反对辉格进步的深层含义,因为每一项改革本身都是相对次要的。历史学家理查德·戴维斯总结说,20世纪70年代的学术成就证明了“辉格党的主要观点是正确的”。也就是说,1832年的改革法案是对不断增长的公众压力的回应。它是“长期历史进程的顶点,是一个更自由、更广泛的政治体系出现的重要转折点……它理应享有‘伟大’的称号。”<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>汤普森强调了整个改革方案的革命性: </p> <dl><dd>在所有这些方面——新警察的组织(19世纪20年代由皮尔担任内政大臣)、新济贫法以及新市政委员会——英国政府的模式在短短10年内发生了根本性的变化。结合宗教障碍的消除,这些改革奠定了一种新的结构基础状态在英国:一个国家的公民选举权利和公民权利的扩展并给予更大的法律保护,但在普通公民受到更大程度的行政干预,方向,和控制的中心。在这整个过程中最引人注目的因素——1832年的改革法案——确保了中央政府也应该部分民主化。<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="宪章运动"><span id=".E5.AE.AA.E7.AB.A0.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8"></span>宪章运动</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:宪章运动"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>宪章运动是一场大规模的民众抗议运动,起因是1832年的改革法案未能赋予工人阶级投票权。它缺乏中产阶级的支持,而且屡遭失败。活动人士谴责政府的“不当行为”是对工人阶级的“背叛”,是对工人阶级“利益”的“牺牲”。1838年,宪章运动者颁布了《人民宪章》,要求成年选举权、同等规模的选区、投票选举、向议会成员支付报酬(以便穷人能够任职)、每年一次的议会会议以及废除财产要求。统治阶级认为这场运动是危险的。英格兰各地举行了多次大型和平会议,要求进行改革,但宪章派无法强行进行严肃的宪法辩论。然而,1839年7月,下议院以235票对46票否决了一项动议,该动议要求对宪法学家的国家请愿书进行辩论,获得了130万个签名。<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="领导人"><span id=".E9.A2.86.E5.AF.BC.E4.BA.BA"></span>领导人</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:领导人"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>当时的首相包括:小威廉·皮特、格伦维尔勋爵、波特兰公爵、斯宾塞·珀西瓦尔、利物浦勋爵、乔治·坎宁、高德瑞克勋爵、惠灵顿公爵、格雷勋爵、墨尔本勋爵、帕默斯顿勋爵和罗伯特·皮尔爵士。<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>贵族统治仍然占主导地位:1860年上议院有200名世袭贵族;到1837年,人数达到428人;1901年,有592个。到1910年,这个数字上升到了622。1832年、1867年、1884年和1918年的改革立法削弱了贵族对下议院的控制。然而,它经营着政府:维多利亚时期的10位首相中,有6位是贵族。七個是公爵的儿子。两个(皮尔和格拉德斯通)来自商界,只有一个(迪斯雷利)是白手起家的人。在1832年至1905年的227名内阁成员中,有139人是贵族之子。<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="惠灵顿首相"><span id=".E6.83.A0.E7.81.B5.E9.A1.BF.E9.A6.96.E7.9B.B8"></span>惠灵顿首相</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:惠灵顿首相"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A8%81%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9" title="第一代威靈頓公爵阿瑟·韋爾斯利">第一代威靈頓公爵阿瑟·韋爾斯利</a></div> <p>威灵顿,打败拿破仑的伟大英雄,在1828-46年担任上议院保守党领袖。一些作家贬低他是一个糊涂的反动分子,但在20世纪后期达成的共识将他描绘成一个精明的操作者,将他的聪明隐藏在一个无知的老兵的外表之下。惠灵顿致力于将贵族从对皇室的慷慨支持转变为政治策略的积极参与者,并对土地贵族作出承诺。他将伦敦的住所用作私人晚宴和私人磋商的场所,并通过大量信件与下议院的政党领袖和上议院的领袖保持密切联系。他公开表态支持极端保守主义的反改革立场,但随后又巧妙地转向该党的中间立场,尤其是在皮尔需要上议院支持的时候。惠灵顿的成功是建立在从苏格兰和爱尔兰选出的44位贵族基础上的,他控制了这44位贵族的选举。<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="格雷首相"><span id=".E6.A0.BC.E9.9B.B7.E9.A6.96.E7.9B.B8"></span>格雷首相</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:格雷首相"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7" title="第二代格雷伯爵查爾斯·格雷">第二代格雷伯爵查尔斯·格雷</a></div> <p>格雷伯爵伯爵从18世纪90年代起就倡导议会改革,但总是被极端保守党击败。1832年,他成功地通过了《改革法案》。他认为这是改革的最后一步,而不是漫长过程的第一步,他强调1832年迫切需要解决英国日益严重的政治动荡。他认为,受人尊敬的阶层理应得到更多代表的满足,但他拒绝将政治权力扩大到下层中产阶级和工人阶级,称他们还没有准备好接受这种权力。他希望通过消除明显的滥用来保护现有宪法的基本要素,他认为这将加强贵族的领导。他说服国王承诺创造足够的新贵族来迫使上议院通过该法案。国王在做出承诺的同时,还建议议员们停止阻止该法案。改革法案是格雷的主要成就;这反映了他务实、温和和保守的性格,以及他在议会中把握时机和说服别人的技巧。他的内阁是一个由不同利益集团组成的联盟,所以在1834年,当内阁在爱尔兰教会问题上出现分歧时,他辞职了。<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="巴麥尊首相"><span id=".E5.B7.B4.E9.BA.A5.E5.B0.8A.E9.A6.96.E7.9B.B8"></span>巴麥尊首相</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:巴麥尊首相"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%B4%E9%BA%A5%E5%B0%8A%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" title="第三代巴麥尊子爵亨利·坦普爾">第三代巴麥尊子爵亨利·坦普爾</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860,-1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/220px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/330px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg/440px-Lord-Palmerston-Addressing-The-House-Of-Commons-During-The-Debates-On-The-Treaty-Of-France-In-February-1860%2C-1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>1860年2月,巴麥尊勋爵在关于《法兰西条约》的辩论中向下议院发表演讲</figcaption></figure> <p>作为外交大臣(1830-4年、1835-41年和1846-51年)和首相(1855-58年、1859-65年),巴麥尊在英国外交政策的形成中发挥了主导作用。<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他在保守党政府中担任了20年的战时大臣,但在1830年转投辉格党联盟。此后,托利党视他为叛徒,而许多更为激进的辉格党则对他的保守主义观点表示怀疑,认为他对改革措施缺乏勇气或持反对态度。他通常一方面警告不要拖延,另一方面又警告不要对改革过度热情,他倾向于妥协。他对公众舆论非常敏感,确实经常通过与报纸编辑打交道来塑造舆论。<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>当他意识到公众的需求已经达到一种不可阻挡的势头时,他会为一项打折扣的改革而努力。他经常向外国政府提出同样的建议。欧洲各国的外交官们仔细地注意到他从托利党转向辉格党,他们怀疑他同情那些在法国、比利时和其他地方引发动乱、吓坏了俄罗斯、奥地利和俄罗斯等主要强国的反动政府的改革运动。实际上,他的外交政策理念来自罐头。他的主要目标是促进英国在世界范围内的战略和经济利益,远离欧洲联盟,调解欧洲的和平,并在必要时节约使用英国的海军力量。他最担心的是法国成为他的对手,尽管他与他们合作,使比利时从荷兰王国独立出来。<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他更喜欢自由和改革导向的国家,而不是反动势力。他高度重视英国在印度的力量建设,他经常谈到英国民族主义的骄傲,这在公众舆论中得到了支持,并为他在议会外获得了强有力的支持。<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="改革的领导者"><span id=".E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9.E7.9A.84.E9.A2.86.E5.AF.BC.E8.80.85"></span>改革的领导者</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:改革的领导者"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="杰里米·边沁_(1748–1832)"><span id=".E6.9D.B0.E9.87.8C.E7.B1.B3.C2.B7.E8.BE.B9.E6.B2.81_.281748.E2.80.931832.29"></span>杰里米·边沁 (1748–1832)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:杰里米·边沁 (1748–1832)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%81" title="杰里米·边沁">杰里米·边沁</a></div> <p>杰里米·边沁是一位致力于英国法律改革的知识分子。他是功利主义作为一种工作哲学的主要倡导者。“最大幸福原则”,或者说效用原则,构成了边沁思想的基石。通过“快乐”,他理解了“快乐”胜过“痛苦”。他最为人所知的是他对激进势力的鼓舞,帮助他们定义那些最迫切需要的改革以及如何实施这些改革。他的智力领导帮助实现了19世纪30年代和40年代的许多关键的法律、政治、经济和社会改革。<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他尤其影响了教育、监狱、落后的法律、法律程序和议会代表制度的改革。<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="约翰·布莱特_(1811–1889)"><span id=".E7.BA.A6.E7.BF.B0.C2.B7.E5.B8.83.E8.8E.B1.E7.89.B9_.281811.E2.80.931889.29"></span>约翰·布莱特 (1811–1889)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:约翰·布莱特 (1811–1889)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·布莱特(页面不存在)">约翰·布莱特</a></div> <p>约翰•布莱特继承了贵格会中产阶级的传统,并与理查德•科布登合作,推动了各种各样的人道主义和议会改革。他们开始了一场反对谷物法的成功运动。这些关税是对进口食品征收的,维持了谷物的价格,以安抚保守党的土地所有者。生活成本的主要因素是食品价格,而《谷物法》使价格居高不下。布赖特是一位强有力的演说家,这使他在1843年当选为国会议员。他的激进计划包括扩大选举权、土地改革和减税。他反对工厂改革、工会和控制工人、妇女和儿童的工作时间,认为政府干预经济生活总是错误的。他反对战争和帝国主义。他对克里米亚战争的不懈敌意导致他在1857年的改选中失败。他很快从伯明翰再次当选,领导了一场全国性的议会改革运动,以扩大工人的选举权。他非常讲道德,不相信对手的正直。他憎恨继续统治英国的贵族阶级。他曾在内阁中担任过几个次要职位,但他的声誉建立在他的组织能力和对改革的修辞领导能力上。<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>历史学家<a href="/wiki/A%C2%B7J%C2%B7P%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" title="A·J·P·泰勒">A·J·P·泰勒</a>总结了布莱特的成就: </p> <dl><dd>约翰·布赖特是所有议会演说家中最伟大的。他取得了许多政治上的成功。他和理查德·科布登一起领导了一场导致废除《谷物法》的运动。在美国内战期间,他比任何人都更努力地阻止这个国家(英国)站在南方一边进行干预,他领导了1867年的改革运动,使工业工人阶级受到宪法的保护。正是布莱特使格莱斯顿、阿斯奎斯和劳埃德•乔治组成的自由党,以及他所倡导的中产阶级理想主义和工会主义之间的联盟成为可能,至今仍存在于当今的工党。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="維多利亞時代"><span id=".E7.B6.AD.E5.A4.9A.E5.88.A9.E4.BA.9E.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>維多利亞時代</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:維多利亞時代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="维多利亚时代">维多利亚时代</a></div> <p>维多利亚时代是维多利亚女王统治的时期,1837年至1901年,标志着英国工业革命的高度和大英帝国的顶峰。学者们争论维多利亚时期是否真的始于1832年通过的改革法案。这个时期之前是摄政时期,之后是爱德华时代。1837年,18岁的维多利亚成为了女王。随着蒸汽船、铁路、摄影和电报的引进,她的长期统治见证了英国经济和政治实力的顶峰。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外交政策_2"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BA.A4.E6.94.BF.E7.AD.96_2"></span>外交政策</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="编辑章节:外交政策"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自由贸易帝国主义"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E8.B4.B8.E6.98.93.E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>自由贸易帝国主义</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="编辑章节:自由贸易帝国主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在法国革命战争和拿破仑战争(1792-1815)中战败后,英国成为19世纪主要的海军和帝国力量,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a>从1830年起成为世界上最大的城市。<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在海上无人挑战的情况下,英国的统治地位后来被称为“不列颠和平”,这是欧洲和世界相对和平的时期(1815年至1914年)。<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>到1851年的“世界博览会”时,英国被称为“世界工厂”。<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>它利用帝国主义的自由贸易和金融投资工具,对欧洲和帝国以外的许多国家,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>特别是拉丁美洲和亚洲产生了重大影响。因此,英国既有一个以英国统治为基础的正式帝国,也有一个以英镑为基础的非正式帝国。<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="俄国,法国和奥斯曼帝国"><span id=".E4.BF.84.E5.9B.BD.EF.BC.8C.E6.B3.95.E5.9B.BD.E5.92.8C.E5.A5.A5.E6.96.AF.E6.9B.BC.E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD"></span>俄国,法国和奥斯曼帝国</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="编辑章节:俄国,法国和奥斯曼帝国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一个挥之不去的恐惧是奥斯曼帝国可能崩溃。人们很清楚,那个国家的崩溃会引发对其领土的争夺,并可能使英国陷入战争。为了防止这种情况发生,英国试图阻止俄国人占领君士坦丁堡和占领博斯普鲁斯海峡,以及通过阿富汗威胁印度。<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1853年,英法两国介入克里米亚战争,对抗俄国。尽管他们的将军水平一般,但他们成功占领了俄罗斯的塞瓦斯托波尔港,迫使沙皇尼古拉一世要求和平。<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1877年的俄奥斯曼战争导致了另一场欧洲的干涉,尽管这次是在谈判桌上。柏林会议阻止了俄罗斯将圣斯特凡诺条约强加给奥斯曼帝国。<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>尽管英国在克里米亚战争中与法国结盟,但它对拿破仑三世的第二帝国仍有一些不信任,尤其是当这位皇帝建立了自己的海军,扩张了自己的帝国,并采取了更为积极的外交政策。<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="美国内战"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9B.BD.E5.86.85.E6.88.98"></span>美国内战</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="编辑章节:美国内战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在美国内战(1861-1865)期间,英国领导人支持邦联,因为邦联是纺织厂棉花的主要来源。1861年末,阿尔伯特亲王有效地化解了一场战争恐慌。然而,英国人普遍支持联合王国。仅有的一点棉花来自纽约,因为美国海军的封锁封锁了南方95%的出口到英国。与联邦的贸易蓬勃发展,许多年轻人越过大西洋加入了联邦军队。1862年9月,亚伯拉罕·林肯总统宣布《解放奴隶宣言》将在90天内颁布,从而将废除奴隶制作为战争的目标。英国长期以来一直反对奴隶制,大约30年前英国就废除了奴隶制,任何代表南部邦联进行干预的可能性都消失了。<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 英国公司建造并经营快速的封锁线,将武器运送到南部联盟,从中获得可观的利润。美国抱怨伦敦允许为南部邦联建造军舰,伦敦对此不予理睬。这两艘军舰引发了一场重大的外交争端,并在1872年阿拉巴马州的领土主张中得到了解决。<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="帝国的扩张"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E5.9B.BD.E7.9A.84.E6.89.A9.E5.BC.A0"></span>帝国的扩张</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="编辑章节:帝国的扩张"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/240px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/360px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg/480px-Arthur_Mees_Flags_of_A_Free_Empire_1910_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1167_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>1910年的大英帝国</figcaption></figure> <p>从1867年开始,英国将其大部分北美殖民地统一为加拿大的自治领,给予其自治权并负责自己的防务。直到1931年,加拿大才有了独立的外交政策。19世纪下半叶,欧洲列强争夺非洲。在法绍达事件中,英国与法国陷入了外交争端,但最終以英國的外交勝利告終。 </p><p>1871年后德意志帝国的崛起带来了新的挑战,因为它(和美国一起)有可能取代英国成为世界上最重要的工业强国。德国在非洲和太平洋地区获得了一些殖民地,但总理奥托·冯·俾斯麦通过他的均势战略成功地实现了普遍的和平。当1888年威廉二世成为皇帝时,他抛弃了俾斯麦,开始使用好战的外交辞令,并计划建立一支海军与英国抗衡。<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>随着大规模联盟的出现,英国意识到其孤立政策毫无用处。它恢复了与法国和美国的良好关系,结束了与俄罗斯的紧张关系,与德国的对抗变成了一场海军竞赛。 </p><p>自从拿破仑战争期间,英国从荷兰手中夺取了开普殖民地的控制权以来,它就一直与那些远离开普的荷兰殖民者共存,并创建了两个属于自己的共和国。大英帝国的愿景要求控制这些新国家,说荷兰语的“布尔人”(或称“阿非利卡人”)在1899-1902年的战争中进行了反击。布尔人在强大帝国的火力压制下,发动了游击战(后来某些英国领土为获得独立而采用了游击战)。这给英军带来了一场艰难的战斗,但他们庞大的人数、精良的装备和残酷的战术,最终给英军带来了胜利。这场战争在人权方面付出了高昂的代价,受到了英国和全世界自由主义者的广泛批评。然而,美国给了伦敦支持。布尔共和国与开普殖民地和纳塔尔于1910年合并为南非联邦;它有内部自治,但它的外交政策由伦敦控制,是大英帝国不可分割的一部分。<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社会发展的引导者"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95.E7.9A.84.E5.BC.95.E5.AF.BC.E8.80.85"></span>社会发展的引导者</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="编辑章节:社会发展的引导者"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>当时的首相包括:墨尔本勋爵、罗伯特·皮尔爵士、约翰·罗素勋爵、德比勋爵、阿伯丁勋爵、帕默斯顿勋爵、本杰明·迪斯雷利勋爵、威廉·艾瓦特·格拉德斯通勋爵、索尔兹伯里勋爵和罗斯贝里勋爵。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="维多利亚女王"><span id=".E7.BB.B4.E5.A4.9A.E5.88.A9.E4.BA.9A.E5.A5.B3.E7.8E.8B"></span>维多利亚女王</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="编辑章节:维多利亚女王"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="维多利亚时期">维多利亚时期</a></div> <p>女王以自己的名字命名了一个伟大的英国时代,尤其是她所认同的那个幅员辽阔的大英帝国。她在政治中扮演了一个小角色,但却成为了这个国家、这个帝国以及得体、克制的行为的象征。<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>她作为统治者的成功是由于她的自我形象的力量,她先后表现出了了无辜的年轻女子,忠诚的妻子和母亲,痛苦和耐心的寡妇,和祖母般的女家长的形象。<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="迪斯雷利"><span id=".E8.BF.AA.E6.96.AF.E9.9B.B7.E5.88.A9"></span>迪斯雷利</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="编辑章节:迪斯雷利"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes,_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/170px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/255px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/340px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>班傑明·迪斯雷利</figcaption></figure> <p>迪斯雷利和格拉德斯通主导了19世纪末的政治,那是英国议会政府的黄金时代。长期以来,他们一直被奉为偶像,但近几十年来,历史学家们变得更加吹毛求疵,尤其是对迪斯雷利。<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>本杰明·迪斯雷利(1804-1881),1868年和1874-80年担任英国首相,至今仍是保守党的标志性英雄。他是成熟于19世纪三四十年代的英国领导人的典型。他担心的是对既定政治、社会和宗教价值观和精英的威胁;他强调了应对激进主义、不确定性和物质主义的国家领导的必要性。<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>迪斯雷利尤其以他对扩张和加强大英帝国的热情支持而闻名,这与格莱斯顿对帝国主义的消极态度形成了鲜明对比。格拉德斯通谴责迪斯雷利的领土扩张政策、军事浮夸和帝国象征主义(比如让印度女皇成为皇后),说它不适合现代商业和基督教国家。然而,格拉德斯通本人并没有拒绝在埃及扩张帝国的诱人机会。<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>迪斯雷利曾警告称,俄罗斯可能对印度构成威胁,这一警告深深陷入了保守派的思维模式。他作为“托利民主党人”和福利国家倡导者的名声渐渐消失,因为历史学家指出,在1874年至1880年期间,迪斯雷利几乎没有关于社会立法的建议,1867年的改革法案也没有反映出未被赋予公民权的工人的保守主义愿景。<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>然而,他确实努力减少阶级矛盾,正如佩里所指出的那样,“当面临具体问题时,他试图减少城镇和乡村、地主和农民、资本和劳工、英国和爱尔兰敌对的宗教派别之间的紧张关系——换句话说,创造一个统一的综合体。”<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> 在流行文化中,迪斯雷利是一位伟大的政治英雄,这种地位在他死后持续了几十年。</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg/300px-Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg/450px-Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg/600px-Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>1929年的大堂卡</figcaption></figure> <p>历史学家迈克尔·戴蒙德报告称,对于19世纪80年代和90年代的英国音乐厅赞助人来说,“仇外情绪和帝国的骄傲”反映在音乐厅最受欢迎的政治英雄身上:所有这些人都是保守派和迪斯雷利最引人注目的人物,即便在他去世几十年后也是如此,而格莱斯顿则被用作反派。<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>电影历史学家罗伊·阿梅斯(Roy Armes)认为,1920年后,历史电影通过维持一种强调君主制、帝国和传统伟大的建制观点,帮助维持了政治现状。这些电影创造了“一个复写的世界,在这个世界里,现有的价值观总是被电影中的事件所验证,所有的不和谐都可以通过接受现状而转化为和谐。”<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>斯蒂文•菲尔丁发现迪斯雷利是一位特别受欢迎的电影英雄:“历史剧更青睐迪斯雷利,而不是格莱斯顿,更重要的是,它宣扬了一种本质上对民主领导的恭敬态度。”舞台剧和电影演员乔治·阿利斯(1868-1946)因其对迪斯雷利的刻画而出名,他凭借1929年的《迪斯雷利》获得奥斯卡最佳男演员奖。菲尔丁说,阿利斯“体现了一种家长式的、和蔼可亲的、平易近人的政治家风范,吸引了相当一部分电影观众……即便是参加工党会议的工人,也会听从那些社会地位较高、表现出关心他们的领导人。”<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="格萊斯頓"><span id=".E6.A0.BC.E8.90.8A.E6.96.AF.E9.A0.93"></span>格萊斯頓</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="编辑章节:格萊斯頓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone,_1892_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption>William Gladstone</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓">威廉·伊沃特·格萊斯頓</a>是与迪斯雷利相对的自由派,曾四次担任英国首相(1868-74、1880-85、1886和1892-94)。他的财政政策基于平衡预算、低税收和自由放任的理念,适合发展中的资本主义社会,但随着经济和社会条件的变化,无法有效应对。他后来被称为“伟大的老人”,他一直是一个充满活力的受欢迎的演说家,强烈地吸引着英国工人和下层中产阶级。笃信宗教的格拉德斯通以其福音派的感知力为政治带来了新的道德基调。他的道德主义经常激怒他的上层阶级对手(包括强烈支持迪斯雷利的维多利亚女王),他的高压控制也分裂了自由党。他的外交政策目标是建立一个基于合作而不是冲突和互信而不是竞争和猜疑的欧洲秩序;法治是为了取代武力和私利的统治。这种格萊斯頓式的欧洲和谐统一的概念遭到德国人的反对,并最终被俾斯麦式的操纵联盟和对抗体系所击败。<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="索爾斯伯利"><span id=".E7.B4.A2.E7.88.BE.E6.96.AF.E4.BC.AF.E5.88.A9"></span>索爾斯伯利</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="编辑章节:索爾斯伯利"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>历史学家将保守派首相索尔兹伯里勋爵(1830-1903)描述为一位天才领袖,是传统贵族保守主义的象征。<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>历史学家罗伯特•布莱克得出结论称,索尔兹伯里是“一位伟大的外交部长,(但)本质上是消极的,在内政方面确实是反动的”。<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>马什教授的评价更受人欢迎;他把索尔兹伯里描绘成一位“在二十年里阻挡了潮流”的领袖。<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>保罗•史密斯教授认为,“在现代保守主义的‘进步’张力中,他根本不适合。”<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>马修教授指出“索尔兹伯里狭隘的犬儒主义”。<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>作为索尔兹伯里的崇拜者之一,莫里斯·考林同意索尔兹伯里认为1867年和1884年的改革所带来的民主“也许没有他所期望的那么令人反感——通过他的公众形象,成功地减轻了它的部分肮脏。”<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="道德水准"><span id=".E9.81.93.E5.BE.B7.E6.B0.B4.E5.87.86"></span>道德水准</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="编辑章节:道德水准"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>维多利亚时代以维多利亚时代的个人道德标准而闻名。历史学家普遍认为,中产阶级具有很高的个人道德标准(通常也会遵循这些标准),但对于工人阶级是否也遵循这些标准,却一直存在争议。19世纪晚期的道德家,如亨利·梅休,谴责贫民窟中所谓的高水平的非婚同居和私生子。然而,一项使用计算机匹配数据文件的新研究表明,当时的同居率非常低——不到5%——针对工人阶级和穷人。<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20世纪初期"><span id="20.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA.E5.88.9D.E6.9C.9F"></span>20世纪初期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="编辑章节:20世纪初期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1900年至1923年的英国首相:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0-%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="第三代索爾斯伯利侯爵羅伯特·蓋斯科因-塞西爾">索尔兹伯里侯爵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%A6%8F" title="阿瑟·貝爾福">阿瑟·贝尔福</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE-%E7%8F%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%9B%BC" title="亨利·甘貝爾-班納曼">亨利·甘贝尔-班纳曼</a>爵士、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%8E%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="赫伯特·亨利·阿斯奎斯">H·H·阿斯奎斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%90%88%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="大衛·勞合喬治">大卫·劳合乔治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E" title="博納·勞">博纳·劳</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="爱德华时代"><span id=".E7.88.B1.E5.BE.B7.E5.8D.8E.E6.97.B6.E4.BB.A3"></span>爱德华时代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="编辑章节:爱德华时代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="爱德华时代">爱德华时代</a></div> <p>维多利亚女王于1901年去世,她的儿子<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华七世">爱德华七世</a>继位,开启了爱德华七世时代。与阴郁的维多利亚时代相比,爱德华七世时代的特点是大肆炫耀财富。随着20世纪的到来,诸如电影、汽车和飞机之类的东西开始被使用。新世纪的特点是充满乐观的情绪。上个世纪的社会改革一直持续到20世纪,1900年<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="工党 (英国)">工党</a>成立。1910年,爱德华去世,继位的是1910 - 36年在位的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="乔治五世">乔治五世</a>。作为英国君主,乔治五世没有丑闻,勤奋工作,广受欢迎,他和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD" title="特克的玛丽">玛丽王后</a>建立了基于中产阶级价值观和美德的现代英国皇室模范行为模式。他比他的任何一位首相都更了解这个海外帝国,并利用他对人物和细节的非凡记忆力,无论是制服、政治还是人际关系,在与臣民的交谈中发挥了良好的作用。<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>爱德华时代是繁荣的,但政治危机正在失控地升级。丹杰菲尔德(1935)将”自由英格兰的奇怪死亡”定义为1910-1914年同时发生的多重危机,其中包括由<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="愛爾蘭問題">爱尔兰危机</a>、劳工动乱、妇女选举权运动、议会中的党派斗争和宪法斗争引起的严重的社会和政治不稳定。军队甚至一度似乎会拒绝处理爱尔兰问题的命令。<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1914年第一次世界大战的意外爆发使国内问题暂时搁置。麦克基宾认为,爱德华七世时代的政党制度在1914年战争前夕处于微妙的平衡状态。当时,自由党与进步的工党联盟以及时断时续的爱尔兰民族主义者联合执政。联合政府致力于自由贸易(反对保守党寻求的高关税),工会的自由集体谈判(保守党反对),积极的社会政策,建立福利国家,以及削减上议院权力的宪法改革。由19世纪90年代的遗产拼凑起来的联合政府缺乏一个长期的计划。其社会学基础是非英国国教和非英格兰民族,而不是工党所强调的新兴阶级冲突。<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第一次世界大战"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.80.E6.AC.A1.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.A4.A7.E6.88.98"></span>第一次世界大战</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="编辑章节:第一次世界大战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg/220px-Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg/330px-Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg/440px-Sherwood_Foresters_following_up_Germans_near_Brie_March_1917_IWM_Q_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2641" /></a><figcaption>1917年3月,诺丁汉郡和德比郡的士兵在布里附近追踪德军</figcaption></figure> <p>在大卫·劳合乔治的领导下,英国经历了艰难的开端,成功地调动了人力、工业、财政、帝国和外交,与法国和美国联手,击败了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0)" title="同盟國 (第一次世界大戰)">同盟国</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>从1914年到1918年,经济增长了约14%;相比之下,德国经济萎缩了27%。第一次世界大战见证了平民消费的下降,主要是军需品的重新分配。政府占GDP的比例从1913年的8%上升到1918年的38%(1943年为50%)。<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>战争迫使英国耗尽了其财政储备,并向美国寻求大量贷款。 </p><p>英国参战以保护比利时免受德国的侵略,并迅速承担起在西线与德国人作战、瓦解海外德意志帝国的任务。当法国的战争陷入堑壕战时,每个人都期待的战争的浪漫概念消失了。在西线,英军和法军在1915 - 1917年间对德军战壕进行了多次攻击,造成数十万人伤亡,但战果有限。到1916年初,随着志愿兵人数的下降,政府在英国强制征兵(但在爱尔兰却不能这样做,那里的各种民族主义者都极力反对)以保持军队的力量。工业生产大量军火,许多妇女在工厂工作。阿斯奎斯政府被证明是无效的,不过当1916年12月大卫·劳合乔治接替他时,英国获得了一位强大而成功的战时领袖。<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>海军继续统治着海洋,在1916年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="日德兰海战">日德兰战役</a>中与德国舰队打成平手。德国被封锁,食物日益短缺。它试图<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E6%BD%9C%E8%89%87%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战中的大西洋潜艇战">用潜艇进行反击</a>,尽管强大的中立国美国可能会发动战争。英国周围的水域被宣布为战区,任何船只,无论中立与否,都是目标。1915年5月,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%8F%B7" title="卢西塔尼亚号">卢西塔尼亚号</a>客轮沉没,100多名美国乘客溺水身亡。美国的抗议导致德国放弃了无限制潜艇战。然而在1917年春,它在没有任何警告的情况下重新开始击沉所有商船。1917年,美国加入了同盟国的战争,并提供了必要的人力、资金和物资来维持他们的运转。在其他战线上,英国、法国、澳大利亚和日本占领了德国的殖民地。英国与奥斯曼帝国作战,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="加里波利之战">加里波利战役</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="美索不達米亞戰役">美索不达米亚战役</a>的初期战败。这同时唤醒了阿拉伯人,他们把土耳其人驱逐出了美索不达米亚和巴勒斯坦。疲劳和厌战在1917年变得更严重,因为法国的战斗仍在继续,看不到结束的迹象。随着<a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1917年俄国革命">1917年俄国的崩溃</a>,德国现在估计它最终会在西线拥有数量上的优势。然而在1918年,德国发动的大规模春季攻势失败了。到1918年5月,美国远征军以每天1万人的速度抵达德国,100万美国远征军的到来使德国人意识到他们正在被击溃。德国放弃了,在1918年11月11日同意停战。德国交出了自己的舰队和重型武器,军队撤退到莱茵河后,这几乎等同于投降。<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>到1918年,英国陆军大约有500万人,由皇家海军航空兵(RNAS)和皇家空军(RFC)新组建的羽翼未丰的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="英國皇家空軍">皇家空军</a>,规模与战前的陆军差不多。近300万人的伤亡使得在一战期间成年的人被称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E6%83%98%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3" title="迷惘的一代">“迷惘的一代”</a>,这些数字不可避免地给社会留下了创伤;但即便如此,一些人还是觉得他们的牺牲在英国不被重视,例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E9%80%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="齐格弗里德·沙逊">齐格弗里德·沙逊</a>的诗歌《破坏者》便批评战争是人类的失败。文学遗产集中于描述大规模的死亡,机械化的屠杀,错误的宣传和深刻的幻灭,从而消灭了长期存在的战争荣耀的浪漫形象。<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="战间期"><span id=".E6.88.98.E9.97.B4.E6.9C.9F"></span>战间期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="编辑章节:战间期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="战间期">战间期</a></div> <p>英国及其盟国赢得了这场战争,但付出了可怕的人力和财力代价,这造成了一种永远不应该再打战争的情绪。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="國際聯盟">国际联盟</a>成立时的初衷是,各国可以和平解决它们的分歧,但这些希望是没有根据的。 </p><p>战后,英国获得了德国的殖民地<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%99%B6%E5%B0%BC%E5%96%80" title="坦噶尼喀">坦噶尼喀</a>和非洲的部分<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5%E8%98%AD" title="多哥蘭">多哥兰</a>。英国被国际联盟赋予了对巴勒斯坦的托管权,巴勒斯坦变成了犹太定居者的家园,而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>则是由奥斯曼帝国在美索不达米亚的三个省份组成,后者于1932年完全独立。埃及自1882年以来一直被英国占领,1914年成为英国的保护国,虽然在1922年独立,但是直到1956年英国军队还是一直驻扎在埃及。 </p><p>在国内事务方面,1919年的住房法案导致了经济适用房的出现,这使得人们可以搬出破旧的贫民区。贫民窟又存在了好几年,有轨电车电气化的历史远远早于许多房屋。<a href="/wiki/1918%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1918年人民代表法令">《1918年人民代表法令》</a>赋予了女性户主选举权,但英国直到1928年才实现了完全平等的选举权。工党取代自由党位居第二,并在1922年的大选中取得了重大胜利。<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="愛爾蘭"><span id=".E6.84.9B.E7.88.BE.E8.98.AD"></span>愛爾蘭</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="编辑章节:愛爾蘭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="爱尔兰自治运动"><span id=".E7.88.B1.E5.B0.94.E5.85.B0.E8.87.AA.E6.B2.BB.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8"></span>爱尔兰自治运动</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="编辑章节:爱尔兰自治运动"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1800年《联合法案》的部分协议规定,旨在迫使天主教徒改宗为圣公会的《爱尔兰刑法》将被废除,天主教徒将获得解放。然而,英王乔治三世阻止了天主教徒解放。他认为这么做会违背他捍卫圣公会的加冕誓言。在律师<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="丹尼尔·奥康奈尔">丹尼尔·奥康奈尔</a>的促成,以及乔治三世(George III)去世的影响下,英国终于在1829年实现了天主教解放,允许罗马天主教徒进入大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国的议会。但是奥康奈尔的最终目标并不是天主教的解放,而是废除与英国的联合法案。1843年1月1日,奥康奈尔自信地宣称能在当年废除该法案,但最终没有实现。1846年,当<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马铃薯晚疫病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phytophthora infestans"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%93%83%E8%96%AF%E6%99%9A%E7%96%AB%E7%97%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马铃薯晚疫病(页面不存在)">马铃薯晚疫病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" class="extiw" title="en:Phytophthora infestans"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phytophthora infestans</span></a></span>)</span></span>袭击爱尔兰时,许多农村人口,尤其是天主教地区的农村人口,陷入了饥荒。<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>虽然有来自政府、个人、慈善机构和美国的资金援助,一场大灾难还是未能被避免。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" title="爱尔兰大饥荒">爱尔兰大饥荒</a>期间,佃农基本上被消灭了。相当多(但仍然不占多数)的人选举了拥护联邦的联合主义者进入议会。信仰爱尔兰教会(圣公会)的大律师艾萨克·巴特(1813-79)在19世纪70年代建立了一个新的温和的民族主义政党——地方自治联盟。巴特死后,在威廉·肖和年轻的激进新教地主查尔斯·斯图尔特·帕内尔的领导下,自治运动,也就是后来为人所知的爱尔兰议会党,成为了一股重要的政治力量。<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>帕内尔的运动倡导“地方自治”,即爱尔兰将作为联合王国的一个地区进行自治。自由党首相威廉·伊沃特·格莱斯顿(William Ewart Gladstone)分别于1886年和1893年提交了两次《地方自治法案》,但由于保守党和上议院的反对,这两项法案都没有成为法律。这个问题在整个爱尔兰引起了争论,因为大部分联合主义者(主要是但不完全是在阿尔斯特)反对地方自治。他们担心一个将会由天主教民族主义者主导的议会会歧视或报复他们、在爱尔兰强加天主教教义(所谓“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地方自治便是由罗马统治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rome Rule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E4%BE%BF%E6%98%AF%E7%94%B1%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="地方自治便是由罗马统治(页面不存在)">地方自治便是由罗马统治</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Rule" class="extiw" title="en:Rome Rule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rome Rule</span></a></span>)</span></span>”)、并对工业征收关税。虽然爱尔兰大部分地区以农业为主,但阿尔斯特有6个县是重工业所在地,任何关税壁垒都会对它们造成影响。<sup id="cite_ref-bardon_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardon-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>爱尔兰方面有多种政治蓝图:从奥康奈尔的“废除联合”,到威廉·沙曼·克劳福德的“联邦计划”(实际上是权力下放,而不是联邦主义),再到艾萨克·巴特的“地方自治”。但直到19世纪中叶,爱尔兰自治并没有实质的进展,1848年和1867年爱尔兰人的叛乱也失败了。<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>奥康奈尔的理念在实践上受到了爱尔兰投票权(在19世纪初主要体现在财产门槛上;在这个时期,天主教徒在经济上处于劣势地位)狭窄的阻碍,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕竟更广的选举权会更有利于一个反对联合的政党。<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>1867年,议会通过了<a href="/wiki/1867%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="1867年英属北美法令">《英属北美法令》</a>,加拿大获得了自治权。1874年,地方自治者通过宣扬加拿大式的自治在爱尔兰赢得了郡和自治区的多数席位。<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>到了1882年,地方自治运动的领导权已经掌握在了爱尔兰议会党(IPP)的查尔斯·斯图尔特·帕内尔的手中。19世纪下半叶更广泛的选举权也改变了非爱尔兰议员的意识形态组合,使他们更容易接受爱尔兰的要求。1885年的选举选出了一个无多数议会,爱尔兰议会党(IPP)掌握了权力的平衡。他们最初在少数派政府中支持保守党,但当自由党领袖威廉·埃瓦特·格莱斯顿考虑地方自治的消息泄露后,IPP转投自由党令其上台。<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>格莱斯顿的第一个地方自治法案是严格仿照1867年加拿大的自治条例制定的。爱尔兰议员将不再在威斯敏斯特投票,而是拥有自己的独立的都柏林议会,控制国内事务。外交政策和军事事务将留在伦敦。<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>格莱斯顿的提议并没有达到大多数爱尔兰民族主义者所期望的程度,但对于爱尔兰联合主义者和英国联合主义者来说仍然过于激进:他的第一个地方自治法案在他自己的政党分裂后在下议院被否决。自由党领袖约瑟夫·张伯伦在议会中领导了反对地方自治的斗争。他与格莱斯顿决裂,并于1886年成立了一个新政党——自由统一党。它帮助击败了地方自治,并最终与保守党合并。张伯伦利用反天主教为新政党在英国和爱尔兰的“橙色”新教分子中建立了一个基地。<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>自由统一党成员约翰·布莱特创造了该党朗朗上口的口号:“地方自治就是罗马统治。”<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>格莱斯顿在1886年的选举中把这个问题提交给了人民,但是工会主义者(保守派加上自由派工会主义者)赢得了多数。1890年的一起离婚案表明帕内尔是个通奸者;他被迫下台,于1891年去世。格莱斯顿在1893年提出了第二次地方自治法案,这次由下议院通过,但在保守党主导的上议院被击败。<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>直到1906年,保守党执政,地方自治还是个死法,但是对农田的补贴出售大大减少了阿尔斯特南部爱尔兰新教的存在。由于遭到保守党的拒绝,爱尔兰民族主义势力别无选择,只能支持少数派自由党。新的团体分裂了,他们最终在1900年合并成由约翰·雷德蒙领导的爱尔兰议会党。<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>保守党政府还认为,帮助天主教徒从新教徒手中购买农场可以满足爱尔兰的需求。用金钱而非武力解决的办法被称为“用仁慈扼杀地方自治”。<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>结果通过的改革包括1898年的地方政府(爱尔兰)法和温德姆土地法。从1868年到1908年,对爱尔兰的投资普遍增加,大量土地从地主手中购买并重新分配给小佃农,地方政府民主化,特许经营权广泛扩大。<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>爱尔兰一直保持平静,直到第一次世界大战前夕,自由党政府通过了《第三次地方自治法》,阿尔斯特的新教徒被动员起来用武力反对。<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>阿尔斯特的新教徒开始武装并组织民兵准备战斗;英国军队的高级领导人表示他们不会镇压新教徒。突然,与德国的战争爆发,地方自治暂停了一段时间。服兵役是自愿的;爱尔兰没有征兵制度。大批新教徒和天主教徒都自愿参加了对德作战。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="爱尔兰独立"><span id=".E7.88.B1.E5.B0.94.E5.85.B0.E7.8B.AC.E7.AB.8B"></span>爱尔兰独立</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="编辑章节:爱尔兰独立"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Republic_of_Ireland.svg/100px-Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Republic_of_Ireland.svg/150px-Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Republic_of_Ireland.svg/200px-Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>1922年爱尔兰共和国(红色)</figcaption></figure> <p>1916年的复活节起义,起义军使用德国提供的武器,但是组织得很糟糕。英国军队在经过一周的战斗后镇压了该组织,并处决了15名领导人,但是却激发了爱尔兰的民族主义。一夜之间出现了一场脱离地方自治、走向爱尔兰独立的运动。内阁决定1914年的法案应立即实施,并在都柏林建立政府。<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>阿尔斯特动员起来后,谈判陷入僵局。1917年,在爱尔兰公约的号召下,伦敦第二次尝试实施地方自治。1918年4月,英国首相劳埃德·乔治寻求一项双重政策,试图将实施地方自治与将征兵制扩大到爱尔兰联系起来。爱尔兰民族主义者反对征兵,而一波反对征兵的示威表明,要求完全独立的呼声得到了越来越多的支持。<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>旧的爱尔兰党瓦解了,新的政治力量——新芬党——团结了爱尔兰民族主义者,呼吁用武力来实现其目标。1918年,新芬党在爱尔兰大选中获胜,按照他们的弃权政策,新芬党没有将其选出的议员派往威斯敏斯特,而是决定在都柏林成立自己的分离主义议会;下议院。英国政府试图镇压这届议会,随后爆发了爱尔兰独立战争。伦敦的解决方案是建立两个爱尔兰议会试图为第四自治法案,1920年爱尔兰政府颁布的法案,同时试图击败新芬党和爱尔兰共和军(1919 - 1922),此时操作在下议院的职权范围。1921年中期,英国政府和新芬党达成了一项停战协议,并由此签订了《盎格鲁-爱尔兰条约》。1922年12月6日,爱尔兰成立了一个新的自治领——<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦">爱尔兰自由邦</a>。不出所料,“北爱尔兰”(阿尔斯特的6个郡)立即行使其根据《盎格鲁-爱尔兰条约》赋予的权利,选择退出这个新国家。这个条约造成了爱尔兰民族主义的分裂,并导致了<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="爱尔兰内战">爱尔兰内战</a>。1927年,大不列颠与阿尔斯特大部分地区的联合被重新命名为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,也就是现在的英国。<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="君主列表"><span id=".E5.90.9B.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>君主列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="编辑章节:君主列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="喬治三世">喬治三世</a>(1760年至<a href="/wiki/1800%E5%B9%B4%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1800年联合法令">1800年联合法令</a>生效止在位为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">大不列颠国王</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="爱尔兰君主列表">爱尔兰国王</a>,此后直至1820年在位为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">联合王国国王</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="喬治四世">喬治四世</a>(1820年-1830年在位)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="威廉四世 (英國)">威廉四世</a>(1830年-1837年在位)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="维多利亚 (英国女王)">维多利亚女王</a>(1837年-1901年在位)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华七世">爱德华七世</a>(1901年-1910年在位)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="乔治五世">乔治五世</a>(1910年-1936年在位为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">联合王国国王</a>,1922年<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦">爱尔兰自由邦</a>脱离联合王国独立以来兼任<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="爱尔兰君主列表">爱尔兰国王</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="https://books.google.ie/books?id=5VdsBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2&amp;dq=%22United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%22+irish+scots+gaelic+welsh&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjM6pjxvOfiAhWE6qQKHc1rBqUQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&amp;q=%22United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%22+irish+scots+gaelic+welsh&amp;f=false">Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain</a>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101353/https://books.google.ie/books?id=5VdsBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2&amp;dq=%22United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%22+irish+scots+gaelic+welsh&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjM6pjxvOfiAhWE6qQKHc1rBqUQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&amp;q=%22United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%22+irish+scots+gaelic+welsh&amp;f=false">存档</a>于2021-02-01) &#8211;通过Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Susie+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Steinbach&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Victorians%3A+Politics%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&amp;rft.date=2012-11-12&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ie%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VdsBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2%26dq%3D%2522United%2BKingdom%2Bof%2BGreat%2BBritain%2Band%2BIreland%2522%2Birish%2Bscots%2Bgaelic%2Bwelsh%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjM6pjxvOfiAhWE6qQKHc1rBqUQ6AEIOzAD%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522United%2BKingdom%2Bof%2BGreat%2BBritain%2Band%2BIreland%2522%2Birish%2Bscots%2Bgaelic%2Bwelsh%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fetter, Frank Whitson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ie/books?id=E6eiOUPczZAC&amp;pg=PA78&amp;dq=%22irish+pound%22+1826&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjfzvWrosLkAhVhqnEKHczaBv0Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&amp;q=+1826&amp;f=false">The Irish Pound 1797-1826: A Reprint of the Report of the Committee of 1804 of the British House of Commons on the Condition of the Irish Currency</a>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201102532/https://books.google.ie/books?id=E6eiOUPczZAC&amp;pg=PA78&amp;dq=%22irish+pound%22+1826&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjfzvWrosLkAhVhqnEKHczaBv0Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&amp;q=+1826&amp;f=false">存档</a>于2021-02-01) &#8211;通过Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+Whitson&amp;rft.aulast=Fetter&amp;rft.btitle=The+Irish+Pound+1797-1826%3A+A+Reprint+of+the+Report+of+the+Committee+of+1804+of+the+British+House+of+Commons+on+the+Condition+of+the+Irish+Currency&amp;rft.date=2005-11-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ie%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6eiOUPczZAC%26pg%3DPA78%26dq%3D%2522irish%2Bpound%2522%2B1826%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjfzvWrosLkAhVhqnEKHczaBv0Q6AEIKjAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2B1826%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ferguson, Niall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empire00nial">Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Basic Books. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-465-02328-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-465-02328-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-465-02328-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Niall&amp;rft.aulast=Ferguson&amp;rft.btitle=Empire%2C+The+rise+and+demise+of+the+British+world+order+and+the+lessons+for+global+power&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-465-02328-8&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempire00nial&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee (1 May 2013). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/643/643.pdf">Foreign policy considerations for the UK and Scotland in the event of Scotland becoming an independent country</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201218111009/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/643/643.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i>. London: The Stationery Office. Ev 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hughes, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicquestion0000hugh">The Catholic Question, 1688–1829: A Study in the Political History</a>. 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft.aulast=Hughes&amp;rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Question%2C+1688%E2%80%931829%3A+A+Study+in+the+Political+History&amp;rft.date=1929&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholicquestion0000hugh&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schom, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books/about/Trafalgar.html?id=4mhnAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle 1803-1805</a>. Joseph. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-09-13</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7181-3199-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7181-3199-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-7181-3199-9</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913105413/https://books.google.com.tw/books/about/Trafalgar.html?id=4mhnAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">存档</a>于2022-09-13) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Schom&amp;rft.btitle=Trafalgar%3A+Countdown+to+Battle+1803-1805&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7181-3199-9&amp;rft.pub=Joseph&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FTrafalgar.html%3Fid%3D4mhnAAAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2015">Knight (2015)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Muir, Rory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books/about/Britain_and_the_Defeat_of_Napoleon_1807.html?id=jrAEmQEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1815</a>. Yale University Press. 1996 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-300-19757-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-300-19757-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-300-19757-0</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913110130/https://books.google.com.tw/books/about/Britain_and_the_Defeat_of_Napoleon_1807.html?id=jrAEmQEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">存档</a>于2022-09-13) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Rory&amp;rft.aulast=Muir&amp;rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Defeat+of+Napoleon%2C+1807-1815&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-19757-0&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FBritain_and_the_Defeat_of_Napoleon_1807.html%3Fid%3DjrAEmQEACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2009_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2009">Black (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tombs, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books/about/The_English_and_Their_History.html?id=EoHaCwAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">The English and Their History</a>. Alfred A. Knopf.&#160;: 455–458 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-101-87476-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-101-87476-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-101-87476-9</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928080133/https://books.google.com.tw/books/about/The_English_and_Their_History.html?id=EoHaCwAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">存档</a>于2022-09-28) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Tombs&amp;rft.btitle=The+English+and+Their+History&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-101-87476-9&amp;rft.pages=455-458&amp;rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_English_and_Their_History.html%3Fid%3DEoHaCwAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-00899-5">British Politics in the Nineteenth Century.</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.&#160;: 32 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-349-00901-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-349-00901-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-349-00901-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.btitle=British+Politics+in+the+Nineteenth+Century.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-349-00901-5&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-00899-5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. A. Gaunt, ‘The fourth duke of Newcastle, the ultra-tories and the opposition to Canning's administration’, History, 88 (2003), 568–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eric. J Evans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmjJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA3">Britain Before the Reform Act: Politics and Society 1815–1832 2nd ed.</a>. 2008: 3–25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-18</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781317885474" title="Special:网络书源/9781317885474"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781317885474</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205021437/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmjJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA3">存档</a>于2020-12-05).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Eric.+J+Evans&amp;rft.btitle=Britain+Before+the+Reform+Act%3A+Politics+and+Society+1815%E2%80%931832+2nd+ed.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781317885474&amp;rft.pages=3-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmjJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Ziegler, <i>Addington</i> (1965) p 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Reid, <i>The Peterloo Massacre</i> (2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Gash, <i>Aristocracy and people: Britain, 1815–1865</i> (1979) p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs, <i>Age of Improvement</i> pp 208–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ditchfield Grayson M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1974-07_89_352/page/551">The parliamentary struggle over the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1787–1790</a>. English Historical Review. 1974, <b>89</b> (352): 551–577. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/567426"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR&#160;567426</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxxix.ccclii.551"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxix.ccclii.551</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=The+parliamentary+struggle+over+the+repeal+of+the+Test+and+Corporation+Acts%2C+1787%E2%80%931790&amp;rft.au=Ditchfield+Grayson+M&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=352&amp;rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&amp;rft.pages=551-577&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F567426&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_english-historical-review_1974-07_89_352%2Fpage%2F551&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxxix.ccclii.551&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Machin G. I. T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1979-03_22_1/page/115">Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1828</a>. Historical Journal. 1979, <b>22</b> (1): 115–139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x00016708"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/s0018246x00016708</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=Resistance+to+Repeal+of+the+Test+and+Corporation+Acts%2C+1828&amp;rft.au=Machin+G.+I.+T.&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=115-139&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_historical-journal_1979-03_22_1%2Fpage%2F115&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x00016708&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Hinde, <i>Catholic Emancipation: A Shake to Men's Minds</i> (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="羅伯特·皮爾">羅伯特·皮爾</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1h0MAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA347">Sir Robert Peel: From His Private Papers</a>. 1853: 347 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-18</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101333/https://books.google.com/books?id=1h0MAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA347">存档</a>于2021-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%88%BE&amp;rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Peel%3A+From+His+Private+Papers&amp;rft.date=1853&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=347&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1h0MAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA347&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peel, p 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd Hilton, <i>A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People? England, 1783–1846</i> (2006) pp. 384–91, 668–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Llewellyn Woodward, <i>The Age of Reform, 1815–1870</i> (1962)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asa Briggs, <i>The Age of Improvement, 1783–1867</i> (1959).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eric. J Evans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmjJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA69">Britain Before the Reform Act: Politics and Society 1815–1832</a>. Routledge. 2014: 69–75 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-18</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781317885474" title="Special:网络书源/9781317885474"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781317885474</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101339/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmjJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA69">存档</a>于2021-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Eric.+J+Evans&amp;rft.btitle=Britain+Before+the+Reform+Act%3A+Politics+and+Society+1815%E2%80%931832&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781317885474&amp;rft.pages=69-75&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmjJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric J. Evans, <i>The forging of the modern state: early industrial Britain, 1783–1870</i> (2nd ed, 1996) pp 257–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Gordon Wright, <i>Democracy and Reform 1815–1885</i> (2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Bebbington, <i>Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s </i>(Routledge, 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asa Briggs, <i>The Age of Improvement, 1783–1867</i> (1959) p 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Own Chadwick, <i>The Victorian Church</i> (1966) pp 370–439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard W. Davis, "The Politics of the Confessional State, 1760–1832." <i>Parliamentary History</i> 9.1 (1990): 38–49, quote p . 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson M. Ditchfield, "The parliamentary struggle over the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1787–1790." <i>English Historical Review</i> 89.352 (1974): 551–577. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/567426">online</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201205021455/https://www.jstor.org/stable/567426">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Élie Halévy, <i>A History of the English People.</i> v2: <i>The Liberal Awakening (1815–1830)</i> (1949), pp 263–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, <i>Britain in the 19th century</i> (1996) pp 64–66, 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asa Briggs, <i>The Age of Improvement 1783–1867</i>(1959), 250–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry A. Kissinger, <i>A world restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the problems of peace, 1812–22</i> (1954).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Black, <i>A military history of Britain: from 1775 to the present</i> (2008), pp. 74–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Kaufmann, <i>British policy and the independence of Latin America, 1804–1828</i> (1967)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Will Kaufman and Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson (eds). <i>Britain and the Americas: culture, politics, and history</i> (2004), pp. 465–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All the textbooks cover the main developments, and for more details see Boyd Hilton, <i>A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846</i> (2006), pp 372–436, 493–558; Asa Briggs, <i>The Age of Improvement 1783–1867</i> (1959), pp 256–343, 489–523; Llewellyn Woodward, <i>The Age of Reform 1815—1870</i> (1961), pp52–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Tombs, <i>The English and their History</i> (2015) p 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sidney Webb; Beatrice Webb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4k6AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA693">English Local Government: From the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act</a>. 1908: 693–755 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-19</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205021454/https://books.google.com/books?id=H4k6AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA693">存档</a>于2020-12-05).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Beatrice+Webb&amp;rft.au=Sidney+Webb&amp;rft.btitle=English+Local+Government%3A+From+the+Revolution+to+the+Municipal+Corporations+Act&amp;rft.date=1908&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=693-755&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4k6AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA693&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Finlayson, G. B. A. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1966-10_81_321/page/673">The Politics of Municipal Reform, 1835</a>. The English Historical Review. 1966, <b>81</b> (321): 673–692. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/562019"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR&#160;562019</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXI.CCCXXI.673"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXXI.673</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Municipal+Reform%2C+1835&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+B.+A.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Finlayson&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=321&amp;rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&amp;rft.pages=673-692&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F562019&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_english-historical-review_1966-10_81_321%2Fpage%2F673&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXI.CCCXXI.673&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.K. Webb,&#160; <i>Modern England</i> (1958) p 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Good Kenneth. The drive for participatory democracy in nineteenth century Britain. 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History Today. 2005, <b>55</b> (10): 30–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=George+IV%3A+a+Sketch&amp;rft.au=Baker+Kenneth&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.jtitle=History+Today&amp;rft.pages=30-36&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_history-today_2005-10_55_10%2Fpage%2F30&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gash Norman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223012200/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31450/1/PEEL%20AND%20TACA%201828.pdf">"<i>Mr Secretary Peel</i> (1961) pp: 460–65; Richard A. 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(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31450/1/PEEL%20AND%20TACA%201828.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2020-02-23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=%22Mr+Secretary+Peel+%281961%29+pp%3A+460%E2%80%9365%3B+Richard+A.+Gaunt%2C+%22Peel%27s+Other+Repeal%3A+The+Test+and+Corporation+Acts%2C+1828&amp;rft.au=Gash+Norman&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&amp;rft.pages=243-262&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F31450%2F1%2FPEEL%2520AND%2520TACA%25201828.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-0206.12096&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. 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The American Historical Review. 1995, <b>100</b> (2): 411–436. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2169005"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR&#160;2169005</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2169005"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/2169005</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=The+Great+Reform+Act+of+1832+and+the+Political+Modernization+of+England&amp;rft.au=Wetherell%2C+Charles&amp;rft.aufirst=John+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&amp;rft.pages=411-436&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2169005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-historical-review_1995-04_100_2%2Fpage%2F411&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2169005&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard W. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101450/https://books.google.com/books?id=UoqTDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA307">存档</a>于2021-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Clayton+Roberts&amp;rft.au=David+F.+Roberts&amp;rft.au=Douglas+Bisson&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+England%2C+Volume+2%3A+1688+to+the+Present&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781315509600&amp;rft.pages=307&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUoqTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA307&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Cash, <i>John Bright: Statesman, Orator, Agitator</i> (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tellier, L.-N. (2009). <i>Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective</i>. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/2-7605-1588-5" title="Special:网络书源/2-7605-1588-5">2-7605-1588-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sondhaus, L. (2004). <i>Navies in Modern World History</i>. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-86189-202-0" title="Special:网络书源/1-86189-202-0">1-86189-202-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="refOHBEv3" class="citation book">Porter, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC">The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III</a>. Oxford University Press. 1998: 332. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-924678-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-924678-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-19-924678-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Porter&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+III&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-924678-6&amp;rft.pages=332&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml">The Workshop of the World</a>. BBC History. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517121019/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml">存档</a>于2013-05-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.btitle=The+Workshop+of+the+World&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=BBC+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fworkshop_of_the_world_01.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Semmel, <i>The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1970) ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David McLean. "Finance and "Informal Empire" before the First World War", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2594316"><i>Economic History Review</i> (1976) 29#2 pp. 291–305</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210626020547/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2594316">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), at jstor.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Golicz Roman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_history-today_2003-09_53_9/page/39">The Russians Shall Not Have Constantinople</a>. History Today. 2003, <b>53</b> (9): 39–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=The+Russians+Shall+Not+Have+Constantinople&amp;rft.au=Golicz+Roman&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=History+Today&amp;rft.pages=39-45&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_history-today_2003-09_53_9%2Fpage%2F39&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlando Figes. <i>The Crimean War: A History</i> (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-250-00252-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-250-00252-5">978-1-250-00252-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Millman, <i>Britain and the Eastern Question 1875–1878</i> (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Philip Parry, "The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880." <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series)</i> 11 (2001): 147–175. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkwBzKThC9EC&amp;pg=PA157">online</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210201101428/https://books.google.com/books?id=LkwBzKThC9EC&amp;pg=PA157">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda Foreman. <i>A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War</i> (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-375-75696-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-375-75696-2">978-0-375-75696-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Frank J. Merli; David M. Fahey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXsE5usQFDcC&amp;pg=PA19">The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War</a>. Indiana U.P. 2004: 19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-20</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0253344731" title="Special:网络书源/978-0253344731"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0253344731</a>. 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Taylor. <i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918</i> (1953), Chapter 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Judd. <i>Boer War</i> (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-4039-6150-6" title="Special:网络书源/1-4039-6150-6">1-4039-6150-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter L. 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History Today. 2002, <b>52</b> (6): 46–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=Victoria&amp;rft.au=Vallone+Lynne&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=History+Today&amp;rft.pages=46-53&amp;rft.volume=52&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_history-today_2002-06_52_6%2Fpage%2F46&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Vincent. "Was Disraeli a failure?", <i>History Today</i> (October 1981) 31#10, pp. 5–8 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=d50e00a0-2954-4865-b1ea-69d511ac5641%40sessionmgr12&amp;vid=1&amp;hid=107&amp;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&amp;AN=4868984">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Aldous. <i>The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs. Disraeli</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Lion-Unicorn-Gladstone-vs-Disraeli/dp/0393065707">excerpt and text search</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201205021547/https://www.amazon.com/Lion-Unicorn-Gladstone-vs-Disraeli/dp/0393065707">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Parry, J. 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The Historical Journal. 2000, <b>43</b> (3): 699–728. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3020975"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR&#160;3020975</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X99001326"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0018246X99001326</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=Disraeli+and+England&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Parry&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=699-728&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020975&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_historical-journal_2000-09_43_3%2Fpage%2F699&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X99001326&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen J. Lee, <i>Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914</i> (1994) pp 203–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Cowling. <i>1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and revolutiont</i> (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Parry. "Disraeli, Benjamin, earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (2004); online edn, May 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7689,">accessed 23 February 2012</a> <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7689">10.1093/ref:odnb/7689</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Diamond Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_history-today_1990-12_40/page/33">Political Heroes of the Victorian Music Hall</a>. History Today. 1990, <b>40</b>: 33–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=Political+Heroes+of+the+Victorian+Music+Hall&amp;rft.au=Diamond+Michael&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=History+Today&amp;rft.pages=33-39&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_history-today_1990-12_40%2Fpage%2F33&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Armes, <i>A critical history of British cinema</i> (London, 1978), pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Fielding, "British Politics and Cinema's Historical Dramas, 1929–1938." <i>Historical Journal</i> 56.2 (2013): 487–511, quotes on pp. 488 and 509-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:ODNBref&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:ODNBref(页面不存在)">Template:ODNBref</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Steele, <i>Lord Salisbury: A Political Biography</i> (Routledge, 2001), p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Blake, <i>The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill</i> (1970), p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.T. Marsh, <i>The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury’s Domestic Statecraft, 1881–1902</i> (Hassocks, Sussex, 1978), p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Smith, <i>Lord Salisbury on Politics. A Selection from his Articles in the Quarterly Review, 1860–1883</i> (Cambridge, 1972), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.C.G. Matthew, ed. <i>Gladstone Diaries,</i> (1990) X, pp. cxxxix–cxl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Cowling. <i>Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England</i> (2 vol. 1980–85), vol I, p. 387. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-23289-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-23289-9">0-521-23289-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Probert. "Living in Sin", <i>BBC History Magazine</i> (September 2012); G. Frost, <i>Living in Sin: Cohabiting as Husband and Wife in Nineteenth-Century England</i> (Manchester U.P. 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7190-7736-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7190-7736-4">978-0-7190-7736-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.C.G. Matthew. "George V (1865–1936)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (2004); online edn, January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Dangerfield. <i>The Strange Death of Liberal England: 1910–1914</i> (1935)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross McKibbin. <i>Parties and People: England, 1914–1951</i> (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-958469-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-958469-7">978-0-19-958469-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a good survey see I. F. W. Beckett. <i>The Great War: 1914–1918</i> (2nd ed. 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Adrian Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bq-AMQAACAAJ">The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2008 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-20</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521728836" title="Special:网络书源/9780521728836"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780521728836</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101453/https://books.google.com/books?id=bq-AMQAACAAJ">存档</a>于2021-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Adrian+Gregory&amp;rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+War%3A+British+Society+and+the+First+World+War&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521728836&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbq-AMQAACAAJ&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian F.W. Beckett. <i>The Home Front, 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Home-Front-1914-1918-Britain-Survived/dp/1903365813">excerpt and text search</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210201101457/https://www.amazon.com/Home-Front-1914-1918-Britain-Survived/dp/1903365813">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Marwick. <i>The Deluge: British Society and the First World War</i> (1965)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">David Stevenson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06KYLGALKNEC&amp;pg=PA370">With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918</a>. Harvard U.P. 2011: 370 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-20</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780674062269" title="Special:网络书源/9780674062269"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780674062269</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101501/https://books.google.com/books?id=06KYLGALKNEC&amp;pg=PA370">存档</a>于2021-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=David+Stevenson&amp;rft.btitle=With+Our+Backs+to+the+Wall%3A+Victory+and+Defeat+in+1918&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780674062269&amp;rft.pages=370&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+U.P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06KYLGALKNEC%26pg%3DPA370&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niall_Ferguson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Niall Ferguson(页面不存在)">Niall Ferguson</a>. <i>The Pity of War</i> (1998), p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grigg, <i>Lloyd George: war leader, 1916–1918</i> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Turner, ed., <i>Britain and the First World War</i> (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Hynes, <i>A war imagined: the First World War and English culture</i> (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Robb, <i>British Culture and the First World War</i> (2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. N. Medlicott, <i>Contemporary England 1914–1964</i> (1967) ch 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Kinealy. <i>This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–52</i>, Dublin: Gill &amp; Macmillan, 1994; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7171-1832-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-7171-1832-0">0-7171-1832-0</a>, p. 354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Woodham-Smith&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecil Woodham-Smith(页面不存在)">Cecil Woodham-Smith</a>. <i>The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849</i> (1962), London, Hamish Hamilton: 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. S. L Lyons, <i>Charles Stewart Parnell</i> (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bardon-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bardon_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Bardon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Bardon(页面不存在)">Bardon, Jonathan</a>. A History of Ulster. Blackstaff Press. 1992: 402, 405. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0856404986" title="Special:网络书源/978-0856404986"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0856404986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft.aulast=Bardon&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ulster&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0856404986&amp;rft.pages=402%2C+405&amp;rft.pub=Blackstaff+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvin Jackson, <i>Home Rule: An Irish History, 1800–2000</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugenio F. Biagini, <i>British Democracy and Irish Nationalism 1876–1906</i> (2010) p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore K. Hoppen, <i>The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886</i> (2000) p 567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoppen, 567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biagini, 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendle, 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">D. W. Bebbington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUNpAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA93">The Nonconformist Conscience</a>. Routledge. 2014: 93 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-20</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781317796558" title="Special:网络书源/9781317796558"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781317796558</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201102538/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUNpAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA93">存档</a>于2021-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=D.+W.+Bebbington&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nonconformist+Conscience&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781317796558&amp;rft.pages=93&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKUNpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Travis L. Crosby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAKPcVqFqQsC&amp;pg=PA74">Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist</a>. I.B.Tauris. 2011: 74–76 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-20</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781848857537" title="Special:网络书源/9781848857537"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781848857537</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101544/https://books.google.com/books?id=HAKPcVqFqQsC&amp;pg=PA74">存档</a>于2021-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Travis+L.+Crosby&amp;rft.btitle=Joseph+Chamberlain%3A+A+Most+Radical+Imperialist&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781848857537&amp;rft.pages=74-76&amp;rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAKPcVqFqQsC%26pg%3DPA74&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hugh Cunningham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyIiBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA134">The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832–1918</a>. 2014: 134– <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-20</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781317883289" title="Special:网络书源/9781317883289"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781317883289</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101525/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyIiBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA134">存档</a>于2021-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Hugh+Cunningham&amp;rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Democracy%3A+Britain+1832%E2%80%931918&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781317883289&amp;rft.pages=134-&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyIiBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas William Heyck, "Home Rule, Radicalism, and the Liberal Party, 1886–1895." <i>Journal of British Studies</i> 13.2 (1974): 66–91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175088">online</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210201101602/https://www.jstor.org/stable/175088">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Hugh O'Donnell, <i>A history of the Irish Parliamentary party</i> (vol 2, 1910) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=e1gyAQAAMAAJ">online</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210201101535/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=e1gyAQAAMAAJ">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alan O'Day. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6EK8JP4y8C&amp;pg=PA178">Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921</a>. Manchester UP. 1998: 178–86 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-12-20</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780719037764" title="Special:网络书源/9780719037764"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780719037764</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101621/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6EK8JP4y8C&amp;pg=PA178">存档</a>于2021-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Alan+O%27Day&amp;rft.btitle=Irish+Home+Rule%2C+1867%E2%80%931921&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780719037764&amp;rft.pages=178-86&amp;rft.pub=Manchester+UP&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_6EK8JP4y8C%26pg%3DPA178&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyce, pp 281–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.T.Q. Stewart, <i>The Ulster crisis: resistance to home rule, 1912–1914</i> (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carolyn Augspurger, "National identity, religion, and Irish unionism: the rhetoric of Irish Presbyterian opposition to Home Rule in 1912." <i>Irish Political Studies</i> (2017): 1–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvin&#160; Jackson, <i>Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000</i> (2003) pp. 193–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 212–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 227–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mowat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Mowat(页面不存在)">Charles Mowat</a>, <i>Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940</i> (1955) pp 57–108.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="编辑章节:延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Adams, James (编). Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era. 2004 [2003]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-71-725860-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-71-725860-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-71-725860-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Victorian+Era&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-71-725860-4&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, short essays on a wide range of topics by experts</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Beales&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Beales(页面不存在)">Beales, Derek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcastlereaght00beal">From Castlereagh to Gladstone, 1815–1885</a>. 1969. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-39-300367-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-39-300367-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-39-300367-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Derek&amp;rft.aulast=Beales&amp;rft.btitle=From+Castlereagh+to+Gladstone%2C+1815%E2%80%931885&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-39-300367-3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcastlereaght00beal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Beckett, Ian F.W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homefront19141910000beck">The Home Front, 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War</a>. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-90-336581-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-90-336581-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-90-336581-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian+F.W.&amp;rft.aulast=Beckett&amp;rft.btitle=The+Home+Front%2C+1914%E2%80%931918%3A+How+Britain+Survived+the+Great+War&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-90-336581-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomefront19141910000beck&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Black_(historian)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Black (historian)(页面不存在)">Black, Jeremy</a>. A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-27-599039-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-27-599039-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-27-599039-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremy&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Britain%3A+From+1775+to+the+Present&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-27-599039-8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Black_(historian)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy Black (historian)(页面不存在)">Black, Jeremy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warof1812inageof0000blac_a2w1">The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon</a>. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-80-614078-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-80-614078-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-80-614078-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremy&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812+in+the+Age+of+Napoleon&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-80-614078-0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarof1812inageof0000blac_a2w1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._G._Boyce&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="D. G. Boyce(页面不存在)">Boyce, David George</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalisminire00boyc/">Nationalism in Ireland</a> 3rd. New York: Routledge. 1995 [1st pub. 1982]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780415127769" title="Special:网络书源/9780415127769"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780415127769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=David+George&amp;rft.aulast=Boyce&amp;rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+Ireland&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780415127769&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalisminire00boyc%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asa_Briggs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asa Briggs(页面不存在)">Briggs, Asa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victorianpeopler00brig">Victorian people; a reassessment of persons and themes, 1851–1867</a>. [Chicago] University of Chicago Press. 1955.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Asa&amp;rft.aulast=Briggs&amp;rft.btitle=Victorian+people%3B+a+reassessment+of+persons+and+themes%2C+1851%E2%80%931867&amp;rft.date=1955&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=%5BChicago%5D+University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictorianpeopler00brig&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asa_Briggs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asa Briggs(页面不存在)">Briggs, Asa</a>. The Age of Improvement, 1783–1867. 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Asa&amp;rft.aulast=Briggs&amp;rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Improvement%2C+1783%E2%80%931867&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" class="mw-redirect" title="David Cannadine">Cannadine, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victoriouscentur0000cann">Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800–1906</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Cannadine&amp;rft.btitle=Victorious+Century%3A+The+United+Kingdom%2C+1800%E2%80%931906&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictoriouscentur0000cann&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, detailed survey</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cannon_(historian)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cannon (historian)(页面不存在)">Cannon, John</a> (编). The Oxford Companion to British History 2nd revised. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-860872-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-860872-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-19-860872-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Cannon&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=2nd+revised&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-860872-1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ensor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Ensor(页面不存在)">Ensor, R.C.K.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108175">England 1870–1914</a>. 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=R.C.K.&amp;rft.aulast=Ensor&amp;rft.btitle=England+1870%E2%80%931914&amp;rft.date=1936&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.108175&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, survey</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_J._Evans&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric J. Evans(页面不存在)">Evans, Eric J.</a> The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870 2nd. 1996 [1983]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-58-208953-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-58-208953-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-58-208953-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+the+Modern+State%3A+Early+Industrial+Britain%2C+1783%E2%80%931870&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-58-208953-2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_J._Evans&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric J. Evans(页面不存在)">Evans, Eric J.</a> Britain Before the Reform Act: Politics and Society 1815–1832 2nd. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-13-481603-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-13-481603-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-13-481603-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.btitle=Britain+Before+the+Reform+Act%3A+Politics+and+Society+1815%E2%80%931832&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-13-481603-3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlando Figes(页面不存在)">Figes, Orlando</a>. The Crimean War: A History. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-250-00252-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-250-00252-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-250-00252-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Orlando&amp;rft.aulast=Figes&amp;rft.btitle=The+Crimean+War%3A+A+History&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-250-00252-5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amanda_Foreman_(historian)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amanda Foreman (historian)(页面不存在)">Foreman, Amanda</a>. A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-37-575696-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-37-575696-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-37-575696-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Amanda&amp;rft.aulast=Foreman&amp;rft.btitle=A+World+on+Fire%3A+Britain%27s+Crucial+Role+in+the+American+Civil+War&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-37-575696-2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89lie_Hal%C3%A9vy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Élie Halévy(页面不存在)">Halévy, Élie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30010317_0001">History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century</a>. 1949–1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=%C3%89lie&amp;rft.aulast=Hal%C3%A9vy&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+the+English+People+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&amp;rft.date=1949%2F1952&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb30010317_0001&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>,covering 1815–1841 and 1900–1914</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Heffer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Heffer(页面不存在)">Heffer, Simon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/29/high-minds-simon-heffer-review">High Minds: The Victorians and the Birth of Modern Britain</a>. 2014 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-09-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829210011/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/29/high-minds-simon-heffer-review">存档</a>于2022-08-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft.aulast=Heffer&amp;rft.btitle=High+Minds%3A+The+Victorians+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Britain&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fnov%2F29%2Fhigh-minds-simon-heffer-review&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, detailed survey covers 1838–1880</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Heffer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Heffer(页面不存在)">Heffer, Simon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofdecadencebr0000heff">The Age of Decadence: Britain 1880 to 1914</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft.aulast=Heffer&amp;rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Decadence%3A+Britain+1880+to+1914&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofdecadencebr0000heff&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, detailed survey</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hoppen, K. Theodore. The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886. New Oxford History of England. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-822834-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-822834-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-19-822834-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+Theodore&amp;rft.aulast=Hoppen&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mid-Victorian+Generation+1846%E2%80%931886&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-822834-9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, comprehensive history</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvin_Jackson_(historian)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvin Jackson (historian)(页面不存在)">Jackson, Alvin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeruleirishhis00alvi">Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000</a>. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Alvin&amp;rft.aulast=Jackson&amp;rft.btitle=Home+Rule%3A+An+Irish+History+1800%E2%80%942000&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomeruleirishhis00alvi&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith Terrance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boerwar00judd">Boer War</a>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-40-396150-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-40-396150-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-40-396150-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Surridge%2C+Keith+Terrance&amp;rft.aufirst=Denis&amp;rft.aulast=Judd&amp;rft.btitle=Boer+War&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-40-396150-1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboerwar00judd&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kendle, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walterlongirelan0000kend">Walter Long, Ireland and the Union, 1905–1920</a>. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7735-0908-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7735-0908-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-7735-0908-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Kendle&amp;rft.btitle=Walter+Long%2C+Ireland+and+the+Union%2C+1905%E2%80%931920&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0908-5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalterlongirelan0000kend&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christine_Kinealy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christine Kinealy(页面不存在)">Kinealy, Christine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisgreatcalamit00kine">This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852</a>. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Christine&amp;rft.aulast=Kinealy&amp;rft.btitle=This+Great+Calamity%3A+The+Irish+Famine+1845%E2%80%931852&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisgreatcalamit00kine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._J._B._Knight&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="R. J. B. Knight(页面不存在)">Knight, Roger</a>. Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization Of Victory; 1793–1815. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-14-197702-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-14-197702-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-14-197702-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.aulast=Knight&amp;rft.btitle=Britain+Against+Napoleon%3A+The+Organization+Of+Victory%3B+1793%E2%80%931815&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-197702-7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">McCord, Norman; Purdue, Bill. British History: 1815–1914 2nd. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Purdue%2C+Bill&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.aulast=McCord&amp;rft.btitle=British+History%3A+1815%E2%80%931914&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> university textbook</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Marriott_(British_politician)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Marriott (British politician)(页面不存在)">Marriott, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englandsincewate00marruoft#page/n7/mode/1up">England Since Waterloo</a>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Marriott&amp;rft.btitle=England+Since+Waterloo&amp;rft.date=1913&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fenglandsincewate00marruoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Marwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Marwick">Marwick, Arthur</a>. The Deluge: British Society and the First World War. 1965. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-07-000496-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-07-000496-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-7-07-000496-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;rft.aulast=Marwick&amp;rft.btitle=The+Deluge%3A+British+Society+and+the+First+World+War&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-07-000496-1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Martin, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britaininninetee0000mart">Britain in the 19th Century</a>. Challenging History series. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-17-435062-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-17-435062-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-17-435062-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Howard&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+19th+Century&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-17-435062-0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritaininninetee0000mart&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> textbook; emphasising politics, diplomacy and use of primary sources</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Matthew, H.C.G. Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=H.C.G.&amp;rft.aulast=Matthew&amp;rft.btitle=Gladstone%2C+William+Ewart+%281809%E2%80%931898%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._N._Medlicott&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="W. N. Medlicott(页面不存在)">Medlicott, William Norton</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryengl0000wnme">Contemporary England 1914–1964</a>. 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=William+Norton&amp;rft.aulast=Medlicott&amp;rft.btitle=Contemporary+England+1914%E2%80%931964&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporaryengl0000wnme&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mori, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britaininageoffr0000mori">Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785–1820</a>. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer&amp;rft.aulast=Mori&amp;rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+Age+of+the+French+Revolution%3A+1785%E2%80%931820&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritaininageoffr0000mori&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._L._Mowat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="C. L. Mowat(页面不存在)">Mowat, Charles Loch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britainbetweenwa00mowa">Britain between the wars: 1918–1940</a>. 1955. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-41-629510-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-41-629510-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-41-629510-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+Loch&amp;rft.aulast=Mowat&amp;rft.btitle=Britain+between+the+wars%3A+1918%E2%80%931940&amp;rft.date=1955&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-41-629510-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritainbetweenwa00mowa&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Paul, Herbert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne02paul">History of Modern England</a>. 1904–1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Herbert&amp;rft.aulast=Paul&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+England&amp;rft.date=1904%2F1906&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderne02paul&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, 1855–1865</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Porter, Andrew (编). The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire <b>III</b>. Oxford University Press. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-924678-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-924678-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-19-924678-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Porter&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nineteenth+Century%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-924678-6&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Purdon, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishfamine184550000purd">The Irish Famine 1845–1852</a>. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft.aulast=Purdon&amp;rft.btitle=The+Irish+Famine+1845%E2%80%931852&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firishfamine184550000purd&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Read, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/england18681914a0000read">England 1868–1914</a>. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald&amp;rft.aulast=Read&amp;rft.btitle=England+1868%E2%80%931914&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fengland18681914a0000read&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, survey</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Roberts, Clayton; Roberts, David F.; Bisson, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofengland00robe">A History of England, Volume 2: 1688 to the Present</a>. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-31-550960-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-31-550960-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-31-550960-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Bisson%2C+Douglas&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+David+F.&amp;rft.aufirst=Clayton&amp;rft.aulast=Roberts&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+England%2C+Volume+2%3A+1688+to+the+Present&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-31-550960-0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofengland00robe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, university textbook</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rubinstein, W. D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britainscenturyp0000rubi">Britain's Century: A Political and Social History, 1815–1905</a>. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Rubinstein&amp;rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Century%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History%2C+1815%E2%80%931905&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritainscenturyp0000rubi&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._R._Searle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="G. R. Searle(页面不存在)">Searle, G. R.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newenglandpeacew0000grse">A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918</a>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Searle&amp;rft.btitle=A+New+England%3F%3A+Peace+and+War+1886%E2%80%931918&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewenglandpeacew0000grse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, survey</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Somervell, D. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishthoughtin030312mbp">English thought in the nineteenth century</a>. Methuen And Company Limited. 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Somervell&amp;rft.btitle=English+thought+in+the+nineteenth+century&amp;rft.date=1929&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Methuen+And+Company+Limited.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishthoughtin030312mbp&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Steinbach, Susie L. Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-41-577408-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-41-577408-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-41-577408-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Susie+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Steinbach&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Victorians%3A+Politics%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-41-577408-6&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848%E2%80%931918&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918(页面不存在)">The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918</a>. 1953. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-881270-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-881270-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-19-881270-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+Europe%3A+1848%E2%80%931918&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-881270-8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, diplomacy</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishhistory1900tayl_0">English History 1914–1945</a>. Penguin. 1965. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780140211818" title="Special:网络书源/9780140211818"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780140211818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.btitle=English+History+1914%E2%80%931945&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780140211818&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishhistory1900tayl_0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, survey</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Tombs, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/17/the-english-and-their-history-review-robert-tombs-resounding-importance">The English and their History</a>. 2014 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2022-09-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829210009/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/17/the-english-and-their-history-review-robert-tombs-resounding-importance">存档</a>于2022-08-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Tombs&amp;rft.btitle=The+English+and+their+History&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Fnov%2F17%2Fthe-english-and-their-history-review-robert-tombs-resounding-importance&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Uglow, Jenny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inthesetimeslivi0000uglo">In These Times: Living in Britain Through Napoleon's Wars, 1793–1815</a>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Jenny&amp;rft.aulast=Uglow&amp;rft.btitle=In+These+Times%3A+Living+in+Britain+Through+Napoleon%27s+Wars%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finthesetimeslivi0000uglo&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Walpole, Spencer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28spencer%20walpole%29%201815">A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815</a>. 1878–1886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Spencer&amp;rft.aulast=Walpole&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+England+from+the+Conclusion+of+the+Great+War+in+1815&amp;rft.date=1878%2F1886&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3Dcreator%253A%2528spencer%2520walpole%2529%25201815&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>,; old political narrative covers 1815–1855</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Walpole, Spencer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28spencer%20walpole%29%20%20years">History of Twenty-Five Years</a>. 1904–1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Spencer&amp;rft.aulast=Walpole&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Twenty-Five+Years&amp;rft.date=1904%2F1908&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3Dcreator%253A%2528spencer%2520walpole%2529%2520%2520years&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, covers 1856–1880</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wasson, Ellis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000wass">A history of modern Britain: 1714 to the present</a> 2nd. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Ellis&amp;rft.aulast=Wasson&amp;rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Britain%3A+1714+to+the+present&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernb0000wass&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, textbook</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_K._Webb&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert K. Webb(页面不存在)">Webb, R.K.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernenglandfro0000webb">Modern England: from the eighteenth century to the present</a>. 1968. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-06-046975-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-06-046975-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-06-046975-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=R.K.&amp;rft.aulast=Webb&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+England%3A+from+the+eighteenth+century+to+the+present&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-046975-7&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernenglandfro0000webb&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, a university textbook for the American audience that explains many obscure features of British political history</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Woodward, Ernest Llewellyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174966">The Age of Reform, 1815–1870</a> 2nd. 1962 [1938].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Ernest+Llewellyn&amp;rft.aulast=Woodward&amp;rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reform%2C+1815%E2%80%931870&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.174966&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, survey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="史料"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E6.96.99"></span>史料</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="编辑章节:史料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Furber, Elizabeth Chapin (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingviewsonb00furb">Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939</a>. 1966: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingviewsonb00furb/page/206">206</a>–319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Chapin&amp;rft.aulast=Furber&amp;rft.btitle=Changing+views+on+British+history%3A+essays+on+historical+writing+since+1939&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=206-319&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingviewsonb00furb&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> evaluation of major books published 1966–1980</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hilton, Boyd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madbaddangerousp0000hilt">A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846</a>. 2006: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madbaddangerousp0000hilt/page/664">664</a>–723. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-822830-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-822830-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-19-822830-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Boyd&amp;rft.aulast=Hilton&amp;rft.btitle=A+Mad%2C+Bad%2C+and+Dangerous+People%3F%3A+England+1783%E2%80%931846&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-822830-1&amp;rft.pages=664-723&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadbaddangerousp0000hilt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Loades, David (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readersguidetobr0001unse">Reader's guide to British history</a>. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Loades&amp;rft.btitle=Reader%27s+guide+to+British+history&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadersguidetobr0001unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> coverage of hundreds of topics covering books and articles on a range of topics and leaders</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Parry, J. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1983-06_26_2/page/469">The State of Victorian Political History</a>. Historical Journal. 1983, <b>26</b> (2): 469–484. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2638778"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR&#160;2638778</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162264240"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID&#160;162264240</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00024201"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0018246X00024201</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.atitle=The+State+of+Victorian+Political+History&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Parry&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&amp;rft.pages=469-484&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638778&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162264240&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_historical-journal_1983-06_26_2%2Fpage%2F469&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00024201&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Schlatter, Richard (编). Recent views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1966. 1984: 197–374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Schlatter&amp;rft.btitle=Recent+views+on+British+history%3A+essays+on+historical+writing+since+1966&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=197-374&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> experts evaluate major books published 1966–1980</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Williams, Chris (编). A Companion to 19th-Century Britain. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+19th-Century+Britain&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> 33 topical essays</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wrigley, Chris (编). A companion to early twentieth-century Britain. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft.aulast=Wrigley&amp;rft.btitle=A+companion+to+early+twentieth-century+Britain&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> 32 topical essays</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主要来源"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>主要来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="编辑章节:主要来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Black, Eugene C. (编). British politics in the nineteenth century. 1969. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-80-272002-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-80-272002-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-80-272002-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.btitle=British+politics+in+the+nineteenth+century&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-80-272002-3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>English Historical Documents <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Aspinall, A.; Smith, E. Anthony (编). English Historical Documents. 11: 1783–1832. 1959. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-203-19915-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-203-19915-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-203-19915-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+E.+Anthony&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Aspinall&amp;rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-203-19915-2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Young, George M.; Handcock, W. D. (编). English Historical Documents. 12, pt. 1: 1833–1874. 1956. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33037858"><span title="OCLC">OCLC&#160;33037858</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.au=Handcock%2C+W.+D.&amp;rft.aufirst=George+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Young&amp;rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33037858&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Handcock, W. D. (编). English Historical Documents. 12, pt. 2: 1874–1914. 1977. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-14375-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-14375-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-415-14375-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Handcock&amp;rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-14375-2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk">British History Online</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110223025617/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505062257/http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/terrace/adw03/peel/ireland/1801act.htm">Act of Union 1800</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto !important; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="white-space:nowrap;"> <td width="30%" align="center">前任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="大不列颠王国">大不列颠王国</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" align="center">'<i><b>大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国'</b></i><br />1801年–1922年 </td> <td width="30%" align="center">繼任:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%8F%8A%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国">大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="不列顛群島" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="Template:不列颠群岛"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:不列颠群岛(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:不列颠群岛"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="不列顛群島" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="不列顛群島">不列顛群島</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%B1%E5%91%BC" title="不列顛群島的稱呼">稱呼</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4_(%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0)" title="阿尔巴 (名称)">阿爾巴</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E6%81%A9" title="阿尔比恩">阿尔比恩</a>&#160;/&#32;<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佈萊德恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prydain"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%88%E8%90%8A%E5%BE%B7%E6%81%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佈萊德恩(页面不存在)">佈萊德恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prydain" class="extiw" title="en:Prydain"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prydain</span></a></span>)</span></span>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B_(%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1)" title="不列顛 (名稱)">不列顛</a>&#160;/&#32;<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛爾蘭 (名稱)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Éire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD_(%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭 (名稱)(页面不存在)">愛爾蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ire" class="extiw" title="en:Éire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Éire</span></a></span>)</span></span>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="希伯尼亞">希伯尼亞</a>)<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不列顛群島命名爭議" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="British Isles naming dispute"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="不列顛群島命名爭議(页面不存在)">命名爭議</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles_naming_dispute" class="extiw" title="en:British Isles naming dispute"><span lang="en" dir="auto">British Isles naming dispute</span></a></span>)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">政治</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="主权国家列表">主權國家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">愛爾蘭共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="北爱尔兰">北爱尔兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="威爾斯">威爾斯</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%B0" title="王室屬地">王室屬地</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC" title="奧爾德尼">奧爾德尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E8%A5%BF" title="根西">根西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF" title="澤西">澤西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6" title="曼島">曼島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B" title="薩克">薩克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">政治合作</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E2%80%94%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="愛爾蘭—英國關係">英愛關係</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英國-愛爾蘭理事會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="British–Irish Council"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%8D%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="英国-爱尔兰理事会">英愛理事會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" class="extiw" title="en:British–Irish Council"><span lang="en" dir="auto">British–Irish Council</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英國-愛爾蘭政府間會議" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%8D%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%B4%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="英国-爱尔兰政府间会议">英愛政府間會議</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" class="extiw" title="en:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference"><span lang="en" dir="auto">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英國-愛爾蘭議會大會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%8D%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="英国-爱尔兰议会大会">英愛議會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" class="extiw" title="en:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly"><span lang="en" dir="auto">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C%E5%8D%80" title="共同旅行區">共同旅行區</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">島或群島</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="海峡群岛">海峡群岛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克萊德群島" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islands of the Clyde"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="克萊德群島(页面不存在)">克萊德群島</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" class="extiw" title="en:Islands of the Clyde"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islands of the Clyde</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E5%B3%B6" title="大不列顛島">大不列顛島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="赫布里底群岛">赫布里底群岛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="内赫布里底群岛">內群島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="外赫布里底群岛">外群島</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="爱尔兰岛">爱尔兰岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6" title="曼島">曼島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="北方群島">北方群島</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%BC" title="奥克尼">奥克尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0" title="设德兰">设德兰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="锡利群岛">锡利群岛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">島嶼列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="根西行政區島嶼列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B9%E8%A5%BF%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="根西行政區島嶼列表(页面不存在)">根西行政區</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛爾蘭島嶼列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of Ireland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="愛爾蘭島嶼列表(页面不存在)">愛爾蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of Ireland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of Ireland</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="澤西行政區島嶼列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="澤西行政區島嶼列表(页面不存在)">澤西行政區島</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼島島嶼列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of the Isle of Man"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="曼島島嶼列表(页面不存在)">曼島</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of the Isle of Man"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of the Isle of Man</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英國島嶼列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of the United Kingdom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="英國島嶼列表(页面不存在)">聯合王國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of the United Kingdom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of the United Kingdom</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英格蘭島嶼列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of England"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="英格蘭島嶼列表(页面不存在)">英格蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of England"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of England</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇格蘭島嶼列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of Scotland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇格蘭島嶼列表(页面不存在)">蘇格蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of Scotland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of Scotland</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威爾士島嶼列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of islands of Wales"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E5%A3%AB%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="威爾士島嶼列表(页面不存在)">威爾士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of Wales"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of islands of Wales</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="不列顛群島歷史">歷史</a><br /><small><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不列顛群島歷史概述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of the History of the British Isles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="不列顛群島歷史概述(页面不存在)">概述</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_History_of_the_British_Isles" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of the History of the British Isles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of the History of the British Isles</span></a></span>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">群島列島</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="愛爾蘭歷史">愛爾蘭島</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">現存國家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="愛爾蘭共和國歷史">愛爾蘭共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="英國歷史">大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="英格蘭歷史">英格蘭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北愛爾蘭歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Northern Ireland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="北爱尔兰历史">北愛爾蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" class="extiw" title="en:History of Northern Ireland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Northern Ireland</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="苏格兰历史">蘇格蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="威爾斯歷史">威爾士</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="根西歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Guernsey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E8%A5%BF%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="根西历史">根西行政區</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" class="extiw" title="en:History of Guernsey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Guernsey</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澤西歷史">澤西行政區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="曼島歷史">曼島</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">曾有國家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦">爱尔兰自由邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="英格蘭王國">英格蘭王國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威爾士親王領地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Principality of Wales"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E5%A3%AB%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="威爾士親王領地(页面不存在)">威爾士親王領地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" class="extiw" title="en:Principality of Wales"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Principality of Wales</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國">大不列顛王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="愛爾蘭王國">愛爾蘭王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="苏格兰王国">苏格兰王国</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">社會</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">現代語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族">日耳曼语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="低地蘇格蘭語">低地蘇格蘭語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="凯尔特语族">凯尔特语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="康瓦爾語">康瓦爾語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="苏格兰盖尔语">苏格兰盖尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="愛爾蘭語">愛爾蘭語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="曼島語">曼島語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E8%AF%AD" title="威尔士语">威尔士语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族">罗曼语族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧瑞奈語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Auregnais"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%91%9E%E5%A5%88%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奧瑞奈語(页面不存在)">奧瑞奈語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auregnais" class="extiw" title="en:Auregnais"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Auregnais</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="根西語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guernésiais"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B9%E8%A5%BF%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="根西語(页面不存在)">根西語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" class="extiw" title="en:Guernésiais"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guernésiais</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="諾曼語">澤西語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩克語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sercquiais"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="薩克語(页面不存在)">薩克語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sercquiais" class="extiw" title="en:Sercquiais"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sercquiais</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他種類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="英國手語">英國手語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="愛爾蘭手語">愛爾蘭手語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北愛爾蘭手語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northern Ireland Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北愛爾蘭手語(页面不存在)">北愛爾蘭手語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Northern Ireland Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northern Ireland Sign Language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E7%88%BE%E5%A1%94%E8%AA%9E" title="雪爾塔語">雪爾塔語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">種族民族</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="英国人">不列顛人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="康沃尔人">康沃尔人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="英格蘭人">英格蘭人</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅曼尼徹爾人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Romanichal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B9%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅曼尼徹爾人(页面不存在)">英格蘭吉普賽人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanichal" class="extiw" title="en:Romanichal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Romanichal</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="爱尔兰人">爱尔兰人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E8%80%85" title="愛爾蘭流浪者">愛爾蘭流浪者</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡樂人 (威爾士羅姆人)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kale (Welsh Roma)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%A8%82%E4%BA%BA_(%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E5%A3%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%BA)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡樂人 (威爾士羅姆人)(页面不存在)">卡樂人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" class="extiw" title="en:Kale (Welsh Roma)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kale (Welsh Roma)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="曼島人">曼島人</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北愛爾蘭人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="People of Northern Ireland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北愛爾蘭人(页面不存在)">北愛爾蘭人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" class="extiw" title="en:People of Northern Ireland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">People of Northern Ireland</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="蘇格蘭人">蘇格蘭人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="阿爾斯特蘇格蘭人">阿爾斯特蘇格蘭人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="威爾斯人">威爾斯人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="英格兰、苏格兰、大不列颠及联合王国君主" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="Template:英国君主"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="Template talk:英国君主"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:英国君主"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="英格兰、苏格兰、大不列颠及联合王国君主" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英格蘭君主列表">英格兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蘇格蘭君主列表">苏格兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">大不列颠及联合王国君主</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英格蘭君主列表">英格兰君主</a>(1603年以前)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蘇格蘭君主列表">苏格兰君主</a>(1603年以前)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:50%;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="埃塞尔斯坦">光榮者艾塞斯坦</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="埃德蒙一世">雄者埃德蒙</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="埃德雷德">埃德雷德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="埃德威格">埃德威格</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%80%85%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8A%A0" title="和平者埃德加">和平者埃德加</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%89%E6%95%99%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="殉教者愛德華">殉教者愛德華</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E6%97%A0%E6%96%B9%E8%80%85%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="决策无方者埃塞尔雷德">决策无方者埃塞尔雷德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%AD%97%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87" title="八字胡斯文">八字胡斯文</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E6%97%A0%E6%96%B9%E8%80%85%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="决策无方者埃塞尔雷德">决策无方者埃塞尔雷德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E5%8B%87%E8%80%85%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="刚勇者埃德蒙">刚勇者埃德蒙</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝">克努特大帝</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E6%AF%9B%E8%85%BF%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" title="飞毛腿哈罗德">飞毛腿哈罗德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9" title="哈德克努特">哈德克努特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E8%80%85%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="懺悔者愛德華">懺悔者愛德華</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%E6%A3%AE" title="哈罗德·戈德温森">哈罗德·戈德温森</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%B4%B5%E8%80%85%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8A%A0" title="显贵者埃德加">显贵者埃德加</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉一世 (英格兰)">威廉一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD)" title="威廉二世 (英格蘭)">威廉二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利一世 (英格兰)">亨利一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B)" title="斯蒂芬 (英格兰国王)">斯蒂芬</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E8%92%82%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="玛蒂尔达皇后">馬蒂爾達</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B)" title="斯蒂芬 (英格兰国王)">斯蒂芬</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利二世 (英格兰)">亨利二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利二世 (英格兰)">亨利二世</a><small>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9" title="幼王亨利">幼王亨利</a></small></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利二世 (英格兰)">亨利二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="理查一世">理查一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B)" title="约翰 (英格兰国王)">約翰</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利三世 (英格兰)">亨利三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华一世">爱德华一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华二世">爱德华二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华三世">爱德华三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="理查二世">理查二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利四世 (英格兰)">亨利四世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利五世 (英格兰)">亨利五世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利六世 (英格兰)">亨利六世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华四世">爱德华四世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利六世 (英格兰)">亨利六世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华四世">爱德华四世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华五世">爱德华五世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="理查三世">理查三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亨利七世 (英格兰)">亨利七世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" title="亨利八世">亨利八世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华六世">爱德华六世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="简·格雷">简·格雷</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="玛丽一世 (英格兰)">瑪麗一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="玛丽一世 (英格兰)">瑪麗一世</a><small>與</small><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="腓力二世 (西班牙)">菲利普</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="伊丽莎白一世">伊丽莎白一世</a></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:50%;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="肯尼思一世">肯尼思一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A7%86%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="多姆纳尔一世 (苏格兰)">多姆纳尔一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="康斯坦丁一世 (苏格兰)">康斯坦丁一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="艾德王">艾德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="吉里克王">吉里克一世</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%87%AF%E5%BE%B7_(%E9%B2%81%E6%81%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%90)" title="奥凯德 (鲁恩之子)">奥凯德</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="唐納德二世">多姆纳尔二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="康斯坦丁二世 (苏格兰)">康斯坦丁二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%A7%86%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔科姆一世 (苏格兰)">馬爾科姆一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E7%8E%8B" title="英多尔夫王">英多爾夫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A4%AB_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%A7%86%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%90)" title="杜夫 (马尔科姆之子)">杜夫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B" title="科林王">科林</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="肯尼思二世">肯尼思二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%BF%E6%AF%94%E7%8E%8B" title="安拿比王">安拿比</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="肯尼思二世">肯尼思二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD)" title="康斯坦丁三世 (蘇格蘭)">康斯坦丁三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="肯尼思三世">肯尼思三世</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="吉里克二世">吉里克二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔科姆二世 (苏格兰)">馬爾科姆二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E8%82%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="邓肯一世 (苏格兰)">鄧肯一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%99%BD_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B)" title="麦克白 (苏格兰国王)">麥克白</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB" title="卢拉赫">卢拉赫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%A7%86%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="马尔科姆三世">马尔科姆三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A7%86%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="多姆纳尔三世 (苏格兰)">多姆纳尔三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E8%82%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="邓肯二世 (苏格兰)">鄧肯二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A7%86%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="多姆纳尔三世 (苏格兰)">多姆纳尔三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8A%A0_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B)" title="埃德加 (苏格兰国王)">埃德加</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亚历山大一世 (苏格兰)">亞歷山大一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="大卫一世 (苏格兰)">大衛一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%A7%86%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="马尔科姆四世">马尔科姆四世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="威廉一世 (苏格兰)">威廉一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亚历山大二世 (苏格兰)">亞歷山大二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="亚历山大三世 (苏格兰)">亞歷山大三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%A9%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E7%89%B9" title="挪威女孩玛格丽特">挪威女孩玛格丽特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏格兰空位期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guardian of Scotland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%A9%BA%E4%BD%8D%E6%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格兰空位期(页面不存在)">第一次空位期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="en:Guardian of Scotland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guardian of Scotland</span></a></span>)</span></span>)</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5" title="约翰·巴里奥">约翰·巴里奥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏格兰空位期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guardian of Scotland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%A9%BA%E4%BD%8D%E6%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格兰空位期(页面不存在)">第二次空位期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="en:Guardian of Scotland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guardian of Scotland</span></a></span>)</span></span>)</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="罗伯特一世 (苏格兰)">羅伯特一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="大卫二世 (苏格兰)">大衛二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="罗伯特二世 (苏格兰)">羅伯特二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="罗伯特三世 (苏格兰)">羅伯特三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="詹姆斯一世 (苏格兰)">詹姆斯一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="詹姆斯二世 (苏格兰)">詹姆斯二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯三世 (苏格兰)">詹姆斯三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯四世 (苏格兰)">詹姆斯四世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯五世 (苏格兰)">詹姆斯五世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="玛丽一世 (苏格兰)">瑪麗一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="詹姆士六世及一世">詹姆斯六世</a></span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="1603年英格蘭與蘇格蘭組成共主邦聯以來的君主"><b>1603年英格蘭與蘇格蘭組成共主邦聯以來的君主</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="詹姆士六世及一世">詹姆士六世及一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD)" title="查理一世 (英格蘭)">查理一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ (<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="英格兰共和国">英格兰共和国</a>)</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="查理二世 (英格兰)">查理二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD)" title="詹姆斯二世 (英格蘭)">詹姆斯二世及七世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="威廉三世 (英格兰)">威廉三世及二世</a><small><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉與瑪麗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William and Mary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E8%88%87%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉與瑪麗(页面不存在)">與</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_and_Mary" class="extiw" title="en:William and Mary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William and Mary</span></a></span>)</span></span></small><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="玛丽二世 (英格兰)">瑪麗二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="威廉三世 (英格兰)">威廉三世及二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="安妮 (英国女王)">安妮</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="《1707年聯合法案》生效以來:大不列颠及联合王国君主"><b>《<a href="/wiki/1707%E5%B9%B4%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="1707年聯合法案">1707年聯合法案</a>》生效以來:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">大不列颠及联合王国君主</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="安妮 (英国女王)">安妮</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治一世 (英国)">喬治一世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" title="乔治二世 (英国)">喬治二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="喬治三世">喬治三世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="喬治四世">喬治四世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="威廉四世 (英國)">威廉四世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="维多利亚女王">維多利亞</a><sup>1</sup></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华七世">爱德华七世</a><sup>1</sup></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="乔治五世">乔治五世</a><sup>1</sup></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华八世">爱德华八世</a><sup>1</sup></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96" title="乔治六世">乔治六世</a><sup>1</sup></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="伊丽莎白二世">伊丽莎白二世</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="查爾斯三世">查爾斯三世</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1: 兼任<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="印度皇帝">印度皇帝/女皇</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="英国首相" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="Template:英國首相"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="Template talk:英國首相"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:英國首相"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="英国首相" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">首相</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="第一財政大臣">第一財政大臣</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AF%A7%E8%A1%9710%E8%99%9F" title="唐寧街10號">官邸</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AF%A7%E8%A1%9712%E8%99%9F" title="唐寧街12號">新闻部办公室</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="契克斯">乡间别墅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E5%9C%A8%E4%BB%BB%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%8A%83%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="按在任時間劃分的英國首相列表">任期排序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1%E5%8A%83%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="按年齡劃分的英國首相列表">年齡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="大不列顛王國国旗"><img alt="大不列顛王國国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國">大不列顛王國</a><br /><small>1707-1801</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·沃波尔">沃波爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B6%AD%E6%98%8E%E9%A0%93%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A0%93" title="第一代維明頓伯爵斯賓塞·康普頓">維明頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="亨利·佩勒姆">佩勒姆</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第一代紐卡斯爾公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯">紐卡斯爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1" title="第四代德文郡公爵威廉·卡文迪許">德文郡</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第一代紐卡斯爾公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯">紐卡斯爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9" title="第三代比特伯爵約翰·斯圖爾特">標得</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE" title="喬治·格倫維爾">G·格倫維爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE-%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF" title="第二代羅金漢侯爵查爾斯·沃森-文特沃斯">羅金漢</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9F%A5%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="第一代查塔姆伯爵威廉·皮特">查塔姆(老皮特)</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E8%91%9B%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E8%8C%A8%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A" title="第三代葛拉夫頓公爵奧古斯都·菲茨羅伊">格拉夫頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%B3%E7%88%B5%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF" title="諾斯勳爵腓特烈·諾斯">諾斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E9%87%91%E6%BC%A2%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE-%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF" title="第二代羅金漢侯爵查爾斯·沃森-文特沃斯">羅金漢</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E8%92%82" title="第二代謝爾本伯爵威廉·佩蒂">謝爾本</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1-%E6%9C%AC%E5%BB%B7%E5%85%8B" title="第三代波特蘭公爵威廉·卡文迪許-本廷克">波特蘭</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特">小皮特</a></span></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="英国君主">英国君主</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%BE%BD%E7%AB%A0" title="英国皇家徽章(女王陛下政府所用版本)"><img alt="英国皇家徽章(女王陛下政府所用版本)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="英國政府">英國政府</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%87%E9%99%9B%E4%B8%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E)" title="英皇陛下政府 (術語)">英皇陛下政府</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="联合王国国旗"><img alt="联合王国国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">大不列颠<br />及爱尔兰<br />聯合王國</a><br /><small>1801-1922</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特">小皮特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%BB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%B8%81%E9%A0%93" title="第一代西德默斯子爵亨利·阿丁頓">阿丁頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特">小皮特</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%BC%E4%BC%A6%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E4%BC%A6%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="第一代格伦维尔男爵威廉·格伦维尔">W·格伦维尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%A8%B1-%E6%9C%AC%E5%BB%B7%E5%85%8B" title="第三代波特蘭公爵威廉·卡文迪許-本廷克">波特蘭</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E7%8F%80%E8%A5%BF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE" title="斯賓塞·珀西瓦爾">珀西瓦爾</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E9%87%91%E9%81%9C" title="第二代利物浦伯爵羅伯特·詹金遜">利物浦</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E5%AF%A7" title="喬治·坎寧">坎寧</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5F%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%93%E9%81%9C" title="第一代戈德里奇子爵F·J·羅賓遜">戈德里奇</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A8%81%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9" title="第一代威靈頓公爵阿瑟·韋爾斯利">威靈頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7" title="第二代格雷伯爵查爾斯·格雷">格雷</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E5%A2%A8%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AC%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%A7%86" title="第二代墨爾本子爵威廉·蘭姆">墨爾本</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A8%81%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9" title="第一代威靈頓公爵阿瑟·韋爾斯利">威靈頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·皮尔">皮尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E5%A2%A8%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AC%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%A7%86" title="第二代墨爾本子爵威廉·蘭姆">墨爾本</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·皮尔">皮尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" title="第一代羅素伯爵約翰·羅素">羅素</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF-%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9" title="第十四代德比伯爵愛德華·史密斯-斯坦利">德比</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%81%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF-%E6%88%88%E7%99%BB" title="第四代阿伯丁伯爵乔治·汉密尔顿-戈登">阿伯丁</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%B4%E9%BA%A5%E5%B0%8A%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" title="第三代巴麥尊子爵亨利·坦普爾">巴麥尊</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF-%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9" title="第十四代德比伯爵愛德華·史密斯-斯坦利">德比</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%B4%E9%BA%A5%E5%B0%8A%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE" title="第三代巴麥尊子爵亨利·坦普爾">巴麥尊</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" title="第一代羅素伯爵約翰·羅素">羅素</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF-%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9" title="第十四代德比伯爵愛德華·史密斯-斯坦利">德比</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%82%91%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9" title="本傑明·迪斯雷利">迪斯雷利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓">格萊斯頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%82%91%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9" title="本傑明·迪斯雷利">迪斯雷利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓">格萊斯頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0-%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="第三代索爾斯伯利侯爵羅伯特·蓋斯科因-塞西爾">索尔斯伯利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓">格萊斯頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0-%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="第三代索爾斯伯利侯爵羅伯特·蓋斯科因-塞西爾">索尔斯伯利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·格萊斯頓">格萊斯頓</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="第五代羅斯伯里伯爵阿奇博爾德·普里姆羅斯">羅斯伯里</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0-%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="第三代索爾斯伯利侯爵羅伯特·蓋斯科因-塞西爾">索尔斯伯利</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%A6%8F" title="阿瑟·貝爾福">貝爾福</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE-%E7%8F%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%9B%BC" title="亨利·甘貝爾-班納曼">甘貝爾-班納曼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/H%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%8E%E6%96%AF" title="H·H·阿斯奎斯">阿斯奎斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%90%88%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB" title="大衛·勞合·喬治">勞合·喬治</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E" title="博納·勞">博納·勞</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9" title="斯坦利·鲍德温">鲍德温</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%8A%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D" title="拉姆齊·麥克唐納">麥克唐納</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="联合王国国旗"><img alt="联合王国国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">大不列颠<br />及北爱尔兰<br />聯合王國</a><br /><small>1922-</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9" title="斯坦利·鲍德温">鲍德温</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%8A%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D" title="拉姆齊·麥克唐納">麥克唐納</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9" title="斯坦利·鲍德温">鲍德温</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BC%A0%E4%BC%AF%E4%BC%A6" title="内维尔·张伯伦">张伯伦</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="温斯顿·丘吉尔">丘吉尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E9%97%A8%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%A4%BC" title="克莱门特·艾德礼">艾德礼</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="温斯顿·丘吉尔">丘吉尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E7%99%BB" title="安東尼·艾登">艾登</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E7%BE%8E%E5%80%AB" title="哈羅德·麥美倫">麥美倫</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF-%E4%BC%91%E5%A7%86" title="亞歷克·道格拉斯-休姆">道格拉斯-休姆</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="哈羅德·威爾遜">威爾遜</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%80%9D" title="爱德华·希思">希思</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="哈羅德·威爾遜">威爾遜</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%BC%A2" title="詹姆斯·卡拉漢">卡拉漢</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%92%92%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94" title="玛格丽特·撒切尔">撒切尔夫人</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%9D%B0" title="约翰·梅杰">梅杰</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94" title="托尼·布莱尔">布莱尔</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97" title="戈登·布朗">布朗</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%A2%85%E4%BC%A6" title="戴维·卡梅伦">卡梅伦</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%BF%A0%E7%8F%8A" title="文翠珊">梅</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A" title="鲍里斯·约翰逊">约翰逊</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%89%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="莉兹·特拉斯">特拉斯</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B" title="里希·苏纳克">苏纳克</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%B4%80%E8%B3%A2" title="施紀賢">斯塔摩</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>参见:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" title="英国内阁">内阁</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%89%AF%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英國副首相">副首相</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E9%BB%A8%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="反對黨領袖 (英國)">反对党领袖</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英国首相列表">列表</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="Category:英国首相">分類</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">共享資源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐697b7966c5‐l94v8 Cached time: 20241126184742 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.607 seconds Real time usage: 2.923 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 14717/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 917752/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 50633/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 30/100 Expensive parser function count: 38/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 194198/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.438/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 27470507/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 360 ms 21.2% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 320 ms 18.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 180 ms 10.6% 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