CINXE.COM

John C. Martin's Homepage - UMN 10-inch Refractor Observers

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><script nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q">var DOCS_timing={}; DOCS_timing['sl']=new Date().getTime();</script><script nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q">function _DumpException(e) {throw e;}</script><script data-id="_gd" nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q">window.WIZ_global_data = {"K1cgmc":"%.@.[null,null,null,[null,1,[1732693502,850600000]]]]","nQyAE":{}};</script><script nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q">_docs_flag_initialData={"atari-emtpr":false,"atari-eibrm":false,"docs-text-elei":false,"docs-text-usc":true,"atari-bae":false,"docs-text-emtps":true,"docs-text-etsrdpn":false,"docs-text-etsrds":false,"docs-text-endes":false,"docs-text-escpv":true,"docs-text-ecfs":false,"docs-text-ecis":true,"docs-text-eectfs":true,"docs-text-edctzs":true,"docs-text-eetxpc":false,"docs-text-eetxp":false,"docs-text-ertkmcp":true,"docs-text-ettctvs":false,"docs-text-ettts":true,"docs-text-escoubs":false,"docs-text-escivs":false,"docs-text-escitrbs":false,"docs-text-ecgvd":false,"docs-text-esbbcts":true,"docs-text-etccdts":false,"docs-text-etcchrs":false,"docs-text-etctrs":false,"docs-text-eltbbs":true,"docs-text-ecvdis":false,"docs-text-elaiabbs":false,"docs-text-eiosmc":false,"docs-text-ecslpo":false,"docs-text-etb":false,"docs-text-esbefr":false,"docs-text-ipi":false,"docs-etshc":false,"docs-text-tbcb":2.0E7,"docs-efsmsdl":false,"docs-text-etof":false,"docs-text-ehlb":false,"docs-text-epa":true,"docs-text-dwit":false,"docs-text-elawp":false,"docs-eec":false,"docs-ecot":"","docs-text-enbcr":false,"docs-sup":"","umss":false,"docs-eldi":false,"docs-dli":false,"docs-liap":"/logImpressions","ilcm":{"eui":"AHKXmL2eAg2MzwAmJ5xIBCdDTOwUtkAVcxxzPSJMVsZ8ujxPf8VN8VUfUHBKwky0WRkk_pSdDx58","je":1,"sstu":1732735057804416,"si":"CID58Iyd_YkDFf-6IwAdzLE6BA","gsc":null,"ei":[5703839,5704621,5706832,5706836,5707711,5737784,5737800,5738513,5738529,5740798,5740814,5743108,5743124,5747261,5748013,5748029,5752678,5752694,5753313,5753329,5754213,5754229,5755080,5755096,5758807,5758823,5762243,5762259,5764252,5764268,5765535,5765551,5766761,5766777,5773662,5773678,5774331,5774347,5774836,5774852,5776501,5776517,5784931,5784947,5784951,5784967,5791766,5791782,5796457,5796473,14101306,14101502,14101510,14101534,49372435,49372443,49375314,49375322,49472063,49472071,49622823,49622831,49623173,49623181,49643568,49643576,49644015,49644023,49769337,49769345,49822921,49822929,49823164,49823172,49833462,49833470,49842855,49842863,49924706,49924714,50221720,50221728,50266222,50266230,50273528,50273536,50297076,50297084,50297426,50297434,50498907,50498915,50529103,50529111,50561333,50561341,50586962,50586970,70971256,70971264,71035517,71035525,71038255,71038263,71079938,71079946,71085241,71085249,71185170,71185178,71197826,71197834,71238946,71238954,71289146,71289154,71387889,71387897,71429507,71429515,71478200,71478208,71478589,71478597,71502841,71502849,71528597,71528605,71530083,71530091,71544834,71544842,71545513,71545521,71546425,71546433,71560069,71560077,71561541,71561549,71573870,71573878,71642103,71642111,71652830,71652838,71658040,71658048,71659813,71659821,71689860,71689868,71699841,71699849,71720760,71721087,71721095,71733083,71733091,71798420,71798436,71798440,71798456,71849655,71849663,71882106,71882114,71897827,71897835,71960540,71960548,71961126,71961134,94333163,94333171,94353368,94353376,94390153,94390161,94413607,94413615,94420737,94420745,94434257,94434265,94435578,94435586,94444292,94444300,94484634,94484642,94489858,94489866,94502654,94502662,94526768,94526776,94545004,94545012,94597639,94597647,94630911,94661802,94661810,94707424,94707432,94784571,94784579,94875009,94875017,94904089,94904097,94929210,94929218,94942490,94942498,95065889,95065897,95086191,95086199,95087186,95087194,95112873,95112881,95118551,95118559,95135933,95135941,95234185,95234871,95234879,95251262,95251270,95254920,95254928,95270945,95270953,95314802,95314810,95317985,99237681,99237689,99247596,99247604,99310979,99310987,99338440,99338448,99368792,99368800,99401881,99401889,99402331,99402339,99437441,99437449,99460069,100130662,100130678,101406734,101406742,101442805,101442813,101456452,101456460,101488823,101488831,101489187,101489195,101507186,101507194,101519280,101519288,101606928,101606936,101617516,101617524,101631040,101631048,101705089,101708583,101708591,101771970,101771978,101776366,101776374,101783430,101783446,101875074,101875082,102047762,102047770],"crc":0,"cvi":[]},"docs-ccdil":false,"docs-eil":true,"info_params":{},"buildLabel":"editors.sites-viewer-frontend_20241112.02_p1","docs-show_debug_info":false,"atari-jefp":"/_/view/jserror","docs-jern":"view","atari-rhpp":"/_/view","docs-ecuach":false,"docs-cclt":2033,"docs-ecci":true,"docs-esi":false,"docs-efypr":true,"docs-eyprp":true}; _docs_flag_cek= null ; if (window['DOCS_timing']) {DOCS_timing['ifdld']=new Date().getTime();}</script><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="referrer" content="origin"><link rel="icon" href="https://ssl.gstatic.com/atari/images/public/favicon.ico"><meta property="og:title" content="John C. Martin&#39;s Homepage - UMN 10-inch Refractor Observers"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:url" content="https://sites.google.com/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers"><meta property="og:description" content=" At least twenty five separate individuals labored to expose the plates in the collection. Of these, &quot;Lv&quot; (which 134/415 plates) and &quot;Beal&quot; (97/415) were by far the most prolific observers. We have reason to believe that &quot;Lv&quot; and &quot;F.P.L&quot; are Leavenworth, who was a professor of Astronomy at"><meta itemprop="name" content="John C. Martin&#39;s Homepage - UMN 10-inch Refractor Observers"><meta itemprop="description" content=" At least twenty five separate individuals labored to expose the plates in the collection. Of these, &quot;Lv&quot; (which 134/415 plates) and &quot;Beal&quot; (97/415) were by far the most prolific observers. We have reason to believe that &quot;Lv&quot; and &quot;F.P.L&quot; are Leavenworth, who was a professor of Astronomy at"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://sites.google.com/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers"><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato%3A300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C700%2C700italic&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" nonce="dg38I560c3aQg3tdS9FE4w"><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500|Roboto:300,400,500,700|Source+Code+Pro:400,700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" nonce="dg38I560c3aQg3tdS9FE4w"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.gstatic.com/_/atari/_/ss/k=atari.vw.7R57rYYVGiA.L.X.O/am=MBiA/d=1/rs=AGEqA5nH97dOwqY0iGblvGlWiaR59owncA" data-id="_cl" nonce="dg38I560c3aQg3tdS9FE4w"><script nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q"></script><title>John C. Martin&#39;s Homepage - UMN 10-inch Refractor Observers</title><style jsname="ptDGoc" nonce="dg38I560c3aQg3tdS9FE4w">.M63kCb{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.OUGEr{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.duRjpb .OUGEr{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.JYVBee .OUGEr{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.OmQG5e .OUGEr{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.iwQgFb{background-color: rgba(211,211,211,1);}.ySLm4c{font-family: Lato, sans-serif;}.CbiMKe{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,1);}.qeLZfd .zfr3Q{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.qeLZfd .qnVSj{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.qeLZfd .Glwbz{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.qeLZfd .duRjpb{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.qeLZfd .qLrapd{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.qeLZfd .JYVBee{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.qeLZfd .aHM7ed{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.qeLZfd .OmQG5e{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.qeLZfd .NHD4Gf{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.qeLZfd .aw5Odc{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.qeLZfd .dhtgD:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.qeLZfd .dhtgD:visited{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.qeLZfd .iwQgFb{background-color: rgba(210,210,210,1);}.qeLZfd .OUGEr{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.qeLZfd .duRjpb .OUGEr{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.qeLZfd .JYVBee .OUGEr{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.qeLZfd .OmQG5e .OUGEr{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.qeLZfd:before{background-color: rgba(254,254,254,1); display: block;}.lQAHbd .zfr3Q{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .qnVSj{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .Glwbz{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .duRjpb{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .qLrapd{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .JYVBee{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .aHM7ed{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .OmQG5e{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .NHD4Gf{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .aw5Odc{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .dhtgD:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .dhtgD:visited{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .iwQgFb{background-color: rgba(205,205,205,1);}.lQAHbd .OUGEr{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .duRjpb .OUGEr{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .JYVBee .OUGEr{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .OmQG5e .OUGEr{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.lQAHbd .CbiMKe{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.lQAHbd:before{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,1); display: block;}.cJgDec .zfr3Q{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.cJgDec .zfr3Q .OUGEr{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.cJgDec .qnVSj{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.cJgDec .Glwbz{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.cJgDec .qLrapd{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.cJgDec .aHM7ed{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.cJgDec .NHD4Gf{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.cJgDec .IFuOkc:before{background-color: rgba(33,33,33,1); opacity: 0; display: block;}.O13XJf{height: 340px; padding-bottom: 60px; padding-top: 60px;}.O13XJf .IFuOkc{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,1); background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/atari/images/simple-header-blended-small.png);}.O13XJf .IFuOkc:before{background-color: rgba(33,33,33,1); opacity: 0.4; display: block;}.O13XJf .zfr3Q{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.O13XJf .qnVSj{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.O13XJf .Glwbz{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.O13XJf .duRjpb{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.O13XJf .qLrapd{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.O13XJf .JYVBee{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.O13XJf .aHM7ed{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.O13XJf .OmQG5e{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.O13XJf .NHD4Gf{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.tpmmCb .zfr3Q{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.tpmmCb .zfr3Q .OUGEr{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.tpmmCb .qnVSj{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.tpmmCb .Glwbz{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.tpmmCb .qLrapd{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.tpmmCb .aHM7ed{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.tpmmCb .NHD4Gf{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.tpmmCb .IFuOkc:before{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1); display: block;}.tpmmCb .Wew9ke{fill: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.aw5Odc{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.dhtgD:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.dhtgD:active{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.dhtgD:visited{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.Zjiec{color: rgba(255,255,255,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 19pt; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.3; padding-bottom: 62.5px; padding-left: 48px; padding-right: 36px; padding-top: 11.5px;}.XMyrgf{margin-top: 0px; margin-left: 48px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-right: 24px;}.TlfmSc{color: rgba(255,255,255,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.333;}.Mz8gvb{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.zDUgLc{background-color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.QTKDff.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1199999973);}.YTv4We{color: rgba(178,178,178,1);}.YTv4We:hover:before{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1199999973); display: block;}.YTv4We.chg4Jd:focus:before{border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.3600000143); display: block;}.eWDljc{background-color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.eWDljc .hDrhEe{padding-left: 8px;}.ZXW7w{color: rgba(255,255,255,1); opacity: 0.26;}.PsKE7e{color: rgba(255,255,255,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 300;}.lhZOrc{color: rgba(249,249,249,1);}.hDrhEe:hover{color: rgba(249,249,249,1);}.M9vuGd{color: rgba(249,249,249,1); font-weight: 400;}.jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(249,249,249,1);}.j10yRb:hover{color: rgba(249,249,249,1);}.j10yRb.chg4Jd:focus:before{border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.3600000143); display: block;}.tCHXDc{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1199999973);}.wgxiMe{background-color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.fOU46b .TlfmSc{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.fOU46b .KJll8d{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.fOU46b .Mz8gvb{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.fOU46b .Mz8gvb.chg4Jd:focus:before{border-color: rgba(255,255,255,1); display: block;}.fOU46b .qV4dIc{color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8700000048);}.fOU46b .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.fOU46b .M9vuGd{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.fOU46b .tCHXDc{color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8700000048);}.fOU46b .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1199999973);}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .Mz8gvb{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .Mz8gvb.chg4Jd:focus:before{border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119); display: block;}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .ZXW7w{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .TlfmSc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .KJll8d{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .qV4dIc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8199999928);}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .M9vuGd{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8199999928);}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .tCHXDc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.fOU46b .G8QRnc .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1199999973);}.fOU46b .usN8rf .Mz8gvb{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .usN8rf .Mz8gvb.chg4Jd:focus:before{border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119); display: block;}.fOU46b .usN8rf .ZXW7w{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .usN8rf .TlfmSc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .usN8rf .KJll8d{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .usN8rf .qV4dIc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.fOU46b .usN8rf .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8199999928);}.fOU46b .usN8rf .M9vuGd{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8199999928);}.fOU46b .usN8rf .tCHXDc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.fOU46b .usN8rf .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1199999973);}.fOU46b .aCIEDd .qV4dIc{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.fOU46b .aCIEDd .TlfmSc{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.fOU46b .aCIEDd .KJll8d{background-color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.fOU46b .aCIEDd .ZXW7w{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.fOU46b .aCIEDd .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(33,33,33,1); opacity: 0.82;}.fOU46b .aCIEDd .Mz8gvb{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.fOU46b .aCIEDd .tCHXDc{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.fOU46b .aCIEDd .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(33,33,33,0.1199999973);}.fOU46b .a3ETed .qV4dIc{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.fOU46b .a3ETed .TlfmSc{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.fOU46b .a3ETed .KJll8d{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.fOU46b .a3ETed .ZXW7w{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.fOU46b .a3ETed .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,1); opacity: 0.82;}.fOU46b .a3ETed .Mz8gvb{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.fOU46b .a3ETed .tCHXDc{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.fOU46b .a3ETed .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1199999973);}@media only screen and (min-width: 1280px){.XeSM4.b2Iqye.fOU46b .LBrwzc .tCHXDc{color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8700000048);}}.XeSM4.b2Iqye.fOU46b .LBrwzc .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1199999973);}@media only screen and (min-width: 1280px){.KuNac.b2Iqye.fOU46b .tCHXDc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}}.KuNac.b2Iqye.fOU46b .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1199999973);}.fOU46b .zDUgLc{opacity: 0;}.LBrwzc .ZXW7w{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.LBrwzc .KJll8d{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.GBy4H .ZXW7w{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.GBy4H .KJll8d{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.eBSUbc{background-color: rgba(33,33,33,1); color: rgba(0,188,212,0.6999999881);}.BFDQOb:hover{color: rgba(249,249,249,1);}.ImnMyf{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1); color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.Vs12Bd{background-color: rgba(254,254,254,1); color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.S5d9Rd{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,1); color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.zfr3Q{color: rgba(33,33,33,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.6667; margin-top: 12px;}.qnVSj{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.Glwbz{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.duRjpb{color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 34pt; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 30px;}.Ap4VC{margin-bottom: -30px;}.qLrapd{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.JYVBee{color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 19pt; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 20px;}.CobnVe{margin-bottom: -20px;}.aHM7ed{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.OmQG5e{color: rgba(33,33,33,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.25; margin-top: 16px;}.GV3q8e{margin-bottom: -16px;}.NHD4Gf{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.LB7kq .duRjpb{font-size: 64pt; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 1; margin-top: 40px;}.LB7kq .JYVBee{font-size: 25pt; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 25px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.LB7kq .duRjpb{font-size: 40pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.LB7kq .duRjpb{font-size: 53pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.LB7kq .JYVBee{font-size: 19pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.LB7kq .JYVBee{font-size: 22pt;}}.O13XJf{height: 340px; padding-bottom: 60px; padding-top: 60px;}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.O13XJf{height: 280px; padding-bottom: 40px; padding-top: 40px;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.O13XJf{height: 250px; padding-bottom: 30px; padding-top: 30px;}}.SBrW1{height: 520px;}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.SBrW1{height: 520px;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.SBrW1{height: 400px;}}.Wew9ke{fill: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.gk8rDe{height: 180px; padding-bottom: 32px; padding-top: 60px;}.gk8rDe .zfr3Q{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.gk8rDe .duRjpb{color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-size: 45pt; line-height: 1.1;}.gk8rDe .qLrapd{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.gk8rDe .JYVBee{color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-size: 27pt; line-height: 1.35; margin-top: 15px;}.gk8rDe .aHM7ed{color: rgba(0,0,0,1);}.gk8rDe .OmQG5e{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}.gk8rDe .NHD4Gf{color: rgba(33,33,33,1);}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.gk8rDe .duRjpb{font-size: 30pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.gk8rDe .duRjpb{font-size: 38pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.gk8rDe .JYVBee{font-size: 20pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.gk8rDe .JYVBee{font-size: 24pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.gk8rDe{padding-top: 45px;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.gk8rDe{padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 30px;}}.dhtgD{text-decoration: underline;}.JzO0Vc{background-color: rgba(33,33,33,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; width: 250px;}@media only screen and (min-width: 1280px){.JzO0Vc{padding-top: 48.5px;}}.TlfmSc{font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.333;}.PsKE7e{font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;}.IKA38e{line-height: 1.21;}.hDrhEe{padding-bottom: 11.5px; padding-top: 11.5px;}.zDUgLc{opacity: 1;}.QmpIrf{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,1); border-color: rgba(0,0,0,1); color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.xkUom{border-color: rgba(248,248,248,1); color: rgba(248,248,248,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.xkUom:hover{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,0.1000000015);}.KjwKmc{color: rgba(248,248,248,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; line-height: normal;}.KjwKmc:hover{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,0.1000000015);}.lQAHbd .QmpIrf{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1); border-color: rgba(0,0,0,1); color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.lQAHbd .xkUom{border-color: rgba(254,254,254,1); color: rgba(254,254,254,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.lQAHbd .xkUom:hover{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1000000015);}.lQAHbd .KjwKmc{color: rgba(254,254,254,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.lQAHbd .KjwKmc:hover{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1000000015);}.lQAHbd .Mt0nFe{border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.200000003);}.cJgDec .QmpIrf{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1); border-color: rgba(0,0,0,1); color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.cJgDec .xkUom{border-color: rgba(254,254,254,1); color: rgba(254,254,254,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.cJgDec .xkUom:hover{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1000000015);}.cJgDec .KjwKmc{color: rgba(254,254,254,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.cJgDec .KjwKmc:hover{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1000000015);}.tpmmCb .QmpIrf{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1); border-color: rgba(0,0,0,1); color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.tpmmCb .xkUom{border-color: rgba(248,248,248,1); color: rgba(248,248,248,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.tpmmCb .xkUom:hover{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,0.1000000015);}.tpmmCb .KjwKmc{color: rgba(248,248,248,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.tpmmCb .KjwKmc:hover{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,0.1000000015);}.gk8rDe .QmpIrf{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,1); border-color: rgba(0,0,0,1); color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.gk8rDe .xkUom{border-color: rgba(248,248,248,1); color: rgba(248,248,248,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.gk8rDe .xkUom:hover{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,0.1000000015);}.gk8rDe .KjwKmc{color: rgba(248,248,248,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.gk8rDe .KjwKmc:hover{background-color: rgba(248,248,248,0.1000000015);}.O13XJf .QmpIrf{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1); border-color: rgba(0,0,0,1); color: rgba(0,0,0,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.O13XJf .xkUom{border-color: rgba(254,254,254,1); color: rgba(254,254,254,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.O13XJf .xkUom:hover{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1000000015);}.O13XJf .KjwKmc{color: rgba(254,254,254,1); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal;}.O13XJf .KjwKmc:hover{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1000000015);}.Y4CpGd{font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;}.CMArNe{background-color: rgba(254,254,254,1);}.LBrwzc .TlfmSc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.LBrwzc .YTv4We{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.LBrwzc .YTv4We.chg4Jd:focus:before{border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857); display: block;}.LBrwzc .Mz8gvb{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.LBrwzc .tCHXDc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.LBrwzc .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1199999973);}.LBrwzc .wgxiMe{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.LBrwzc .qV4dIc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.LBrwzc .M9vuGd{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119); font-weight: bold;}.LBrwzc .Zjiec{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.LBrwzc .IKA38e{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.LBrwzc .lhZOrc.IKA38e{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119); font-weight: bold;}.LBrwzc .j10yRb:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.LBrwzc .eBSUbc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.LBrwzc .hDrhEe:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.LBrwzc .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.LBrwzc .M9vuGd:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.LBrwzc .zDUgLc{border-bottom-color: rgba(204,204,204,1); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid;}.fOU46b .LBrwzc .M9vuGd{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .LBrwzc .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8000000119);}.fOU46b .LBrwzc .zDUgLc{opacity: 1; border-bottom-style: none;}.fOU46b .LBrwzc .tCHXDc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.fOU46b .LBrwzc .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1199999973);}.fOU46b .GBy4H .M9vuGd{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.fOU46b .GBy4H .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.fOU46b .GBy4H .zDUgLc{opacity: 1;}.fOU46b .GBy4H .tCHXDc{color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8700000048);}.fOU46b .GBy4H .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1199999973);}.XeSM4.G9Qloe.fOU46b .LBrwzc .tCHXDc{color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6399999857);}.XeSM4.G9Qloe.fOU46b .LBrwzc .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.1199999973);}.GBy4H .lhZOrc.IKA38e{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.GBy4H .eBSUbc{color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8700000048);}.GBy4H .hDrhEe:hover{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.GBy4H .j10yRb:hover{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.GBy4H .YTv4We{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.GBy4H .YTv4We.chg4Jd:focus:before{border-color: rgba(255,255,255,1); display: block;}.GBy4H .tCHXDc{color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8700000048);}.GBy4H .iWs3gf.chg4Jd:focus{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1199999973);}.GBy4H .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.GBy4H .jgXgSe:hover{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.GBy4H .M9vuGd{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.GBy4H .M9vuGd:hover{color: rgba(255,255,255,1);}.QcmuFb{padding-left: 20px;}.vDPrib{padding-left: 40px;}.TBDXjd{padding-left: 60px;}.bYeK8e{padding-left: 80px;}.CuqSDe{padding-left: 100px;}.Havqpe{padding-left: 120px;}.JvDrRe{padding-left: 140px;}.o5lrIf{padding-left: 160px;}.yOJW7c{padding-left: 180px;}.rB8cye{padding-left: 200px;}.RuayVd{padding-right: 20px;}.YzcKX{padding-right: 40px;}.reTV0b{padding-right: 60px;}.vSYeUc{padding-right: 80px;}.PxtZIe{padding-right: 100px;}.ahQMed{padding-right: 120px;}.rzhcXb{padding-right: 140px;}.PBhj0b{padding-right: 160px;}.TlN46c{padding-right: 180px;}.GEdNnc{padding-right: 200px;}.TMjjoe{font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;}@media only screen and (min-width: 1280px){.yxgWrb{margin-left: 250px;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.Zjiec{font-size: 15pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.Zjiec{font-size: 17pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.TlfmSc{font-size: 13pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.TlfmSc{font-size: 14pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.PsKE7e{font-size: 12pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.PsKE7e{font-size: 12pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.duRjpb{font-size: 24pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.duRjpb{font-size: 29pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.JYVBee{font-size: 15pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.JYVBee{font-size: 17pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.OmQG5e{font-size: 13pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.OmQG5e{font-size: 14pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.TlfmSc{font-size: 13pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.TlfmSc{font-size: 14pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.PsKE7e{font-size: 12pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.PsKE7e{font-size: 12pt;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){.TMjjoe{font-size: 9pt;}}@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){.TMjjoe{font-size: 9pt;}}</style><script nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q">_at_config = [null,"AIzaSyChg3MFqzdi1P5J-YvEyakkSA1yU7HRcDI","897606708560-a63d8ia0t9dhtpdt4i3djab2m42see7o.apps.googleusercontent.com",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"SITES_%s",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["AHKXmL2eAg2MzwAmJ5xIBCdDTOwUtkAVcxxzPSJMVsZ8ujxPf8VN8VUfUHBKwky0WRkk_pSdDx58",1,"CID58Iyd_YkDFf-6IwAdzLE6BA",1732735057804416,[5703839,5704621,5706832,5706836,5707711,5737784,5737800,5738513,5738529,5740798,5740814,5743108,5743124,5747261,5748013,5748029,5752678,5752694,5753313,5753329,5754213,5754229,5755080,5755096,5758807,5758823,5762243,5762259,5764252,5764268,5765535,5765551,5766761,5766777,5773662,5773678,5774331,5774347,5774836,5774852,5776501,5776517,5784931,5784947,5784951,5784967,5791766,5791782,5796457,5796473,14101306,14101502,14101510,14101534,49372435,49372443,49375314,49375322,49472063,49472071,49622823,49622831,49623173,49623181,49643568,49643576,49644015,49644023,49769337,49769345,49822921,49822929,49823164,49823172,49833462,49833470,49842855,49842863,49924706,49924714,50221720,50221728,50266222,50266230,50273528,50273536,50297076,50297084,50297426,50297434,50498907,50498915,50529103,50529111,50561333,50561341,50586962,50586970,70971256,70971264,71035517,71035525,71038255,71038263,71079938,71079946,71085241,71085249,71185170,71185178,71197826,71197834,71238946,71238954,71289146,71289154,71387889,71387897,71429507,71429515,71478200,71478208,71478589,71478597,71502841,71502849,71528597,71528605,71530083,71530091,71544834,71544842,71545513,71545521,71546425,71546433,71560069,71560077,71561541,71561549,71573870,71573878,71642103,71642111,71652830,71652838,71658040,71658048,71659813,71659821,71689860,71689868,71699841,71699849,71720760,71721087,71721095,71733083,71733091,71798420,71798436,71798440,71798456,71849655,71849663,71882106,71882114,71897827,71897835,71960540,71960548,71961126,71961134,94333163,94333171,94353368,94353376,94390153,94390161,94413607,94413615,94420737,94420745,94434257,94434265,94435578,94435586,94444292,94444300,94484634,94484642,94489858,94489866,94502654,94502662,94526768,94526776,94545004,94545012,94597639,94597647,94630911,94661802,94661810,94707424,94707432,94784571,94784579,94875009,94875017,94904089,94904097,94929210,94929218,94942490,94942498,95065889,95065897,95086191,95086199,95087186,95087194,95112873,95112881,95118551,95118559,95135933,95135941,95234185,95234871,95234879,95251262,95251270,95254920,95254928,95270945,95270953,95314802,95314810,95317985,99237681,99237689,99247596,99247604,99310979,99310987,99338440,99338448,99368792,99368800,99401881,99401889,99402331,99402339,99437441,99437449,99460069,100130662,100130678,101406734,101406742,101442805,101442813,101456452,101456460,101488823,101488831,101489187,101489195,101507186,101507194,101519280,101519288,101606928,101606936,101617516,101617524,101631040,101631048,101705089,101708583,101708591,101771970,101771978,101776366,101776374,101783430,101783446,101875074,101875082,102047762,102047770]],null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://drive.google.com",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"v2internal","https://docs.google.com",null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://sites.google.com/new/",null,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,"",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6,null,null,"https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth","https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/postmessageRelay",null,null,null,null,78,"https://sites.google.com/new/?usp\u003dviewer_footer",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://www.gstatic.com/atari/embeds/83a60601c213b72fb19c1855fb0c5f26/intermediate-frame-minified.html",0,null,"v2beta",null,null,null,null,null,null,4,"https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/iframe",null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://8676941-atari-embeds.googleusercontent.com/embeds/16cb204cf3a9d4d223a0a3fd8b0eec5d/inner-frame-minified.html",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://sites.google.com/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,"",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,[1732735057804,"editors.sites-viewer-frontend_20241112.02_p1","695977640",null,1,1,""],null,null,null,null,0,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,20,500,"https://domains.google.com",null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,"https://www.google.com/calendar/embed",null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"PROD",0,null,0,null,1]; window.globals = {"enableAnalytics":true,"webPropertyId":"","showDebug":false,"hashedSiteId":"1d4c12e9c66f0cad5eea3be5a7a753d95710741540936c93cd351f1817c24db8","normalizedPath":"a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers","pageTitle":"UMN 10-inch Refractor Observers"}; function gapiLoaded() {if (globals.gapiLoaded == undefined) {globals.gapiLoaded = true;} else {globals.gapiLoaded();}}window.messages = []; window.addEventListener && window.addEventListener('message', function(e) {if (window.messages && e.data && e.data.magic == 'SHIC') {window.messages.push(e);}});</script><script src="https://apis.google.com/js/client.js?onload=gapiLoaded" nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q"></script><script nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q">(function(){}).call(this); </script><script nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q">const imageUrl = null ; function bgImgLoaded() { if (!globals.headerBgImgLoaded) { globals.headerBgImgLoaded = new Date().getTime(); } else { globals.headerBgImgLoaded(); } } if (imageUrl) { const img = new Image(); img.src = imageUrl; img.onload = bgImgLoaded; globals.headerBgImgExists = true; } else { globals.headerBgImgExists = false; } </script></head><body dir="ltr" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" id="yDmH0d" css="yDmH0d"><div jscontroller="pc62j" jsmodel="iTeaXe" jsaction="rcuQ6b:WYd;GvneHb:og1FDd;vbaUQc:uAM5ec;"><div id="docs-banner-container"><div id="docs-banners"><div id="HB1eCd-mzNpsf-r8s4j-ORHb"></div><div id="HB1eCd-TZk80d-r8s4j-ORHb" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div></div><div class="HB1eCd-Vkfede-NBtyUd-PvRhvb-LwH6nd"></div></div><div jscontroller="X4BaPc" jsaction="rcuQ6b:WYd;o6xM5b:Pg9eo;HuL2Hd:mHeCvf;VMhF5:FFYy5e;sk3Qmb:HI1Mdd;JIbuQc:rSzFEd(z2EeY),aSaF6e(ilzYPe);"><div jscontroller="o1L5Wb" data-sitename="john-c-martin-s-homepage" data-search-scope="1" data-domain="uis.edu" data-universe="2" jsmodel="fNFZH" jsaction="Pe9H6d:cZFEp;WMZaJ:VsGN3;hJluRd:UADL7b;zuqEgd:HI9w0;tr6QDd:Y8aXB;MxH79b:xDkBfb;JIbuQc:SPXMTb(uxAMZ),LjG1Ed(a6mxbb);" jsname="G0jgYd"><div jsname="gYwusb" class="p9b27"></div><div jscontroller="RrXLpc" jsname="XeeWQc" role="banner" jsaction="keydown:uiKYid(OH0EC);rcuQ6b:WYd;zuqEgd:ufqpf;JIbuQc:XfTnxb(lfEfFf),AlTiYc(GeGHKb),AlTiYc(m1xNUe),zZlNMe(pZn8Oc);YqO5N:ELcyfe;"><div jsname="bF1uUb" class="BuY5Fd" jsaction="click:xVuwSc;"></div><div jsname="MVsrn" class="TbNlJb "><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od h3nfre M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="GeGHKb" aria-label="Back to site" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" data-tooltip="Back to site" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="-12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg class="V4YR2c" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M20 11H7.83l5.59-5.59L12 4l-8 8 8 8 1.41-1.41L7.83 13H20v-2z"/></svg></span></span></div><div class="E2UJ5" jsname="M6JdT"><div class="rFrNMe b7AJhc zKHdkd" jscontroller="pxq3x" jsaction="clickonly:KjsqPd; focus:Jt1EX; blur:fpfTEe; input:Lg5SV" jsshadow jsname="OH0EC" aria-expanded="true"><div class="aCsJod oJeWuf"><div class="aXBtI I0VJ4d Wic03c"><span jsslot class="A37UZe qgcB3c iHd5yb"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od i3PoXe M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="lfEfFf" aria-label="Search" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" data-tooltip="Search" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="-12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg class="vu8Pwe" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"/><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/></svg></span></span></div><div class="EmVfjc SKShhf" data-loadingmessage="Loading…" jscontroller="qAKInc" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="Cg7hO" aria-live="assertive" jsname="vyyg5"></div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="xu46lf"><div class="ir3uv uWlRce co39ub"><div class="xq3j6 ERcjC"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="HBnAAc"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="xq3j6 dj3yTd"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="ir3uv GFoASc Cn087"><div class="xq3j6 ERcjC"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="HBnAAc"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="xq3j6 dj3yTd"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="ir3uv WpeOqd hfsr6b"><div class="xq3j6 ERcjC"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="HBnAAc"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="xq3j6 dj3yTd"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="ir3uv rHV3jf EjXFBf"><div class="xq3j6 ERcjC"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="HBnAAc"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="xq3j6 dj3yTd"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od JyJRXe M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="m1xNUe" aria-label="Back to site" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" data-tooltip="Back to site" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="-12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg class="V4YR2c" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M20 11H7.83l5.59-5.59L12 4l-8 8 8 8 1.41-1.41L7.83 13H20v-2z"/></svg></span></span></div></span><div class="Xb9hP"><input type="search" class="whsOnd zHQkBf" jsname="YPqjbf" autocomplete="off" tabindex="0" aria-label="Search this site" value="" aria-disabled="false" autofocus role="combobox" data-initial-value=""/><div jsname="LwH6nd" class="ndJi5d snByac" aria-hidden="true">Search this site</div></div><span jsslot class="A37UZe sxyYjd MQL3Ob"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od Kk06A M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="pZn8Oc" aria-label="Clear search" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" data-tooltip="Clear search" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="-12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg class="fAUEUd" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></span></div></span><div class="i9lrp mIZh1c"></div><div jsname="XmnwAc" class="OabDMe cXrdqd"></div></div></div><div class="LXRPh"><div jsname="ty6ygf" class="ovnfwe Is7Fhb"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div jsname="tiN4bf"><style nonce="dg38I560c3aQg3tdS9FE4w">.rrJNTc{opacity: 0;}.bKy5e{pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0;}</style><div class="bKy5e"><div class="rrJNTc" tabindex="-1"><div class="VfPpkd-dgl2Hf-ppHlrf-sM5MNb" data-is-touch-wrapper='true'><button class="VfPpkd-LgbsSe VfPpkd-LgbsSe-OWXEXe-dgl2Hf LjDxcd XhPA0b LQeN7 WsSUlf jz7fPb" jscontroller="soHxf" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc; touchcancel:JMtRjd; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;mlnRJb:fLiPzd;" data-idom-class="LjDxcd XhPA0b LQeN7 WsSUlf jz7fPb" jsname="z2EeY" tabindex="0"><div class="VfPpkd-Jh9lGc"></div><div class="VfPpkd-J1Ukfc-LhBDec"></div><div class="VfPpkd-RLmnJb"></div><span jsname="V67aGc" class="VfPpkd-vQzf8d">Skip to main content</span></button></div><div class="VfPpkd-dgl2Hf-ppHlrf-sM5MNb" data-is-touch-wrapper='true'><button class="VfPpkd-LgbsSe VfPpkd-LgbsSe-OWXEXe-dgl2Hf LjDxcd XhPA0b LQeN7 WsSUlf br90J" jscontroller="soHxf" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc; touchcancel:JMtRjd; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;mlnRJb:fLiPzd;" data-idom-class="LjDxcd XhPA0b LQeN7 WsSUlf br90J" jsname="ilzYPe" tabindex="0"><div class="VfPpkd-Jh9lGc"></div><div class="VfPpkd-J1Ukfc-LhBDec"></div><div class="VfPpkd-RLmnJb"></div><span jsname="V67aGc" class="VfPpkd-vQzf8d">Skip to navigation</span></button></div></div></div><div class="M63kCb N63NQ"></div><div class="QZ3zWd"><div class="fktJzd AKpWA fOU46b Ly6Unf b2Iqye NWW3Jd XxIgdb" jsname="UzWXSb" data-uses-custom-theme="false" data-legacy-theme-name="QualityBasics" data-legacy-theme-font-kit="Light" data-legacy-theme-color-kit="Custom" jscontroller="Md9ENb" jsaction="gsiSmd:Ffcznf;yj5fUd:cpPetb;HNXL3:q0Vyke;e2SXKd:IPDu5e;BdXpgd:nhk7K;rcuQ6b:WYd;"><header id="atIdViewHeader"><div class="BbxBP G8QRnc" jsname="WA9qLc" jscontroller="RQOkef" jsaction="rcuQ6b:JdcaS;MxH79b:JdcaS;VbOlFf:ywL4Jf;FaOgy:ywL4Jf; keydown:Hq2uPe; wheel:Ut4Ahc;" data-top-navigation="false" data-is-preview="false"><div class="DXsoRd YTv4We oNsfjf" role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="click:LUvzV" jsname="z4Tpl" id="s9iPrd" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="yuynLe" aria-expanded="false"><svg class="wFCWne" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" jsname="B1n9ub" focusable="false"><g transform="translate(12,12)"><path class="hlJH0" d="M-9 -5 L9 -5" fill="none" stroke-width="2"/><path class="HBu6N" d="M-9 0 L9 0" fill="none" stroke-width="2"/><path class="cLAGQe" d="M-9 5 L9 5" fill="none" stroke-width="2"/></g></svg></div><nav class="JzO0Vc" jsname="ihoMLd" role="navigation" tabindex="-1" id="yuynLe" jsaction="transitionend:UD2r5"><a class="Zjiec oNsfjf" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/home"><span>John C. Martin&#39;s Homepage</span></a><ul class="jYxBte Fpy8Db" tabindex="-1"><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="1"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-R6PoUb IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb dk90Ob hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/home" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/home" data-type="1" data-level="1">John C. Martin</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="1"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-R6PoUb IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb dk90Ob hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/public-outreach" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/public-outreach" data-type="1" data-level="1">Public Outreach</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="1"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-R6PoUb IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb dk90Ob hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/publications" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/publications" data-type="1" data-level="1">Publications</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="1"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-R6PoUb IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><div class="j10yRb" role="presentation" title="Expand/Collapse" jsaction="click:Ptdedd" jsname="ix0Hvc"><svg class="dvmRw FWGjId" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" jsname="HIH2V" focusable="false"><g transform="translate(9.7,12) rotate(45)"><path class="K4B8Y" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g><g transform="translate(14.3,12) rotate(-45)"><path class="MrYMx" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g></svg></div><a class="aJHbb dk90Ob hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research" data-type="1" data-level="1">Research</a></div></div><div class="oGuwee jymhMd Mkt3Tc" style="" jsname="QXE97" jsaction="transitionend:SJBdh" role="group"><ul class="VcS63b"><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/barber-research-observatory" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/barber-research-observatory" data-type="1" data-level="2">Barber Research Observatory</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><div class="j10yRb" role="presentation" title="Expand/Collapse" jsaction="click:Ptdedd" jsname="ix0Hvc"><svg class="dvmRw" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" jsname="HIH2V" focusable="false"><g transform="translate(9.7,12) rotate(45)"><path class="K4B8Y" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g><g transform="translate(14.3,12) rotate(-45)"><path class="MrYMx" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g></svg></div><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae" data-type="1" data-level="2">Eta Carinae</a></div></div><div class="oGuwee Mkt3Tc" style="display:none;" jsname="QXE97" jsaction="transitionend:SJBdh" role="group"><ul class="VcS63b"><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/a-map-of-the-4680-emission-around-the-central-star" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/a-map-of-the-4680-emission-around-the-central-star" data-type="1" data-level="3">A map of the 4680 emission around the central star.</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/improving-the-effective-spatial-resolution-of-the-hst-stis" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/improving-the-effective-spatial-resolution-of-the-hst-stis" data-type="1" data-level="3">Improving the Effective Spatial Resolution of the HST STIS</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/index-of-dataset-names" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/index-of-dataset-names" data-type="1" data-level="3">Index of Dataset Names</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/list-of-overexposed-spectra" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/list-of-overexposed-spectra" data-type="1" data-level="3">List of Overexposed Spectra</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/list-of-rows-at-slit-center" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/list-of-rows-at-slit-center" data-type="1" data-level="3">List of Rows at Slit Center</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/measuring-changes-in-brightness-of-the-inner-part-of-the-eta-carinae-nebula" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/measuring-changes-in-brightness-of-the-inner-part-of-the-eta-carinae-nebula" data-type="1" data-level="3">Measuring changes in brightness of the inner part of the Eta Carinae Nebula</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/problems-with-the-stis-ccd-err-array" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/problems-with-the-stis-ccd-err-array" data-type="1" data-level="3">Problems with the STIS CCD ERR Array</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/revision-history-for-eta-car-database" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/revision-history-for-eta-car-database" data-type="1" data-level="3">Revision History For Eta Car Database</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/sequencing-of-stis-observations" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/sequencing-of-stis-observations" data-type="1" data-level="3">Sequencing of STIS Observations</a></div></div></li></ul></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/abundance-analysis-and-kinematics-of-high-galactic-latitude-b-stars" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/abundance-analysis-and-kinematics-of-high-galactic-latitude-b-stars" data-type="1" data-level="2">High Galactic Latitude B Stars</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/robotic-telescopes" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/robotic-telescopes" data-type="1" data-level="2">Robotic Telescopes</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><div class="j10yRb" role="presentation" title="Expand/Collapse" jsaction="click:Ptdedd" jsname="ix0Hvc"><svg class="dvmRw" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" jsname="HIH2V" focusable="false"><g transform="translate(9.7,12) rotate(45)"><path class="K4B8Y" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g><g transform="translate(14.3,12) rotate(-45)"><path class="MrYMx" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g></svg></div><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics" data-type="1" data-level="2">RR Lyrae Kinematics</a></div></div><div class="oGuwee Mkt3Tc" style="display:none;" jsname="QXE97" jsaction="transitionend:SJBdh" role="group"><ul class="VcS63b"><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/how-to-compute-a-star-s-space-velocity" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/how-to-compute-a-star-s-space-velocity" data-type="1" data-level="3">How to compute a star&#39;s space velocity</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/the-structure-of-the-milky-way-galaxy" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/the-structure-of-the-milky-way-galaxy" data-type="1" data-level="3">The Structure of the Milky Way Galaxy</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-are-kinematics" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-are-kinematics" data-type="1" data-level="3">What are &quot;kinematics?&quot;</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-is-an-rr-lyrae" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-is-an-rr-lyrae" data-type="1" data-level="3">What Is An RR Lyrae</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-we-learn-from-a-star-s-metal-content" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-we-learn-from-a-star-s-metal-content" data-type="1" data-level="3">What we learn from a star&#39;s metal content</a></div></div></li></ul></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/supernova-impostors" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/supernova-impostors" data-type="1" data-level="2">Supernova Impostors</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><div class="j10yRb" role="presentation" title="Expand/Collapse" jsaction="click:Ptdedd" jsname="ix0Hvc"><svg class="dvmRw FWGjId" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" jsname="HIH2V" focusable="false"><g transform="translate(9.7,12) rotate(45)"><path class="K4B8Y" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g><g transform="translate(14.3,12) rotate(-45)"><path class="MrYMx" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g></svg></div><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota" data-type="1" data-level="2">University of Minnesota 10&quot; Refracting Telescope</a></div></div><div class="oGuwee jymhMd Mkt3Tc" style="" jsname="QXE97" jsaction="transitionend:SJBdh" role="group"><ul class="VcS63b"><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/astronomical-research-programs" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/astronomical-research-programs" data-type="1" data-level="3">Astronomical Research Programs</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/plate-catalog" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/plate-catalog" data-type="1" data-level="3">Plate Catalog</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf lhZOrc" aria-current="true"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-selected="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers" data-type="1" data-level="3">UMN 10-inch Refractor Observers</a></div></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="1"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-R6PoUb IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb dk90Ob hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/teaching" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/teaching" data-type="1" data-level="1">Teaching</a></div></div></li></ul></nav><div class="VLoccc QDWEj U8eYrb" jsname="rtFGi"><div class="Pvc6xe"><div jsname="I8J07e" class="TlfmSc YSH9J"><a class="GAuSPc" jsname="jIujaf" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/home"><span class="QTKDff">John C. Martin&#39;s Homepage</span></a></div></div><div jsname="mADGA" class="zDUgLc"></div></div><div class="TxnWlb" jsname="BDdyze" jsaction="click:LUvzV"></div><div jscontroller="gK4msf" class="RBEWZc" jsname="h04Zod" jsaction="rcuQ6b:WYd;JIbuQc:AT95Ub;VbOlFf:HgE5D;FaOgy:HgE5D;MxH79b:JdcaS;" data-side-navigation="true"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od iWs3gf Wdnjke M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="R9oOZd" aria-label="Open search bar" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" data-tooltip="Open search bar" aria-expanded="false" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="-12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg class="vu8Pwe tCHXDc YSH9J" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"/><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/></svg></span></span></div><div class="vsGQBe wgxiMe" jsname="AznF2e"></div></div></div><script nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q">DOCS_timing['navv'] = new Date().getTime();</script></header><div role="main" tabindex="-1" class="UtePc RCETm yxgWrb" dir="ltr"><section id="h.1feefee985f0576c_435" class="yaqOZd LB7kq gk8rDe" style=""><div class="IFuOkc"></div><div class="mYVXT"><div class="LS81yb VICjCf j5pSsc db35Fc" tabindex="-1"><div class="hJDwNd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd Ft7HRd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd purZT-AhqUyc-II5mzb ZcASvf-AhqUyc-II5mzb pSzOP-AhqUyc-qWD73c Ktthjf-AhqUyc-qWD73c JNdkSc SQVYQc"><div class="JNdkSc-SmKAyb LkDMRd"><div class="" jscontroller="sGwD4d" jsaction="zXBUYb:zTPCnb;zQF9Uc:Qxe3nd;" jsname="F57UId"><div class="oKdM2c ZZyype Kzv0Me"><div id="h.1feefee985f0576c_438" class="hJDwNd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd Ft7HRd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd jXK9ad D2fZ2 zu5uec OjCsFc dmUFtb wHaque g5GTcb JYTMs"><div class="jXK9ad-SmKAyb"><div class="tyJCtd mGzaTb Depvyb baZpAe lkHyyc"><h1 id="h.p_ID_13" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q duRjpb" style="text-align: center;">UMN 10-inch Refractor Observers</h1></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="h.1feefee985f0576c_439" class="yaqOZd" style=""><div class="IFuOkc"></div><div class="mYVXT"><div class="LS81yb VICjCf j5pSsc db35Fc" tabindex="-1"><div class="hJDwNd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd Ft7HRd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd purZT-AhqUyc-II5mzb ZcASvf-AhqUyc-II5mzb pSzOP-AhqUyc-qWD73c Ktthjf-AhqUyc-qWD73c JNdkSc SQVYQc"><div class="JNdkSc-SmKAyb LkDMRd"><div class="" jscontroller="sGwD4d" jsaction="zXBUYb:zTPCnb;zQF9Uc:Qxe3nd;" jsname="F57UId"><div class="oKdM2c ZZyype Kzv0Me"><div id="h.1feefee985f0576c_442" class="hJDwNd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd Ft7HRd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd jXK9ad D2fZ2 zu5uec OjCsFc dmUFtb wHaque g5GTcb JYTMs"><div class="jXK9ad-SmKAyb"><div class="tyJCtd mGzaTb Depvyb baZpAe"><div id="h.p_ID_32" class="CobnVe aP9Z7e"></div><h2 id="h.p_ID_32_l" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q JYVBee" tabindex="-1"><div jscontroller="Ae65rd" jsaction="touchstart:UrsOsc; click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_32_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_32" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_32_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>At least twenty five separate individuals labored to expose the plates in the collection. Of these, &quot;Lv&quot; (which 134/415 plates) and &quot;Beal&quot; (97/415) were by far the most prolific observers. We have reason to believe that &quot;Lv&quot; and &quot;F.P.L&quot; are Leavenworth, who was a professor of Astronomy at Minnesota in the early 20th century. We are in the process of attempting to identify the other observers of record. Of greatest interest are the identities of &quot;N&quot; (who was one of the few identifiable original observers) and &quot;Irene Ney&quot; and &quot;Marry Harroum&quot; who are the only observers who are obviously identifiable as female. It is unknown if Irene Ney is related to the mid-20th century UMn Astronomy professor Ed Ney.</div></h2></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="h.1feefee985f0576c_443" class="yaqOZd" style=""><div class="IFuOkc"></div><div class="mYVXT"><div class="LS81yb VICjCf j5pSsc db35Fc" tabindex="-1"><div class="hJDwNd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd Ft7HRd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd purZT-AhqUyc-II5mzb ZcASvf-AhqUyc-II5mzb pSzOP-AhqUyc-qWD73c Ktthjf-AhqUyc-qWD73c JNdkSc SQVYQc"><div class="JNdkSc-SmKAyb LkDMRd"><div class="" jscontroller="sGwD4d" jsaction="zXBUYb:zTPCnb;zQF9Uc:Qxe3nd;" jsname="F57UId"><div class="oKdM2c ZZyype Kzv0Me"><div id="h.1feefee985f0576c_446" class="hJDwNd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd Ft7HRd-AhqUyc-uQSCkd jXK9ad D2fZ2 zu5uec OjCsFc dmUFtb wHaque g5GTcb"><div class="jXK9ad-SmKAyb"><div class="tyJCtd OWlOyc baZpAe"><div jscontroller="VYKRW" jsaction="rcuQ6b:rcuQ6b;"><div class="WIdY2d M1aSXe"><div jsname="WXxXjd" style="padding-top: 128.7179487179%"></div><div class="YMEQtf"><div jsname="jkaScf" jscontroller="szRU7e" class="w536ob" data-enable-interaction="true" data-url="https://1597246402-atari-embeds.googleusercontent.com/embeds/16cb204cf3a9d4d223a0a3fd8b0eec5d/inner-frame-minified.html" data-code="&lt;table xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;font-family:-webkit-standard&quot; data-table-local-id=&quot;table-2&quot;&gt; &lt;tbody&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Observer&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Total&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Earliest&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Latest&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Full Name&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Allen&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;12-Dec-1912&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;06-Jul-1930&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Beal&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;97&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;14-Oct-1913&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;27-Aug-1919&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;William Otis Beal (prof., dept chair after Leavenworth)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Beane&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;18-Sep-1897&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;29-Sep-1897&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;BLN&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;28-Feb-1899&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Burns&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;07-Mar-1908&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;07-Mar-1908&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Davis&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;12&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;19-Sep-1911&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;02-Nov-1911&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Alfred Davis&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;F.P.L&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;4&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;17-Mar-1909&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;16-May-1909&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Dr Francis Preserved Leavenworth&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Gunderson&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;10-Nov-1898&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;JWS&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;26-Mar-1940&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;KB&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;11&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;27-Jan-1909&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;31-Mar-1910&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Klatt&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;07-Mar-1911&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;13-Mar-1911&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;L.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;15-Oct-1908&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;L. Berman&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;30-Aug-1924&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;25-Oct-1924&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;LK&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;18-Mar-1910&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Lv&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;134&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;19-Jan-1909&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;16-Oct-1919&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Dr Francis Preserved Leavenworth&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Maney&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;11-Feb-1913&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;05-Mar-1913&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Charles A Maney (computer, @ Yerkes after MN)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Mary Harroum &amp;amp; Irene Ney&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;06-Apr-1911&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;McDowell&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;-&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;N&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;6&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;05-Jan-1897&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;02-Mar-1900&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Dr Burt Leroy Newkirk&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Peterson&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;5&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;13-Dec-1912&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;24-Feb-1913&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Harold Peterson (computer)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Schrieber&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;-&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Underwood&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;4&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;06-Nov-1916&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;23-Mar-1917&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;W.E.A&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;18-Mar-1910&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;19-Mar-1910&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Wilcox&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;19&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;11-Jan-1915&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;11-Jan-1916&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;font color=&quot;#444444&quot;&gt;Hugh B Wilcox (computer)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;/table&gt;" jsaction="rcuQ6b:WYd;"><div class="EmVfjc qs41qe UzswCe" data-loadingmessage=" " jscontroller="qAKInc" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="Hy6Uif"><div class="Cg7hO" aria-live="assertive" jsname="vyyg5"> </div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="xu46lf"><div class="ir3uv uWlRce co39ub"><div class="xq3j6 ERcjC"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="HBnAAc"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="xq3j6 dj3yTd"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="ir3uv GFoASc Cn087"><div class="xq3j6 ERcjC"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="HBnAAc"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="xq3j6 dj3yTd"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="ir3uv WpeOqd hfsr6b"><div class="xq3j6 ERcjC"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="HBnAAc"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="xq3j6 dj3yTd"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="ir3uv rHV3jf EjXFBf"><div class="xq3j6 ERcjC"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="HBnAAc"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="xq3j6 dj3yTd"><div class="X6jHbb GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><iframe jsname="WMhH6e" class=" YMEQtf" frameborder="0" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-popups allow-forms allow-same-origin allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-downloads allow-storage-access-by-user-activation" id="1feefee985f0576c_446" name="1feefee985f0576c_446" scrolling="no" title="Custom embed" aria-label="Custom embed"></iframe></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div><div class="Xpil1b xgQ6eb"></div><div jscontroller="j1RDQb" jsaction="rcuQ6b:rcuQ6b;MxH79b:JdcaS;FaOgy:XuHpsb;" class="dZA9kd ynRLnc" data-last-updated-at-time="1622217903965" data-is-preview="false"><div role="button" class="U26fgb JRtysb WzwrXb I12f0b K2mXPb zXBiaf ynRLnc" jscontroller="iSvg6e" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;;keydown:I481le;" jsshadow jsname="Bg3gkf" aria-label="Site actions" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-menu-corner="bottom-start" data-anchor-corner="top-start"><div class="NWlf3e MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="MhXXcc oJeWuf"><span class="Lw7GHd snByac"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class=" NMm5M"><path d="M11 17h2v-6h-2v6zm1-15C6.48 2 2 6.48 2 12s4.48 10 10 10 10-4.48 10-10S17.52 2 12 2zm0 18c-4.41 0-8-3.59-8-8s3.59-8 8-8 8 3.59 8 8-3.59 8-8 8zM11 9h2V7h-2v2z"/></svg></span></span><div jsname="xl07Ob" style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><div class="JPdR6b hVNH5c" jscontroller="uY3Nvd" jsaction="IpSVtb:TvD9Pc;fEN2Ze:xzS4ub;frq95c:LNeFm;cFpp9e:J9oOtd; click:H8nU8b; mouseup:H8nU8b; keydown:I481le; keypress:Kr2w4b; blur:O22p3e; focus:H8nU8b" role="menu" tabindex="0" style="position:fixed"><div class="XvhY1d" jsaction="mousedown:p8EH2c; touchstart:p8EH2c;"><div class="JAPqpe K0NPx"><span jsslot class="z80M1 FeRvI" jsaction="click:o6ZaF(preventDefault=true); mousedown:lAhnzb; mouseup:Osgxgf; mouseenter:SKyDAe; mouseleave:xq3APb;touchstart:jJiBRc; touchmove:kZeBdd; touchend:VfAz8" jsname="j7LFlb" data-disabled-tooltip="Report abuse is not available in preview mode" aria-label="Report abuse" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><div class="aBBjbd MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><div class="uyYuVb oJeWuf" jscontroller="HYv29e" jsaction="JIbuQc:dQ6O0c;" jsname="lV5oke" data-abuse-proto="%.@.null,null,&quot;https://sites.google.com/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers&quot;]" data-abuse-reporting-widget-proto="%.@.null,&quot;https://sites.google.com/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers&quot;]"><div class="jO7h3c">Report abuse</div></div></span><span jsslot class="z80M1 FeRvI" jsaction="click:o6ZaF(preventDefault=true); mousedown:lAhnzb; mouseup:Osgxgf; mouseenter:SKyDAe; mouseleave:xq3APb;touchstart:jJiBRc; touchmove:kZeBdd; touchend:VfAz8" jsname="j7LFlb" aria-label="Page details" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><div class="aBBjbd MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><div class="uyYuVb oJeWuf" jsaction="JIbuQc:hriXLd;" jsname="Rg8K2c"><div class="jO7h3c">Page details</div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div jscontroller="j1RDQb" jsaction="focusin:gBxDVb(srlkmf); focusout:zvXhGb(srlkmf); click:ro2KTd(psdQ5e);JIbuQc:DSypkd(Bg3gkf);MxH79b:JdcaS;rcuQ6b:rcuQ6b;" class="LqzjUe ynRLnc" data-last-updated-at-time="1622217903965" data-is-preview="false"><div jsname="psdQ5e" class="Q0cSn"></div><div jsname="bN97Pc" class="hBW7Hb"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od kpPxtd QMuaBc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="Bg3gkf" aria-label="Site actions" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class=" NMm5M"><path d="M11 17h2v-6h-2v6zm1-15C6.48 2 2 6.48 2 12s4.48 10 10 10 10-4.48 10-10S17.52 2 12 2zm0 18c-4.41 0-8-3.59-8-8s3.59-8 8-8 8 3.59 8 8-3.59 8-8 8zM11 9h2V7h-2v2z"/></svg></span></span></div><div jsname="srlkmf" class="hUphyc"><div class="YkaBSd"><div class="iBkmkf"><span>Page updated</span> <span jsname="CFIm1b" class="dji00c" jsaction="AHmuwe:eGiyHb; mouseover:eGiyHb;" tabindex="0" role="contentinfo"></span></div></div><div class="YkaBSd" jscontroller="HYv29e" jsaction="click:dQ6O0c;" data-abuse-proto="%.@.null,null,&quot;https://sites.google.com/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers&quot;]" data-abuse-reporting-widget-proto="%.@.null,&quot;https://sites.google.com/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota/umn-10-inch-refractor-observers&quot;]"><div role="button" class="U26fgb kpPxtd J7BuEb" jsshadow aria-label="Report abuse" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0">Report abuse</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q">DOCS_timing['cov']=new Date().getTime();</script><script src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/atari/_/js/k=atari.vw.en_US.fw_mAcuwUyE.O/am=MBiA/d=1/rs=AGEqA5lwNXFYaHUUDGYHiMqlOO36DqQAOw/m=view" id="base-js" nonce="UikvWe6LlCiJE6oCBS9K3Q"></script></div></div><div jscontroller="YV8yqd" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md"></div></body></html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10