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Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jemr" > Journal of Eye Movement Research (JEMR) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmms" > Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences (JMMS) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> 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Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="microwave" > Microwave </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option 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value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> 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class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/10/1/3">Panel Method for 3D Inviscid Flow Simulation of Low-Pressure Compressor Rotors with Tip-Leakage Flow</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valentin Caries</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jérôme Boudet</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eric Lippinois</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(1), 3; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp10010003">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp10010003</a> - 6 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper presents a low-order three-dimensional approach for predicting the inviscid flow around low-pressure compressors. The method is suitable for early design stages and allows a broad exploration of design possibilities at minimal cost. It combines the vortex lattice method with the panel <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/10/1/3/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper presents a low-order three-dimensional approach for predicting the inviscid flow around low-pressure compressors. The method is suitable for early design stages and allows a broad exploration of design possibilities at minimal cost. It combines the vortex lattice method with the panel method by using a mixed boundary condition. In addition, it models the tip-leakage flow using an iterative algorithm. First, the verification of the approach is carried out on a low-pressure compressor configuration. The wake length is a decisive parameter for ensuring correct flow deflection in ducted applications. A periodicity condition is introduced and validated, which reduces the computational and memory requirements. On average, the calculations take less than one minute in real time. The approach is validated on the same low-pressure compressor configuration. A good agreement is obtained with RANS concerning the mean flow and the tip-leakage flow characteristics. Sensitivity to the mass flow rate is also fairly well predicted, although discrepancies develop at lower mass flow rates. <a href="/2504-186X/10/1/3">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/10/1/3/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1584539"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1584539"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1584539" data-cycle-prev="#prev1584539" data-cycle-progressive="#images1584539" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g001-550.jpg?1738825999" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1584539" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g002-550.jpg?1738826000'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g003-550.jpg?1738826001'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g004-550.jpg?1738826002'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g005-550.jpg?1738826003'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g006-550.jpg?1738826004'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g007-550.jpg?1738826005'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g008-550.jpg?1738826006'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g009-550.jpg?1738826007'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g010-550.jpg?1738826008'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g011-550.jpg?1738826010'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g012-550.jpg?1738826011'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g013-550.jpg?1738826012'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g014-550.jpg?1738826013'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g015-550.jpg?1738826014'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g016-550.jpg?1738826015'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1584539-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g017-550.jpg?1738826016'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1584539-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g001-550.jpg?1738825999" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Principle of HPM: singularities and collocation points mapping.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g002-550.jpg?1738826000" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Geometry and mesh for the HPM. <b>Left</b>: the solid walls without the wakes and the TLF. <b>Right</b>: blade, wake and TLF (the endwalls are not shown).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g003-550.jpg?1738826001" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Influence of the alignment of the hub and wake meshes. <b>Left</b>: no alignment. <b>Right</b>: hub mesh aligned with the blade wake direction. The pressure coefficient <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> is shown on the blade, and the normalized circulation on the hub.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g004-550.jpg?1738826002" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Parameters of the blade wake and TLF sheet geometries.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g005-550.jpg?1738826003" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>LMFA NACA65 rotor computational domain dimensions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g006-550.jpg?1738826004" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Compressor map of the LMFA NACA65 rotor at 1500 rpm, from the RANS simulations and the HPM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g007-550.jpg?1738826005" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Axial evolution of the relative flow angle, at mid-span, for different wake lengths.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g008-550.jpg?1738826006" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Slip condition error in the blade wake: normal velocity scaled with the relative freestream velocity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g009-550.jpg?1738826007" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Spanwise evolution of the blade force coefficients in the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>θ</mi> </semantics></math> direction (<b>left</b>) and the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> direction (<b>right</b>), comparing the HPM sector and full <math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mn>360</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics></math> computations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g010-550.jpg?1738826008" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Chordwise distribution of the pressure coefficient at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>25</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em"/> </mrow> </semantics></math>(<b>left</b>), <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>50</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em"/> </mrow> </semantics></math>(<b>center</b>) and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>87.5</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em"/> </mrow> </semantics></math>(<b>right</b>) of the blade height, comparing HPM and RANS simulations at PE point.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g011-550.jpg?1738826010" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Blade-to-blade comparison of the velocity magnitude and the relative flow angle at mid-span: RANS simulation (<b>left</b>), HPM computation (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g012-550.jpg?1738826011" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Spanwise evolution of the blade force coefficients in the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>θ</mi> </semantics></math> direction (<b>left</b>) and the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> direction (<b>right</b>), comparing HPM with and without TLF model, and RANS simulation at PE point.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g013-550.jpg?1738826012" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Spanwise evolution of the axial velocity (<b>left</b>) and the relative flow angle (<b>right</b>), in planes P1 and P2, comparing HPM and RANS simulations at PE point.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g014-550.jpg?1738826013" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Radial evolution of the axial velocity and the relative flow angle, in planes P1 and P2, for different operating points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g015-550.jpg?1738826014" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Spanwise evolution of the blade force coefficients in the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>θ</mi> </semantics></math> direction (<b>left</b>) and the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> direction (<b>right</b>), for different operating points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g016-550.jpg?1738826015" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of the TLF detachment position and pitch angle, for different operating points, from the HPM model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00003/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00003-g017-550.jpg?1738826016" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the TLF shape between RANS (Q-criterion at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>·</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>7</mn> </msup> <mspace width="0.166667em"/> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and HPM (TLF sheet) for different operating points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1582932" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 31 pages, 7460 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/10/1/2/pdf?version=1739263973" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="An Open Test Case for High-Speed Low-Pressure Turbines: The SPLEEN C1 Cascade" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/10/1/2">An Open Test Case for High-Speed Low-Pressure Turbines: The SPLEEN C1 Cascade</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gustavo Lopes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Loris Simonassi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Samuel Gendebien</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonino Federico Maria Torre</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marios Patinios</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicolas Zeller</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ludovic Pintat</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sergio Lavagnoli</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(1), 2; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp10010002">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp10010002</a> - 3 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Aviation accounts for a significant share of global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, necessitating efficient propulsion technologies to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Geared turbofan architectures offer a promising solution by enabling higher bypass ratios and improved fuel efficiency. However, geared turbofans introduce significant aerodynamic <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/10/1/2/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Aviation accounts for a significant share of global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, necessitating efficient propulsion technologies to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Geared turbofan architectures offer a promising solution by enabling higher bypass ratios and improved fuel efficiency. However, geared turbofans introduce significant aerodynamic and structural challenges, particularly in the low-pressure turbine. Current understanding of high-speed low-pressure turbine behavior under engine-representative conditions is limited, especially regarding unsteady wake interactions, secondary flows, and compressibility effects. To address these gaps, this work presents a novel test case of high-speed low-pressure turbines, the SPLEEN C1. The test case and experimental methodology are depicted. The study includes the commissioning and characterization of a transonic low-density linear cascade capable of testing quasi-3D flows. The rig’s operational stability, periodicity, and inlet flow characterization are assessed in terms of loss and turbulence quantities to ensure an accurate representation of engine conditions. These findings provide a validated experimental platform for studying complex flow interactions in high-speed low-pressure turbines, supporting future turbine design and efficiency advancements. <a href="/2504-186X/10/1/2">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/10/1/2/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1582932"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1582932"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1582932" data-cycle-prev="#prev1582932" data-cycle-progressive="#images1582932" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g001-550.jpg?1739264129" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1582932" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g002-550.jpg?1739264130'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g003-550.jpg?1739264131'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g004-550.jpg?1739264132'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g005-550.jpg?1739264134'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g006-550.jpg?1739264135'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g007-550.jpg?1739264136'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g008-550.jpg?1739264138'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g009-550.jpg?1739264138'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g010-550.jpg?1739264140'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g011-550.jpg?1739264141'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g012-550.jpg?1739264142'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g013-550.jpg?1739264143'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g014-550.jpg?1739264144'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g015-550.jpg?1739264144'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g016-550.jpg?1739264145'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g017-550.jpg?1739264146'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g018-550.jpg?1739264147'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g019-550.jpg?1739264149'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g020-550.jpg?1739264150'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g021-550.jpg?1739264151'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g022-550.jpg?1739264152'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g023-550.jpg?1739264153'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g024-550.jpg?1739264153'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g025-550.jpg?1739264155'><p>Figure 25</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1582932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g026-550.jpg?1739264156'><p>Figure 26</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1582932-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g001-550.jpg?1739264129" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic view of 1.5 low-pressure turbine stages and linearly extruded region of interest.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g002-550.jpg?1739264130" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The VKI S-1/C wind tunnel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g003-550.jpg?1739264131" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The SPLEEN C1 geometry (<b>a</b>) and blade loading at design point (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g004-550.jpg?1739264132" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Cascade mounted in VKI S-1/C wind tunnel highlighting boundary layer lip and turbulence grid.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g005-550.jpg?1739264134" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The SPLEEN cascade test section setup (<b>a</b>), and test section equipped with WG bars and cavity slot (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g006-550.jpg?1739264135" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Blade-to-blade view of the cascade highlighting the measurements planes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g007-550.jpg?1739264136" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Meridional view of linear cascade test section highlighting the distribution of instrumentation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g008-550.jpg?1739264138" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Aerodynamic probes used throughout the experimental campaign.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g009-550.jpg?1739264138" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Sketch of the V4HP probe highlighting the accommodation of sensors in the probe head and the resulting line–cavity system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g010-550.jpg?1739264140" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Location and dimensions of the instrumentation on the blade surface, showing the blade traversing unit and SS instrumented sliding blade.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g011-550.jpg?1739264141" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Endwall inserts: Pneumatic and FR pressure tap Insert 1 <b>(left top</b>) and Insert 2 (<b>left bottom</b>) and location of the taps in the passage by combining the instrumentation of both inserts in one passage (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g012-550.jpg?1739264142" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Pitchwise distribution of turbulent quantities in the absence of wake generator: turbulence intensity (<b>a</b>) and integral length scale (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g013-550.jpg?1739264143" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Radial profiles of turbulence: turbulence intensity (<b>a</b>) and integral length scale (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g014-550.jpg?1739264144" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Pitchwise distribution of total loss coefficient for the different investigated flow conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g015-550.jpg?1739264144" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Turbulence grid loss coefficient correlation as a function of inlet and outlet flow conditions for the case with TG only.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g016-550.jpg?1739264145" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Spanwise distribution of normalized total pressure at Plane 01.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g017-550.jpg?1739264146" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Pitchwise distribution of BL integral parameters measured at Plane 01: displacement thickness (<b>a</b>), momentum thickness (<b>b</b>), and shape factor (<b>c</b>). The true chord normalizes the displacement and momentum thickness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g018-550.jpg?1739264147" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Spanwise distributions at Plane 02 during the first phase of testing: inlet flow incidence (<b>a</b>), cascade pitch angle (<b>b</b>), and normalized total pressure (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g019-550.jpg?1739264149" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Spanwise distributions at Plane 02 during the second phase of testing: inlet flow incidence (<b>a</b>), cascade pitch angle (<b>b</b>), and normalized total pressure (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g020-550.jpg?1739264150" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Pitchwise mass-averaged profiles obtained for different wakes downstream of the cascade: primary flow direction (<b>a</b>), cascade pitch angle (<b>b</b>), and kinetic energy loss coefficient (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g021-550.jpg?1739264151" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Re-shifted pitchwise distribution of kinetic energy loss coefficient measured during the first phase: z/H = 0.05 (<b>a</b>), z/H = 0.10 (<b>b</b>), and z/H = 0.50 (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g022-550.jpg?1739264152" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Periodicity of the cascade outlet flow field for the second testing phase: primary flow direction (<b>a</b>) and kinetic energy loss coefficient (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g023-550.jpg?1739264153" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Pitchwise mass-averaged profiles obtained for different wakes downstream of the cascade during the second phase: primary flow direction (<b>a</b>), cascade pitch angle (<b>b</b>), and kinetic energy loss coefficient (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g024-550.jpg?1739264153" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Re-shifted pitchwise distribution of the loss coefficient at z/H = 0.50 measured during the second phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g025-550.jpg?1739264155" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>Periodicity of the cascade outlet flow field with wake generator and purge flow: primary flow direction (<b>a</b>) and kinetic energy loss coefficient (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00002/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00002-g026-550.jpg?1739264156" title=" <strong>Figure 26</strong><br/> <p>Pitchwise mass-averaged profiles obtained for different wakes downstream of the cascade during the third phase: primary flow direction (<b>a</b>), cascade pitch angle (<b>b</b>), and kinetic energy loss coefficient (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1563602" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 11358 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/10/1/1/pdf?version=1736748221" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Computational Design of an Energy-Efficient Small Axial-Flow Fan Using Staggered Blades with Winglets" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/10/1/1">Computational Design of an Energy-Efficient Small Axial-Flow Fan Using Staggered Blades with Winglets</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mustafa Tutar</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Janset Betul Cam</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(1), 1; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp10010001">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp10010001</a> - 9 Jan 2025 </div> Viewed by 411 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The present study introduces a conceptual design of a small axial-flow fan. Both individual and combined effects of blade stagger angle and winglet on the performance of the fan design are investigated in design and off-design operating conditions using a computational flow methodology. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/10/1/1/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The present study introduces a conceptual design of a small axial-flow fan. Both individual and combined effects of blade stagger angle and winglet on the performance of the fan design are investigated in design and off-design operating conditions using a computational flow methodology. A stepwise solution, in which a proper stagger angle adjustment of a specifically generated blade profile is followed by appending a winglet at the tip of the blade with consideration of different geometrical parameters, is proposed to improve the performance characteristics of the fan. The initial model comparison analysis demonstrates that a three-dimensional, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation-based renormalization group (RNG) <i>k</i>–<i>ε</i> turbulence modeling approach coupled with the multiple reference frame (MRF) technique which adapts multi-block topology generation meshing method successfully resolves the rotating flow around the fan. The results suggest that the use of a proper stagger angle with the winglet considerably increases the fan performance and the fan attains the best total efficiency with an additional stagger angle of +10° and a winglet, which has a curvature radius of 6.77 mm and a twist angle of −7° for the investigated dimensioning range. The present study also underlines the effectiveness of passive flow control mechanisms of the stagger angle and winglets for energy-efficient axial-flow fans. <a href="/2504-186X/10/1/1">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/10/1/1/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1563602"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1563602"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1563602" data-cycle-prev="#prev1563602" data-cycle-progressive="#images1563602" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g001-550.jpg?1736748315" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1563602" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g002-550.jpg?1736748318'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g003-550.jpg?1736748319'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g004-550.jpg?1736748320'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g005-550.jpg?1736748323'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g006-550.jpg?1736748324'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g007-550.jpg?1736748328'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g008-550.jpg?1736748330'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g009-550.jpg?1736748331'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g010a-550.jpg?1736748335'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g010b-550.jpg?1736748336'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g011a-550.jpg?1736748338'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g011b-550.jpg?1736748340'><p>Figure 11 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g012-550.jpg?1736748343'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g013-550.jpg?1736748348'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g014a-550.jpg?1736748350'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g014b-550.jpg?1736748352'><p>Figure 14 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g015a-550.jpg?1736748354'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g015b-550.jpg?1736748357'><p>Figure 15 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1563602-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g016-550.jpg?1736748359'><p>Figure 16</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1563602-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g001-550.jpg?1736748315" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The baseline geometry model; (<b>a</b>) Front view; (<b>b</b>) Side view.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g002-550.jpg?1736748318" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Stagger angle details; (<b>a</b>) Blade model; (<b>b</b>) Stagger angle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g003-550.jpg?1736748319" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Generated rotor geometry models with different additional stagger angles; (<b>a</b>) Baseline geometry with 0°; (<b>b</b>) +5°; (<b>c</b>) +10°; (<b>d</b>) +15°.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g004-550.jpg?1736748320" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Winglet design parameters; (<b>a</b>) Tip length, <span class="html-italic">C<sub>tip</sub></span>; (<b>b</b>) Curvature radius, <span class="html-italic">R<sub>CR</sub></span> and winglet height, <span class="html-italic">H<sub>w</sub></span>; (<b>c</b>) Twist angle, <span class="html-italic">σ</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g005-550.jpg?1736748323" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Improved geometry model with the use of stagger angle and winglet; (<b>a</b>) Side view; (<b>b</b>) Front view; (<b>c</b>) Perspective view.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g006-550.jpg?1736748324" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Computational domain of the axial-flow fan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g007-550.jpg?1736748328" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Computational mesh details; (<b>a</b>) Global mesh domain; (<b>b</b>) Local mesh around the blade; (<b>c</b>) Surface mesh of the rotor blades.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g008-550.jpg?1736748330" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Mesh independency test in terms of static pressure rise vs. volumetric flow rate (Δ<span class="html-italic">P<sub>s</sub></span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span>) curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g009-550.jpg?1736748331" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Turbulence modeling test for optimal mesh resolution chosen in terms of Δ<span class="html-italic">P<sub>s</sub></span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g010a-550.jpg?1736748335" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Performance curves of simulated design cases for different stagger angles without winglets appended; (<b>a</b>) Δ<span class="html-italic">P<sub>s</sub></span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">IP</span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve; (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">η</span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g010b-550.jpg?1736748336" title=" <strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Performance curves of simulated design cases for different stagger angles without winglets appended; (<b>a</b>) Δ<span class="html-italic">P<sub>s</sub></span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">IP</span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve; (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">η</span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g011a-550.jpg?1736748338" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of fan performance curves from simulated selected design cases; (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">IP</span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">η</span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g011b-550.jpg?1736748340" title=" <strong>Figure 11 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of fan performance curves from simulated selected design cases; (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">IP</span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">η</span>–<span class="html-italic">Q</span> curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g012-550.jpg?1736748343" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Total pressure contours obtained from selected design cases simulated at <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 60 cfm and <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 2000 rpm; (<b>a</b>) Case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2; (<b>c</b>) Case 3; (<b>d</b>) Case 4; (<b>e</b>) Case 8; (<b>f</b>) Case 22.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g013-550.jpg?1736748348" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Streamline contours colored by axial velocity magnitude for selected design cases simulated at <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 60 cfm and <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 2000 rpm; (<b>a</b>) Case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2; (<b>c</b>) Case 3; (<b>d</b>) Case 4; (<b>e</b>) Case 8; (<b>f</b>) Case 22.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g014a-550.jpg?1736748350" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Static pressure contour for suction and pressure side of a chosen rotor blade for selected design cases simulated at <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 60 cfm and <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 2000 rpm; (<b>a</b>) Case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2; (<b>c</b>) Case 3; (<b>d</b>) Case 4; (<b>e</b>) Case 8; (<b>f</b>) Case 22.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g014b-550.jpg?1736748352" title=" <strong>Figure 14 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Static pressure contour for suction and pressure side of a chosen rotor blade for selected design cases simulated at <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 60 cfm and <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 2000 rpm; (<b>a</b>) Case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2; (<b>c</b>) Case 3; (<b>d</b>) Case 4; (<b>e</b>) Case 8; (<b>f</b>) Case 22.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g015a-550.jpg?1736748354" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Iso-surface <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 200 level <span class="html-italic">Q</span>–criterion colored with velocity magnitude at <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 60 cfm and <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 2000 rpm; (<b>a</b>) Case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2; (<b>c</b>) Case 3; (<b>d</b>) Case 4; (<b>e</b>) Case 8; (<b>f</b>) Case 22.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g015b-550.jpg?1736748357" title=" <strong>Figure 15 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Iso-surface <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 200 level <span class="html-italic">Q</span>–criterion colored with velocity magnitude at <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 60 cfm and <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 2000 rpm; (<b>a</b>) Case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 2; (<b>c</b>) Case 3; (<b>d</b>) Case 4; (<b>e</b>) Case 8; (<b>f</b>) Case 22.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-10-00001/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-10-00001-g016-550.jpg?1736748359" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Iso-surface <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 0.01 level <span class="html-italic">Q</span>–criterion colored with velocity magnitude for near-wake flow at <span class="html-italic">Q</span> = 60 cfm and <span class="html-italic">N</span> = 2000 rpm; (<b>a</b>) Case 1; (<b>b</b>) Case 8.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/10/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1535092" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 5764 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/36/pdf?version=1733150922" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="In-Hole Measurements of Flow Inside Fan-Shaped Film Cooling Holes and Downstream Effects" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/4/36">In-Hole Measurements of Flow Inside Fan-Shaped Film Cooling Holes and Downstream Effects</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emin Issakhanian</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(4), 36; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040036">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040036</a> - 2 Dec 2024 </div> Viewed by 816 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The study of low-speed jets into crossflow is critical to the performance of gas turbines. Film cooling is a method to maintain manageable blade temperatures in turbine sections while increasing turbine inlet temperatures and turbine efficiencies. Initially, cooling holes were cylindrical. Film cooling <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/36/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The study of low-speed jets into crossflow is critical to the performance of gas turbines. Film cooling is a method to maintain manageable blade temperatures in turbine sections while increasing turbine inlet temperatures and turbine efficiencies. Initially, cooling holes were cylindrical. Film cooling jets from these discrete round holes were found to be very susceptible to jet liftoff, which reduces surface effectiveness. Shaped holes have become prominent for improved coolant coverage. Fan-shaped holes are the most common design and have shown good improvement over round holes. However, fan-shaped holes introduce additional parameters to the already complex task of modeling cooling effectiveness. Studies of these flows range in hole lengths from those found in actual turbine blades to very long holes with fully developed flow. The flow within the holes themselves is difficult to study as there is limited optical access. However, the flow within the holes has a strong effect on the resulting properties of the jet. This study presents velocity and vorticity fields measured using high-resolution magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) to study three different fan-shaped hole geometries at two blowing ratios. Because MRV does not require line of sight, it provides otherwise hard-to-obtain experimental data of the flow within the film cooling hole in addition to the mainflow measurements. By allowing measurement within the cooling hole, MRV shows how a poor choice of diffuser start point and angle can be detrimental to film cooling if overall hole length and cooling flow velocity are not properly accounted for in the design. The downstream effect of these choices on the jet height and counter-rotating vortex pair is also observed. <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/36">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/36/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1535092"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1535092"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1535092" data-cycle-prev="#prev1535092" data-cycle-progressive="#images1535092" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g001-550.jpg?1733151098" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1535092" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g002-550.jpg?1733151099'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g003-550.jpg?1733151100'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g004-550.jpg?1733151101'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g005a-550.jpg?1733151102'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g005b-550.jpg?1733151102'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g006-550.jpg?1733151103'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g007-550.jpg?1733151104'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g008-550.jpg?1733151104'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g009-550.jpg?1733151105'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g010-550.jpg?1733151106'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g011-550.jpg?1733151106'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g012-550.jpg?1733151107'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g013-550.jpg?1733151107'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1535092-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g014-550.jpg?1733151108'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1535092-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g001-550.jpg?1733151098" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sectional view of tunnel contraction, development section, test section, feed plenum, hole insert, and outlet. All dimensions are in mm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g002-550.jpg?1733151099" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of tested hole shapes: BDSH (top), SDSH (middle), and LMDSH (bottom).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g003-550.jpg?1733151100" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Symmetry plane velocity magnitude contours and in-plane velocity vectors for the base diffuser-shaped hole at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>top</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>bottom</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g004-550.jpg?1733151101" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Symmetry plane velocity magnitude contours and in-plane velocity vectors for the shallow diffuser-shaped hole at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>top</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>bottom</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g005a-550.jpg?1733151102" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Symmetry plane velocity magnitude contours and in-plane velocity vectors for the large-mouth diffuser-shaped hole at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>top</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>bottom</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g005b-550.jpg?1733151102" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Symmetry plane velocity magnitude contours and in-plane velocity vectors for the large-mouth diffuser-shaped hole at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>top</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>bottom</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g006-550.jpg?1733151103" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Top: Hole exit plane velocity magnitude contour lines for BDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>left</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>right</b>). Bottom: Contour lines of flow exit angle with respect to streamwise at hole exit plane for BDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>left</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g007-550.jpg?1733151104" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Top: Hole exit plane velocity magnitude contour lines for SDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>left</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>right</b>). Bottom: Contour lines of flow exit angle with respect to streamwise at hole exit plane for SDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>left</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g008-550.jpg?1733151104" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Top: Hole exit plane velocity magnitude contour lines for LMDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>left</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>right</b>). Bottom: Contour lines of flow exit angle with respect to streamwise at hole exit plane for LMDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1 (<b>left</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5 (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g009-550.jpg?1733151105" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Contours of streamwise vorticity and in-plane velocity vectors at <span class="html-italic">x/D</span> = 4 for the BDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g010-550.jpg?1733151106" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Contours of streamwise vorticity and in-plane velocity vectors at <span class="html-italic">x/D</span> = 4 for the LMDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g011-550.jpg?1733151106" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Streamlines initiated at (<span class="html-italic">x/D, y/D, z/D</span>) = (0, 0, 0) for all six cases.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g012-550.jpg?1733151107" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>−0.3 m<sup>2</sup>/s iso-helicity surface for the BDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g013-550.jpg?1733151107" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>−0.3 m<sup>2</sup>/s iso-helicity surface for the SDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00036/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00036-g014-550.jpg?1733151108" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>−0.3 m<sup>2</sup>/s iso-helicity surface for the LMDSH at <span class="html-italic">Vr</span> = 1.5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/36'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1517023" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 30 pages, 5921 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/35/pdf?version=1738750677" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Experimental Investigation of Synchronous-Flow-Induced Blade Vibrations on a Radial Turbine" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/4/35">Experimental Investigation of Synchronous-Flow-Induced Blade Vibrations on a Radial Turbine</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marios Sasakaros</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Markus Schafferus</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manfred Wirsum</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arthur Zobel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Damian Vogt</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alex Nakos</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bernd Beirow</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(4), 35; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040035">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040035</a> - 8 Nov 2024 </div> <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/35#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 845 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, a thorough experimental investigation of the synchronous blade vibrations of a radial turbine is performed for different IGV configurations. First, the blade modes are measured experimentally and calculated numerically. Subsequently, the vibrations are recorded with two redundant measurement systems during <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/35/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, a thorough experimental investigation of the synchronous blade vibrations of a radial turbine is performed for different IGV configurations. First, the blade modes are measured experimentally and calculated numerically. Subsequently, the vibrations are recorded with two redundant measurement systems during real operation. Strain gauges were applied on certain blades, while a commercial blade-tip-timing system is used for the measurement of blade deflections. The experimentally determined vibration properties are compared with numerical estimations. Initially, the vibrations recorded with the “nominal” IGV were presented. This IGV primarily generates nodal diameter (ND) 0 vibrations. Subsequently, the impact of two different IGV configurations is examined. First, a mistuned IGV, which has the same number of vanes as the “nominal” IGV is examined. By intentionally varying the distance between the vanes, additional low engine order excitations are generated. Moreover, an IGV with a higher number of vanes is employed to induce excitations at higher frequency modes and ND6 vibrations. Certain vibrations are consistently measured across all IGV configurations, which cannot be attributed to the spiral turbine casing. In addition, a turbine–compressor interaction has been observed. <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/35">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/35/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1517023"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1517023"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1517023" data-cycle-prev="#prev1517023" data-cycle-progressive="#images1517023" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g001-550.jpg?1738750820" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1517023" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g002-550.jpg?1738750821'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g003-550.jpg?1738750823'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g004-550.jpg?1738750823'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g005-550.jpg?1738750824'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g006-550.jpg?1738750825'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g007-550.jpg?1738750828'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g008-550.jpg?1738750831'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g009-550.jpg?1738750834'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g010-550.jpg?1738750835'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g011-550.jpg?1738750835'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g012-550.jpg?1738750836'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g013-550.jpg?1738750837'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g014-550.jpg?1738750839'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g015-550.jpg?1738750840'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g016-550.jpg?1738750841'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g017-550.jpg?1738750842'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g018-550.jpg?1738750842'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g019-550.jpg?1738750843'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g020-550.jpg?1738750844'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g021-550.jpg?1738750845'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g022-550.jpg?1738750845'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g023-550.jpg?1738750846'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g024-550.jpg?1738750847'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g025-550.jpg?1738750848'><p>Figure 25</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g026-550.jpg?1738750849'><p>Figure 26</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1517023-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g027-550.jpg?1738750850'><p>Figure 27</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1517023-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g001-550.jpg?1738750820" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the test bench setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g002-550.jpg?1738750821" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Impeller blade mode shapes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g003-550.jpg?1738750823" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Throat width variation for an intentionally mistuned IGV targeting EO10.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g004-550.jpg?1738750823" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Blade position and orientation of SG.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g005-550.jpg?1738750824" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of SG on impeller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g006-550.jpg?1738750825" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>CAD model of the SG telemetry support at compressor inlet.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g007-550.jpg?1738750828" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Campbell diagram of SD24 IGV with measured blade vibrations (BTT and SG) and shaft SG.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g008-550.jpg?1738750831" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Campbell diagram of LEO10 IGV with measured blade vibrations (BTT and SG) and shaft SG.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g009-550.jpg?1738750834" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Campbell diagram of DRH30 IGV with measured blade vibrations (BTT and SG) and shaft SG.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g010-550.jpg?1738750835" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of amplitudes over all measurements for SG and BTT of EO24/BM3/ND0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g011-550.jpg?1738750835" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of resonance frequencies over all measurements for SG and BTT of EO24/BM3/ND0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g012-550.jpg?1738750836" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of amplitudes over all measurements for SG and BTT of EO24/BM5/ND0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g013-550.jpg?1738750837" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of resonance frequencies over all measurements for SG and BTT of EO24/BM5/ND0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g014-550.jpg?1738750839" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Stack plot of blade amplitudes over the rotating speed for EO24/BM5/ND0 and EO30/BM5/ND6.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g015-550.jpg?1738750840" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of BTT amplitudes between LEO10 and SD24 for EO24/BM4/ND0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g016-550.jpg?1738750841" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of BTT amplitudes between LEO10 and SD24 for EO24/BM5/ND0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g017-550.jpg?1738750842" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of BTT amplitudes of IGV-induced vibrations between DRH30 and SD24.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g018-550.jpg?1738750842" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Blade frequency difference relative to the mean frequency over all blades for EO24/BM5/ND0 and EO30/BM5/ND6.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g019-550.jpg?1738750843" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Blade amplitude difference relative to the mean amplitude over all blades for EO24/BM5/ND0 and EO30/BM5/ND6.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g020-550.jpg?1738750844" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of mean BTT amplitudes of IGV-independent vibrations between all IGV configurations at moderate speed range.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g021-550.jpg?1738750845" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of mean BTT amplitudes of IGV-independent vibrations between all IGV configurations at high speed range.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g022-550.jpg?1738750845" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of BTT amplitudes of EO17/BM3/ND5 between all IGV configurations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g023-550.jpg?1738750846" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of BTT amplitudes of EO16/BM3/ND4 between all IGV configurations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g024-550.jpg?1738750847" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Shaft vibrations of EO17 during the occurrence of EO17/BM3/ND5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g025-550.jpg?1738750848" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>Mean BTT amplitudes measured without the SG telemetry support relative to the mean BTT amplitudes measured with the SG telemetry support.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g026-550.jpg?1738750849" title=" <strong>Figure 26</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the BTT amplitudes measured with and without the SG telemetry support for EO08/BM1/ND4.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00035/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00035-g027-550.jpg?1738750850" title=" <strong>Figure 27</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the BTT amplitudes measured with and without the SG telemetry support for EO07/BM1/ND5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/35'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1513785" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 28 pages, 49508 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/34/pdf?version=1730789877" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Rotationally Induced Local Heat Transfer Features in a Two-Pass Cooling Channel: Experimental–Numerical Investigation" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/4/34">Rotationally Induced Local Heat Transfer Features in a Two-Pass Cooling Channel: Experimental–Numerical Investigation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>David Gutiérrez de Arcos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christian Waidmann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rico Poser</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jens von Wolfersdorf</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael Göhring</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(4), 34; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040034">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040034</a> - 4 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 882 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Turbine blades for modern turbomachinery applications often exhibit complex twisted designs that aim to reduce aerodynamic losses, thereby improving the overall machine performance. This results in intricate internal cooling configurations that change their spanwise orientation with respect to the rotational axis. In the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/34/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Turbine blades for modern turbomachinery applications often exhibit complex twisted designs that aim to reduce aerodynamic losses, thereby improving the overall machine performance. This results in intricate internal cooling configurations that change their spanwise orientation with respect to the rotational axis. In the present study, the local heat transfer in a generic two-pass turbine cooling channel is investigated under engine-similar rotating conditions (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>o</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>{</mo><mn>0</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mo>…</mo><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mn>0.50</mn><mo>}</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) through the transient Thermochromic Liquid Crystal (TLC) measurement technique. Three different angles of attack (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>{</mo><mo>−</mo><msup><mn>18.5</mn><mo>°</mo></msup><mspace width="0.222222em"></mspace><mo>;</mo><mspace width="0.222222em"></mspace><mo>+</mo><msup><mn>8</mn><mo>°</mo></msup><mspace width="0.222222em"></mspace><mo>;</mo><mspace width="0.222222em"></mspace><mo>+</mo><msup><mn>46.5</mn><mo>°</mo></msup><mo>}</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) are investigated to emulate the heat transfer characteristics in an internal cooling channel of a real turbine blade application at different spanwise positions. A numerical approach based on steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations in ANSYS CFX is validated against the experimental method, showing generally good agreement and, thus, qualifying for future heat transfer predictions. Experimental and numerical data clearly demonstrate the substantial impact of the angle of attack on the local heat transfer structure, especially for the radially outward flow of the first passage, owing to the particular Coriolis force direction at each angle of attack. Furthermore, results underscore the strong influence of the rotational speed on the overall heat transfer level, with an enhancement effect for the radially outward flow (first passage) and a reduction effect for the radially inward flow (second passage). <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/34">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/34/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1513785"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1513785"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1513785" data-cycle-prev="#prev1513785" data-cycle-progressive="#images1513785" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g001-550.jpg?1730789953" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1513785" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g002-550.jpg?1730789955'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g003-550.jpg?1730789956'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g004-550.jpg?1730789958'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g005-550.jpg?1730789960'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g006-550.jpg?1730789961'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g007-550.jpg?1730789963'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g008-550.jpg?1730789970'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g009-550.jpg?1730789978'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g010-550.jpg?1730789980'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g011-550.jpg?1730789981'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g012-550.jpg?1730789989'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g013-550.jpg?1730789990'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g014-550.jpg?1730789992'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1513785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g0A1-550.jpg?1730789994'><p>Figure A1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1513785-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g001-550.jpg?1730789953" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Test model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g002-550.jpg?1730789955" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Test rig overview.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g003-550.jpg?1730789956" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Valve unit setting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g004-550.jpg?1730789958" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Fluid temperature (<b>left</b>) and mass flow rate histories (<b>right</b>) for an exemplary TLC experiment with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mo>≈</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> 15,000.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g005-550.jpg?1730789960" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Angles of attack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g006-550.jpg?1730789961" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Boundary conditions in the numerical simulation with experimental thermocouple locations TC0102 and TC15.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g007-550.jpg?1730789963" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Detailed views of the computational grid: rib (<b>A</b>) and bend region (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g008-550.jpg?1730789970" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Experimental and numerical heat transfer rates for the nominal angle of attack (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>8</mn> <mo>°</mo> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g009-550.jpg?1730789978" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Experimental and numerical rotationally induced heat transfer features for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> at different angles of attack (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>α</mi> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g010-550.jpg?1730789980" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Histograms of rotationally induced heat transfer <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>o</mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>(<span class="html-italic">NNNR</span>) at different angles of attack (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>α</mi> </semantics></math>) for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g011-550.jpg?1730789981" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Segment-averaged, rotationally induced heat transfer at different angles of attack (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>α</mi> </semantics></math>) for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g012-550.jpg?1730789989" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Rotationally induced heat transfer features for an angle of attack of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>8</mn> <mo>°</mo> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> with increasing rotation number (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mo>{</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> <mo>…</mo> <mn>0.50</mn> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g013-550.jpg?1730789990" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Histograms of rotationally induced heat transfer <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>o</mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>(<span class="html-italic">NNNR</span>) for an angle of attack of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>8</mn> <mo>°</mo> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> with increasing rotation number (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mo>{</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> <mo>…</mo> <mn>0.50</mn> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g014-550.jpg?1730789992" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Segment-averaged rotationally induced heat transfer for an angle of attack of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>8</mn> <mo>°</mo> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> with increasing rotation number (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mo>{</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> <mo>…</mo> <mn>0.50</mn> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00034/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00034-g0A1-550.jpg?1730789994" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>Experimental heat transfer coefficient (<span class="html-italic">h</span>; <b>left</b>) and indication times (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>ind</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>; <b>right</b>) for the PS with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>8</mn> <mo>°</mo> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> under rotation (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/34'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1491839" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 3568 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/33/pdf?version=1727953714" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Predictive Modeling of NOx Emissions from Lean Direct Injection of Hydrogen and Hydrogen/Natural Gas Blends Using Flame Imaging and Machine Learning" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/4/33">Predictive Modeling of NOx Emissions from Lean Direct Injection of Hydrogen and Hydrogen/Natural Gas Blends Using Flame Imaging and Machine Learning</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Iker Gomez Escudero</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vincent McDonell</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(4), 33; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040033">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040033</a> - 3 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 1338 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This research paper explores the use of machine learning to relate images of flame structure and luminosity to measured NOx emissions. Images of reactions produced by 16 aero-engine derived injectors for a ground-based turbine operated on a range of fuel compositions, air pressure <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/33/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This research paper explores the use of machine learning to relate images of flame structure and luminosity to measured NOx emissions. Images of reactions produced by 16 aero-engine derived injectors for a ground-based turbine operated on a range of fuel compositions, air pressure drops, preheat temperatures and adiabatic flame temperatures were captured and postprocessed. The experimental investigations were conducted under atmospheric conditions, capturing CO, NO and NOx emissions data and OH* chemiluminescence images from 27 test conditions. The injector geometry and test conditions were based on a statistically designed test plan. These results were first analyzed using the traditional analysis approach of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The statistically based test plan yielded 432 data points, leading to a correlation for NOx emissions as a function of injector geometry, test conditions and imaging responses, with 70.2% accuracy. As an alternative approach to predicting emissions using imaging diagnostics as well as injector geometry and test conditions, a random forest machine learning algorithm was also applied to the data and was able to achieve an accuracy of 82.6%. This study offers insights into the factors influencing emissions in ground-based turbines while emphasizing the potential of machine learning algorithms in constructing predictive models for complex systems. <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/33">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/33/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1491839"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1491839"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1491839" data-cycle-prev="#prev1491839" data-cycle-progressive="#images1491839" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1491839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g001-550.jpg?1727953811" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1491839" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1491839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g002-550.jpg?1727953813'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1491839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g003-550.jpg?1727953815'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1491839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g004-550.jpg?1727953818'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1491839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g005-550.jpg?1727953819'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1491839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g006-550.jpg?1727953819'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1491839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g007-550.jpg?1727953821'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1491839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g008-550.jpg?1727953823'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1491839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g009-550.jpg?1727953824'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1491839-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g001-550.jpg?1727953811" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Cross-section of liquid injectors exit geometry, from which the gas injector was derived [<a href="#B14-ijtpp-09-00033" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/33'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g002-550.jpg?1727953813" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Diagram of the injector exit geometry [<a href="#B14-ijtpp-09-00033" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/33'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g003-550.jpg?1727953815" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup [<a href="#B17-ijtpp-09-00033" class="html-bibr">17</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/33'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g004-550.jpg?1727953818" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>OH* imaging responses from a sample hydrogen flame.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/33'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g005-550.jpg?1727953819" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Visible spectrum of the flame shown in <a href="#ijtpp-09-00033-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/33'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g006-550.jpg?1727953819" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Predicted vs. actual values of the square root of NOx emissions. NOx units are [ng/J].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/33'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g007-550.jpg?1727953821" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Features importance of the machine learning model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/33'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g008-550.jpg?1727953823" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Sample points from injector 3. NOx emissions comparison between the experimental data, the statistical model prediction and the machine learning algorithm prediction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/33'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00033/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00033-g009-550.jpg?1727953824" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Convergence plot for the machine learning algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/33'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1491684" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 4974 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/32/pdf?version=1728304652" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Prediction of Fan Array Performance with Polynomial and Support Vector Regression Models" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/4/32">Prediction of Fan Array Performance with Polynomial and Support Vector Regression Models</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Philipp Ostmann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Martin Rätz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Martin Kremer</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dirk Müller</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(4), 32; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040032">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040032</a> - 3 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 972 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The increasing utilisation of demand-controlled ventilation strategies leads to the frequent operation of fans under part-load conditions. To accurately predict the energy demand of a ventilation system with a fan array in the early design stages, models that calculate reliable results across the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/32/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The increasing utilisation of demand-controlled ventilation strategies leads to the frequent operation of fans under part-load conditions. To accurately predict the energy demand of a ventilation system with a fan array in the early design stages, models that calculate reliable results across the whole operating range are required. We present the comparison of a polynomial and a machine learning approach through support vector regression (SVR) to predict the fan performance over a wide range of typical operating points. For fitting and validation, we use experimental data. We investigate the extrapolation performance of both approaches. The SVR model achieves a slightly better representation of the experimental data with a lower error, especially when only sparse data are available. Both approaches yield similar results when the evaluation is conducted within the experimentally captured domain but deviates outside the domain. At operating points that are far from the experimentally captured domain, the polynomial models yield fan efficiencies that are physically plausible, while the SVR models drastically overpredict the fan efficiency. To rate the influence of such deviations towards modelling the actual energy demand, both approaches are applied to an operation simulation of a simplified office building. Both approaches yield similar results despite differing extrapolation capabilities. <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/32">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/32/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1491684"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1491684"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1491684" data-cycle-prev="#prev1491684" data-cycle-progressive="#images1491684" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-ag-550.jpg?1728304968" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1491684" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g001-550.jpg?1728304937'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g002-550.jpg?1728304939'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g003-550.jpg?1728304941'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g004-550.jpg?1728304942'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g005-550.jpg?1728304944'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g006-550.jpg?1728304945'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g007-550.jpg?1728304947'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g008-550.jpg?1728304948'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g009-550.jpg?1728304950'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g010-550.jpg?1728304951'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g011-550.jpg?1728304953'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g0A1-550.jpg?1728304956'><p>Figure A1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g0A2-550.jpg?1728304960'><p>Figure A2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g0A3-550.jpg?1728304964'><p>Figure A3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1491684-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g0A4-550.jpg?1728304968'><p>Figure A4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1491684-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-ag-550.jpg?1728304968" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g001-550.jpg?1728304937" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Sketch of the air handling unit used as a testbench for the fan measurements [<a href="#B8-ijtpp-09-00032" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g002-550.jpg?1728304939" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Parallelly mounted fans within the AHU with and without the individual air dampers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g003-550.jpg?1728304941" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Recorded performance maps of the investigated fan configurations acquired by Ostmann et al. [<a href="#B8-ijtpp-09-00032" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. For the two-fan configuration only a single combination is shown.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g004-550.jpg?1728304942" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Structure of the simplified office building.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g005-550.jpg?1728304944" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Overview of the operating points based on the building demand. (<b>a</b>) Operating points occurring across the whole year. (<b>b</b>) Time history of one week with all five reference days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g006-550.jpg?1728304945" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Overview of the occupancy for all five reference days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g007-550.jpg?1728304947" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Characteristic performance maps for the two-fan and four-fan configurations according to Ostmann et al. [<a href="#B8-ijtpp-09-00032" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g008-550.jpg?1728304948" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Carpet plots for the pressure increase and power polynomial prediction of the two-fan configuration with 100% data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g009-550.jpg?1728304950" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Carpet plots of the SVR prediction for the pressure increase and power of the two-fan configuration with 100% data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g010-550.jpg?1728304951" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Energy demand as predicted by all models for the reference office building with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mi>Person</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>30</mn> <mo> </mo> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <mo>/</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g011-550.jpg?1728304953" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the energy demand as predicted by the four-fan models with increased required volume flow rate per person.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g0A1-550.jpg?1728304956" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>Carpet plots for the pressure increase and power polynomial prediction of the two-fan configuration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g0A2-550.jpg?1728304960" title=" <strong>Figure A2</strong><br/> <p>Carpet plots for the pressure increase and power SVR prediction of the two fans configuration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g0A3-550.jpg?1728304964" title=" <strong>Figure A3</strong><br/> <p>Carpet plots for the pressure increase and power polynomial prediction of the four-fan configuration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00032/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00032-g0A4-550.jpg?1728304968" title=" <strong>Figure A4</strong><br/> <p>Carpet plots for the pressure increase and power SVR prediction of the four fans configuration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1484578" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 6000 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/31/pdf?version=1727176451" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Development and Design Validation of an Inflow-Settling Chamber for Turbomachinery Test-Benches" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/4/31">Development and Design Validation of an Inflow-Settling Chamber for Turbomachinery Test-Benches</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael Henke</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stefan Gärling</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lena Junge</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lars Wein</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hans-Ulrich Fleige</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(4), 31; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040031">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9040031</a> - 24 Sep 2024 </div> Viewed by 876 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> At Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany, a new turbomachinery test facility has been built over the last few years. A major part of this facility is a new 6 MW compressor station, which is connected to a large piping system, both designed and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/31/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> At Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany, a new turbomachinery test facility has been built over the last few years. A major part of this facility is a new 6 MW compressor station, which is connected to a large piping system, both designed and built by AERZEN. This system provides air supply to several wind tunnel and turbomachinery test rigs, e.g., axial turbines and axial compressors. These test rigs are designed to conduct high-quality aerodynamic, aeroelastic, and aeroacoustic measurements to increase physical understanding of steady and unsteady effects in turbomachines. One primary purpose of these investigations is the validation of aerodynamic and aeroacoustic numerical methods. To provide precise boundary conditions for the validation process, extremely high homogeneity of the inflow to the investigated experimental setup is imminent. Thus, customized settling chambers have been developed using analytical and numerical design methods. The authors have chosen to follow basic aerodynamic design steps, using analytical assumptions for the inlet section, the “mixing” area of a settling chamber, and the outlet nozzle in combination with state-of-the-art numerical investigations. In early 2020, the first settling chamber was brought into operation for the acceptance tests. In order to collect high-resolution flow field data during the tests, Leibniz University and AERZEN have designed a unique measurement device for robust and fast in-line flow field measurements. For this measurement device, total pressure and total-temperature rake probes, as well as traversing multi-hole probes, have been used in combination to receive high-resolution flow field data at the outlet section of the settling chamber. The paper provides information about the design process of the settling chamber, the developed measurement device, and measurement data gained from the acceptance tests. <a href="/2504-186X/9/4/31">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/ijtpp/special_issues/9V571C24N3 ">Selected Papers from the 10th EVI-GTI International Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/4/31/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1484578"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1484578"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1484578" data-cycle-prev="#prev1484578" data-cycle-progressive="#images1484578" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g001-550.jpg?1727176516" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1484578" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g002-550.jpg?1727176517'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g003-550.jpg?1727176518'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g004-550.jpg?1727176519'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g005-550.jpg?1727176520'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g006-550.jpg?1727176521'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g007-550.jpg?1727176523'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g008-550.jpg?1727176523'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g009-550.jpg?1727176524'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g010-550.jpg?1727176525'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g011-550.jpg?1727176526'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1484578-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g012-550.jpg?1727176527'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1484578-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g001-550.jpg?1727176516" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic view of the main air supply system of the test facility adapted from [<a href="#B7-ijtpp-09-00031" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g002-550.jpg?1727176517" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional model view of the standard test cell with a settling chamber installed upstream of the test rig.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g003-550.jpg?1727176518" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional visualization of the settling chamber design with optimized geometry and flow straighteners.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g004-550.jpg?1727176519" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sectional view of the final design for the settling chamber and optimized components (individually optimized geometry components marked in different colored).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g005-550.jpg?1727176520" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Numerical domain and model details for the post-test analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g006-550.jpg?1727176521" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Measurement device mounted downstream of the settling chamber (<b>left</b>) and a schematic view of the internal probe design (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g007-550.jpg?1727176523" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of normalized circumferential velocity at the settling chamber outlet between an empty settling chamber and a settling chamber fully equipped with internal aerodynamic structures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g008-550.jpg?1727176523" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Deviation from the mean value of the relative total pressure distribution at the settling chamber outlet cross-section for OP5; measurement uncertainty in experiment ±50 Pa.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g009-550.jpg?1727176524" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Deviation from the mean value of the absolute total temperature distribution at the settling chamber outlet cross-section for OP5; measurement uncertainty in experiment ±0.4 K.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g010-550.jpg?1727176525" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Deviation from the mean value of the relative total pressure distribution at the settling chamber outlet cross-section for OP19; measurement uncertainty in experiment ±50 Pa.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g011-550.jpg?1727176526" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Deviation from the mean value of the absolute total temperature distribution at the settling chamber outlet cross-section for OP19; measurement uncertainty in experiment ±0.4 K.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00031/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00031-g012-550.jpg?1727176527" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between measurement results and simulation of the absolute total temperature distribution in the core flow section downstream of the settling chamber.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1482318" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 9 pages, 2124 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/30/pdf?version=1727080974" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Verification of the Gage Factor of a High-Temperature Strain Gage for the Dynamic Testing of Gas Turbines" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Technical Note</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/3/30">Verification of the Gage Factor of a High-Temperature Strain Gage for the Dynamic Testing of Gas Turbines</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Oleksii Podobied</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ihor Vernyhora</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Oleksii Kulikov</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 30; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030030">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030030</a> - 20 Sep 2024 </div> Viewed by 1100 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper presents an analysis of factors causing the change in the real gage factor of high-temperature strain gages installed with ceramic cements. A calibration tool to mimic the load on the strain gage during the testing of gas turbines and to determine <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/30/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper presents an analysis of factors causing the change in the real gage factor of high-temperature strain gages installed with ceramic cements. A calibration tool to mimic the load on the strain gage during the testing of gas turbines and to determine the real gage factor is described. Calibration data obtained for two samples of nickel–chromium strain gages and two samples of iron–chromium–aluminum strain gages are given and analyzed. <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/30">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/ijtpp/special_issues/9V571C24N3 ">Selected Papers from the 10th EVI-GTI International Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/30/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1482318"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1482318"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1482318" data-cycle-prev="#prev1482318" data-cycle-progressive="#images1482318" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1482318-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g001-550.jpg?1727081058" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1482318" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1482318-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g002-550.jpg?1727081060'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1482318-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g003-550.jpg?1727081061'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1482318-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g004a-550.jpg?1727081064'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1482318-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g004b-550.jpg?1727081065'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1482318-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g005-550.jpg?1727081066'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1482318-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g001-550.jpg?1727081058" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Dependance curves of <span class="html-italic">θ<sub>α</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">θ<sub>β</sub></span> parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/30'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g002-550.jpg?1727081060" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Structural scheme of a tuning fork graduation device.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/30'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g003-550.jpg?1727081061" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>TFGD-4001-OM tuning fork graduation device.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/30'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g004a-550.jpg?1727081064" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Output signal from the strain gages: (<b>a</b>) signal spectrum, (<b>b</b>) voltage output during setting of the amplitude, (<b>c</b>) voltage output at 2 mm swing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/30'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g004b-550.jpg?1727081065" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Output signal from the strain gages: (<b>a</b>) signal spectrum, (<b>b</b>) voltage output during setting of the amplitude, (<b>c</b>) voltage output at 2 mm swing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/30'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00030/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00030-g005-550.jpg?1727081066" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Strain gage signal dependance on the tuning fork oscillation amplitude.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/30'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1450500" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 7537 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/29/pdf?version=1722916555" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Analysis and Prediction of the Stability Limit for Centrifugal Compressors with Vaneless Diffusers" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/3/29">Analysis and Prediction of the Stability Limit for Centrifugal Compressors with Vaneless Diffusers</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xavier Flete</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicolas Binder</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yannick Bousquet</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Viviane Ciais</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sandrine Cros</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicolas Poujol</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 29; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030029">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030029</a> - 5 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1447 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A numerical study was conducted to identify the mechanisms involved in the destabilisation of centrifugal compressors with vaneless diffusers. A stability analysis—carried out on the rotating and fixed parts of the studied machines—showed that the vaneless diffuser is a limiting component at a <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/29/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A numerical study was conducted to identify the mechanisms involved in the destabilisation of centrifugal compressors with vaneless diffusers. A stability analysis—carried out on the rotating and fixed parts of the studied machines—showed that the vaneless diffuser is a limiting component at a low mass flow rate. It was demonstrated that the reorganisation of stall patterns into recirculation in the inducer stabilises the impellers’ flow fields. As the destabilisation of vaneless diffusers has been a recurrent topic in the literature, many models have shown that it is the inlet-flow angle that drives the loss of stability. Models from the literature have estimated critical angle values using the geometry of the diffuser. Thus, for a given stage, expressing the diffuser inlet-flow angle as a function of the mass flow rate allows one to estimate its stability limit. However, this law needs to be calibrated to consider each compressor’s geometrical and aerodynamic specificities. This calibration can be achieved through single-passage steady simulations performed at stable operating points with high mass flow rates. With this methodology, a designer can estimate the stability limit of a centrifugal compressor with a vaneless diffuser from single-passage RANS calculations. <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/29">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/29/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1450500"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1450500"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1450500" data-cycle-prev="#prev1450500" data-cycle-progressive="#images1450500" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g001-550.jpg?1722916662" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1450500" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g002-550.jpg?1722916663'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g003-550.jpg?1722916664'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g004-550.jpg?1722916668'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g005-550.jpg?1722916670'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g006-550.jpg?1722916671'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g007-550.jpg?1722916672'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g008-550.jpg?1722916673'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g009-550.jpg?1722916673'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g010-550.jpg?1722916674'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1450500-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g011-550.jpg?1722916675'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1450500-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g001-550.jpg?1722916662" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Computational domains (<b>left</b>: CMP-1/<b>right</b>: CMP-2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g002-550.jpg?1722916663" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of measurements and CFD results at 97% of the studied rotation rate (CMP-1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g003-550.jpg?1722916664" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Studied operating point locations on the compressors’ characteristic curves (from URANS calculations, <b>left</b>: CMP-1/<b>right</b>: CMP-2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g004-550.jpg?1722916668" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Interaction between the backflow vortices and leading edges (OP2/CMP-1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g005-550.jpg?1722916670" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Circumferentially averaged incidence profiles at the impeller inlets (<b>left</b>: CMP-1/<b>right</b>: CMP-2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g006-550.jpg?1722916671" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Instantaneous visualisations of the axial velocity sign at the CMP-1 impeller inlet (white: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mi>x</mi> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>/black: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mi>x</mi> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g007-550.jpg?1722916672" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Instantaneous visualisations of the radial velocity sign in the vaneless diffuser of CMP-1. (white: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>/black: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g008-550.jpg?1722916673" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Stability diagrams obtained from URANS calculations. (<b>left</b>: CMP-1/<b>right</b>: CMP-2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g009-550.jpg?1722916673" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Definition of the flow angles, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>α</mi> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>β</mi> </semantics></math>, from the velocity triangle at the impeller outlet.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g010-550.jpg?1722916674" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Extrapolation of the diffuser inlet-flow angle from single passage RANS calculations. (<b>left</b>: with the reference calibration points/<b>right</b>: with different calibration points).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00029/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00029-g011-550.jpg?1722916675" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Estimation of the stability limit from single passage RANS calculations (<b>left</b>: CMP-1/<b>right</b>: CMP-2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1448223" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 9032 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/28/pdf?version=1722586419" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Towards Improved Turbomachinery Measurements: A Comprehensive Analysis of Gaussian Process Modeling for a Data-Driven Bayesian Hybrid Measurement Technique" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/3/28">Towards Improved Turbomachinery Measurements: A Comprehensive Analysis of Gaussian Process Modeling for a Data-Driven Bayesian Hybrid Measurement Technique</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gonçalo G. Cruz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xavier Ottavy</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fabrizio Fontaneto</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 28; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030028">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030028</a> - 1 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1204 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A cost-effective solution to address the challenges posed by sensitive instrumentation in next-gen turbomachinery components is to reduce the number of measurement samples required to assess complex flows. This study investigates Gaussian Process (GP) modeling approaches within the framework of a data-driven hybrid <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/28/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A cost-effective solution to address the challenges posed by sensitive instrumentation in next-gen turbomachinery components is to reduce the number of measurement samples required to assess complex flows. This study investigates Gaussian Process (GP) modeling approaches within the framework of a data-driven hybrid measurement technique for turbomachinery applications. Three different modeling approaches—Baseline GP, CFD to Experiments GP, and Multi-Fidelity GP—are evaluated, and their performance in predicting mean flow characteristics and associated uncertainties on a low aspect ratio axial compressor stage, representative of the last stage of a high-pressure compressor, are focused on. The Baseline GP demonstrates robust accuracy, while the integration of CFD data in CFD into Experiments GP introduces complexities and more errors. The Multi-Fidelity GP, leveraging both CFD and experimental data, emerges as a promising solution, exhibiting enhanced accuracy in critical flow features. A sensitivity analysis underscores its stability and accuracy, even with reduced measurements. The Multi-Fidelity GP, therefore, stands as a reliable data fusion method for the proposed hybrid measurement technique, offering a potential reduction in instrumentation effort and testing times. <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/28">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/ijtpp/special_issues/QT72E60032 ">Selected Papers from the XXVI Biennial Symposium on Measuring Techniques in Turbomachinery</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/28/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1448223"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1448223"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1448223" data-cycle-prev="#prev1448223" data-cycle-progressive="#images1448223" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g001-550.jpg?1722586489" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1448223" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g002-550.jpg?1722586490'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g003-550.jpg?1722586492'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g004-550.jpg?1722586494'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g005-550.jpg?1722586497'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g006-550.jpg?1722586498'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g007-550.jpg?1722586499'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g008-550.jpg?1722586500'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g009-550.jpg?1722586500'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g010-550.jpg?1722586502'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g011-550.jpg?1722586502'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1448223-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g012-550.jpg?1722586504'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1448223-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g001-550.jpg?1722586489" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overall pressure ratio evolution in engine trends over the years, with crosses representing the current flying engines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g002-550.jpg?1722586490" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Proposed data-driven Bayesian hybrid measurement technique schematic for a complete accurate flow assessment and uncertainty quantification with a reduction in instrumentation usage and testing time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g003-550.jpg?1722586492" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>VKI R4 facility layout for axial compressor studies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g004-550.jpg?1722586494" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>H25 compressor stage experimental test section meridional view. Measurement planes in blue. Rotating machinery in red. Stator row in green.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g005-550.jpg?1722586497" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>H25 compressor stage numerical domain meridional view and blade-to-blade zoom cut (distorted blade geometry).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g006-550.jpg?1722586498" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Baseline GP total pressure prediction (<b>right</b>) against fully experimental reference (<b>left</b>), with 33% measurements used, represented by the white marks. A, B and C represent critical flow features.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g007-550.jpg?1722586499" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Baseline GP pressure ratio uncertainty <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>±</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, with 33% measurements used, represented by the white marks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g008-550.jpg?1722586500" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>CFD to Experiments GP total pressure prediction (<b>right</b>) against fully experimental reference (<b>left</b>), with 33% measurements used, represented by the white marks. A, B and C represent critical flow features.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g009-550.jpg?1722586500" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>CFD to Experiments GP pressure ratio uncertainty <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>±</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, with 33% measurements used, represented by the white marks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g010-550.jpg?1722586502" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Multi-Fidelity GP total pressure prediction (<b>right</b>) against fully experimental reference (<b>left</b>), with 33% measurements used, represented by the white marks. A, B and C represent critical flow features.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g011-550.jpg?1722586502" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>CFD to Experiments GP pressure ratio uncertainty <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>±</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, with 33% measurements used, represented by the white marks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00028/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00028-g012-550.jpg?1722586504" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>RMSE comparison between the Baseline, CFD to Experiments, and Multi-Fidelity GP approaches across different model runs for different numbers of measurements used.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1441103" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 2765 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/27/pdf?version=1721807926" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Turbofan Performance Estimation Using Neural Network Component Maps and Genetic Algorithm-Least Squares Solvers" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/3/27">Turbofan Performance Estimation Using Neural Network Component Maps and Genetic Algorithm-Least Squares Solvers</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppe Lombardo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pierantonio Lo Greco</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ivano Benedetti</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 27; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030027">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030027</a> - 23 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 1082 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Computational models of turbofans that are oriented to assist the design and testing of innovative components are of fundamental importance in order to reduce their environmental impact. In this paper, we present an effective method for developing numerical turbofan models that allows reliable <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/27/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Computational models of turbofans that are oriented to assist the design and testing of innovative components are of fundamental importance in order to reduce their environmental impact. In this paper, we present an effective method for developing numerical turbofan models that allows reliable steady-state turbofan performance calculations. The main difference between the proposed method and those used in various commercial algorithms, such as GasTurb, GSP 12 and NPSS, is the use of neural networks as a multidimensional interpolation method for rotational component maps instead of classical <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>β</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> parameter. An additional aspect of fundamental importance lies in the simplicity of implementing this method in Matlab and the high degree of customization of the turbofan components without performing any manipulation of variables for the purpose of reducing the dimensionality of the problem, which would normally lead to a high condition number of the Jacobian matrix associated with the nonlinear turbofan system (and, thus, to significant error). In the proposed methodology, the component behavior can be modeled by analytical relationships and through the use of neural networks trained from component bench test data or data obtained from CFD simulations. Generalization of rotational component maps by feedforward neural networks leads to an average interpolation error up to around <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, for all variables. The resulting nonlinear system is solved by a combined genetic algorithm and least squares algorithm approach, instead of the standard Newton’s method. The turbofan numerical model turns out to be convergent, and results suggest that the trend in overall turbofan performance, as flight conditions change, is in agreement with the outputs of the GSP 12 software. <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/27">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/27/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1441103"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1441103"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1441103" data-cycle-prev="#prev1441103" data-cycle-progressive="#images1441103" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g001-550.jpg?1721807999" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1441103" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g002-550.jpg?1721808000'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g003-550.jpg?1721808001'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g004-550.jpg?1721808001'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g005-550.jpg?1721808002'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g006-550.jpg?1721808003'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g007-550.jpg?1721808004'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g008-550.jpg?1721808006'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g009-550.jpg?1721808009'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g010-550.jpg?1721808011'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g011-550.jpg?1721808013'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g012-550.jpg?1721808014'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1441103-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g013-550.jpg?1721808016'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1441103-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g001-550.jpg?1721807999" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Turbofan main components [<a href="#B8-ijtpp-09-00027" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g002-550.jpg?1721808000" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Compressor local error map for different <span class="html-italic">N</span> constant curves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g003-550.jpg?1721808001" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Interactions between the three parts of the algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g004-550.jpg?1721808001" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Preliminary design calculation in <a href="#ijtpp-09-00027-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g005-550.jpg?1721808002" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Nonlinear solution calculation in <a href="#ijtpp-09-00027-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g006-550.jpg?1721808003" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Nozzles condition check in <a href="#ijtpp-09-00027-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g007-550.jpg?1721808004" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Overall turbofan simulation algorithm including scaling block.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g008-550.jpg?1721808006" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Operating lines on maps for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>11,000</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> m and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.85</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> as <span class="html-italic">f</span> decreases from 0.0263 to 0.0168.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g009-550.jpg?1721808009" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Operating lines on maps for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5000</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> m and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.45</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> as <span class="html-italic">f</span> decreases from 0.0270 to 0.0168.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g010-550.jpg?1721808011" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Operating lines on maps for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> m and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.20</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> as <span class="html-italic">f</span> decreases from 0.0312 to 0.0183.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g011-550.jpg?1721808013" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Operating lines on maps for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> m and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> as <span class="html-italic">f</span> decreases from 0.0312 to 0.0182.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g012-550.jpg?1721808014" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Trend of <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mover accent="true"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math> as <span class="html-italic">f</span> decreases for flight conditions shown in <a href="#ijtpp-09-00027-t006" class="html-table">Table 6</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00027/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00027-g013-550.jpg?1721808016" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Trend of <span class="html-italic">F</span> as <span class="html-italic">f</span> decreases for flight conditions shown in <a href="#ijtpp-09-00027-t006" class="html-table">Table 6</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1428177" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 12832 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/26/pdf?version=1720001453" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Experimental Investigation of an Efficient and Lightweight Designed Counter-Rotating Shrouded Fan Stage" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/3/26">Experimental Investigation of an Efficient and Lightweight Designed Counter-Rotating Shrouded Fan Stage</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Timea Lengyel-Kampmann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jirair Karboujian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guillaume Charroin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Winkelmann</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 26; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030026">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030026</a> - 3 Jul 2024 </div> <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/26#metrics">Cited by 2</a> | Viewed by 1331 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The German Aerospace Center designed, aero-mechanically optimized and experimentally investigated its own counter-rotating shrouded fan stage in the frame of the project CRISPmulti. Their target and the motivation of this work was, on the one hand, the generation of a highly accurate experimental <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/26/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The German Aerospace Center designed, aero-mechanically optimized and experimentally investigated its own counter-rotating shrouded fan stage in the frame of the project CRISPmulti. Their target and the motivation of this work was, on the one hand, the generation of a highly accurate experimental database for the validation of the modern numerical design and optimization processes, and on the other hand, the development of a new innovative technology for the manufacturing of 3D fan blades made of a lightweight CFRP material. The original CRISP-1m test rig designed by the MTU Aero Engines in the 1980s was reused with the new blading for experimental investigation in the Multistage Two-Shaft Compressor Test Facility (M2VP) of the DLR in Cologne. The evaluation of the steady measurement results and the validation of the numerical simulation based on the pressure and temperature measurement are presented in this paper. <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/26">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/26/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1428177"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1428177"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1428177" data-cycle-prev="#prev1428177" data-cycle-progressive="#images1428177" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g001-550.jpg?1720001567" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1428177" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g002-550.jpg?1720001569'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g003-550.jpg?1720001570'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g004-550.jpg?1720001572'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g005-550.jpg?1720001574'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g006-550.jpg?1720001577'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g007-550.jpg?1720001580'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g008-550.jpg?1720001581'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g009-550.jpg?1720001582'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g010-550.jpg?1720001583'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g011-550.jpg?1720001584'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g012-550.jpg?1720001586'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g013-550.jpg?1720001588'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1428177-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g014-550.jpg?1720001589'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1428177-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g001-550.jpg?1720001567" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The optimized geometry of the fan stage (<b>a</b>) and the performance map of the optimized geometry compared with the initial design (<b>b</b>) [<a href="#B3-ijtpp-09-00026" class="html-bibr">3</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g002-550.jpg?1720001569" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Manufacturing process of the CFRP blades (<b>a</b>) and the shaker test (<b>b</b>) [<a href="#B5-ijtpp-09-00026" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g003-550.jpg?1720001570" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Instrumentation overview.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g004-550.jpg?1720001572" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Inlet boundary layer rake (<b>left</b>), outlet total pressure rake (<b>middle</b>) and the circumferential distribution of the four outlet rakes (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g005-550.jpg?1720001574" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Inlet distortion device.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g006-550.jpg?1720001577" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Blade vibration monitoring by strain gauges on the blades (<b>left</b> and <b>middle</b>) and by capacitive sensors in the casing (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g007-550.jpg?1720001580" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>IPCT measurement setup (<b>left</b>), PIV measurement setup (<b>middle</b>) and the configuration for the combined probe, acoustic and Kulite measurement (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g008-550.jpg?1720001581" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Calculational domain for the optimization and for the validation (<b>a</b>); Boundary inlet condition based on the measured results (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g009-550.jpg?1720001582" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Effect of the considered flow path length on the characteristics (see <a href="#ijtpp-09-00026-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>a for colors).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g010-550.jpg?1720001583" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Effect of the tip gap on the performance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g011-550.jpg?1720001584" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Effect of the turbulence model on the speed line, comparison with the measured 100% speed line (<b>a</b>), <span class="html-italic">v<sub>ax</sub></span> and TKE contours in the Stall SST point at <span class="html-italic">h<sub>rel</sub></span> = 0.95 (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g012-550.jpg?1720001586" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the measured and calculated performance maps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g013-550.jpg?1720001588" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Measured and calculated radial <span class="html-italic">p</span><sub>t</sub> and <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>t</sub> distributions (100% speed line).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00026/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00026-g014-550.jpg?1720001589" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Measured and calculated radial <span class="html-italic">p</span><sub>t</sub> and <span class="html-italic">T</span><sub>t</sub> distributions (65% speed line).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1427339" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 3897 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/25/pdf?version=1719908097" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Heat Load Development and Heat Map Sensitivity Analysis for Civil Aero-Engines" data-journal="ijtpp"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-186X/9/3/25">Heat Load Development and Heat Map Sensitivity Analysis for Civil Aero-Engines</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alireza Ebrahimi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Soheil Jafari</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Theoklis Nikolaidis</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 25; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030025">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp9030025</a> - 2 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 1645 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The design complexity of the new generation of civil aero-engines results in higher demands on engines’ components, higher component temperatures, higher heat generation, and, finally, critical thermal management issues. This paper will propose a methodological approach to creating physics-based models for heat loads <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/25/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The design complexity of the new generation of civil aero-engines results in higher demands on engines’ components, higher component temperatures, higher heat generation, and, finally, critical thermal management issues. This paper will propose a methodological approach to creating physics-based models for heat loads developed by sources, as well as a systematic sensitivity analysis to identify the effects of design parameters on the thermal behavior of civil aero-engines. The ranges and levels of heat loads generated by heat sources (e.g., accessory gearbox, bearing, pumps, etc.) and the heat absorption capacity of heat sinks (e.g., engine fuel, oil, and air) are discussed systematically. The practical research challenges for thermal management system design and development for the new and next generation of turbofan engines will then be addressed through a sensitivity analysis of the heat load values as well as the heat sink flow rates. The potential solutions for thermal performance enhancements of propulsion systems will be proposed and discussed accordingly. <a href="/2504-186X/9/3/25">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/ijtpp/special_issues/9V571C24N3 ">Selected Papers from the 10th EVI-GTI International Conference on Gas Turbine Instrumentation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-186X/9/3/25/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1427339"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1427339"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1427339" data-cycle-prev="#prev1427339" data-cycle-progressive="#images1427339" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g001-550.jpg?1719908180" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1427339" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g002-550.jpg?1719908182'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g003-550.jpg?1719908183'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g004-550.jpg?1719908184'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g005-550.jpg?1719908186'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g006-550.jpg?1719908189'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g007-550.jpg?1719908190'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g008-550.jpg?1719908191'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g009-550.jpg?1719908191'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g010-550.jpg?1719908192'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g011-550.jpg?1719908193'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1427339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g012-550.jpg?1719908194'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1427339-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g001-550.jpg?1719908180" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A conventional TMS architecture for aircraft applications (adapted from [<a href="#B6-ijtpp-09-00025" class="html-bibr">6</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g002-550.jpg?1719908182" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Thermal loads over time (adapted from [<a href="#B8-ijtpp-09-00025" class="html-bibr">8</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g003-550.jpg?1719908183" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Publication distribution over time regarding aircraft TMSs (obtained from Scopus [<a href="#B13-ijtpp-09-00025" class="html-bibr">13</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g004-550.jpg?1719908184" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The paper methodology workflow.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g005-550.jpg?1719908186" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>AGB heat loss calculation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g006-550.jpg?1719908189" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>PGB heat loss calculation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g007-550.jpg?1719908190" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Bearing heat loss calculation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g008-550.jpg?1719908191" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Heat loads of different components vs. engine thrust.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g009-550.jpg?1719908191" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>PGB heat loss during flight.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g010-550.jpg?1719908192" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>PGB mechanical efficiencies during flight.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g011-550.jpg?1719908193" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The effect of the oil mass flow rate on the exit temperature (scenario I).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijtpp/ijtpp-09-00025/article_deploy/html/images/ijtpp-09-00025-g012-550.jpg?1719908194" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The effect of oil mass flow distribution on the exit temperature (scenario II).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-186X/9/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <span class="more" style="display: none;"></span> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> 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