CINXE.COM

Measurement, Design, and Analysis Methods for Health Outcomes Research | Executive and Continuing Education | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-26d49e9cd1d82010791",applicationID:"529647296"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5DKHTM4');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/favicon.ico" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#A51C30"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ms/ms-tile-icon.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-iphone.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-ipad.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-iphone-retina.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-ipad-retina.png"> <script>(function(html){html.className = html.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);</script> <title>Measurement, Design, and Analysis Methods for Health Outcomes Research | Executive and Continuing Education | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.hsph.harvard.edu' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Executive and Continuing Education &raquo; Feed" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/ecpe\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-plugin-multisite-tweaks-styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-multisite-tweaks/assets/css/hsph-plugin-multisite-tweaks.css?ver%5BVersion%5D=1.2.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph_page_elements_styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-page-elements/assets/css/plugin-page-elements.css?ver=1.2.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-plugin-tagging-topics-pages-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tagging/assets/css/topics.css?ver=1.1.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-table-sortable-css-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tinymce-tweaks/assets/css/hsph-table-sortable.css?ver=1.1.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-bootstrap-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-design-system/assets/css/hsph-bootstrap-no-conflict.css?ver=1.4.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-ui-shortcodes-style-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-ui-shortcodes/assets/css/hsph-ui-shortcodes.css?ver=1.6.11' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='search-filter-plugin-styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/css/search-filter.min.css?ver=2.5.13' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-style-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/style.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-fontawesome-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-design-system/assets/css/hsph-fontawesome.css?ver=1.4.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ecpe-child-style-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016-child-ecpe/style.css?ver=1.1.14' type='text/css' media='all' /> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-home-ie8-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016-child-ecpe/css/ie8.css?ver=20151230' type='text/css' media='all' /> <![endif]--> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather%3A300%2C400%2C700%2C300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%7CInconsolata%3A400&#038;subset=latin%2Clatin-ext&#038;ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genericons-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-people-research-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/css/people-research.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <!--[if lt IE 10]> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-ie-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/css/ie9.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-ie8-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/css/ie8.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <![endif]--> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-sharing-buttons-styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-social//assets/css/hsph-sharing-buttons.css?ver%5BVersion%5D=1.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=13.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-sentry-browser-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wp_sentry = {"environment":"prod","release":"v6.6.1.5","context":{"tags":{"wordpress":"6.6.1","language":"en-US"}},"blacklistUrls":["https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/voices\/","regex:3playmedia","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","harvard\\\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/","harvard\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/"],"denyUrls":["https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/voices\/","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","harvard\\\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/","harvard\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/"],"dsn":"https:\/\/1cf5486bca3949988f6ee887a807ff7c@o259296.ingest.sentry.io\/1856593"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/wp-sentry-integration/public/wp-sentry-browser.min.js?ver=7.12.0" id="wp-sentry-browser-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/jquery-updater/js/jquery-3.7.1.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/jquery-updater/js/jquery-migrate-3.4.1.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tabs.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-tabs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/accordion.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-accordion-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-ui-shortcodes/assets/js/hsph-ui-shortcodes.js?ver=1.6.11" id="hsph-ui-shortcodes-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="search-filter-plugin-build-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var SF_LDATA = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/ecpe\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","home_url":"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/ecpe\/","extensions":[]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/search-filter-build.min.js?ver=2.5.13" id="search-filter-plugin-build-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/chosen.jquery.min.js?ver=2.5.13" id="search-filter-plugin-chosen-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/typekit.js?ver=1.3.101" id="hsph-typekit-js"></script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.js?ver=3.7.3" id="hsph-html5-js"></script> <![endif]--> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-json/wp/v2/programs/308" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs/measurement-design-and-analysis-methods-for-health-outcomes-research/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/?p=308' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Fecpe%2Fprograms%2Fmeasurement-design-and-analysis-methods-for-health-outcomes-research%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Fecpe%2Fprograms%2Fmeasurement-design-and-analysis-methods-for-health-outcomes-research%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <!-- Google Analytics --> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga( 'create', 'UA-16396394-1', 'hsph.harvard.edu', 'trackern1'); ga( 'trackern1.require', 'displayfeatures'); ga( 'trackern1.require', 'linkid'); ga( 'trackern1.set', 'dimension1', 'signed_out' ); ga( 'trackern1.set', 'dimension2', 'none' ); ga( 'trackern1.send', 'pageview'); ga( 'create', ' UA-44468534-1', 'hsph.harvard.edu', 'trackern2'); ga( 'trackern2.require', 'displayfeatures'); ga( 'trackern2.require', 'linkid'); ga( 'trackern2.set', 'dimension1', 'signed_out' ); ga( 'trackern2.set', 'dimension2', 'none' ); ga( 'trackern2.send', 'pageview'); ga( 'create', 'UA-52313725-1', 'auto', 'trackers1'); ga( 'trackers1.require', 'displayfeatures'); ga( 'trackers1.require', 'linkid'); ga( 'trackers1.set', 'dimension1', 'signed_out' ); ga( 'trackers1.set', 'dimension2', 'none' ); ga( 'trackers1.send', 'pageview'); </script> <!-- End Google Analytics --> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-XL6K');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags --> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Measurement, Design, and Analysis Methods for Health Outcomes Research" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs/measurement-design-and-analysis-methods-for-health-outcomes-research/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="You will learn to design, implement, and analyze health outcomes studies, use outcomes research data for clinical decision making, health care planning, and technology development, and understand t…" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-08-19T15:21:23+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-06-06T14:00:00+00:00" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Executive and Continuing Education" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-scaled.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2560" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1703" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="A small group of three medical professionals sit around a table together as they compare notes and discuss." /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@harvardchansph" /> <meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Measurement, Design, and Analysis Methods for Health Outcomes Research" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-scaled.jpg?w=640" /> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="A small group of three medical professionals sit around a table together as they compare notes and discuss." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags --> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2020/09/shield-favicon-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2020/09/shield-favicon-300x300.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2020/09/shield-favicon-300x300.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2020/09/shield-favicon-300x300.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> body.post-type-archive-programs div.taxonomy-description { display: none; } input.sf-input-checkbox { margin-right: 0; } body.post-type-archive-faculty div.taxonomy-description { display: none; } .program-listing { border-bottom: 1px solid #d1d1d1; margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 1.5em !important; } /* Chrome 29+ ( Not targeting Chrome only ) */ @media all and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0) and (min-resolution: .001dpcm) { /*HCPMO/ article#post-285 #agenda > div > div > table > tbody > tr:nth-child(1) > th:nth-child(1){ display:none } /*BCV article#post-285 #agenda > div > div > table > tbody > tr:nth-child(1) > th:nth-child(1){ display:none } */ } #post-309 #misc, #post-309 #program-tabs > ul > li:nth-child(7){ display:none; } #post-299 #misc, #post-299 #program-tabs > ul > li:nth-child(7){ display:none; } .postid-313 li[aria-controls=faculty]{ display:none !important; } #post-10915 .brochure-request{ /*display:none;*/ } @media screen and (min-width: 650px) { /* Manually style iteration info/summary area to avoid unwanted styles when hsph-bootstrap is applied. */ .ecpe-iteration-section, .ecpe-iteration-section :is(section, div)>div { display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .ecpe-iteration-section :is(section, div) { display: flex; flex-direction: row; } } </style> <style id="kirki-inline-styles"></style></head> <body class="programs-template-default single single-programs postid-308 group-blog no-sidebar"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5DKHTM4" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div id="navbar" class="navbar"> <div id="nav-utility-menu" class="nav-utility-menu"></div> <div id="nav-primary-menu" class="nav-primary-menu"></div> <div id="nav-audience-menu" class="nav-audience-menu"></div> </div> <button id="main-menu-toggle" class="main-menu-toggle">Menu</button> <button id="main-menu-caption" class="main-menu-caption"><span id="main-menu-caption-text" class="main-menu-caption-text">Close Menu</span></button> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div id="audience-bar"> <div id="site-audience-menu" class="site-audience-menu"> <span class="information-for">Information For:</span> <nav id="audience-navigation" class="audience-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Audience Menu"> <div class="menu-audience-menu-container"><ul id="menu-audience-menu" class="hsph-audience-menu"><li id="menu-item-253" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-253"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/clinicians/">Clinicians</a></li> <li id="menu-item-254" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-254"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/ehs-professionals/">EHS Professionals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-255" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-255"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/academics/">Academics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-256" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-256"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/executives/">Executives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-257" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-257"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/government-employees/">Gov Employees</a></li> <li id="menu-item-258" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-258"><a href="/ecpe/programs/">More</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .main-navigation --> </div><!-- .site-header-menu --> <div id="index-search"> <div id="site-atoz-menu" class="site-atoz-menu"> <nav id="atoz-navigation" class="atoz-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="A to Z Menu"> <div class="menu-upper-right-container"><ul id="menu-upper-right" class="hsph-atoz-menu"><li id="menu-item-497" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-497"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/faq/">FAQs</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .main-navigation --> </div><!-- .site-header-menu --> <div id="search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" id="q" title="Search for:" /> </label> <button type="submit" value="Search" alt="Search" class="search-submit"> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header-main"> <div class="site-branding"> <div class="site-title"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/" rel="home">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a></div> </div><!-- .site-branding --> <div id="site-utility-menu" class="site-utility-menu"> <nav id="utility-navigation" class="utility-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Utility Menu"> <div class="menu-utility-links-container"><ul id="menu-utility-links" class="hsph-utility-menu"><li id="menu-item-34" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34"><a href="https://sph-crm-ecpe.my.site.com/login">Attendee Portal Login</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/translation">Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .main-navigation --> </div><!-- .site-header-menu --> </div><!-- .site-header-main --> <div id="site-header-menu" class="site-header-menu"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-main-menu-container"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="hsph-primary-menu"><li id="menu-item-184" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-184"><a href="/ecpe/programs/">Programs for Individuals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5209" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5209"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs-for-organizations/">Programs for Organizations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-item-7"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/news/">News &#038; Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-41" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-41"><a href="https://execed2.sph.harvard.edu/executive-education-program-portfolio">Portfolio Download</a></li> <li id="menu-item-31" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-31"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/about/">About Executive Education</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .main-navigation --> </div><!-- .site-header-menu --> </header><!-- .site-header --> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <!-- div class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title">Measurement, Design, and Analysis Methods for Health Outcomes Research</h1> </div --><!-- .entry-header --> <div id="breadcrumbs"><!-- Breadcrumb NavXT 7.3.0 --> <span property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a property="item" typeof="WebPage" title="Go to Executive and Continuing Education." href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe" class="main-home"><span property="name">Executive and Continuing Education</span></a><meta property="position" content="1"></span> &gt; <span property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a property="item" typeof="WebPage" title="Go to Programs." href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs/" class="archive post-programs-archive"><span property="name">Programs</span></a><meta property="position" content="2"></span> &gt; <span property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><span property="name">Measurement, Design, and Analysis Methods for Health Outcomes Research</span><meta property="position" content="3"></span></div> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="left-nav" class="left-nav" role="navigation"> <!-- div class="section-title"> <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/" rel="home">Executive and Continuing Education</a> <button class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">expand child menu</span></button> </div --> <div class="left-collapse-container"> <!-- div id="left-search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search this section" value="" name="s" title="Search for:" /> </label> <button type="submit" value="Search" alt="Search" class="search-submit"> </button> </form> </div --> <div id="site-left-menu" class="site-left-menu"> </div><!-- .site-header-menu --> <div id="related-articles"> <div class="section-title"> <h4>Related Articles</h4> </div> <div class="related-article"> <h4>The Value of Applying Health Outcomes Research to Improve Treatment Results</h4> <br> <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/value-of-health-outcomes-research/" class="related-program-learn-more">Read More</a> </div> <div class="related-article"> <h4>How Health Care Executives Can Use Health Outcomes Research for Business Decision Making</h4> <br> <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/how-healthcare-executives-can-use-health-outcomes-research-for-business-decision-making/" class="related-program-learn-more">Read More</a> </div> <div class="related-article"> <h4>Using Health Outcomes Research to Improve Quality of Care</h4> <br> <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/using-health-outcomes-research-to-improve-quality-of-care/" class="related-program-learn-more">Read More</a> </div> </div> </div><!-- .left-collapse-container --> </div><!-- .sidebar .widget-area --> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-308" class="post-308 programs type-programs status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-research-improvement-innovation audiences-academics audiences-clinicians"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title">Measurement, Design, and Analysis Methods for Health Outcomes Research</h1> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div id="program-info-container" class="entry-content"> <div class="program-info-item iteration-summary"> <div class="program-iteration"> <div class="dates-prices iteration-flex-item"> <p class="noiters-primary">Interested in this course? Subscribe for all the latest updates.</p> <p class="noiters-secondary">This program is not currently available for registration. Click subscribe to be notified when information becomes available.</p> <p class="noiters-disclaimer">All information is subject to change.</p> </div> <div class="iteration-actions iteration-flex-item"> <a href="https://execed2.sph.harvard.edu/subscribe-for-program-updates" class="action-button">SUBSCRIBE</a> </div> </div> <div class="partquote"> <blockquote>This program is ideal for anyone interested in getting an intensive view of the fundamentals of health outcomes research.</blockquote> <ul class="partquote-meta"> <li class="partquote-attribution">&mdash;Michael Loechel</li> <li class="partquote-title">President &amp; Co-Founder, <span class="partquote-org">Axioma Group</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="program-info-item"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs/measurement-design-and-analysis-methods-for-health-outcomes-research/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="2560" height="1703" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Measurement, Design, and Analysis Methods for Health Outcomes Research" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-768x511.jpg 768w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-450x300.jpg 450w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-500x333.jpg 500w" sizes="(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 88vw, 1200px" data-attachment-id="21221" data-permalink="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs/measurement-design-and-analysis-methods-for-health-outcomes-research/ive-been-researching-a-new-surgical-technique/" data-orig-file="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-scaled.jpg" data-orig-size="2560,1703" data-comments-opened="0" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;1.8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Getty Images&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NIKON Z 6_2&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;A small group of three medical professionals sit around a table together as they compare notes and discuss patient cases. They are each dressed in medical attire and focused on the task. Healthcare and Medicine concept.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1658579751&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;2000&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.00625&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;I&#039;ve been researching a new surgical technique&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="A small group of three medical professionals sit around a table together as they compare notes and discuss." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-300x200.jpg" data-large-file="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/uploads/sites/2020/2016/08/MDA23-iStock-1431435404-1024x681.jpg" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="entry-content"> <div id="program-tabs" class="hsph-bootstrap"> <ul> <li><a href="#overview">Program Overview</a></li> <li><a href="#objectives">Objectives & Highlights</a></li> <li><a href="#logistics">Credits and Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="#participants">Who Should Participate</a></li> </ul> <div id="overview"> <h2>Program Overview</h2> <p>Health care systems around the world face growing pressures to provide more effective programs, treatments, and interventions. Health outcomes research is the scientific inquiry that provides the evidence required for optimally developing new therapies, implementing quality of care improvement protocols, and enhancing public health system capacity and capability.</p> <p>In this online program, Harvard’s expert faculty in health outcomes research will guide you through the language and concepts needed to synthesize outcomes studies into useful knowledge for translation and implementation into practice. During this program you will learn the fundamentals for measuring, designing, and analyzing health outcomes research studies and data.</p> <h3>Why Health Outcomes Research is Important</h3> <p>Outcomes research is highly valued in public health due to the breadth of issues it addresses. A diverse and growing number of organizations – employers, health care delivery organizations, insurers, pharmaceutical companies, and governments – rely on health outcomes research for generating actionable data that will help them make better decisions about the value of different therapeutic and preventative options. Well-designed and executed health outcomes research studies can provide evidence for a broad range of medical and public health practices, such as:</p> <ul> <li>Incorporating patient-centered outcomes measures such as patient preference and quality of life into the drug and device development process</li> <li>Evaluating the impact of chronic disease therapies on physical, emotional and social functioning</li> <li>Determining the cost-effectiveness of comparative medical treatments for chronic diseases</li> <li>Assessing the population health risks and benefits associated with response and mitigation strategies for infectious diseases such as influenza and COVID-19</li> </ul> </div> <div id="objectives"> <h2>Objectives &amp; Highlights</h2> <h3>Learning Objectives</h3> <p>As a participant, you will learn to:</p> <ul> <li>Conceptually define the meaning and purpose of outcomes research and evaluation</li> <li>Understand the role of epidemiology, health economics, psychometrics and biostatistics in conducting outcomes research</li> <li>Evaluate the usefulness of outcomes measures and the application of new technologies in medical institutions and industries, health care organizations and public health systems</li> <li>Recognize the different types of measures used in outcomes research, including clinical, health status, quality of life, work/role performance, health care utilization, and patient satisfaction</li> <li>Adopt new methods for modeling responses obtained from individuals completing questionnaires and surveys</li> <li>Interpret and understand scale performance and measurement concepts such as reliability, validity, responsiveness, and sensitivity</li> <li>Understand statistical methods appropriate for analyzing health outcomes data, such as longitudinal methods</li> <li>Synthesize and interpret findings from different types of health outcomes research studies</li> </ul> </div> <div id="logistics"> <h2>Credits and Logistics</h2> <h3><strong>Continuing Education Credit</strong></h3> <p><em>All participants will receive a Certificate of Participation upon completion of the program.</em></p> </div> <div id="participants"> <h2>Who Should Participate</h2> <p>This program will be useful to anyone involved in improving health care cost, quality, or outcomes from across the health care industry. Ideal participants include:</p> <ul> <li>Clinicians, including physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals involved in utilizing outcomes data or assessing, measuring, and evaluating outcomes</li> <li>Health care executives and administrators who review and utilize outcomes data for clinical decision-making and improving quality of care</li> <li>Insurance, managed care, and other payer executives and researchers seeking to understand the relative value of procedures and interventions</li> <li>Pharmaceutical and biotechnology executives and researchers who need to measure patient-reported outcomes to support the benefit of their products</li> <li>Other health sector researchers who are new to outcomes research and need an overview of the latest information in the field</li> </ul> <h3>Registration Criteria</h3> <p>Participants must have an advanced degree (e.g., MD, PhD, MS, MPH, PharmD) in a relevant discipline. Proficiency in written and spoken English is essential for a successful learning experience in the program.</p> </div> </div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> <footer class="entry-footer"> </footer><!-- .entry-footer --> </article><!-- #post-## --> </main><!-- .site-main --> </div><!-- .content-area --> </div><!-- .site-content --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="footer-audience-menu" class="footer-audience-menu"> <span class="footer-information-for">Information For:</span> <nav id="footer-audience-navigation" class="footer-audience-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Audience Menu"> <div class="menu-audience-menu-container"><ul id="menu-audience-menu-1" class="hsph-audience-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-253"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/clinicians/">Clinicians</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-254"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/ehs-professionals/">EHS Professionals</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-255"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/academics/">Academics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-256"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/executives/">Executives</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-257"><a href="/ecpe/audiences/government-employees/">Gov Employees</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-258"><a href="/ecpe/programs/">More</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .footer-audience-navigation --> </div><!-- .footer-audience-menu --> <div class="site-info"> <div class="site-footer-logo"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a></div> <div class="site-footer-org"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/" rel="home">Executive and Continuing Education</a></div> <address class="vcard"> <div class="adr"> <span class="street-address">677 Huntington Avenue</span> <span class="locality">Boston</span>, <abbr class="region" title="Massachusetts">MA</abbr> <span class="postal-code">02115</span> </div> <div class="tel"><a href="tel:6174322100"> 617-432-2100 </a></div> <div class="email"><a href="mailto:contedu@hsph.harvard.edu">contedu@hsph.harvard.edu</a></div> </address> </div><!-- .site-info --> <div id="footer-social-menu" class="footer-social-menu"> <nav id="footer-social-navigation" class="footer-social-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-footer-social-media-container"><ul id="menu-footer-social-media" class="social-navigation"><li id="menu-item-50" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/harvard-school-of-public-health-executive-and-continuing-professional-education">LinkedIn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-49" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/HarvardChanECPE">Facebook</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48"><a href="https://twitter.com/HarvardChanECPE">Twitter</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .footer-social-navigation --> </div><!-- .footer-social-menu --> <div id="footer-footer-menu" class="footer-footer-menu"> <nav id="footer-navigation" class="footer-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-footer-links-container"><ul id="menu-footer-links" class="hsph-footer-menu"><li id="menu-item-37" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu">Harvard Chan Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-38" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38"><a href="http://www.harvard.edu">Harvard University Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-39"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-40" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-40"><a href="http://www.harvard.edu/copyright-issue">Report Copyright Violation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4544" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4544"><a href="https://accessibility.harvard.edu/">Accessibility</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25163" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25163"><a href="https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy">Digital Accessibility</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .footer-navigation --> </div><!-- .footer-footer-menu --> <div id="copyright" class="copyright"> Copyright &copy; 2024 The President and Fellows of Harvard College </div><!-- .footer-footer-menu --> </footer><!-- .site-footer --> </div><!-- .site --> </div><!-- .wrapper --> <div class="menu-mask"></div> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-XL6K" height="0" width="0" title="Google tag manager" aria-hidden="true" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script> // Slide controls for the sub brand carousel template jQuery(document).ready(function($) { if ( $('#sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').length && $().flexslider ) { $('#sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').flexslider({ animation: 'fade', prevText: ' ', nextText: ' ', controlsContainer: '#hsph-carousel-widget-controls', }); } }); </script> <script> // Slide controls for the sub brand carousel template jQuery(document).ready(function($) { if ( $('#news-sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').length && $().flexslider ) { $('#news-sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').flexslider({ animation: 'fade', prevText: ' ', nextText: ' ', controlsContainer: '#hsph-news-carousel-widget-controls', }); } }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tagging/assets/js/hsph-plugin-tagging.js?ver=1.1.5" id="hsph-plugin-tagging-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tinymce-tweaks/assets/js/jquery.tablesorter.min.js?ver=2.31.1" id="jquery-tablesorter-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tinymce-tweaks/assets/js/hsph-table-sortable.js?ver=1.1.1" id="hsph-table-sortable-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="ecpe_public-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ecpe = {"faculty_directory":"","is_program_page":"","program_finder":"","program_prefix":"MDA","taxonomy":"","term":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-ecpe/public/js/ecpe-public.js?ver=2.0.2" id="ecpe_public-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ jQuery(function(jQuery){jQuery.datepicker.setDefaults({"closeText":"Close","currentText":"Today","monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Previous","dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"dateFormat":"MM d, yy","firstDay":0,"isRTL":false});}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js?ver=1.3.101" id="hsph-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/jquery.flexslider-min.js?ver=1.3.101" id="jquery-flexslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="hsph-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var screenReaderText = {"expand":"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">expand child menu<\/span>","collapse":"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">collapse child menu<\/span>"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/functions.js?ver=1.3.101" id="hsph-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/wp-content/plugins/plugin-design-system/assets/js/hsph-bootstrap.bundle.min.js?ver=1.4.12" id="hsph-bootstrap-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-26d49e9cd1d82010791","applicationID":"529647296","transactionName":"YlBRN0pRWBUDBU1dWFsacgBMWVkITRVQWlBZUB4TSl9RFAMLSg==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":520,"atts":"ThdSQQJLSxs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10