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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>The <b>Kissariat al-Kifah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قيسارية الكفاح</span>) or <b>Kissaria</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القيسارية</span></span>) is the historic central <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fes_el_Bali" title="Fes el Bali">Fes el-Bali</a>, the historic old city of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. It is located between the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Moulay_Idris_II" title="Zawiya of Moulay Idris II">Zawiya of Moulay Idris II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">Qarawiyyin Mosque</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3578.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3578.jpg/170px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3578.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3578.jpg/255px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3578.jpg/340px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="2955"></a><figcaption>Street and shops inside the Kissaria (2023 photo)</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kissariat_al-Kifah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The bazaar has been established here since the early <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a> period of the city (9th-10th centuries).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its streets and houses were rebuilt at least once after the double devastation of a fire in 1324 and a flood in 1325.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 15th century, the bazaar was situated inside what the Muslims of the city considered the <i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">horm</a></i> (sacred sanctuary) of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Moulay_Idris_II" title="Zawiya of Moulay Idris II">Zawiya of Moulay Idris II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, non-Muslims and animals were traditionally not allowed to enter this area – at least in theory, and especially during times of religious tension.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 374">: 374 </span></sup> </p><p>After another fire in modern times, probably in 1918, the former wooden roof was replaced with a flat roofing made of <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a>, similar to that found in some other North African cities of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 315">: 315 </span></sup> Roger Le Tourneau, a French historian who published a history of pre-colonial Fez in 1949, noted that the shops of the Kissaria had a slightly more luxurious appearance than those of other market streets in the city, with their wooden shutters sometimes carved with decorative lines or their ceilings sometimes painted.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 317">: 317 </span></sup> </p><p> Further renovations in the 20th century replaced the reed roofs with flat concrete roofs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent renovations, in 2016 and 2017, replaced the street roofs with new wooden roofs, made various repairs and practical improvements, and added <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> decoration along the lower walls.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Appearance of the Kissaria over time</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Moschee_in_F%C3%A8s-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0305.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 1932, with reed roofs over the streets. The Zawiya of Idris II stands in the background."><noscript><img alt="Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 1932, with reed roofs over the streets. The Zawiya of Idris II stands in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ETH-BIB-Moschee_in_F%C3%A8s-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0305.tif/lossy-page1-99px-ETH-BIB-Moschee_in_F%C3%A8s-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0305.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3292" data-file-height="4961"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 99px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ETH-BIB-Moschee_in_F%C3%A8s-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0305.tif/lossy-page1-99px-ETH-BIB-Moschee_in_F%C3%A8s-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0305.tif.jpg" data-alt="Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 1932, with reed roofs over the streets. The Zawiya of Idris II stands in the background." data-width="99" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ETH-BIB-Moschee_in_F%C3%A8s-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0305.tif/lossy-page1-149px-ETH-BIB-Moschee_in_F%C3%A8s-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0305.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ETH-BIB-Moschee_in_F%C3%A8s-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0305.tif/lossy-page1-199px-ETH-BIB-Moschee_in_F%C3%A8s-Nordafrikaflug_1932-LBS_MH02-13-0305.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 1932, with <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reed</a> roofs over the streets. The <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Moulay_Idris_II" title="Zawiya of Moulay Idris II">Zawiya of Idris II</a> stands in the background.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kissaria_roofs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 2014, prior to recent renovations, with flat concrete roofs"><noscript><img alt="Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 2014, prior to recent renovations, with flat concrete roofs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kissaria_roofs.jpg/150px-Kissaria_roofs.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kissaria_roofs.jpg/150px-Kissaria_roofs.jpg" data-alt="Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 2014, prior to recent renovations, with flat concrete roofs" data-width="150" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kissaria_roofs.jpg/225px-Kissaria_roofs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kissaria_roofs.jpg/300px-Kissaria_roofs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 2014, prior to recent renovations, with flat concrete roofs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes_Morocco_Medina_street_markets_Sept_2014_-_08_(15302749453).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of a street inside the Kissaria in 2014, prior to recent renovations"><noscript><img alt="View of a street inside the Kissaria in 2014, prior to recent renovations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fes_Morocco_Medina_street_markets_Sept_2014_-_08_%2815302749453%29.jpg/150px-Fes_Morocco_Medina_street_markets_Sept_2014_-_08_%2815302749453%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fes_Morocco_Medina_street_markets_Sept_2014_-_08_%2815302749453%29.jpg/150px-Fes_Morocco_Medina_street_markets_Sept_2014_-_08_%2815302749453%29.jpg" data-alt="View of a street inside the Kissaria in 2014, prior to recent renovations" data-width="150" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fes_Morocco_Medina_street_markets_Sept_2014_-_08_%2815302749453%29.jpg/225px-Fes_Morocco_Medina_street_markets_Sept_2014_-_08_%2815302749453%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fes_Morocco_Medina_street_markets_Sept_2014_-_08_%2815302749453%29.jpg/300px-Fes_Morocco_Medina_street_markets_Sept_2014_-_08_%2815302749453%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of a street inside the Kissaria in 2014, prior to recent renovations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kissaria_Fes_DSCF4069.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 2023, after recent renovations, with sloped wooden roofs covered in green tiles"><noscript><img alt="Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 2023, after recent renovations, with sloped wooden roofs covered in green tiles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF4069.jpg/150px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF4069.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF4069.jpg/150px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF4069.jpg" data-alt="Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 2023, after recent renovations, with sloped wooden roofs covered in green tiles" data-width="150" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF4069.jpg/225px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF4069.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF4069.jpg/300px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF4069.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rooftop view of the Kissaria in 2023, after recent renovations, with sloped wooden roofs covered in green tiles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3575.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of a street inside the Kissaria in 2023, after recent renovations"><noscript><img alt="View of a street inside the Kissaria in 2023, after recent renovations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3575.jpg/111px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3575.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="2956"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 111px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3575.jpg/111px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3575.jpg" data-alt="View of a street inside the Kissaria in 2023, after recent renovations" data-width="111" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3575.jpg/167px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3575.jpg/223px-Kissaria_Fes_DSCF3575.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of a street inside the Kissaria in 2023, after recent renovations</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Layout_and_function">Layout and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kissariat_al-Kifah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Layout and function" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_drinking_fountain_in_Fez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Public_drinking_fountain_in_Fez.jpg/170px-Public_drinking_fountain_in_Fez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Public_drinking_fountain_in_Fez.jpg/170px-Public_drinking_fountain_in_Fez.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Public_drinking_fountain_in_Fez.jpg/255px-Public_drinking_fountain_in_Fez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Public_drinking_fountain_in_Fez.jpg/340px-Public_drinking_fountain_in_Fez.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A fountain decorated with <i><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a></i> in the Kissaria (after the recent renovations)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kissaria (a term also used in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qaysariyya</i></span>) is interconnected with the <a href="/wiki/Tala%27a_Kebira" title="Tala'a Kebira">Souq al-'Attarin</a> and consists of a close network of lanes and alleys which are filled with hundreds of shops.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is only one part of a larger commercial district and of a network of souqs (markets) across the city, but was traditionally the most prestigious and most central commercial complex, where the most luxurious goods were sold.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement of a planned bazaar at heart of the city, near its most important religious and civic monuments, was typical of many major cities in the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike most markets in historic Fes, the Kissaria consists of a grid-like network of streets roughly parallel or perpendicular to each other, completely filled with shops and without any residential structures. It is delimited to the north by the Souq al-'Attarin, to the east by the street bordering the <a href="/wiki/Qarawiyyin_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarawiyyin Mosque">Qarawiyyin Mosque</a>, to the west by the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II, and to the south by the Souq al-Shamma'in.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 374">: 374 </span></sup> A number of <i><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">funduq</a></i>s (merchant inns and warehouses) are also found nearby, such as the <a href="/wiki/Funduq_Shamma%27in" title="Funduq Shamma'in">Funduq al-Shamma'in</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, different streets or sections of streets in the bazaar were specialized for different products, such as clothes, silks, babouches (traditional <a href="/wiki/Slipper" title="Slipper">slippers</a>), and jewelry. Some goods were sold by auctions that took place at specific times of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 374">: 374 </span></sup> Historically, every entrance to the Kissaria was also equipped with doors that were shut and locked at night to protect the merchandise inside. Only the porters (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">zerzaya</i></span>) were allowed to remain here overnight in order to patrol the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 374">: 374 </span></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kissariat_al-Kifah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitefes.com/la-magnifique-renovation-des-27-monuments-de-fes/">"La magnifique rénovation des 27 monuments de Fès – Conseil Régional du Tourisme (CRT) de Fès"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+magnifique+r%C3%A9novation+des+27+monuments+de+F%C3%A8s+%E2%80%93+Conseil+R%C3%A9gional+du+Tourisme+%28CRT%29+de+F%C3%A8s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitefes.com%2Fla-magnifique-renovation-des-27-monuments-de-fes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKissariat+al-Kifah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouriBenaboudBoujibar_El-KhatibLakhdar2010" class="citation book cs1">Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). <i>Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre</i> (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3902782311" title="Special:BookSources/978-3902782311"><bdi>978-3902782311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Maroc+andalou+%3A+%C3%A0+la+d%C3%A9couverte+d%27un+art+de+vivre&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Affaires+Culturelles+du+Royaume+du+Maroc+%26+Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3902782311&rft.aulast=Touri&rft.aufirst=Abdelaziz&rft.au=Benaboud%2C+Mhammad&rft.au=Boujibar+El-Khatib%2C+Na%C3%AFma&rft.au=Lakhdar%2C+Kamal&rft.au=Mezzine%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKissariat+al-Kifah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:132_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRguig2014" class="citation book cs1">Rguig, Hicham (2014). "Quand Fès inventait le Mellah". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.). <i>Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne</i>. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 452–454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782350314907" title="Special:BookSources/9782350314907"><bdi>9782350314907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quand+F%C3%A8s+inventait+le+Mellah&rft.btitle=Maroc+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val%3A+Un+empire+de+l%27Afrique+%C3%A0+l%27Espagne&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=452-454&rft.pub=Louvre+%C3%A9ditions&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9782350314907&rft.aulast=Rguig&rft.aufirst=Hicham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKissariat+al-Kifah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Tourneau_1949-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Tourneau_1949_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Tourneau1949" class="citation book cs1">Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). <i>Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman</i>. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%A8s+avant+le+protectorat%3A+%C3%A9tude+%C3%A9conomique+et+sociale+d%27une+ville+de+l%27occident+musulman&rft.place=Casablanca&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Marocaine+de+Librairie+et+d%27%C3%89dition&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Le+Tourneau&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKissariat+al-Kifah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leconomiste.com/article/1010985-fes-medina-la-restauration-de-kissariat-al-kifah-finalisee">"Fès-Médina: La restauration de kissariat Al Kifah finalisée"</a>. <i>L'Economiste</i> (in French). 2017-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Economiste&rft.atitle=F%C3%A8s-M%C3%A9dina%3A+La+restauration+de+kissariat+Al+Kifah+finalis%C3%A9e&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leconomiste.com%2Farticle%2F1010985-fes-medina-la-restauration-de-kissariat-al-kifah-finalisee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKissariat+al-Kifah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:022_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarçais1954" class="citation book cs1">Marçais, Georges (1954). <i>L'architecture musulmane d'Occident</i>. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. p. 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27architecture+musulmane+d%27Occident&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+graphiques&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A7ais&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKissariat+al-Kifah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1981" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Richard (1981). <i>A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco</i>. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+guide+to+Islamic+Monuments+in+Morocco&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=The+Baraka+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKissariat+al-Kifah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerhat2008" class="citation book cs1">Ferhat, Halima (2008). "Marinid Fez: Zenith and Signs of Decline". <i>The City in the Islamic World</i>. Brill. pp. 247–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004162402" title="Special:BookSources/9789004162402"><bdi>9789004162402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marinid+Fez%3A+Zenith+and+Signs+of+Decline&rft.btitle=The+City+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=247-267&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004162402&rft.aulast=Ferhat&rft.aufirst=Halima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKissariat+al-Kifah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGharipour2012" class="citation book cs1">Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44vnCwAAQBAJ&q=A+Caravanserai+on+the+Route+to+Modernity%3A+The+Case+of+the+Valide+Han+of+Istanbul&pg=PA229">"Introduction"</a>. In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). <i>The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774165290" title="Special:BookSources/9789774165290"><bdi>9789774165290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Bazaar+in+the+Islamic+City%3A+Design%2C+Culture%2C+and+History&rft.pages=229-250&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789774165290&rft.aulast=Gharipour&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D44vnCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DA%2BCaravanserai%2Bon%2Bthe%2BRoute%2Bto%2BModernity%253A%2BThe%2BCase%2Bof%2Bthe%2BValide%2BHan%2Bof%2BIstanbul%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKissariat+al-Kifah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kissariat_al-Kifah&params=34_03_53.8_N_4_58_27.4_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°03′53.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°58′27.4″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.064944°N 4.974278°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.064944; 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