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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chalcolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Chalcolithic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_Israelite_town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_Israelite_town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Iron Age Israelite town </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_Israelite_town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Persian period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hellenistic period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_and_Byzantine_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Roman and Byzantine periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Early Muslim period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Mamluk period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Ottoman period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War_and_British_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_and_British_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 First World War and British Mandate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_and_British_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 State of Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1947–1949_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947–1949_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.1 1947–1949 war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947–1949_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_four_decades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_four_decades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.2 First four decades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_four_decades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_development_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_development_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.3 Urban development in the 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_development_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_incidents_in_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_incidents_in_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.4 Security incidents in the city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_incidents_in_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emblem_of_Beersheba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emblem_of_Beersheba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Emblem of Beersheba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emblem_of_Beersheba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Educational institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_cultural_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_cultural_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Art and cultural institutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_and_cultural_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Art and cultural institutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Art_and_cultural_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Mosque_of_Beersheba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Mosque_of_Beersheba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Great Mosque of Beersheba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Mosque_of_Beersheba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roundabouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roundabouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Roundabouts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roundabouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Hiking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Environmental awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Beersheba</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%27er_Sheva" title="Be'er Sheva – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Be'er Sheva" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A4" title="ቤርሳቤ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤርሳቤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="بئر السبع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بئر السبع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerseba" title="Beerseba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Beerseba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer-%C5%9Eeva" title="Beer-Şeva – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beer-Şeva" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="বে-এরশেভা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বে-এরশেভা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Беэр-Шэва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беэр-Шэва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Беер Шева – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беер Шева" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%27er_Scheva" title="Be'er Scheva – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Be'er Scheva" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerxeba" title="Beerxeba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beerxeba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba_(kapital_sa_distrito_sa_Israel)" title="Beersheba (kapital sa distrito sa Israel) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Beersheba (kapital sa distrito sa Israel)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_%C5%A0eva" title="Beer Ševa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beer Ševa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%E2%80%99er_Scheva" title="Be’er Scheva – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Be’er Scheva" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%27er-Sheva" title="Be'er-Sheva – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Be'er-Sheva" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AC" title="Μπερ Σεβά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπερ Σεβά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerseba" title="Beerseba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beerseba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%27er_%C5%9Ceba" title="Be'er Ŝeba – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Be'er Ŝeba" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer-Xeva" title="Beer-Xeva – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beer-Xeva" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="بئرشبع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بئرشبع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer-Sheva" title="Beer-Sheva – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Beer-Sheva" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berseb%C3%A1" title="Bersebá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bersebá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EC%85%B0%EB%B0%94" title="베르셰바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르셰바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%87%D6%87%D5%A1" title="Բեեր Շևա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեեր Շևա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C5%A1eba" title="Beršeba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beršeba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersyeba" title="Bersyeba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bersyeba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Sheva" title="Beer Sheva – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Beer Sheva" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Беэр-Шева – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Беэр-Шева" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%27er_Sheva" title="Be'er Sheva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Be'er Sheva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2" title="באר שבע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באר שבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ბეერ-შევა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეერ-შევა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Sheva" title="Beer Sheva – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Beer Sheva" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer%C5%A1eva" title="Beerševa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Beerševa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_%C5%A0eva" title="Beer Ševa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beer Ševa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%27er_Sjeva" title="Be'er Sjeva – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Be'er Sjeva" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%A9r-Seva" title="Beér-Seva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beér-Seva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бершева – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бершева" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC" title="ബീർഷെബ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബീർഷെബ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ბეერ-შევა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბეერ-შევა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="بئر السبع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بئر السبع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%27r_as-Sab" title="Bi'r as-Sab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bi'r as-Sab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Беэр-Шева – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Беэр-Шева" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%ABr_Sjeva" title="Beër Sjeva – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beër Sjeva" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%90" title="ベエルシェバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベエルシェバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Sheva" title="Beer Sheva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beer Sheva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Sheva" title="Beer Sheva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Beer Sheva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_as-saba" title="Bir as-saba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bir as-saba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Szewa" title="Beer Szewa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beer Szewa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berseb%C3%A1" title="Bersebá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bersebá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_%C8%98eva" title="Beer Șeva – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beer Șeva" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Беэр-Шева – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беэр-Шева" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Sheba" title="Beer Sheba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beer Sheba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_%C5%A0eva" title="Beer Ševa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Beer Ševa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Szewa" title="Beer Szewa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Beer Szewa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бершева – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бершева" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerseba" title="Beerseba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beerseba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%27er_Sheva" title="Be'er Sheva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Be'er Sheva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berseba" title="Berseba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Berseba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="பீர்சேபா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீர்சேபா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2" title="เบียร์ชีบา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบียร์ชีบา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer%C5%9Feba" title="Beerşeba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beerşeba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Беер-Шева – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Беер-Шева" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="بئر سبع – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بئر سبع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Beersheba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E8%B0%A2%E5%B7%B4" title="贝尔谢巴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝尔谢巴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2" title="באר שבע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באר שבע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%ABr_Sjeva" title="Beër Sjeva – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Beër Sjeva" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%97r%C5%A1%C4%97va" title="Beėršėva – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Beėršėva" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E8%B0%A2%E5%B7%B4" title="贝尔谢巴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝尔谢巴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biir_Saba%27" title="Biir Saba' – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Biir Saba'" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41843#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beersheba&params=31_15_8_N_34_47_12_E_region:IL_type:city(214162)">31°15′8″N 34°47′12″E / 31.25222°N 34.78667°E / 31.25222; 34.78667</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Israel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Israel. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beersheba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beersheba (disambiguation)">Beersheba (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Israel</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Beersheba</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>באר שבע‎</li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>بئر السبع‎</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Hebrew transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Also spelled</th><td class="infobox-data">Be'er-Sheva (official) Beer Sheva (unofficial)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div style="background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/PikiWiki_Israel_10338_the_negev_art_museum_in_beer_sheva.jpg/278px-PikiWiki_Israel_10338_the_negev_art_museum_in_beer_sheva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_36687_Beersheba_birds_eye_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PikiWiki_Israel_36687_Beersheba_birds_eye_view.JPG/139px-PikiWiki_Israel_36687_Beersheba_birds_eye_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PikiWiki_Israel_36687_Beersheba_birds_eye_view.JPG/209px-PikiWiki_Israel_36687_Beersheba_birds_eye_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PikiWiki_Israel_36687_Beersheba_birds_eye_view.JPG/278px-PikiWiki_Israel_36687_Beersheba_birds_eye_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Kikar_Hamitnadvim,_Beersheba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kikar_Hamitnadvim%2C_Beersheba.jpg/280px-Kikar_Hamitnadvim%2C_Beersheba.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kikar_Hamitnadvim%2C_Beersheba.jpg/420px-Kikar_Hamitnadvim%2C_Beersheba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kikar_Hamitnadvim%2C_Beersheba.jpg/560px-Kikar_Hamitnadvim%2C_Beersheba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1698" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Be%27er_Sheva_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Be%27er_Sheva_at_night.jpg/280px-Be%27er_Sheva_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Be%27er_Sheva_at_night.jpg/420px-Be%27er_Sheva_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Be%27er_Sheva_at_night.jpg/560px-Be%27er_Sheva_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="731" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From Upper left: Beersheba City Hall, <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negev_Museum_of_Art" title="Negev Museum of Art">Negev Museum of Art</a>, view of downtown, Volunteers square, Be'er Sheva at night</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Beersheba.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Beersheba"><img alt="Flag of Beersheba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Beersheba.png/100px-Flag_of_Beersheba.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Beersheba.png/150px-Flag_of_Beersheba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Beersheba.png/200px-Flag_of_Beersheba.png 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="711" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_outline_north_negev.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Beersheba is located in Northern Negev region of Israel"><img alt="Beersheba is located in Northern Negev region of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Israel_outline_north_negev.png/250px-Israel_outline_north_negev.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Israel_outline_north_negev.png/375px-Israel_outline_north_negev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Israel_outline_north_negev.png/500px-Israel_outline_north_negev.png 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="715" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.804%;left:57.961%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Beersheba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Beersheba</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Northern Negev region of Israel</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beersheba is located in Israel"><img alt="Beersheba is located in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/250px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/375px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/500px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.519%;left:41.795%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Beersheba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Beersheba</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Israel</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beersheba&params=31_15_8_N_34_47_12_E_region:IL_type:city(214162)">31°15′8″N 34°47′12″E / 31.25222°N 34.78667°E / 31.25222; 34.78667</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruvik_Danilovich" title="Ruvik Danilovich">Ruvik Danilovich</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">117,500 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> (117.5 km2 or 45.4 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">260 m (850 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">214,162</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,800/km2 (4,700/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews and others</a></th><td class="infobox-data">96.9%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Well of the Oath(<a href="#Etymology">see also</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/">beer-sheva.muni.il</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Beersheba (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɪərˈʃiːbə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">beer-SHEE-bə</a>), officially Be'er-Sheva<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (usually spelled Beer Sheva; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">באר שבע‎, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Bəʾēr Ševaʿ, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈbe(ʔ)eʁ ˈʃeva(ʕ)]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/50\/He-Beer_Sheva.ogg\/He-Beer_Sheva.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Beer Sheva.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/He-Beer_Sheva.ogg/He-Beer_Sheva.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:He-Beer_Sheva.ogg" title="File:He-Beer Sheva.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">بئر السبع‎, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Biʾr as-Sabʿ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[biʔr‿as.sabʕ]</a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Well of the Oath' or 'Well of the Seven'<a href="#cite_note-:02-3">[3]</a>), is the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert of southern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the centre of the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in Israel, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">eighth-most populous Israeli city</a> with a population of 214,162,<a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-1">[1]</a> and the second-largest city in area (after <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>), with a total area of 117,500 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> (45 mi2 / 117.5 km2). Human habitation near present-day Beersheba dates back to the fourth millennium BC. In the Bible, Beersheba marks the southern boundary of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Israel">ancient Israel</a>, as mentioned in the phrase "<a href="/wiki/From_Dan_to_Beersheba" title="From Dan to Beersheba">From Dan to Beersheba</a>." Initially assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a>, Beersheba was later reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon" title="Tribe of Simeon">Simeon</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">monarchic era</a>, it functioned as a royal city but eventually faced destruction at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a> site of Beersheba is <a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a>, lying some 4 km distant from the modern city, which was established at the start of the 20th century by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berman-4">[4]</a> The city was captured by the British-led <a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">Australian Light Horse</a> troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Battle of Beersheba</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The population of the town was completely changed in 1948–49. Bir Seb'a (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بئر السبع), as it was then known, had been almost entirely Muslim, and the 1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a> designated it to be part of the Arab state. It was occupied by the Egyptian army from May 1948 until October 1948 when it was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> and part of Arab population fled, relocated or was expelled.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> Today, the metropolitan area is composed of approximately equal Jewish and Arab populations, with a large portion of the Jewish population made up of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> who <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">fled, relocated or were expelled from Arab countries</a> after Israel's founding in 1948, as well as smaller communities of <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a> from India. Second and third waves of immigration have taken place since 1990, bringing Russian-speaking immigrants from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The Soviet immigrants have made the game of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> a major sport in Beersheba, and it is now Israel's national chess center, with more <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">chess grandmasters</a> per capita than any other city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Beersheba is home to <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a>. This city also serves as a center for <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" title="Science and technology in Israel">Israel's high-tech and developing technology industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-globes2-7">[7]</a> The city has constructed over 250 roundabouts, earning its moniker as the "Roundabouts Capital of Israel" and the largest number of roundabouts in the world.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> gives two <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologies</a> for the name Be'er Sheba. <a href="/wiki/Genesis_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 21">Genesis 21:28-31</a> relates:<blockquote>Then Abraham set seven ewes apart. And <a href="/wiki/Abimelech" title="Abimelech">Abimelech</a> said to Abraham, "What mean these seven ewes, which you have set apart? And [Abraham] said, "That you are to take these seven (sheba) ewes from me, to be for me a witness that I have dug this well (bǝ'er)." Therefore the name of that place was Be'er Sheba, for there the two of them had sworn (nishbǝ'u).</blockquote><a href="/wiki/Genesis_26" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 26">Genesis 26</a> relates:<blockquote>And Isaac redug the wells which had been dug in the days of Abraham his father, and which the Philistines had sealed after the death of Abraham, and he used the same names as had his father . . . And they arose in the morning, and they swore (wa-yishabǝ'u) each to his fellow, and Isaac sent them off, and they departed him in peace. On that same day, Isaac's men came to him to tell him of the well which they had dug, and they said to him, "We found water." And he called it Shib'a ("seven" normally, possibly "oath" or a proper noun); therefore the name of the city is Be'er Sheba to this day.</blockquote>The original Hebrew name could therefore relate to the oath of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abimelech" title="Abimelech">Abimelech</a> ('well of the oath') or the seven ewes in that oath ('well of the seven'), as related in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#31">Genesis 21:31</a>, and/or to the oath of <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and Abimelech in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0126.htm#33">Genesis 26:33</a>. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Sforno" class="mw-redirect" title="Obadiah Sforno">Obadiah Sforno</a> suggested that the well is called Seven because it was the seventh dug; the narrative of Genesis 26 includes three wells dug by Abraham which are reopened by Isaac (<a href="/wiki/Esek" class="mw-redirect" title="Esek">Esek</a>, Sitnah, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_(Bible)" title="Rehoboth (Bible)">Rehoboth</a>), for a total of six, after which Isaac goes to Beersheba, the seventh well.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The double name of Shib'a and Beersheba is referenced again by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> 19:2,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> usually translated "Beersheba or Sheba"; however the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> reads "Beersheba and Samaa (Σαμαὰ)" which fits with MT <a href="/wiki/1_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Chronicles">1 Chron.</a> 4:28. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Meir" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel ben Meir">Samuel b. Meir</a> suggest the two etymologies refer to two different cities.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> During the Ottoman administration, the city was referred as بلدية بئرالسبع (Belediye Birüsseb).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible">edit</a>]</div> Beersheba is mainly dealt with in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, who both dug a well and close peace treaties with King <a href="/wiki/Abimelech" title="Abimelech">Abimelech</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gerar" title="Gerar">Gerar</a> at the site. Hence it receives its name twice, first after Abraham's dealings with Abimelech (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2021:22–34&version=nrsv">Genesis 21:22–34</a>), and again from <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> who closes his own covenant with Abimelech of Gerar and whose servants also dig a well there (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2026:23–33&version=nrsv">Genesis 26:23–33</a>). The place is thus connected to two of the three <a href="/wiki/Wife%E2%80%93sister_narratives_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis">Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis</a>. According to the Hebrew Bible, Beersheba was founded when <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abimelech" title="Abimelech">Abimelech</a> settled their differences over a well of water and made a covenant (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2021:22–34&version=nrsv">Genesis 21:22–34</a>). Abimelech's men had taken the well from Abraham after he had previously dug it so Abraham brought sheep and cattle to Abimelech to get the well back. He set aside seven lambs to swear that it was he that had dug the well and no one else. Abimelech conceded that the well belonged to Abraham and, in the Bible, Beersheba means "Well of Seven" or "Well of the Oath".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Beersheba is further mentioned in the following Bible passages: Isaac built an altar in Beersheba (Genesis 26:23–33). <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> had his dream about a stairway to heaven after leaving Beersheba. (Genesis 28:10–15 and 46:1–7). Beersheba was the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeon" title="Tribe of Simeon">tribe of Simeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> 15:28 and 19:2). The sons of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel (Bible)">Samuel</a> were judges in Beersheba (<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">I Samuel</a> 8:2). <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, Israel's first king, built a fort there for his campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalekites</a> (I Samuel 14:48 and 15:2–9). The prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> took refuge in Beersheba when <a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezebel (Bible)">Jezebel</a> ordered him killed (<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">I Kings</a> 19:3). The prophet <a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a> mentions the city in regard to idolatry (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a> 5:5 and 8:14).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16">[16]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a> conquest and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">enslavement</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, the town was abandoned. After the Israelite slaves returned from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, they resettled the town. According to the Hebrew Bible, Beersheba was the southernmost city of the territories settled by Israelites, hence the expression "<a href="/wiki/From_Dan_to_Beersheba" title="From Dan to Beersheba">from Dan to Beersheba</a>" to describe the whole kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zibiah" title="Zibiah">Zibiah</a>, the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consort" class="extiw" title="wikt:consort">consort</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah of Judah</a> and the mother of King <a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash of Judah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kings-17">[17]</a> was from Beersheba. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The city has been destroyed and rebuilt many times. Considered unimportant for centuries, Be’er Sheva regained notoriety under <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine rule</a> (in the 4th–7th century), when it was a key point on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limes_Palestinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limes Palestinae (page does not exist)">Limes Palestinae</a>, a defense line built against the desert tribes; however, it fell to the Arabs in the 7th century and to the Turks in the 16th century. It long remained a watering place and small trade centre for the nomadic Bedouin tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, despite Turkish efforts at town planning and development around 1900. Its capture in 1917 by the British Army opened the way for their conquest of Palestine and Syria. After being taken by Israeli troops in October 1948, Beersheba was rapidly settled by new immigrants and has since developed as the administrative, cultural, and industrial centre of the Negev. It is one of the largest cities in Israel outside of metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chalcolithic">edit</a>]</div> Human settlement in the area dates from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a>. The inhabitants lived in caves, crafting metal tools and raising cattle.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Findings unearthed at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> east of modern-day Beersheba, suggest the region has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a> (between 5000 and 6,000 years ago).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_Israelite_town">Iron Age Israelite town</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron Age Israelite town">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel_Be%27er_Sheva_Overview_2007041.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva_Overview_2007041.JPG/220px-Tel_Be%27er_Sheva_Overview_2007041.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva_Overview_2007041.JPG/330px-Tel_Be%27er_Sheva_Overview_2007041.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva_Overview_2007041.JPG/440px-Tel_Be%27er_Sheva_Overview_2007041.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Tel Sheva archaeological site</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a>, an archaeological site containing the ruins of an ancient town believed to have been the Biblical Beersheba, lies a few kilometers east of the modern city. The town dates to the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israelite period</a>, around the 10th century BCE. The site was possibly chosen due to the abundance of water, as evidenced by the numerous wells in the area. According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the wells were dug by <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> when they arrived there. The streets were laid out in a grid, with separate areas for administrative, commercial, military, and residential use. It is believed to have been the first planned settlement in the region, and is also noteworthy for its elaborate water system; in particular, a huge <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> carved out of the rock beneath the town. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_period">Persian period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Persian period">edit</a>]</div> During the Persian rule 539 BC–c. 332 BC Beersheba[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Beersheba#Where,_at_Tell_Sheva/Tel_Be'er_Sheva,_or_where_the_modern_city_stands?" title="Talk:Beersheba">discuss</a>] was at the south of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a> autonomous province of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. During that era the city was rebuilt<a href="#cite_note-ynetenc-20">[20]</a> and a citadel had been constructed.<a href="#cite_note-openau-21">[21]</a> Archeological finds from between 359 and 338 BC have been made, finding pottery and an <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostracon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-openau-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> rule, the city[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Beersheba#Again:_hete_or_at_Tell_Sheva/Tel_Be'er_Sheva?" title="Talk:Beersheba">discuss</a>] was not attributed great importance as it was not mentioned when conquered from <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> or described in the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Hasmonean wars</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Beersheba#In_the_usual_meaning_of_the_terms,_the_Maccabees_and_their_revolt_precede_the_creation_of_the_autonomous/independent_Hasmonean_kingdom_and_its_wars._So_what_was_it?" title="Talk:Beersheba">discuss</a>]<a href="#cite_note-ynetenc-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_and_Byzantine_periods">Roman and Byzantine periods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roman and Byzantine periods">edit</a>]</div> Around 64-63 BC, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a> made Beersheba, known as Birosaba, the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-Avni-22">[22]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herodian period</a> there was a small settlement in Beersheba. Remains of a Jewish village dating back to the 1st century AD were discovered in the Harkapet neighborhood in the north of the city.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In the following years, the town served as front-line defence against <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> attacks and was on the <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a> belt, which in this region is attributed to the time of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (1st century AD).<a href="#cite_note-limes-24">[24]</a> The city become the centre of an <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchy</a> around 268.<a href="#cite_note-limes-24">[24]</a> During the Roman and Byzantine periods, the city developed significantly and the burial grounds on the outskirts of the city became residential areas. The inhabitants, which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>, Jews and other ethnicities, spoke primarily Greek and lived from olive oil production, viticulture, agricultural and other trades.<a href="#cite_note-Golan-25">[25]</a> After the reforms of Diocletian, the town became part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Tertia" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina Tertia">Palaestina Tertia</a> and grew to an approximate size of 60 hectares during its peak in the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-Avni-22">[22]</a> Beersheba was described in the <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> as a large village with a Roman garrison.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The camp was later identified in aerial photographs taken during the First World War and other structures associated with the camp, such as a bath house and dwellings, were found in later excavations.<a href="#cite_note-Golan-25">[25]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period, at least six churches were built there, one of which is the largest church to have been excavated in the Negev. Some of the churches were still in use until the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> period but it remains uncertain whether they continued beyond the early eight century.<a href="#cite_note-Avni-22">[22]</a> Monasticism is also attested in historical documents and one structure has been identified as a monastery.<a href="#cite_note-Golan-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsanuphius_of_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Barsanuphius of Gaza">Barsanuphius of Gaza</a> corresponded with a certain monk of Beersheba, John, who might be identified with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Prophet" title="John the Prophet">John the Prophet</a>, who between 525 and 527 moved to the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Seridus" title="Monastery of Seridus">monastery of Seridus</a> and together with Barsanuphius wrote over 850 letters on spiritual direction.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Muslim_period">Early Muslim period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Muslim period">edit</a>]</div> During the early <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Muslim period</a>, some of the Byzantine buildings continued to be used, but there was a slow decline of the city, which was manifested in the demolition of the public buildings and their transformation into a source of raw material for <a href="/wiki/Secondary_constriction" title="Secondary constriction">secondary construction</a>. In the second half of the 8th century, the city was apparently abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mamluk period">edit</a>]</div> In 1483, during the late <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> era, the pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Felix_Fabri" title="Felix Fabri">Felix Fabri</a> noted Beersheba as a city. Fabri also noted that Beersheba marked the southern-most border of "the Holy Land".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ottoman period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2-JNF022332.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2-JNF022332.jpeg/220px-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2-JNF022332.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2-JNF022332.jpeg/330px-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2-JNF022332.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2-JNF022332.jpeg/440px-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2-JNF022332.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Beersheba in 1901</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EarlyBeersheba2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/EarlyBeersheba2.jpg/220px-EarlyBeersheba2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/EarlyBeersheba2.jpg/330px-EarlyBeersheba2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/EarlyBeersheba2.jpg/440px-EarlyBeersheba2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Beersheba from the south in 1902</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BersheebaWWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/BersheebaWWI.jpg/220px-BersheebaWWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/BersheebaWWI.jpg/330px-BersheebaWWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/BersheebaWWI.jpg/440px-BersheebaWWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Beersheba, 1917</figcaption></figure> The present-day city was built to serve as an administrative center by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> administration for the benefit of the Bedouin at the outset of the 20th century and was given the name of Bir al-Sabi (well of the seven). Until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, it was an overwhelmingly Muslim township with some 1,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-Reiter-30">[30]</a> Ben-David and Kressel have argued that the Bedouin traditional market was the cornerstone for the founding of Beersheba as capital of the Negev during this period,<a href="#cite_note-Kressel_Ben-David_1996-31">[31]</a>: 3  and Negev Bedouin. Anthropologist and educationalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aref_Abu-Rabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aref Abu-Rabia (page does not exist)">Aref Abu-Rabia</a>, who worked for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Education (Israel)">Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture</a>, described it as "the first Bedouin city".<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Rabia-32">[32]</a>: ix  In June 1899, the Ottoman government ordered the creation of the Beersheba sub-district (kaza) of the district (mutasarrıflık) of <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, with Beersheba to be developed as its capital.<a href="#cite_note-Avci-33">[33]</a> Implementation was entrusted to a special bureau of the Ministry of the Interior.<a href="#cite_note-Avci-33">[33]</a> The British incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> into <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> led to a need for the Ottomans to consolidate their hold on southern Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-Avci-33">[33]</a> There was also a desire to encourage the Bedouin to become sedentary, with a predicted increase of tranquility and tax revenue.<a href="#cite_note-Avci-33">[33]</a> The first governor (<a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">kaymakam</a>), Isma'il Kamal Bey, lived in a tent lent by the local <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a> until the government house (Saraya) was built.<a href="#cite_note-AbuRabia-34">[34]</a> Kamal was replaced by Muhammed Carullah Efendi in 1901, who in turn was replaced by Hamdi Bey in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-Avci-33">[33]</a> The governor in 1908 was promoted to 'adjoint' (mutassarrıf muavin) to the governor of the Jerusalem district, which placed him above the other sub-district governors.<a href="#cite_note-Avci-33">[33]</a> A visitor to Beersheba in May 1900 found only a ruin, a two-storey stone <a href="/wiki/Khan_(inn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan (inn)">khan</a>, and several tents.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson1901-35">[35]</a> By the start of 1901 there was a barracks with a small garrison as well as other buildings.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>-Czech orientalist<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alois_Musil" title="Alois Musil">Alois Musil</a> noted in August 1902: <dl><dd>Bir es-Seba grows from day to day; This year, instead of the tents, we found stately houses along a beautiful road from the Sarayah to the bed of the wadi. In the government building a garden has been laid out, and all sorts of trees have been planted which are sure to prosper, for the few shrubs planted two years ago by the steam mill at the south-east end of the road have grown considerably. The lively construction activity is also causing a lively exploitation of the ruins.<a href="#cite_note-Musil-38">[38]</a></dd></dl> By 1907, there was a large village, military post, a residence for the kaymakam and a large mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson1908-39">[39]</a> The population increased from 300 to 800 between 1902 and 1911, and by 1914 there were 1,000 people living in 200 houses.<a href="#cite_note-Avci-33">[33]</a> A plan for the town in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid</a> was developed by a Swiss and a German architect and two others.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The grid pattern can be seen today in Beersheba's Old City. Most of the residents at the time were <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> and the Gaza area, although Jews also began settling in the city. Many Bedouin abandoned their nomadic lives and built homes in Beersheba.<a href="#cite_note-ariel-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War_and_British_Mandate">First World War and British Mandate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First World War and British Mandate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AN_AERIAL_VIEW_OF_BE%27ER_SHEVA._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/AN_AERIAL_VIEW_OF_BE%27ER_SHEVA._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2..jpg/220px-AN_AERIAL_VIEW_OF_BE%27ER_SHEVA._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/AN_AERIAL_VIEW_OF_BE%27ER_SHEVA._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2..jpg/330px-AN_AERIAL_VIEW_OF_BE%27ER_SHEVA._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/AN_AERIAL_VIEW_OF_BE%27ER_SHEVA._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2..jpg/440px-AN_AERIAL_VIEW_OF_BE%27ER_SHEVA._%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Beersheba 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkishrailstation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Turkishrailstation.jpg/220px-Turkishrailstation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Turkishrailstation.jpg/330px-Turkishrailstation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Turkishrailstation.jpg/440px-Turkishrailstation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Turkish_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Beersheba Turkish Railway Station">Beersheba Turkish Railway Station</a></figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Ottomans built a <a href="/wiki/Railway_to_Beersheba" title="Railway to Beersheba">military railroad</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz line</a> to Beersheba, inaugurating the station on October 30, 1915.<a href="#cite_note-cotterell-ch3-43">[43]</a> The celebration was attended by the Ottoman army commander <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Djemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Djemal">Jamal Pasha</a> and other senior government officials. The train line was captured by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied forces</a> in 1917, towards the end of the war. Today, it forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Railways" title="Israel Railways">Israeli railway network</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Beersheba played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a> in World War I. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Battle of Beersheba</a> was part of a wider British offensive in aimed at breaking the Turkish defensive line from <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> to Beersheba. The Ottoman army engaged in three battles with the British forces near Gaza between March 26 and November 7, 1917.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Having failed in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza" title="First Battle of Gaza">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Second Battle of Gaza">Second Battles of Gaza</a>, the British succeeded in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Third Battle of Gaza">Third Battle of Gaza</a>. On October 31, 1917, three months after taking <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="General Allenby">General Allenby</a>'s troops breached the line of Turkish defense between Gaza and Beersheba.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Approximately five-hundred soldiers of the Australian <a href="/wiki/4th_Light_Horse_Regiment_(Australia)" title="4th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)">4th Light Horse Regiment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/12th_Light_Horse_Regiment_(Australia)" title="12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)">12th Light Horse Regiment</a> of the 4th <a href="/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse" title="Australian Light Horse">Light Horse Brigade</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Grant_(general)" title="William Grant (general)">Brigadier General William Grant</a>, with only horses and bayonets, charged the Turkish trenches, overran them and captured the wells in what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Battle of Beersheba</a>, called the "last successful cavalry charge in British military history."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On the edge of Beersheba's Old City is a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> Cemetery containing the graves of Australian, New Zealand and British soldiers. The town also contains <a href="/wiki/Australian_Soldier_Park" title="Australian Soldier Park">a memorial park dedicated to them</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine Mandate</a>, Beersheba was a major administrative center. The British constructed a railway between <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a> and Beersheba in October 1917 which opened to the public in May 1918, serving the Negev and settlements south of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hebron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hebron">Mount Hebron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1928, at the beginning of the tension between the Jews and the Arabs over control of Palestine and wide-scale rioting which left 133 Jews dead and 339 wounded, many Jews abandoned Beersheba, although some returned occasionally. After an Arab attack on a Jewish bus in 1936, which escalated into the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>, the remaining Jews left.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">1922 census of Palestine</a>, Beersheba had a population of 2,356 (2,012 Muslims, 235 Christians, 98 Jews and 11 <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Census1922-50">[50]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine" title="1931 census of Palestine">1931 census</a>, Beersheba had 545 occupied houses and a population of 2,959 (2,791 <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, 152 Christians, 11 Jews and five <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-51">[51]</a> The 1938 village survey did not cover Beersheba due to the area's largely nomadic population and the Rural Property Tax Ordinance not being applied there.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The 1945 village survey conducted by the Palestine Mandate government found 5,570 (5,360 Muslims, 200 Christians and 10 others).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheba_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Beersheba_1945.jpg/220px-Beersheba_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Beersheba_1945.jpg/330px-Beersheba_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Beersheba_1945.jpg/440px-Beersheba_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Beersheba 1945 1:250,000</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheba_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beersheba_1947.jpg/220px-Beersheba_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beersheba_1947.jpg/330px-Beersheba_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beersheba_1947.jpg/440px-Beersheba_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4575" data-file-height="3076" /></a><figcaption>Beersheba 1947 1:20,000</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheba_from_the_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beersheba, 1948"><img alt="Beersheba, 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beersheba_from_the_air.jpg/289px-Beersheba_from_the_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beersheba_from_the_air.jpg/434px-Beersheba_from_the_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beersheba_from_the_air.jpg/578px-Beersheba_from_the_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="467" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beersheba, 1948</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheba_i.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beersheba police station. 1948. Original building Ottoman with British Mandate addition."><img alt="Beersheba police station. 1948. Original building Ottoman with British Mandate addition." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beersheba_i.jpg/254px-Beersheba_i.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beersheba_i.jpg/380px-Beersheba_i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beersheba_i.jpg/507px-Beersheba_i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beersheba police station. 1948. Original building Ottoman with British Mandate addition.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheba_ii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beersheba mosque, 1948"><img alt="Beersheba mosque, 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beersheba_ii.jpg/249px-Beersheba_ii.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beersheba_ii.jpg/373px-Beersheba_ii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beersheba_ii.jpg/498px-Beersheba_ii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beersheba mosque, 1948</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheva_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mosque in Be'ersheva photographed during Operation Yoav, 1948"><img alt="A mosque in Be'ersheva photographed during Operation Yoav, 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beersheva_mosque.jpg/279px-Beersheva_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beersheva_mosque.jpg/418px-Beersheva_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beersheva_mosque.jpg/557px-Beersheva_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="485" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mosque in Be'ersheva photographed during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yoav" title="Operation Yoav">Operation Yoav</a>, 1948</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheba_iv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harel Brigade assembling in Beersheba prior to Operation Horev, 25 December 1948"><img alt="Harel Brigade assembling in Beersheba prior to Operation Horev, 25 December 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Beersheba_iv.jpg/255px-Beersheba_iv.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Beersheba_iv.jpg/383px-Beersheba_iv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Beersheba_iv.jpg/511px-Beersheba_iv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harel Brigade assembling in Beersheba prior to Operation Horev, 25 December 1948</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheba_v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nahal Beersheba in flood, 1948"><img alt="Nahal Beersheba in flood, 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Beersheba_v.jpg/240px-Beersheba_v.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Beersheba_v.jpg/360px-Beersheba_v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Beersheba_v.jpg/479px-Beersheba_v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nahal Beersheba in flood, 1948</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Israel">State of Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: State of Israel">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1947–1949_war">1947–1949 war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1947–1949 war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1948)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1948)">Battle of Beersheba (1948)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheba_in_the_Arab_State_in_the_UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Beersheba_in_the_Arab_State_in_the_UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Beersheba_in_the_Arab_State_in_the_UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Beersheba_in_the_Arab_State_in_the_UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Beersheba was proposed to be in the Arab State in final version of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IsraelPhil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IsraelPhil.jpg/220px-IsraelPhil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IsraelPhil.jpg/330px-IsraelPhil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IsraelPhil.jpg/440px-IsraelPhil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Israel Philharmonic Orchestra">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra</a> performing in Beersheba, Israel, 1948</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beersheba,_Monument_to_Negev_Brigade,_Bunker_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Beersheba%2C_Monument_to_Negev_Brigade%2C_Bunker_02.jpg/220px-Beersheba%2C_Monument_to_Negev_Brigade%2C_Bunker_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Beersheba%2C_Monument_to_Negev_Brigade%2C_Bunker_02.jpg/330px-Beersheba%2C_Monument_to_Negev_Brigade%2C_Bunker_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Beersheba%2C_Monument_to_Negev_Brigade%2C_Bunker_02.jpg/440px-Beersheba%2C_Monument_to_Negev_Brigade%2C_Bunker_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Brigade" title="Negev Brigade">Negev Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Karavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny Karavan">Danny Karavan</a></figcaption></figure> In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine" title="United Nations Special Committee on Palestine">United Nations Special Committee on Palestine</a> (UNSCOP) proposed that Beersheba be included within the Jewish state in their partition plan for Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-UNSCOP-54">[54]</a> However, when the <a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_the_Palestinian_Question" title="Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question">UN's Ad Hoc Committee</a> revised the plan, they moved Beersheva to the Arab state on account of it being primarily Arab.<a href="#cite_note-UNSCOP-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Egyptian forces had been stationed at Beersheva since May 1948. After the Arab states <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">invaded Palestine and declared war on the newly-founded Jewish state of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a> proposed the conquest of Beersheba,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> which was approved by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>. According to Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, Allon ordered the "conquest of Beersheba, occupation of outposts around it, [and] demolition of most of the town."<a href="#cite_note-Morris467-57">[57]</a> The objective was to break the Egyptian blockade of Israeli convoys to the Negev. The Egyptian army did not expect an offensive and fled en masse.<a href="#cite_note-googleil-58">[58]</a> Israel bombed the town on October 16.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Rabia_2-59">[59]</a> At 4:00 am on October 21, the 8th Brigade's 89th <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Brigade" title="Negev Brigade">Negev Brigade</a>'s 7th and 9th battalions moved in. Some troops advanced from the <a href="/wiki/Mishmar_HaNegev" title="Mishmar HaNegev">Mishmar HaNegev</a> junction, 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Beersheba and others from the Turkish train station and <a href="/wiki/Hatzerim" title="Hatzerim">Hatzerim</a>. By 9:45, Beersheba was in Israeli hands. Around 120 Egyptian soldiers were taken prisoner. All of the Arab inhabitants who had resisted were expelled.<a href="#cite_note-Reiter-30">[30]</a> The remaining Arab civilians, 200 men and 150 women and children, were taken to the police fort and, on October 25, the women, children, disabled and elderly were driven by truck to the Gaza border. The Egyptian soldiers were interned in <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a> camps. Some men lived in the local mosque and were put to work cleaning, however, when it was discovered that they were supplying information to the Egyptian army, they were also deported.<a href="#cite_note-Morris467-57">[57]</a> The town was subject to large-scale looting by the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, and by December, in one calculation, the total number of Arabs driven out from Beersheva and surrounding areas reached 30,000 with many ending up in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> as refugees.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Rabia_2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yoav" title="Operation Yoav">Operation Yoav</a>, a 10-kilometer radius exclusion zone around Beersheba was enforced into which no Bedouin were allowed.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> passed two resolutions on the November 4 and 16 demanding that Israel withdraw from the area.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_four_decades">First four decades</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First four decades">edit</a>]</div> Following the conclusion of the war, the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice Agreements</a> formally granted Beersheba to Israel. The town was then transformed into an Israeli city with only an exiguous Arab minority.<a href="#cite_note-Reiter-30">[30]</a> Beersheba was deemed strategically important due to its location with a reliable water supply and at a major crossroads, northeast to Hebron and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, east to the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Karak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Karak">al Karak</a>, south to <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, west to Gaza and southwest to <a href="/wiki/Auja_al-Hafir" title="Auja al-Hafir">Al-Auja</a> and the border with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-googleil-58">[58]</a> After a few months, the town's war-damaged houses were repaired. As a post-independence wave of Jewish immigration to Israel began, Beersheba experienced a population boom as thousands of immigrants moved in. The city rapidly expanded beyond its core, which became known as the "Old City", as new neighborhoods were built around it, complete with various housing projects such as apartment buildings and houses with auxiliary farms, as well as shopping centers and schools. The Old City was turned into a city center, with shops, restaurants, and government and utility offices. An industrial area and one of the largest cinemas in Israel were also built in the city. By 1956, Beersheba was a booming city of 22,000.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 1959, during the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Salib_riots" title="Wadi Salib riots">Wadi Salib riots</a>, riots spread quickly to other parts of the country, including Beersheba.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soroka_Medical_Center" title="Soroka Medical Center">Soroka Hospital</a> opened its doors in 1960. By 1968, the population had grown to 80,000.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The University of the Negev, which would later become Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, was established in 1969. The then <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Egypt">Egyptian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> visited Beersheba in 1979. In 1983, its population was more than 110,000. During the <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a>, the city's population greatly increased as many immigrants from the former Soviet Union settled there. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_development_in_the_21st_century">Urban development in the 21st century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Urban development in the 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2,_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%2C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG/250px-%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%2C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%2C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG/375px-%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%2C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%2C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG/500px-%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%2C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3681" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>Beersheba in the mid-1980s</figcaption></figure> As part of its <a href="/wiki/Blueprint_Negev" title="Blueprint Negev">Blueprint Negev</a> project, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> funded major redevelopment projects in Beersheba. One such project is the Beersheba River Walk, a 900-acre (3.6-square-kilometre) riverfront park stretching along 8 kilometers of the riverside and containing a 15-acre (6.1-hectare) manmade boating lake, a 12,000-seat amphitheater, green spaces, playgrounds, and a bridge along the route of the city's <a href="/wiki/Mekorot" title="Mekorot">Mekorot</a> water pipes.<a href="#cite_note-park-67">[67]</a> The Beersheba River had previously been used as a dumping site and filled with untreated wastewater. After the renovation, the river was transformed and now flows with high-quality purified wastewater.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> At the official entrance to the river park is the Beit Eshel Park, which consists of a park built around a courtyard with historic remains from the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Beit_Eshel" title="Beit Eshel">Beit Eshel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blueprint-68">[68]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beer_Sheva_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Beer_Sheva_Aerial_View.jpg/250px-Beer_Sheva_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Beer_Sheva_Aerial_View.jpg/375px-Beer_Sheva_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Beer_Sheva_Aerial_View.jpg/500px-Beer_Sheva_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Beersheba</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PipesBridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PipesBridge.jpg/220px-PipesBridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PipesBridge.jpg/330px-PipesBridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PipesBridge.jpg/440px-PipesBridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Pipes Bridge, 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beer_Sheba_Israel_IMG_6789.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Beer_Sheba_Israel_IMG_6789.JPG/220px-Beer_Sheba_Israel_IMG_6789.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Beer_Sheba_Israel_IMG_6789.JPG/330px-Beer_Sheba_Israel_IMG_6789.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Beer_Sheba_Israel_IMG_6789.JPG/440px-Beer_Sheba_Israel_IMG_6789.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>Modern Beersheba</figcaption></figure> Four new shopping malls were also built. Among them is Kanyon Beersheba, a 115,000-square-metre (1,240,000-square-foot) ecologically planned mall with pools for collecting rainwater and lighting generated by solar panels on the roof. It will be situated next to an 8,000-meter park with bicycle paths.<a href="#cite_note-blueprint-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In addition, the first ever farmer's market in Israel was established as an enclosed, circular complex with 400 spaces for vendors surrounded by parks and greenery.<a href="#cite_note-blueprint-68">[68]</a> A new central bus station was built in the city. The station has a glass-enclosed complex also containing shops and cafés.<a href="#cite_note-blueprint-68">[68]</a> Some $10.5  million was also invested in renovating Beersheba's Old City, preserving historical buildings and upgrading infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The Turkish Quarter was also redeveloped with newly cobbled streets, widened sidewalks, and the restoration of Turkish homes into areas for dining and shopping.<a href="#cite_note-park-67">[67]</a> In 2011, city hall announced plans to turn Beersheba into the "water city" of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> One of the projects, "Beersheva beach", is a 7-<a href="/wiki/Dunam#Syria,_Israel,_Palestine,_Jordan,_Lebanon_and_Turkey" title="Dunam">dunam</a> fountain opposite city hall.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Other projects included fountains near the <a href="/wiki/Soroka_Medical_Center" title="Soroka Medical Center">Soroka Medical Center</a> and in front of the Shamoon College of Engineering. In the 1990s, as skyscrapers began to appear in Israel, the construction of high-rise buildings began in Beersheba.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Today, downtown Beersheba has been described as a "clean, compact, and somewhat sterile-looking collection of high-rise office and residential towers."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The city's tallest building is Rambam Square 2, a 32-story apartment building.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Many additional high-rise buildings are planned or are under construction, including skyscrapers.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> There are further plans to build luxury residential towers in the city.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In December 2012, a plan to build 16,000 new housing units in the Ramot Gimel neighborhood was scrapped in favor of creating a new <a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">urban forest</a>, which spans 1,360 acres (550 ha) and serves as the area's "green lung", as part of the plans to develop a "green band" around the city. The forest includes designated picnic areas, biking trails, and walking trails. According to Mayor <a href="/wiki/Ruvik_Danilovich" title="Ruvik Danilovich">Ruvik Danilovich</a>, Beersheba still has an abundance of open, underdeveloped spaces that can be used for urban development.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 2017, a new urban building plan was approved for the city, designed to raise the city's population to 340,000 by 2030. Under the plan, 13,000 more housing units will be built, along with industrial and business developments occupying a total of four million square meters. A second public hospital is also planned.<a href="#cite_note-globes-83">[83]</a> Planning for the <a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Light_Rail" title="Beersheba Light Rail">Beersheba Light Rail</a> also began.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 2019, the construction of a new public hospital, which will be named after <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>, was approved. The hospital will be a 345-acre (140 ha) complex that will feature 1,900 beds, commerce, hotel, alternative medicine, and paramedical services, and research centers, with the possibility of apartment units for medical faculty employees, students, and senior housing. It will be linked to the rest of the city by a light rail system.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 2021, an outline plan was approved for the construction of 34,000 housing units in the city, the plan will lead to an increase in the number of residents living in the city to 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Security_incidents_in_the_city">Security incidents in the city</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Security incidents in the city">edit</a>]</div> On October 19, 1998, sixty-four people were wounded in a <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a> attack.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On August 31, 2004, sixteen people were killed in <a href="/wiki/Beersheba_bus_bombings" title="Beersheba bus bombings">two suicide bombings on commuter buses</a> in Beersheba for which <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> claimed responsibility. On August 28, 2005, another <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bomber">suicide bomber</a> attacked the central bus station, seriously injuring two security guards and 45 bystanders.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza War (2008–09)">Operation Cast Lead</a>, which began on December 27, 2008, and lasted until the ceasefire on January 18, 2009, Hamas fired 2,378 rockets (such as <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">Grad</a> rockets) and mortars, from Gaza into southern Israel, including Beersheba. The rocket attacks have continued, but have been only partially effective since the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> rocket defense system.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 2010, an Arab attacked and injured two people with an axe.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2012, a Palestinian from <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a> was stopped before a stabbing attack in a "safe house".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On October 18, 2015, a lone gunman <a href="/wiki/2015_Beersheba_bus_station_shooting" title="2015 Beersheba bus station shooting">shot and killed</a> a soldier guarding the Beersheva bus station before being gunned down by police.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In September 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a> thwarted a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a> terror attack at a wedding hall in Beersheba.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On March 22, 2022, a convicted <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> supporter carried out a <a href="/wiki/2022_Beersheba_attack" title="2022 Beersheba attack">stabbing and vehicle-ramming attack</a>, killing four people and injuring two others.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>, the city became the target of several rocket attacks.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emblem_of_Beersheba">Emblem of Beersheba</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Emblem of Beersheba">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beer_Sheva_COA_stamp_1965.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Beer_Sheva_COA_stamp_1965.png/80px-Beer_Sheva_COA_stamp_1965.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Beer_Sheva_COA_stamp_1965.png/120px-Beer_Sheva_COA_stamp_1965.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Beer_Sheva_COA_stamp_1965.png/160px-Beer_Sheva_COA_stamp_1965.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Beersheva emblem on a 1965 stamp</figcaption></figure> Since 1950, Beersheba has changed its municipal emblem several times. The 1950 emblem, designed by Abraham Khalili, featured a <a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">tamarix</a> tree, a factory and water flowing from a pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-city_sign-103">[103]</a> In 1972 the emblem was modernized with the symbolic representation of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Tribes">Twelve Tribes</a> and a tower.<a href="#cite_note-city_sign-103">[103]</a> Words from the Bible are inscribed: Abraham "planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba." (Genesis 21:33) Since 2012, it has incorporated the number seven as part of the city rebranding. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NahalashanS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NahalashanS.jpg/220px-NahalashanS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NahalashanS.jpg/330px-NahalashanS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NahalashanS.jpg/440px-NahalashanS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Dry riverbed in Nahal Ashan park</figcaption></figure> Beersheba is located on the northern edge of the Negev desert 115 kilometres (71 mi) south-east of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and 120 kilometres (75 mi) south-west of Jerusalem. The city is located on the main route from the center and north of the country to <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a> in the far south. The Beersheba Valley has been populated for thousands of years, as it has available water, which flows from the Hebron hills in the winter and is stored underground in vast quantities.<a href="#cite_note-geog-104">[104]</a> The main river in Beersheba is Nahal Beersheva, a stream that flows year round and occasionally floods in the winter. The Kovshim and Katef streams are other important wadis that pass through the city. Beersheba is surrounded by several satellite towns, including <a href="/wiki/Omer,_Israel" title="Omer, Israel">Omer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lehavim" title="Lehavim">Lehavim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meitar" title="Meitar">Meitar</a>, and the Bedouin localities of <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_as-Sabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel as-Sabi">Tel as-Sabi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lakiya" title="Lakiya">Lakiya</a>. Just northwest of the city (near Ramot neighborhood) is a region called Goral hills (heb:גבעות גורל lit: hills of fate), the area has hills with up to 500 metres (1,600 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a> and low as 300 metres (980 feet) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Due to heavy construction the flora unique to the area is endangered. Northeast of the city (north to the Neve Menahem neighborhood) there are <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a> plains and dry river bands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Beersheba has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot arid climate">hot arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> BWh) bordering upon a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (BSh) though with <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> influences. The city has characteristics of both Mediterranean and desert climates. Summers are hot and dry, and winters are mild. Rainfall is highly concentrated in the winter season. In summer, the temperatures are high in daytime and nighttime with an average high of 34.7 °C (94 °F) and an average low of 21.4 °C (71 °F). Winters have an average high of 17.7 °C (64 °F) and average low of 7.1 °C (45 °F). Snow is very rare; a snowfall on February 20, 2015, was the first such occurrence in the city since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Precipitation in summer is rare, most rainfalls come in winter between September and May, but the annual amount is low, averaging 195.1 millimeters (7.7 in) per year. There are sandstorms in summer. Haze and fog are common in winter, as a result of high humidity. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Beersheba </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4 (101.1) </td> <td style="background: #DF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.8 (110.8) </td> <td style="background: #D10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.8 (112.6) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.0 (114.8) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 (107.6) </td> <td style="background: #DF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.8 (110.8) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 (111.2) </td> <td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7 (107.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3 (100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.0 (114.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7 (101.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6 (103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3 (102.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3 (100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7 (101.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.6 (103.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 (65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 (94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 (94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.7 (69.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3 (70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (34.5) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (46) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (55) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (37) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (0.14) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #E3FFE3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">195.1 (7.76) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Israel Meteorological Service<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Precipitation_average-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Israel Meteorological Service<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> Beersheba is one of the fastest-growing cities in Israel. Though it has a population of about 200,000, the city is larger in area than Tel Aviv, and its urban plan calls for an eventual population of 450,000–500,000.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> It is planned to have a population of 340,000 by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-globes-83">[83]</a> The population of Beersheba is predominantly Jewish. Jews and others represent 97.3% of the population, of whom Jews are 86.5%. Arabs constitute around 2.69% of city population.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> divides the Beersheba metropolitan area into two areas: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Metropolitan rings in the Beersheba metropolitan area<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Metropolitan ring </th> <th rowspan="2">Localities </th> <th colspan="4">Population (2014 census) </th> <th rowspan="2">Population density (per km2) </th> <th rowspan="2">Annual Population growth rate </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Israeli Arabs</a> </th> <th>Others<a href="#cite_note-note1-117">[a]</a> </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Core<a href="#cite_note-note2-118">[b]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center">1 </td> <td style="text-align: right">177,200 </td> <td style="text-align: right">4,400 </td> <td style="text-align: right">19,500 </td> <td style="text-align: right">201,100 </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,711 </td> <td style="text-align: right">0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outer Ring<a href="#cite_note-note3-119">[c]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center">32 </td> <td style="text-align: right">35,700 </td> <td style="text-align: right">124,100 </td> <td style="text-align: right">500 </td> <td style="text-align: right">160,300 </td> <td style="text-align: right">286 </td> <td style="text-align: right">3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td style="text-align: center">33 </td> <td style="text-align: right">212,900 </td> <td style="text-align: right">128,500 </td> <td style="text-align: right">20,000 </td> <td style="text-align: right">361,400 </td> <td style="text-align: right">1277 </td> <td style="text-align: right">1.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note1-117"><a href="#cite_ref-note1_117-0">^</a> Others includes non-Arab Christians and those not classified by religion. </li> <li id="cite_note-note2-118"><a href="#cite_ref-note2_118-0">^</a> Includes the city of Beersheba </li> <li id="cite_note-note3-119"><a href="#cite_ref-note3_119-0">^</a> Includes the cities <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ofakim" title="Ofakim">Ofakim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Local_council_(Israel)" title="Local council (Israel)">local councils</a> <a href="/wiki/Lehavim" title="Lehavim">Lehavim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omer,_Israel" title="Omer, Israel">Omer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_as-Sabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel as-Sabi">Tel Sheva</a>, as well as many smaller towns (local councils). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negev_Mall_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Negev_Mall_Tower.JPG/150px-Negev_Mall_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Negev_Mall_Tower.JPG/225px-Negev_Mall_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Negev_Mall_Tower.JPG/300px-Negev_Mall_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Negev Mall Tower</figcaption></figure> The largest employers in Beersheba are <a href="/wiki/Soroka_Medical_Center" title="Soroka Medical Center">Soroka Medical Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> the municipality, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University</a>. A major <a href="/wiki/Israel_Aerospace_Industries" title="Israel Aerospace Industries">Israel Aerospace Industries</a> complex is located in the main industrial zone, north of <a href="/wiki/Highway_60_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 60 (Israel)">Highway 60</a>. Numerous electronics and chemical plants, including <a href="/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceutical_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Teva Pharmaceutical Industries">Teva Pharmaceutical Industries</a>, are located in and around the city. Beersheba is emerging as a high-tech center, with an emphasis on cyber security.<a href="#cite_note-globes2-7">[7]</a> A large high-tech park was built near the <a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Sheva_North_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Be'er Sheva North Railway Station">Be'er Sheva North Railway Station</a> in 2012<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-121">[118]</a> and a fifth commercial building begun to be constructed. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbit_Systems" title="Elbit Systems">Elbit Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="EMC Corporation">EMC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ness_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ness Technologies">Ness Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/WeWork" title="WeWork">WeWork</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAD_Data_Communications" title="RAD Data Communications">RAD Data Communications</a> have opened facilities there, as has a cyberincubator run by <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Venture_Partners" title="Jerusalem Venture Partners">Jerusalem Venture Partners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">Science park</a> funded by the RASHI-SACTA Foundation, Beersheba Municipality and private donors was completed in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-121">[118]</a> Another high-tech park is located north of the city near <a href="/wiki/Omer,_Israel" title="Omer, Israel">Omer</a>. An additional three industrial zones are located on the southeastern side of the city – Makhteshim, Emek Sara and Kiryat Yehudit – and a light industry zone between Kiryat Yehudit and the Old City. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_government">Local government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_10420_court_house_in_beer_sheva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PikiWiki_Israel_10420_court_house_in_beer_sheva.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_10420_court_house_in_beer_sheva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PikiWiki_Israel_10420_court_house_in_beer_sheva.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_10420_court_house_in_beer_sheva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PikiWiki_Israel_10420_court_house_in_beer_sheva.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_10420_court_house_in_beer_sheva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Beersheba District Court</figcaption></figure> The mayor of Beersheba is <a href="/wiki/Ruvik_Danilovich" title="Ruvik Danilovich">Ruvik Danilovich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Halon_2020-123">[120]</a> who was deputy mayor under <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Turner" title="Yaakov Turner">Yaakov Turner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cashman_2013-124">[121]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Mayors of Beersheba </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Political party </th> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Years in office </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Tuviyahu" title="David Tuviyahu">David Tuviyahu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapai" title="Mapai">Mapai</a> </td> <td align="center">1950 </td> <td align="center">1961 </td> <td align="center">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Zrizi" title="Ze'ev Zrizi">Ze'ev Zrizi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapam" title="Mapam">Mapam</a> </td> <td align="center">1961 </td> <td align="center">1963 </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Nawi" title="Eliyahu Nawi">Eliyahu Nawi</a> </td> <td>Mapai </td> <td align="center">1963 </td> <td align="center">1986 </td> <td align="center">23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Zilberman" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Zilberman">Moshe Zilberman</a> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:משה זילברמן">he</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td align="center">1986 </td> <td align="center">1989 </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rager" title="Yitzhak Rager">Yitzhak Rager</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> </td> <td align="center">1989 </td> <td align="center">1997 </td> <td align="center">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bunfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Bunfeld (page does not exist)">David Bunfeld</a> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93" class="extiw" title="he:דוד בונפלד">he</a>] </td> <td>Likud </td> <td align="center">1997 </td> <td align="center">1998 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Terner" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaakov Terner">Yaakov Terner</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Labor</a> </td> <td align="center">1998 </td> <td align="center">2008 </td> <td align="center">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruvik_Danilovich" title="Ruvik Danilovich">Ruvik Danilovich</a> </td> <td>Labor, New Way </td> <td align="center">2008 </td> <td align="center">  </td> <td align="center">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Educational institutions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Gurion_University_of_the_Negev_-_IsraelMFA_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ben_Gurion_University_of_the_Negev_-_IsraelMFA_02.jpg/220px-Ben_Gurion_University_of_the_Negev_-_IsraelMFA_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ben_Gurion_University_of_the_Negev_-_IsraelMFA_02.jpg/330px-Ben_Gurion_University_of_the_Negev_-_IsraelMFA_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ben_Gurion_University_of_the_Negev_-_IsraelMFA_02.jpg/440px-Ben_Gurion_University_of_the_Negev_-_IsraelMFA_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Gurion University of the Negev">Ben Gurion University of the Negev</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, in 2022, Beersheba has a ca.8,975 preschoolers in ca.300 preschools & kindergartens. A total of 99 schools teaching a student population of ca.45,291: 60 elementary schools with an enrollment of 19,617 (ca.3,200 of whom are entering the 1st grade), and 39 high schools with an enrollment of 16,699. Of Beersheba's 12th graders, 90% earned a <a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">Bagrut</a> matriculation certificate in 2022. The city also has several private schools and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivot</a> in the religious sector with 3,000 or more students. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_4451_College_of_Engineering_Sammy_Shamun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PikiWiki_Israel_4451_College_of_Engineering_Sammy_Shamun.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_4451_College_of_Engineering_Sammy_Shamun.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PikiWiki_Israel_4451_College_of_Engineering_Sammy_Shamun.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_4451_College_of_Engineering_Sammy_Shamun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PikiWiki_Israel_4451_College_of_Engineering_Sammy_Shamun.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_4451_College_of_Engineering_Sammy_Shamun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Shamoon College of Engineering</figcaption></figure> Beersheba is home to one of Israel's major universities, <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a>, located on an urban campus in the city (Dalet neighborhood). Other schools in Beersheva are the <a href="/wiki/Open_University_of_Israel" title="Open University of Israel">Open University of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamoon_College_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamoon College of Engineering">Shamoon College of Engineering</a> (SCE), <a href="/wiki/Kaye_Academic_College_of_Education" title="Kaye Academic College of Education">Kaye Academic College of Education</a>, Practical Engineering College of Beersheba (Hamikhlala ha technologit shel Be'er sheva),<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> and a campus of the Israeli Air and Space College (<a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Tehni_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Beersheba Tehni School">Techni Be'er sheva</a> ).<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Beersheba" title="Neighborhoods of Beersheba">Neighborhoods of Beersheba</a></div> After Israeli independence, Beersheba became a "laboratory" for <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel" title="Architecture of Israel">Israeli architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-127">[124]</a> Mishol Girit, a neighborhood built in the late 1950s, was the first attempt to create an alternative to the standard public housing projects in Israel. Hashatiah (literally, "the carpet"), also known as Hashekhuna ledugma (the model neighborhood), was hailed by architects around the world.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-127">[124]</a> Today, Beersheba is divided into seventeen residential neighborhoods in addition to the Old City and Ramot, an umbrella neighborhood of four sub-districts. Many of the neighbourhoods are named after letters of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>, which also have numerical value, but descriptive place names have been given to some of the newer neighborhoods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_cultural_institutions">Art and cultural institutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Art and cultural institutions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_10581_Beer_Sheva_Cinema_keren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PikiWiki_Israel_10581_Beer_Sheva_Cinema_keren.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_10581_Beer_Sheva_Cinema_keren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PikiWiki_Israel_10581_Beer_Sheva_Cinema_keren.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_10581_Beer_Sheva_Cinema_keren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PikiWiki_Israel_10581_Beer_Sheva_Cinema_keren.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_10581_Beer_Sheva_Cinema_keren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Keren Cinema, first movie theater in the Negev</figcaption></figure> In 1953, Cinema Keren, the Negev's first movie theater, opened in Beersheba. It was built by the <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a> and had seating for 1,200 people.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Beersheba is the home base of the Israel Sinfonietta, founded in 1973. Over the years, the Sinfonietta has developed a broad repertoire of symphonic works, concerti for solo instruments and large choral productions, among them <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt" title="Israel in Egypt">Israel in Egypt</a>, masses by <a href="/wiki/Schubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Schubert">Schubert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossini">Rossini</a>'s "Stabat Mater" and <a href="/wiki/Vivaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>'s "Gloria". World-famous artists have appeared as soloists with the Sinfonietta, including <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Zukerman" title="Pinchas Zukerman">Pinchas Zukerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Mintz" title="Shlomo Mintz">Shlomo Mintz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Karr" title="Gary Karr">Gary Karr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tortelier" title="Paul Tortelier">Paul Tortelier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> In the 1970s, a memorial commemorating fallen Israeli soldiers designed by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Dani_Karavan" title="Dani Karavan">Danny Karavan</a> was erected on a hill north-east of the city.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Theater" title="Beersheba Theater">Beersheba Theater</a> opened in 1973. The Light Opera Group of the Negev, established in 1980, performs musicals in English every year.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Landmarks in the city include "<a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's well">Abraham's well</a>", a well dating to at least the 12th century CE (now inside a visitors center), and the old Turkish railway station, now the focus of development plans.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> The Artists House of the Negev, in a Mandate-era building, showcases artwork connected in some way to the Negev.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Negev_Museum_of_Art" title="Negev Museum of Art">Negev Museum of Art</a> reopened in 2004 in the Ottoman Governor's House, and an art and media center for young people was established in the Old City. In 2009, a new tourist and <a href="/wiki/Visitor_center" title="Visitor center">information center</a>, Gateway to the Negev, was built.<a href="#cite_note-Lubliner-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Mosque_of_Beersheba">Great Mosque of Beersheba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Great Mosque of Beersheba">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D283-042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Great Mosque of Beersheba in 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/D283-042.jpg/220px-D283-042.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/D283-042.jpg/330px-D283-042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/D283-042.jpg/440px-D283-042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Great Mosque of Beersheba in 1948</figcaption></figure> In 1906, during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman era">Ottoman era</a>, the Great Mosque of Beersheba was built with donations collected from the Bedouin residents in the Negev. It was used actively as a mosque until the city fell to Israeli forces in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Akhbar_2014-135">[132]</a> The mosque was used until 1953 as the city's courthouse. From then until the 1990s, when it was closed for renovations, the building housed an archeological museum, which the city intended to turn into the archeological branch of the Negev Museum.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> In 2011, however, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a>, sitting as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel#High_Court_of_Justice" title="Supreme Court of Israel">High Court of Justice</a>, ordered the property to be turned into a museum of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> without reverting to a place of worship.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Beersheba" title="Transport in Beersheba">Transport in Beersheba</a></div> Beersheba is the central transport hub of southern Israel, served by roads, railways and air. Beersheba is connected to <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> via <a href="/wiki/Highway_40_(Israel)" title="Highway 40 (Israel)">Highway 40</a>, the second longest highway in Israel, which passes to the east of the city and is called the Beersheba bypass because it allows travellers from the north to go to southern locations, avoiding the more congested city center. From west to east, the city is divided by <a href="/wiki/Highway_25_(Israel)" title="Highway 25 (Israel)">Highway 25</a>, which connects to <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> to the northwest, and <a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a> to the east. Finally, Highway 60 connects Beersheba with Jerusalem and the Shoket Junction, and goes through the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>. On the local level, a partial <a href="/wiki/Beltway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway">ring road</a> surrounds the city from the north and east, and Road 406 (Rager Blvd.) goes through the city center from north to south. <a href="/wiki/Metrodan_Beersheba" title="Metrodan Beersheba">Metrodan Beersheba</a>, established in 2003, had a fleet of 90 buses and operates 19 lines in the city between 2003 and 2016, most of which depart from the Beersheba Central Bus Station.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> These lines were formerly operated by the municipality as the 'Be'er Sheva Urban Bus Services'. Inter-city buses to and from Beersheba are operated by <a href="/wiki/Egged_Bus_Cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Egged Bus Cooperative">Egged</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_BaDarom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan BaDarom">Dan BaDarom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropoline" title="Metropoline">Metropoline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> The intercity bus service was transferred to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_Be%27er_Sheva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan Be'er Sheva (page does not exist)">Dan Be'er Sheva</a> in 25'th of November 2016 and Metrodan Beersheva had been shut down. With the change to Dan Be'er Sheva the company introduced electronic payment stopping pay at the driver which was common in Beersheba.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_4499_Pedestrian_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PikiWiki_Israel_4499_Pedestrian_Bridge.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_4499_Pedestrian_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PikiWiki_Israel_4499_Pedestrian_Bridge.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_4499_Pedestrian_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PikiWiki_Israel_4499_Pedestrian_Bridge.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_4499_Pedestrian_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mexico Bridge from railway station to Ben-Gurion University</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Railways" title="Israel Railways">Israel Railways</a> operates two stations in the city that form part of the <a href="/wiki/Railway_to_Beersheba" title="Railway to Beersheba">railway to Beersheba</a>: the old <a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Sheva_North_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Be'er Sheva North Railway Station">Be'er Sheva North University</a> station, adjacent to Ben Gurion University and <a href="/wiki/Soroka_Medical_Center" title="Soroka Medical Center">Soroka Medical Center</a>, and the new <a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Sheva_Center_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Be'er Sheva Center Railway Station">Be'er Sheva Central</a> station, adjacent to the central bus station. Between the two stations, the railway splits into two, and also continues to Dimona and <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">the Dead Sea</a> factories. An extension is planned to Eilat<a href="#cite_note-eilat_rail-141">[138]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>. The Be'er Sheva North University station is the terminus of the line to Dimona. All stations of Israel Railways can be accessed from Beersheba using <a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">transfer stations</a> in Tel Aviv and <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>. Until 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Railway_to_Beersheba" title="Railway to Beersheba">railway line to Beersheba</a> used a slow single-track configuration with sharp curves and many <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">level crossings</a> which limited train speed. Between 2004 and 2012 the line was double tracked and rebuilt using an improved alignment and all its level crossings were <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separated</a>. The rebuilding effort cost <a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">NIS</a> 2.8 billion and significantly reduced the travel time and greatly increased the train frequency to and from Tel Aviv and <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Motzkin" title="Kiryat Motzkin">Kiryat Motzkin</a> to Beersheba.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> In addition, Beersheba will be linked to Tel Aviv and Eilat by a new passenger and freight <a href="/wiki/High_speed_railway_to_Eilat" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed railway to Eilat">high-speed railway system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Light_Rail" title="Beersheba Light Rail">Beersheba Light Rail</a> is currently planned as a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> system for the city of Beersheba and outlying communities. There have been plans for a light rail system in Beersheba for many years, and a light rail system appears in the master plan for the city.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> An agreement was signed for the construction of a light rail system in 1998, but was not implemented. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Finance (Israel)">Israeli Finance Ministry</a> contemplated freezing the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Light_Rail" title="Tel Aviv Light Rail">Tel Aviv Light Rail</a> project and building a light rail system in Beersheba instead, but that did not happen. In 2014, mayor <a href="/wiki/Ruvik_Danilovich" title="Ruvik Danilovich">Ruvik Danilovich</a> announced that the light rail system will be built in the city.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> In 2017, the Ministry of Transport gave the Beersheba municipality approval to proceed with preliminary planning on a light rail system.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> In August 2023, the light rail was officially approved. It is expected to be completed by 2033.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roundabouts">Roundabouts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Roundabouts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artzieli_Square_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Artzieli_Square_3.jpg/150px-Artzieli_Square_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Artzieli_Square_3.jpg/225px-Artzieli_Square_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Artzieli_Square_3.jpg/300px-Artzieli_Square_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2571" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption> Harp statue, Artzieli Square, 2019</figcaption></figure> In Be'er Sheva there are over 250 roundabouts, giving the city its nickname of "Roundabout Capital of Israel". Many roundabouts, part of Be'er-Sheva's urban oasis project, include fountains, landscaping and sculptures by well-known artists (such as <a href="/wiki/Menashe_Kadishman" title="Menashe Kadishman">Menashe Kadishman</a>'s The Horse Circle and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Langford_(sculptor)" title="Jeremy Langford (sculptor)">Jeremy Langford</a>'s The Drip Circle). Some commemorate famous people and international and local organizations, or mark important events. Some are named after the twin cities of Beer Sheva.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Well-known roundabouts are: <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Ramon" title="Ilan Ramon">Ilan Ramon</a> Circle, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">Phantom</a> Circle near the Air Force Technical School, Champions Square near <a href="/wiki/Turner_Stadium" title="Turner Stadium">Turner Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conch_Arena" title="Conch Arena">Conch Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> Circle, Harp Circle near the Municipal Conservatory and the Be'er-Sheva Performing Arts Center, College Circle, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Gurion">Ben Gurion</a> Circle, Light Circle, <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> Circle, <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofarot</a> Circle, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">Twin Towers</a> Circle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiking">Hiking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hiking">edit</a>]</div> Beersheba is linked to Hilvan by the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Path" title="Abraham Path">Abraham Path</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Be%27er_Sheva_F.C." title="Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.">Hapoel Be'er Sheva</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Premier_League" title="Israeli Premier League">Israeli Premier League</a>, the top tier of <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Israel" title="Football in Israel">Israeli football</a>, having been promoted in the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Liga_Leumit" title="2008–09 Liga Leumit">2008–2009</a> <a href="/wiki/Liga_Leumit" title="Liga Leumit">Liga Leumit</a> season. The club has won the Israeli championship five times, in 1975, 1976, 2016, 2017 and 2018, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Israel_State_Cup" title="Israel State Cup">State Cup</a> in 1997, 2020 and 2022. Beersheba has two other local clubs, <a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Be%27er_Sheva_F.C." title="Maccabi Be'er Sheva F.C.">Maccabi Be'er Sheva</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Beersheba#Neve_Noy" title="Neighborhoods of Beersheba">Neve Noy</a>) and <a href="/wiki/F.C._Be%27er_Sheva" class="mw-redirect" title="F.C. Be'er Sheva">F.C. Be'er Sheva</a> (based in the north of <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Beersheba#Dalet" title="Neighborhoods of Beersheba">Dalet</a>), a continuation of the defunct <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Avraham_Be%27er_Sheva_F.C." title="Beitar Avraham Be'er Sheva F.C.">Beitar Avraham Be'er Sheva</a>. Hapoel play at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Stadium" title="Turner Stadium">Turner Stadium</a>. Beersheba has a basketball club, <a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Be%27er_Sheva_B.C." title="Hapoel Be'er Sheva B.C.">Hapoel Be'er Sheva</a>. The team plays at The <a href="/wiki/Conch_Arena" title="Conch Arena">Conch Arena</a>, which seats 3,000. Beersheba has become Israel's national <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> center; thanks to Soviet immigration, it is home to the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">chess grandmasters</a> of any city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> The city hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">World Team Chess Championship</a> in 2005, and chess is taught in the city's kindergartens.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> The Israeli chess team won the silver medal at the <a href="/wiki/38th_Chess_Olympiad" title="38th Chess Olympiad">2008 Chess Olympiad</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> and the bronze at the <a href="/wiki/39th_Chess_Olympiad" title="39th Chess Olympiad">2010 Olympiad</a>. The chess club was founded in 1973 by Eliyahu Levant, who is still the driving spirit behind it.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> The city has the second largest <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> center (AMI wrestling school) in Israel. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The center is run by Leonid Shulman and has approximately 2,000 students, most of whom are from Russian immigrant families since the origins of the club are in the <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Beersheba#Nahal_Beka" title="Neighborhoods of Beersheba">Nahal Beka</a> immigrant absorption center. Maccabi Be'er Sheva has a freestyle wrestling team, whilst Hapoel Be'er Sheva has a Greco-Roman wrestling team. In the <a href="/wiki/2010_World_Wrestling_Championships" title="2010 World Wrestling Championships">2010 World Wrestling Championships</a>, AMI students won five medals.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Cricket is played under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Israel_Cricket_Association" title="Israel Cricket Association">Israel Cricket Association</a>. Beersheba is also home to a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> team, whose senior and youth squads have won several national titles (including the recent Senior National League 2004–2005 championship).<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> Beersheba's tennis center, which opened in 1991, features eight lighted courts, and the Beersheba (Teyman) airfield is used for <a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">gliding</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_awards">Environmental awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Environmental awards">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, the Beersheba "ring trail", a 42-kilometer hiking trail around the city, won third place in the annual environmental competition of the European Travelers Association.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilan_Ramon,_NASA_photo_portrait_in_orange_suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ilan_Ramon%2C_NASA_photo_portrait_in_orange_suit.jpg/170px-Ilan_Ramon%2C_NASA_photo_portrait_in_orange_suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ilan_Ramon%2C_NASA_photo_portrait_in_orange_suit.jpg/255px-Ilan_Ramon%2C_NASA_photo_portrait_in_orange_suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ilan_Ramon%2C_NASA_photo_portrait_in_orange_suit.jpg/340px-Ilan_Ramon%2C_NASA_photo_portrait_in_orange_suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Ramon" title="Ilan Ramon">Ilan Ramon</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orna_Banai" title="Orna Banai">Orna Banai</a> (born 1966), actress, comedian, and entertainer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyaniv_Barda" title="Elyaniv Barda">Elyaniv Barda</a> (born 1981), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zehava_Ben" title="Zehava Ben">Zehava Ben</a> (born 1968), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avishay_Braverman" title="Avishay Braverman">Avishay Braverman</a> (born 1948), professor and politician, president of the <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almog_Cohen_(footballer)" title="Almog Cohen (footballer)">Almog Cohen</a> (born 1988), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvik_Danilovich" title="Ruvik Danilovich">Ruvik Danilovich</a> (born 1971), 8th mayor of Be'er Sheva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat_Draigor" title="Anat Draigor">Anat Draigor</a> (born 1960), basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Alaluf" title="Eli Alaluf">Eli Alaluf</a> (born 1945), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronit_Elkabetz" title="Ronit Elkabetz">Ronit Elkabetz</a> (1964–2016), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvl_Greene" title="Velvl Greene">Velvl Greene</a> (1928–2011), Canadian–American–Israeli scientist and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvika_Hadar" title="Zvika Hadar">Zvika Hadar</a> (born 1966), comedian and show host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_Huss" title="Boaz Huss">Boaz Huss</a> (born 1959), professor of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Kaplan" title="Ron Kaplan">Ron Kaplan</a> (born 1970), Olympic gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Mikhalevski" title="Victor Mikhalevski">Victor Mikhalevski</a> (born 1972), chess grandmaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Naccache" title="David Naccache">David Naccache</a> (born 1967), cryptologist, professor at France's Ecole normale supérieure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Newman_(political_geographer)" title="David Newman (political geographer)">David Newman</a> (born 1956), professor and Dean of Social Science and Humanities, BGU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Ramon" title="Ilan Ramon">Ilan Ramon</a> (1954–2003), Israel's first astronaut; died in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Columbia disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudit_Ravitz" title="Yehudit Ravitz">Yehudit Ravitz</a> (born 1956), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Steinberg_(soldier)" title="Max Steinberg (soldier)">Max Steinberg</a> (1989–2014), American-Israeli <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> <a href="/wiki/Lone_soldier" title="Lone soldier">lone soldier</a> killed in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idan_Tal" title="Idan Tal">Idan Tal</a> (born 1975), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Zizov" title="Eli Zizov">Eli Zizov</a> (born 1991), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Zrizi" title="Ze'ev Zrizi">Ze'ev Zrizi</a> (1916–2011), second mayor of Beersheba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Offer" title="Vince Offer">Vince Offer</a> (born 1964), infomercial pitchman, screenwriter, actor and director</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Israel" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel">List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel</a></div> Beersheba is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, Serbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oni,_Georgia" title="Oni, Georgia">Oni</a>, Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Parramatta" title="City of Parramatta">Parramatta</a>, Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/La_Plata" title="La Plata">La Plata</a>, Argentina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Battle of Beersheba</a> (First World War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Sheva_Park" title="Beer Sheva Park">Beer Sheva Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:BeershevaRegion1940s.jpg" title="File:BeershevaRegion1940s.jpg">Map of Beersheba and surrounds in the 1940s and 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Settlement" title="Beersheba Settlement">Beersheba Settlement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Israelpopulations-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israelpopulations_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israelpopulations_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israelpopulations_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv">"Regional Statistics"</a>. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved March 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Regional+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fen%2Fsettlements%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fmode%3DYeshuv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603035029/https://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/Eng/pages/default.aspx">"Be'er Sheva Municipality"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/Eng/pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on June 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Be%27er+Sheva+Municipality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beer-sheva.muni.il%2FEng%2Fpages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemche2004" class="citation book cs1">Lemche, Niels Peter (2004). Historical dictionary of ancient Israel. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4848-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-4848-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+ancient+Israel&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.series=Historical+dictionaries+of+ancient+civilizations+and+historical+eras&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4848-1&rft.aulast=Lemche&rft.aufirst=Niels+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMildred_Berman1965" class="citation journal cs1">Mildred Berman (1965). 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Retrieved December 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beersheva%3A+Israel%27s+emerging+high-tech+hub+-+Globes+English&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globes.co.il%2Fen%2Farticle-beersheva-makes-mark-as-israels-hidden-hi-tech-hub-1001085859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wvuabroad.wvu.edu/index.cfm?FuseAction=Programs.ViewProgramAngular&id=10303">"Programs > Office of Global Affairs"</a>. wvuabroad.wvu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240717233829/https://wvuabroad.wvu.edu/index.cfm?FuseAction=Programs.ViewProgramAngular">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2024. 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Nomadic Peoples (39). The Commission on Nomadic Peoples of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Services (IUAES): 3–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nomadic+Peoples&rft.atitle=Nomadic+Peoples&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=3-28&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kressel&rft.aufirst=Gideon+M.&rft.au=Ben-David%2C+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnp.nonuniv.ox.ac.uk%2Fpdf%2FNP_journal_back_issues%2Fthe_bedouin_market_GM_Kressel_and_J_BenDavid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu-Rabia-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Rabia_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Rabia2001" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Rabia, Aref (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEJKW1IaynwC&pg=PA7">A Bedouin Century: Education and Development among the Negev Tribes in the 20th century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. Retrieved August 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bedouin+Century%3A+Education+and+Development+among+the+Negev+Tribes+in+the+20th+century&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Abu-Rabia&rft.aufirst=Aref&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEJKW1IaynwC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avci-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avci_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avci_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avci_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avci_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avci_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avci_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avci_33-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasemin_Avcı2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yasemin Avcı (2009). "The application of Tanzimat in the desert: The Bedouins and the creation of a new town in Southern Palestine (1860–1914)". Middle Eastern Studies. 45 (6): 969–983. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200903268728">10.1080/00263200903268728</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144397381">144397381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+application+of+Tanzimat+in+the+desert%3A+The+Bedouins+and+the+creation+of+a+new+town+in+Southern+Palestine+%281860%E2%80%931914%29&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=969-983&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200903268728&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144397381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Yasemin+Avc%C4%B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbuRabia-34"><a href="#cite_ref-AbuRabia_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF'Aref_Abu-Rabi'a2001" class="citation book cs1">'Aref Abu-Rabi'a (2001). A Bedouin Century. Berghahn Books. pp. 8–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bedouin+Century&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.au=%27Aref+Abu-Rabi%27a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson1901-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson1901_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_L._Robinson1901" class="citation journal cs1">George L. Robinson (1901). "The Wells of Beersheba". The Biblical World. 17 (4): 247–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F472788">10.1086/472788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144714359">144714359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+World&rft.atitle=The+Wells+of+Beersheba&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=247-255&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F472788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144714359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=George+L.+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Report for April 1901, p100. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a>, Anthropology and Politics: Revolutions in the Sacred Grove, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Blackwell" title="Basil Blackwell">Basil Blackwell</a>, 1995 pp.212-228. </li> <li id="cite_note-Musil-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Musil_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlois_Musil1908" class="citation book cs1">Alois Musil (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/arabiapetraea00musigoog#page/n81/mode/2up">Arabia Petraea</a>. Vol. 2. Wien: A. Hölder. p. 66. <q>Bir es-Seba wächst von Tag zu Tag; heuer baut man bereits anstatt der Zelte stattliche Häuser, die eine schöne Straße vom Seräja zum Talbette bilden. Beim Regierungsgebäude hat man einen Garten angelegt und allerlei Bäume gesetzt, welche gewiß gut fortkommen werden, denn die wenigen vor zwei Jahren bei der Dampfmühle am Südostende der Straße gepflanzten Sträucher sind inzwischen stark gewachsen. Die rege Bautätigkeit verursacht auch hier eine rege Ausbeutung des Ruinenfeldes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+Petraea&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=A.+H%C3%B6lder&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Alois+Musil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Farabiapetraea00musigoog%23page%2Fn81%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson1908-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson1908_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_L._Robinson1908" class="citation journal cs1">George L. Robinson (1908). "Beersheba Revisited". The Biblical World. 31 (5): 322+327–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F474045">10.1086/474045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222438761">222438761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+World&rft.atitle=Beersheba+Revisited&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=322%2B327-335&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F474045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222438761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=George+L.+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Abu Rabi'a (loc. cit.) names the other two as Palestinian Arabs <a href="/wiki/Nashashibi_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashashibi clan">Sa'id Effendi al-Nashashiby</a> and his assistant, Ragheb Effendi al-Nashashiby.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Beersheba#Don't_know_what_other_tag_to_use._Is_he_identical_with_Raghib_al-Nashashibi,_for_whom_there_is_a_WP_article?" title="Talk:Beersheba">discuss</a>] However, Biger (Ottoman Town Planning in Late 19th and early 20th Century Palestine, 3rd International Geography Symposium, 2013, 23–32) says that they were Turks educated in Germany. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerdos,_Yehuda1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerdos, Yehuda (1985). "Basis of Beersheba City Planning". In Na'or, Mordechai (ed.). Settlement of the Negev, 1900–1960 (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Israel: Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 167–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basis+of+Beersheba+City+Planning&rft.btitle=Settlement+of+the+Negev%2C+1900%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Jerusalem%2C+Israel&rft.pages=167-177&rft.pub=Yad+Yitzhak+Ben-Zvi&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Gerdos%2C+Yehuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ariel-42"><a href="#cite_ref-ariel_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilnai,_Ze'ev1969" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vilnai, Ze'ev (1969). "Be'er Sheva". Ariel Encyclopedia (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Tel Aviv, Israel: Sifriyat HaSadeh. pp. 473–515.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Be%27er+Sheva&rft.btitle=Ariel+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Tel+Aviv%2C+Israel&rft.pages=473-515&rft.pub=Sifriyat+HaSadeh&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Vilnai%2C+Ze%27ev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cotterell-ch3-43"><a href="#cite_ref-cotterell-ch3_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterell,_Paul1986" class="citation book cs1">Cotterell, Paul (1986). "Chapter 3". The Railways of Palestine and Israel. Abingdon, UK: Tourret Publishing. pp. 14–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905878-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905878-04-1"><bdi>978-0-905878-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3&rft.btitle=The+Railways+of+Palestine+and+Israel&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=14-31&rft.pub=Tourret+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-905878-04-1&rft.au=Cotterell%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anews.com.tr/gallery/world/when-we-were-defeated-in-gaza-we-lost-palestine">"When we were defeated in Gaza, we lost Palestine"</a>. A News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015085247/https://www.anews.com.tr/gallery/world/when-we-were-defeated-in-gaza-we-lost-palestine">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+News&rft.atitle=When+we+were+defeated+in+Gaza%2C+we+lost+Palestine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anews.com.tr%2Fgallery%2Fworld%2Fwhen-we-were-defeated-in-gaza-we-lost-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press, New York, Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 1994, pp. 23–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openaustralia.org.au/senate/?id=2008-03-18.279.12">"Senate Debates: 60th Anniversary of the State of Israel"</a>. March 18, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018050334/http://www.openaustralia.org.au/senate/?id=2008-03-18.279.12">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Debates%3A+60th+Anniversary+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openaustralia.org.au%2Fsenate%2F%3Fid%3D2008-03-18.279.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlicott2015" class="citation news cs1">Medlicott, Jeanne (April 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naroomanewsonline.com.au/story/3025991/beersheba-lighthorse-diorama-unveiled-in-narooma/">"Beersheba Lighthorse Anzac diorama unveiled in Narooma"</a>. Narooma News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150816230851/http://www.naroomanewsonline.com.au/story/3025991/beersheba-lighthorse-diorama-unveiled-in-narooma/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narooma+News&rft.atitle=Beersheba+Lighthorse+Anzac+diorama+unveiled+in+Narooma&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft.aulast=Medlicott&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naroomanewsonline.com.au%2Fstory%2F3025991%2Fbeersheba-lighthorse-diorama-unveiled-in-narooma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Gideon Biger (1994), An Empire in the Holy Land, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarkFrantzman2012" class="citation news cs1">Kark, Ruth; Frantzman, Seth J. (April 2012). "The Negev: Land, Settlement, the Bedouin and Ottoman and British Policy 1871–1948". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Negev%3A+Land%2C+Settlement%2C+the+Bedouin+and+Ottoman+and+British+Policy+1871%E2%80%931948&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Kark&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Frantzman%2C+Seth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1922-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1922_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._B._Barron1923" class="citation book cs1">J. B. Barron, ed. (1923). "Table V". Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+V&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+Report+and+General+Abstracts+of+the+Census+of+1922&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1931-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Mills1932" class="citation book cs1">E. Mills, ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Palestine+1931.+Population+of+Villages%2C+Towns+and+Administrative+Areas&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas">online</a> (pdf, 28 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf">Village Statistics</a> (PDF). 1938. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107124512/https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Statistics&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusers.cecs.anu.edu.au%2F~bdm%2Fyabber%2Fcensus%2FVillageStatistics1938orig.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conciliation Commission">United Nations Conciliation Commission</a> for Palestine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5FBCED3943293BBD0525656900654AA6">A/AC.25/Com.Tech/7/Add.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720232249/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5FBCED3943293BBD0525656900654AA6">Archived</a> July 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (April 1949) </li> <li id="cite_note-UNSCOP-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNSCOP_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNSCOP_54-1">b</a> United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, Report to the General Assembly, September 3, 1947, Volume II, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/c17b3a9d4bfb04c985257b28006e4ea6/fb6dd3f0e9535815852572dd006cc607?OpenDocument">A/364, Add. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910081252/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/c17b3a9d4bfb04c985257b28006e4ea6/fb6dd3f0e9535815852572dd006cc607?OpenDocument">Archived</a> September 10, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UNGA Resolution 181 (November 27, 1947).<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://unispal.un.org/maps/m0103_1b.gif">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055524/https://unispal.un.org/maps/m0103_1b.gif">Archived</a> August 11, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See boundaries <a href="/wiki/File:UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg" title="File:UN Palestine Partition Versions 1947.jpg">here</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anita_Shapira" title="Anita Shapira">Anita Shapira</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HkJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239">Yigal Allon, Native Son: A Biography</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124073814/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HkJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239">Archived</a> November 24, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-812-20343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-812-20343-1">978-0-812-20343-1</a> p.239 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Shapira, Yigal Allon p.245 </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris467-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris467_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris467_57-1">b</a> Morris, Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-googleil-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-googleil_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-googleil_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2007" class="citation book cs1">Shapira, Anita (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA245">Yigal Allon: Native Son</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 245. Retrieved August 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yigal+Allon%3A+Native+Son&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiogKjVDKRW4C%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu-Rabia_2-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Rabia_2_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Rabia_2_59-1">b</a> Alef Abu-Rabia, 'Beersheva,' in Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA80">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016210037/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA80">Archived</a> October 16, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-576-07919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-576-07919-5">978-1-576-07919-5</a> p.80. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simha_Flapan" title="Simha Flapan">Simha Flapan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536718">The Palestinian Exodus of 1948,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536718">Archived</a> December 25, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Summer, 1987), pp. 3–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (1987) The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33028-2">978-0-521-33028-2</a>. p.245. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Zeev Tzahor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260802">'The 1949 Air Clash between the Israeli Air Force and the RAF,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225037/https://www.jstor.org/stable/260802">Archived</a> December 25, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a>, Volume 28, No. 1 (January 1993), pp. 75-101, p.76 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=883&dat=19551007&id=J_JOAAAAIBAJ&pg=3222,5341447">"The Canadian Jewish Chronicle - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200827122232/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=883&dat=19551007&id=J_JOAAAAIBAJ&pg=3222,5341447">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Jewish+Chronicle+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D883%26dat%3D19551007%26id%3DJ_JOAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3222%2C5341447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19560310&id=9MVaAAAAIBAJ&pg=5992,2911747">"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009054526/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19560310&id=9MVaAAAAIBAJ&pg=5992,2911747">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1129%26dat%3D19560310%26id%3D9MVaAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5992%2C2911747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Jeremy Allouche, The Oriental Communities in Israel, 1948-2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://doczz.fr/doc/96608/the-oriental-communities-in-israel--1948-2003">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224214338/http://doczz.fr/doc/96608/the-oriental-communities-in-israel--1948-2003">Archived</a> December 24, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.35] </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19680227&id=55AyAAAAIBAJ&pg=823,2776659">"How Sea of Immigrants Tamed the Negev Wilderness"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Sea+of+Immigrants+Tamed+the+Negev+Wilderness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2206%26dat%3D19680227%26id%3D55AyAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D823%2C2776659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-park-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-park_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-park_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnf.org/work-we-do/blueprint-negev/beer-sheva-river-park.html">"Jewish National Fund: Be'er Sheva River Park"</a>. Jnf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627015225/http://www.jnf.org/work-we-do/blueprint-negev/beer-sheva-river-park.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+National+Fund%3A+Be%27er+Sheva+River+Park&rft.pub=Jnf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnf.org%2Fwork-we-do%2Fblueprint-negev%2Fbeer-sheva-river-park.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blueprint-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blueprint_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueprint_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueprint_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blueprint_68-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/AroundIsrael/Article.aspx?id=175455">"Beit Eshel Park, Beersheba"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103222825/http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/AroundIsrael/Article.aspx?id=175455">Archived</a> November 3, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Blueprint Negev </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/34834/jewish-national-fund-plants-an-emissary-in-bay-area/">"Jewish National Fund plants an emissary in the Bay area"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811022547/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/34834/jewish-national-fund-plants-an-emissary-in-bay-area/">Archived</a> August 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jweekly.com </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jnf.org/menu-2/our-work/blueprint-negev/beersheba-river-park.html">"404 Error"</a>. www.jnf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518115916/https://www.jnf.org/menu-2/our-work/blueprint-negev/beersheba-river-park.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jnf.org&rft.atitle=404+Error&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnf.org%2Fmenu-2%2Four-work%2Fblueprint-negev%2Fbeersheba-river-park.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/spending-time-at-the-well/?fb_comment_id=fbc_10150571598805779_20906899_10150576840115779">"Upwelling of Renewal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018050334/http://www.timesofisrael.com/spending-time-at-the-well/?fb_comment_id=fbc_10150571598805779_20906899_10150576840115779">Archived</a> October 18, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Times of Israel </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFרועי_צ'יקי_ארד_8_July_2011_00:54_עודכן_ב:_23:15" class="citation news cs1">רועי צ'יקי ארד 8 July 2011 00:54 עודכן ב: 23:15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/1.1179790">"שיגעון המים של בירת הנגב – חינוך וחברה – הארץ"</a>. הארץ. Haaretz.co.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110913075745/http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/1.1179790">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.atitle=%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%91+%E2%80%93+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9A+%D7%95%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94+%E2%80%93+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.au=%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99+%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93+8+July+2011+00%3A54+%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%9F+%D7%91%3A+23%3A15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F1.1179790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126144258/http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4196840,00.html">"mynet באר שבע – תגידו, צריך חוף ים בבאר שבע?"</a>. Mynet.co.il. June 20, 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4196840,00.html">the original</a> on January 26, 2017. 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Nrg.co.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430220554/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/54/ART2/354/966.html?hp=54&cat=873&loc=63">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2015. 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News.nana10.co.il. June 17, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204000033/http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=856797">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2012. 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Mako.co.il. January 4, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418064017/http://www.mako.co.il/news-military/security/Article-676211d39b7a431017.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2012. 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Retrieved December 31, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbycity.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfson1995" class="citation news cs1">Wolfson, Prof Adi (June 20, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4289338,00.html">"Beersheba wins EU's green travel award"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201184546/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4289338,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Beersheba+wins+EU%27s+green+travel+award&rft.date=1995-06-20&rft.aulast=Wolfson&rft.aufirst=Prof+Adi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4289338%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/City/OnTheCity/foreignRelations/Pages/ArimTeomot.aspx">"ערים תאומות"</a>. beer-sheva.muni.il (in Hebrew). Beersheba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001124936/https://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/City/OnTheCity/foreignRelations/Pages/ArimTeomot.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=beer-sheva.muni.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beer-sheva.muni.il%2FCity%2FOnTheCity%2FforeignRelations%2FPages%2FArimTeomot.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabri1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Fabri" title="Felix Fabri">Fabri, Felix</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryofpalesti02paleuoft">Felix Fabri (circa 1480–1483 A.D.) vol II, part II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Pilgrims%27_Text_Society" title="Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society">Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Felix+Fabri+%28circa+1480%E2%80%931483+A.D.%29+vol+II%2C+part+II&rft.pub=Palestine+Pilgrims%27+Text+Society&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Fabri&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryofpalesti02paleuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThareani-Sussely2007" class="citation journal cs1">Thareani-Sussely, Yifat (2007). "The 'Archaeology of the Days of Manasseh' Reconsidered in the Light of Evidence From The Beersheba Valley". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 139 (2): 69–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F003103207x194091">10.1179/003103207x194091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161326436">161326436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+%27Archaeology+of+the+Days+of+Manasseh%27+Reconsidered+in+the+Light+of+Evidence+From+The+Beersheba+Valley&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-77&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F003103207x194091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161326436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thareani-Sussely&rft.aufirst=Yifat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beersheba&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Beersheba" class="extiw" title="commons:Beersheba">Beersheba</a>.</div></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Beer_Sheva#Q41843" class="extiw" title="voy:Beer Sheva">Beer Sheva</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/Eng/Pages/default.aspx">Be'er Sheva Municipal Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807025931/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/Eng/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> August 7, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beer-shevabiblicaloasismetropolis.com">My Be'er-Sheva</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/">Beersheba City Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040924053025/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/">Archived</a> September 24, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/beer-sheva/">Selection of photos from Beer Sheva</a> from <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406233300/http://web.bgu.ac.il/Eng/home/">Ben-Gurion University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A4499625">The city of Beersheba: a tourist's guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02518a.htm">Beer-Sheva</a> – Historical article from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopaedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614033657/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22682910-2702,00.html">Light Horse charges again</a> Article written by Martin Chulov, published in The Australian, November 1, 2007, the descendants of the Australian light-horsemen rode into the centre of Beersheva, re-enacting the gallant gallop of October 31, 1917</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824023021/http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001971/Downie/Downie04/Downie04.html">Israel Builds</a> Expansion and architecture of Beersheva in the 1960s and 1970s</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=175455">Blueprint for Beersheba</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodchildTalbert,_Andrew2010" class="citation web cs1">Goodchild, Philip; Talbert, Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibledex.com/israel/beersheba.html">"Beersheba & Abraham"</a>. Bibledex in Israel. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bibledex+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Beersheba+%26+Abraham&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Goodchild&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibledex.com%2Fisrael%2Fbeersheba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeersheba" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tsagai Asamain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?subject_id=10&site_id=9&id=71">Be'er Sheva-Compound C:Conservation measures during the excavation</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/home_eng.asp">Israel Antiquities Authority Site</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626044723/http://iaa-conservation.org.il/index_eng.asp">Conservation Department</a></li> <li>Yardena Etgar and Ofer Cohen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?subject_id=10&site_id=9&id=8">Tel Be’er Sheva: The Underground Water Reservoir System</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/home_eng.asp">Israel Antiquities Authority Site</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626044723/http://iaa-conservation.org.il/index_eng.asp">Conservation Department</a></li> <li>Shauli Sela and Fuad Abu-Taa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?subject_id=10&site_id=9&id=25">The Turkish Mosque and the Governor's House: Conservation of the stone and plaster</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/home_eng.asp">Israel Antiquities Authority Site</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626044723/http://iaa-conservation.org.il/index_eng.asp">Conservation Department</a></li> <li>Survey of Western Palestine, Map 24: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8386">IAA</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.24.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Survey of Western Palestine 1880.24.jpg">Wikimedia commons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beersheva.city/">BeerSheva.city</a>, the first French portal of the city</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFD7FF;width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Well" title="Abraham's Well">Abraham's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Turkish_railway_station" title="Beersheba Turkish railway station">Turkish railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force_Museum" title="Israeli Air Force Museum">Israeli Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Negev_Brigade" title="Monument to the Negev Brigade">Monument to the Negev Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Museum_of_Art" title="Negev Museum of Art">Negev Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seal of Beersheba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Beersheba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="711" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFD7FF;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Beersheba" title="Neighborhoods of Beersheba">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li>Adjacent suburbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omer,_Israel" title="Omer, Israel">Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqib_al-Salam" title="Shaqib al-Salam">Shaqib al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Sheva" title="Tel Sheva">Tel Sheva</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial areas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ne%27ot_Hovav" title="Ne'ot Hovav">Ne'ot Hovav</a></li></ul></li> <li>Parks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Soldier_Park" title="Australian Soldier Park">Australian Soldier</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFD7FF;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">1917 Battle of Beersheba</a></li> <li>Shootings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Beersheba_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Beersheba shooting">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Beersheba_bus_station_shooting" title="2015 Beersheba bus station shooting">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Beersheba_bus_station_shooting" title="2024 Beersheba bus station shooting">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFD7FF;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Be%27er_Sheva_F.C." title="Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.">Hapoel Be'er Sheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch_Arena" title="Conch Arena">Conch Arena</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Vasermil_Stadium" title="Vasermil Stadium">Vasermil Stadium</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_Stadium" title="Turner Stadium">Turner Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFD7FF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Beersheba" title="Transport in Beersheba">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayit_Aviation_and_Tourism" title="Ayit Aviation and Tourism">Ayit Aviation and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Sheva_Center_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Be'er Sheva Center railway station">Center railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Beersheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Beersheva">Dan Beersheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Sheva_North_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Be'er Sheva North railway station">North railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Sheva_Airfield" title="Be'er Sheva Airfield">Teyman Airfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFD7FF;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Businesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/Mini_Book" title="Mini Book">Mini Book</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_VeSusu" title="Sami VeSusu">Sami VeSusu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFD7FF;width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Theater" title="Beersheba Theater">Beersheba Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pride_House_in_Beersheba" title="The Pride House in Beersheba">Pride House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soroka_Medical_Center" title="Soroka Medical Center">Soroka Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_District_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Template:Southern District (Israel)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Template talk:Southern District (Israel)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern District (Israel)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_District_of_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_council_(Israel)" title="City council (Israel)">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi" title="Kiryat Malakhi">Kiryat Malakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netivot" title="Netivot">Netivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofakim" title="Ofakim">Ofakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_south_dist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Israel_south_dist.svg/70px-Israel_south_dist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Israel_south_dist.svg/105px-Israel_south_dist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Israel_south_dist.svg/140px-Israel_south_dist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="990" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_council_(Israel)" title="Local council (Israel)">Local councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar%27arat_an-Naqab" title="Ar'arat an-Naqab">Ar'arat an-Naqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hura" title="Hura">Hura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuseife" title="Kuseife">Kuseife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakiya" title="Lakiya">Lakiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehavim" title="Lehavim">Lehavim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitar" title="Meitar">Meitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzpe_Ramon" title="Mitzpe Ramon">Mitzpe Ramon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer,_Israel" title="Omer, Israel">Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqib_al-Salam" title="Shaqib al-Salam">Shaqib al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_as-Sabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel as-Sabi">Tel as-Sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeruham" title="Yeruham">Yeruham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Israel)" title="Regional council (Israel)">Regional councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasom_Regional_Council" title="Al-Kasom Regional Council">al-Kasom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Tuvia_Regional_Council" title="Be'er Tuvia Regional Council">Be'er Tuvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Shimon_Regional_Council" title="Bnei Shimon Regional Council">Bnei Shimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Arava_Regional_Council" title="Central Arava Regional Council">Central Arava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshkol_Regional_Council" title="Eshkol Regional Council">Eshkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hevel_Eilot_Regional_Council" title="Hevel Eilot Regional Council">Hevel Eilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hof_Ashkelon_Regional_Council" title="Hof Ashkelon Regional Council">Hof Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhish_Regional_Council" title="Lakhish Regional Council">Lakhish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhavim_Regional_Council" title="Merhavim Regional Council">Merhavim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve_Midbar_Regional_Council" title="Neve Midbar Regional Council">Neve Midbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_HaNegev_Regional_Council" title="Ramat HaNegev Regional Council">Ramat HaNegev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sdot_Negev_Regional_Council" title="Sdot Negev Regional Council">Sdot Negev (Azata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaNegev_Regional_Council" title="Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council">Sha'ar HaNegev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafir_Regional_Council" title="Shafir Regional Council">Shafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_Regional_Council" title="Tamar Regional Council">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Regional_Council" title="Yoav Regional Council">Yoav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_metropolitan_area" title="Beersheba metropolitan area">Beersheba metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Other sub-divisions: <a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israeli_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_Israeli_cities" title="Template:Largest Israeli cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_Israeli_cities" title="Template talk:Largest Israeli cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_Israeli_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest Israeli cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israeli_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Israeli cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (East, West)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–299,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzliya" title="Herzliya">Herzliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Saba" title="Kfar Saba">Kfar Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000–99,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givatayim" title="Givatayim">Givatayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadera" title="Hadera">Hadera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod_HaSharon" title="Hod HaSharon">Hod HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ata" title="Kiryat Ata">Kiryat Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in-Maccabim-Re%27ut" title="Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut">Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_Ziona" title="Ness Ziona">Ness Ziona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27anana" title="Ra'anana">Ra'anana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin" title="Rosh HaAyin">Rosh HaAyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15,000–49,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Arraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqa_al-Gharbiyye" title="Baqa al-Gharbiyye">Baqa al-Gharbiyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%27ad" title="El'ad">El'ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv%27at_Shmuel" title="Giv'at Shmuel">Giv'at Shmuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim" title="Kafr Qasim">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmiel" title="Karmiel">Karmiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Yona" title="Kfar Yona">Kfar Yona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Bialik" title="Kiryat Bialik">Kiryat Bialik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi" title="Kiryat Malakhi">Kiryat Malakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Motzkin" title="Kiryat Motzkin">Kiryat Motzkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Ono" title="Kiryat Ono">Kiryat Ono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona" title="Kiryat Shmona">Kiryat Shmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Yam" title="Kiryat Yam">Kiryat Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot-Tarshiha" title="Ma'alot-Tarshiha">Ma'alot-Tarshiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_HaEmek" title="Migdal HaEmek">Migdal HaEmek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesher" title="Nesher">Nesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netivot" title="Netivot">Netivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofakim" title="Ofakim">Ofakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_Akiva" title="Or Akiva">Or Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_Yehuda" title="Or Yehuda">Or Yehuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_HaSharon" title="Ramat HaSharon">Ramat HaSharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamra" title="Tamra">Tamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tira,_Israel" title="Tira, Israel">Tira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirat_Carmel" title="Tirat Carmel">Tirat Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud-Monosson" title="Yehud-Monosson">Yehud-Monosson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokneam_Illit" title="Yokneam Illit">Yokneam Illit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41843#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4087062-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82041200">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12192458c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12192458c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1033898&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5746985">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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