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id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Family and personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcohol_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Alcohol abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hobbies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hobbies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Hobbies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hobbies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Military career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Business career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Early political involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_governorship_(1995–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_governorship_(1995–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Texas governorship (1995–2000) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_governorship_(1995–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Presidential campaigns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidential campaigns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000_presidential_candidacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_presidential_candidacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2000 presidential candidacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_presidential_candidacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Primary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 General election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_presidential_candidacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_presidential_candidacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 2004 presidential candidacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_presidential_candidacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(2001–2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(2001–2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Presidency (2001–2009) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(2001–2009)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (2001–2009) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(2001–2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_financial_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_financial_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 2008 financial crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_financial_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Education and public health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_services_and_Social_Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_services_and_Social_Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Social services and Social Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_services_and_Social_Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Environmental policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.6 Energy policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stem_cell_research_and_first_veto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stem_cell_research_and_first_veto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.7 Stem cell research and first veto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stem_cell_research_and_first_veto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.8 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Katrina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.9 Hurricane Katrina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midterm_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midterm_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.10 Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midterm_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-September_11,_2001,_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_11,_2001,_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 September 11, 2001, attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_11,_2001,_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_on_terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_on_terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 War on terror </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_on_terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Afghanistan invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Iraq invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Surveillance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogation_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogation_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Interrogation policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogation_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea_condemnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea_condemnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 North Korea condemnation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea_condemnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8 Syria sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AIDS_Relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIDS_Relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.9 AIDS Relief </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIDS_Relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Security incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2001_White_House_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_White_House_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 2001 White House shooting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_White_House_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_Tbilisi_grenade_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_Tbilisi_grenade_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 2005 Tbilisi grenade attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_Tbilisi_grenade_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Baghdad_shoeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Baghdad_shoeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 2008 Baghdad shoeing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Baghdad_shoeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Judicial appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Supreme Court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Other courts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_political_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_political_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Cultural and political image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_political_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Job_approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job_approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Job approval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Foreign perceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(2009–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(2009–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Post-presidency (2009–present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(2009–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-presidency (2009–present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(2009–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Residence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications_and_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_and_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Publications and appearances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications_and_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Collaborations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Honors and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Academic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Reflections on the Bush presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">George W. Bush</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 209 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-209" aria-hidden="true" > 209 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जॉर्ज बुश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जॉर्ज बुश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_W._Bush" title="Georgius W. Bush – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Georgius W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جورج بوش الابن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج بوش الابن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W_Bush" title="George W Bush – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="George W Bush" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जर्ज बुश – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्ज बुश" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Volker_Bu%C5%9F" title="Corc Volker Buş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Volker Buş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج دبلیو بوش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جورج دبلیو بوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89._%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6" title="জর্জ ডব্লিউ. বুশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ ডব্লিউ. বুশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%8E%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Ўокер Буш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джордж Ўокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокър Буш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Уокър Буш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج والكر بوش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جورج والكر بوش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%96%DE%B0_%DE%88%DE%AF%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83_%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%9D%DE%B0" title="ޖޯޖް ވޯކަރ ބުޝް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޯޖް ވޯކަރ ބުޝް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जर्ज डब्ल्यू बुश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्ज डब्ल्यू बुश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_(%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Τζορτζ Μπους (νεότερος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζορτζ Μπους (νεότερος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جرج دابلیو. بوش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج دابلیو. بوش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="小布什 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="小布什" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B6_%F0%90%8D%85._%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE" title="𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌶 𐍅. 𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌾 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌶 𐍅. 𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌾" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush,_junior" title="George Bush, junior – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="George Bush, junior" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_W._%EB%B6%80%EC%8B%9C" title="조지 W. 부시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 W. 부시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%88%D6%82._%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7" title="Ջորջ Ու. Բուշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Ու. Բուշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जॉर्ज वॉकर बुश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज वॉकर बुश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6" title="জর্জ ৱাকার বুশ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জর্জ ৱাকার বুশ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Буш, Джордж Уокер – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Буш, Джордж Уокер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9" title="ג'ורג' ווקר בוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' ווקר בוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81._%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಡಬ್ಲ್ಯು. ಬುಷ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಡಬ್ಲ್ಯು. ಬುಷ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ უოკერ ბუში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ უოკერ ბუში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Жорж Уокер Буш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жорж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_W._Bush" title="Georgius W. Bush – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_V._Bu%C5%A1s" title="Džordžs V. Bušs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs V. Bušs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Вокер Буш – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Джордж Вокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djordj._ualker._buc" title="djordj. ualker. buc – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="djordj. ualker. buc" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जर्ज डब्लु बुश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्ज डब्लु बुश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%92._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Џорџ В. Буш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џорџ В. Буш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush" title="George Bush – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="George Bush" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81._%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോർജ്ജ് ഡബ്ല്യു. ബുഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ്ജ് ഡബ്ല്യു. ബുഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82._%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जॉर्ज डब्ल्यू. बुश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्ज डब्ल्यू. बुश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ უოლკერ ბუში – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯორჯ უოლკერ ბუში" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج ووكر بوش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج ووكر بوش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جرج واکر بوش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جرج واکر بوش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Жорж Буш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Буш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျော့ချ် ဝေါလ်ကာ ဘုရှ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော့ချ် ဝေါလ်ကာ ဘုရှ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="जर्ज डब्लू बुस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्ज डब्लू बुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जोर्ज डबल्यु बुश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जोर्ज डबल्यु बुश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BBW%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="ジョージ・W・ブッシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・W・ブッシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਜਾਰਜ ਵਾਕਰ ਬੁਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਜ ਵਾਕਰ ਬੁਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B4" title="جارج ڈبلیو بش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج ڈبلیو بش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج واکر بوش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جورج واکر بوش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%85_%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%83%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F" title="ចច វ៉ឃ័រប៉ូស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចច វ៉ឃ័រប៉ូស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Voker_Bu%C5%9F" title="Corc Voker Buş – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Corc Voker Buş" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Вокер Буш – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джордж Вокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Буш, Джордж Уокер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буш, Джордж Уокер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Дьордь Уокер Буш – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьордь Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जार्ज डबल्यु बुश – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जार्ज डबल्यु बुश" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝර්ජ් ඩබ්. බුෂ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝර්ජ් ඩබ්. බුෂ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%94%D1%80%D1%8A_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8C" title="Джорджь Вокєръ Боушь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Джорджь Вокєръ Боушь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جۆرج دەبلیوو بوش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرج دەبلیوو بوش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%92._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Џорџ В. Буш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ В. Буш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் வாக்கர் புஷ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் வாக்கர் புஷ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D" title="జార్జ్ వాకర్ బుష్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జార్జ్ వాకర్ బుష్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9._%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8A" title="จอร์จ ดับเบิลยู. บุช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ ดับเบิลยู. บุช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%B7_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Ҷорҷ Уокер Буш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷорҷ Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8F%8A%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏣᏥ ᎡᏙᎯ ᏊᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏥ ᎡᏙᎯ ᏊᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorj_Woker_Bu%C5%9F" title="Jorj Woker Buş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jorj Woker Buş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Вокер Буш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Вокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B4" title="جارج ڈبلیو بش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج ڈبلیو بش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DB%8B%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%DB%90%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B4" title="جورج ۋولكېر بۇش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جورج ۋولكېر بۇش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushi_George_W." title="Bushi George W. – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bushi George W." data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="George W. 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is semi-protected to promote compliance with the policy on biographies of living persons"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 2001 to 2009</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 43rd president of the United States. For his father, the 41st president, see <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George W. Bush</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bush's official presidential portrait, 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/220px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/330px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/440px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2003</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">43rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">46th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 17, 1995 – December 21, 2000</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bullock" title="Bob Bullock">Bob Bullock</a></li> <li>Rick Perry</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Walker Bush</div> (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 78) <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Welch" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Welch">Laura Welch</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1977)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Pierce">Barbara Pierce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residences</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>, U.S.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a>, <a href="/wiki/McLennan_County,_Texas" title="McLennan County, Texas">McLennan County, Texas</a>, U.S.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George W. Bush">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George W. Bush's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/128px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/192px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/256px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="220" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgewbush.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bushcenter.org">Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/index.html">White House Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Dubya</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_National_Guard" title="Texas Air National Guard">Texas Air National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Air_National_Guard" title="Alabama Air National Guard">Alabama Air National Guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1968–1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant (United States)">First Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/147th_Reconnaissance_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="147th Reconnaissance Wing">147th Reconnaissance Wing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/187th_Fighter_Wing" title="187th Fighter Wing">187th Fighter Wing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge" title="United States Aviator Badge">Air Force Pilot's Badge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outstanding_Unit_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Outstanding Unit Award">Outstanding Unit Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a></li></ul></div>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg" title="File:George W. Bush addresses the nation following the September 11th attacks.ogg">George W. Bush's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="264" data-mwtitle="George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg/George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">George W. Bush addresses the nation following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. Recorded September 11, 2001</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg/75px-George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg/113px-George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="2440" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Business and personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_George_W._Bush" title="List of things named after George W. Bush">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George W. Bush">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li>Non-profit organizaitons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">46th Governor of Texas</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">43rd President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 Iraq surge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">Economic Stimulus Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_George_W._Bush" title="Political positions of George W. Bush">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">international trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Appointments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Federal judges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nominations">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">Florida recount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush_series" title="Template:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush_series" title="Template talk:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> George Walker Bush<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 2001 to 2009. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he was the 46th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">governor of Texas</a> from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of the 41st president, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, he flew warplanes in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_National_Guard" title="Texas Air National Guard">Texas Air National Guard</a> in his twenties. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> in 1975, he worked in the oil industry. He later co-owned the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>, before being elected governor of Texas <a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">in 1994</a>. <a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">As governor</a>, Bush successfully sponsored legislation for tort reform, increased education funding, set higher standards for schools, and reformed the criminal justice system. He also helped make Texas the <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas">leading producer of wind-generated electricity</a> in the United States. In the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, he won over Democratic incumbent Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, while <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">losing the popular vote</a> after a narrow and contested <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> win, which involved a <a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Supreme Court decision</a> to stop a <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">recount in Florida</a>. In his first term, Bush signed a major <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">tax-cut program</a> and an education-reform bill, the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>. He pushed for socially conservative efforts such as the <a href="/wiki/Partial-Birth_Abortion_Ban_Act" title="Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act">Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faith-based_initiatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith-based initiatives">faith-based initiatives</a>. He also initiated the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a>, in 2003, to address <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">the AIDS epidemic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attacks_on_September_11,_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001">terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001</a> decisively reshaped his administration, resulting in the start of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>. Bush ordered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">invasion of Afghanistan</a> in an effort to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, destroy <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, and capture <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He signed the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> to authorize surveillance of suspected terrorists. He also ordered the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s regime on the false belief that they <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">possessed weapons of mass destruction</a> and had <a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">ties with al-Qaeda</a>. Bush later signed the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Modernization_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicare Modernization Act">Medicare Modernization Act</a>, which created <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Part_D" title="Medicare Part D">Medicare Part D</a>. In 2004, Bush was <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">re-elected</a> president in a close race, beating Democratic opponent <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and winning the popular vote. During his second term, Bush made <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a>. He appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> to the Supreme Court. He sought major changes to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and immigration laws, but both efforts failed in Congress. Bush was widely criticized for <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">his administration's handling of Hurricane Katrina</a> and revelations of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">torture against detainees at Abu Ghraib</a>. Amid his unpopularity, the Democrats regained control of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_elections" title="2006 United States elections">2006 elections</a>. The Afghanistan and Iraq wars continued; in January 2007, Bush launched a <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">surge of troops in Iraq</a>. By December, the U.S. entered the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, prompting the Bush administration to get congressional approval for economic programs intended to preserve the country's financial system, including the <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a>. After his second term, Bush returned to Texas, where he has maintained a low public profile. At various points in his presidency, he was among both the most popular and the most unpopular presidents in U.S. history. He received the highest recorded approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks, and one of the lowest ratings during the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>. Bush initially left office as one of the most unpopular U.S. presidents, but <a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">public opinion of him</a> has improved since then. Scholars and historians <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank Bush</a> in the lower half of presidents.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life of George W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeWBush1947.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GeorgeWBush1947.png/170px-GeorgeWBush1947.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GeorgeWBush1947.png/255px-GeorgeWBush1947.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GeorgeWBush1947.png/340px-GeorgeWBush1947.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>George W. Bush with his parents, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1947</figcaption></figure> George Walker Bush was born on July 6, 1946, at <a href="/wiki/Grace-New_Haven_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace-New Haven Hospital">Grace-New Haven Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> He was the first child of <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George Herbert Walker Bush">George Herbert Walker Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Pierce">Barbara Pierce</a>. He was raised in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas with four siblings: <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy</a>. Another younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin</a>, died from <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> at the age of three in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> His paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a>, was a U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> His father was <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s vice president from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U.S. president from 1989 to 1993. Bush has <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> ancestry, along with more distant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at <a href="/wiki/The_Kinkaid_School" title="The Kinkaid School">The Kinkaid School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">college-preparatory school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piney_Point_Village,_Texas" title="Piney Point Village, Texas">Piney Point Village, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Bush later attended <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a>, a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover, Massachusetts</a>, where he played baseball and was the head cheerleader during his senior year.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> from 1964 to 1968, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history.<a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-9">[8]</a> During this time, he was a cheerleader and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>, serving as the president of the fraternity during his senior year.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Bush became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Skull_and_Bones_members" title="List of Skull and Bones members">a member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> society as a senior.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Bush was a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> player and was on Yale's 1st XV.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> He characterized himself as an average student.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Grade_point_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade point average">grade point average</a> during his first three years at Yale was 77, and he had a similar average under a nonnumerical rating system in his final year.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg/180px-George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg/270px-George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg/360px-George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Bush's <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> yearbook photo, 1964</figcaption></figure> In the fall of 1973, Bush entered <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>. He graduated in 1975 with an MBA degree, and is the only U.S. president to have earned an MBA.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_personal_life">Family and personal life</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></div> Bush was engaged to Cathryn Lee Wolfman in 1967, but the engagement did not last. Bush and Wolfman remained on good terms after the end of the relationship.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> While Bush was at a backyard barbecue in 1977, friends introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Laura_Welch" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Welch">Laura Welch</a>, a schoolteacher and librarian. After a three-month courtship, she accepted his marriage proposal and they wed on November 5 of that year.<a href="#cite_note-readherlips-19">[18]</a> The couple settled in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland, Texas</a>. Bush left his family's <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> to join his wife's <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-um-20">[19]</a> On November 25, 1981, Laura Bush gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_twin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal twin">fraternal twin</a> daughters, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-readherlips-19">[18]</a> Bush describes being challenged by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> to consider faith in Jesus "Christ as the risen Lord", how he began to read the Bible daily, "surrendering" to the "Almighty", that "faith is a walk" and that he was "moved by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>'s love".<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alcohol_abuse">Alcohol abuse</h4></div> Before his marriage, Bush repeatedly <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">abused alcohol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Life-changing-22">[21]</a> On September 4, 1976, he was pulled over near his <a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">family's summer home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kennebunkport,_Maine" title="Kennebunkport, Maine">Kennebunkport, Maine</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence_of_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving under the influence of alcohol">driving under the influence of alcohol</a>. He was arrested for <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">DUI</a>, was fined $150, and received a brief suspension of his Maine driver's license.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Bush said that his wife has had a stabilizing effect on his life,<a href="#cite_note-readherlips-19">[18]</a> and he attributes his decision to give up alcohol in 1986, to her influence.<a href="#cite_note-turningpoint-24">[23]</a> While governor of Texas, Bush said of his wife, "I saw an elegant, beautiful woman who turned out not only to be elegant and beautiful, but very smart and willing to put up with my rough edges, and I must confess has smoothed them off over time."<a href="#cite_note-readherlips-19">[18]</a> Bush also says that his faith in God was critical in abstaining. "I believe that God helped open my eyes, which were closing because of booze".<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hobbies">Hobbies</h4></div> Bush has been an avid reader throughout his adult life, preferring biographies and histories.<a href="#cite_note-wp-cohen-25">[24]</a> During his presidency, Bush read the Bible daily,<a href="#cite_note-bushmuseumofthebible-26">[25]</a> though at the end of his second term he said on television that he is "not a literalist" about Bible interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walt_Harrington" title="Walt Harrington">Walt Harrington</a>, a journalist, recalled seeing "books by <a href="/wiki/John_Fowles" title="John Fowles">John Fowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a> lying about, as well as biographies of <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>" in his home when Bush was a Texas oilman. Other activities include cigar smoking and golf.<a href="#cite_note-harrington2011-29">[28]</a> Bush has also painted many paintings. One of his best-known projects is a collection of 43 paintings of immigrants, titled Out of Many, One.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Another painting project was Portraits of Courage: A Commander in Chief's Tribute to America's Warrior.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_career">Military career</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">George W. Bush military service controversy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">Killian documents authenticity issues</a></div> In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_National_Guard" title="Texas Air National Guard">Texas Air National Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wpbushguardquestion-32">[31]</a> After two years of training in active-duty service,<a href="#cite_note-lardner19990728-33">[32]</a> he was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, flying <a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair F-102">Convair F-102s</a> with the <a href="/wiki/147th_Reconnaissance_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="147th Reconnaissance Wing">147th Reconnaissance Wing</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Field_Joint_Reserve_Base" title="Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base">Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wpbushguardquestion-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Critics, including former <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">Terry McAuliffe</a>, have alleged that Bush was favorably treated due to his father's political standing as a member of <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">the House of Representatives</a>, citing his selection as a pilot despite his low pilot aptitude test scores and his irregular attendance.<a href="#cite_note-wpbushguardquestion-32">[31]</a> In June 2005, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">the Department of Defense</a> released all the records of Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, which remain in its official archives.<a href="#cite_note-USDoDbushrecords-35">[34]</a> In late 1972 and early 1973, he drilled with the <a href="/wiki/187th_Fighter_Wing" title="187th Fighter Wing">187th Fighter Wing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Air_National_Guard" title="Alabama Air National Guard">Alabama Air National Guard</a>. He had moved to <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, to work on the unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign of Republican <a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Winton M. Blount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In 1972, Bush was suspended from flying for failure to take a scheduled physical exam.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> He was honorably discharged from the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Reserve">Air Force Reserve</a> on November 21, 1974.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Bush remains the most recent president to have served in the military.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_career">Business career</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life of George W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg/220px-Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg/330px-Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg/440px-Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Bush and former President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in August 1984</figcaption></figure> In 1977, Bush established <a href="/wiki/Arbusto_Energy" title="Arbusto Energy">Arbusto Energy</a>, a small oil exploration company, which began operations in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Lardner-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> He later changed the name to Bush Exploration. In 1984, his company merged with the larger <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_7" title="Spectrum 7">Spectrum 7</a>, and Bush became chairman. The company was hurt by decreased oil prices, and it folded into <a href="/wiki/Harken_Energy_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Harken Energy Corporation">Harken Energy Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> with Bush becoming a member of Harken's board of directors. Questions of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_insider_trading_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush insider trading allegations">possible insider trading</a> involving Harken arose, but a <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> investigation concluded that the information Bush had at the time of his stock sale was not sufficient to constitute insider trading.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In April 1989, Bush arranged for a group of investors to purchase a controlling interest of Major League Baseball's <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> for $89 million and invested $500,000 himself to start. He then was managing general partner for five years.<a href="#cite_note-TexRngrs-45">[44]</a> He actively led the team's projects and regularly attended its games, often choosing to sit in the open stands with fans.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Bush's sale of his shares in the Rangers in 1998 brought him over $15 million from his initial $800,000 investment.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In the early or mid 1990s, before his gubernatorial campaign, Bush briefly considered a candidacy to become the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Baseball">Commissioner of Baseball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_involvement">Early political involvement</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a>, Bush ran for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 19th congressional district">Texas's 19th congressional district</a>. The retiring member, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Mahon" title="George H. Mahon">George H. Mahon</a>, had held the district for the Democratic Party since 1935. Bush's opponent, <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hance" title="Kent Hance">Kent Hance</a>, portrayed him as out of touch with rural Texans, and Bush lost the election, receiving 46.8 percent of the vote to Hance's 53.2 percent.<a href="#cite_note-NewsMine-51">[50]</a> Bush and his family moved to Washington, D.C., in 1988 to work on <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">his father's campaign for the U.S. presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> He was a campaign advisor and liaison to the media, and assisted his father by campaigning across the country.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> In December 1991, Bush was one of seven people named by his father to run his father's 1992 presidential <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">re-election campaign</a> as a campaign advisor.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The previous month, his father had asked him to tell White House chief of staff <a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">John H. Sununu</a> to resign.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texas_governorship_(1995–2000)">Texas governorship (1995–2000)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of George W. Bush</a></div> Bush declared his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994 Texas gubernatorial election</a> at the same time his brother Jeb <a href="/wiki/1994_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Florida gubernatorial election">sought the governorship in Florida</a>. His campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, <a href="/wiki/Tort_reform" title="Tort reform">tort reform</a>, crime reduction, and education improvement.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> Bush's campaign advisers were <a href="/wiki/Karen_Hughes" title="Karen Hughes">Karen Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Allbaugh" title="Joe Allbaugh">Joe Allbaugh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SlaterBrain-57">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush,_Laura_Bush,_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg/220px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg/330px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg/440px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Governor Bush (right) with father, former president George H. W. Bush, and wife, Laura, at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a>, 1997</figcaption></figure> After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor <a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-58">[57]</a> In the course of the campaign, Bush pledged to sign a bill allowing Texans to obtain <a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Concealed carry permit">permits to carry concealed weapons</a>. Richards had vetoed the bill, but Bush signed it into law after he became governor.<a href="#cite_note-concealed_carry-59">[58]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, the race "featured a rumor that she was a lesbian, along with a rare instance of such a tactic's making it into the public record – when a regional chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself, perhaps inadvertently, to be quoted criticizing Richards for 'appointing avowed <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">homosexual activists</a>' to state jobs".<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The Atlantic, and others, connected the lesbian rumor to Karl Rove,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> but Rove denied being involved.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Bush won the general election with 53.5 percent of the vote against Richards' 45.9 percent.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest <a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">tax cut</a>, $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-SlaterBrain-57">[56]</a> He extended government funding for organizations providing education on the dangers of alcohol and <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">drug use and abuse</a>, and helping to reduce <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> His administration lowered the age at which juveniles can be sent to adult court for serious crimes to 14.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Bush presided over 152 executions,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> more than any previous governor in modern American history; critics such as <a href="/wiki/Helen_Prejean" title="Helen Prejean">Helen Prejean</a> argue that he failed to give serious consideration to <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a> requests.<a href="#cite_note-executions-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Critics also contended that during his tenure, Texas ranked near the bottom in environmental evaluations. Supporters pointed to his efforts to raise the salaries of teachers and improve educational test scores.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> In 1999, Bush signed a law that required electric retailers to buy a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_portfolio_standard" title="Renewable portfolio standard">certain amount of energy from renewable sources</a> (RPS),<a href="#cite_note-txlaw-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> which helped <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas">Texas</a> eventually become the <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States" title="Wind power in the United States">leading producer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind powered</a> electricity in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-mighty_wind-73">[72]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a>, Bush won re-election with a record<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> 68 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> During his second term, Bush promoted faith-based organizations and enjoyed high <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval ratings</a>, which ranged between 62 and 81 percent.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> He proclaimed June 10, 2000, to be <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Day" title="Jesus Day">Jesus Day</a> in Texas, a day on which he urged all Texans to "answer the call to serve those in need".<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Throughout Bush's first term, he was the focus of national attention as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared, and within a year he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential nomination.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_campaigns">Presidential campaigns</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000_presidential_candidacy">2000 presidential candidacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">2000 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary">Primary</h4></div> Bush portrayed himself as a <a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Compassionate conservative">compassionate conservative</a>, implying he was more centrist than other Republicans. He campaigned on a platform that included bringing integrity and honor back to the White House, increasing the size of the military, cutting taxes, improving education, and aiding minorities.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> By early 2000, the race had centered on Bush and Arizona Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> Bush won the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a> and, although heavily favored to win the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>, trailed McCain by 19 percent and lost. Despite this, he regained momentum and effectively became the front runner after the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2000">South Carolina primary</a>, which according to <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a> made history for his campaign's negativity. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> described it as a <a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">smear campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anatomy-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_election">General election</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>2000 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised some observers when he selected <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> – a former <a href="/wiki/White_House_chief_of_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="White House chief of staff">White House chief of staff</a>, U.S. representative, and secretary of defense – to be his running mate. At the time, Cheney was serving as head of Bush's vice presidential search committee. Soon after at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 Republican National Convention</a>, Bush and Cheney were officially nominated by the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Bush continued to campaign across the country and touted his record as Governor of Texas.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> During his campaign, Bush criticized his Democratic opponent, incumbent Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">gun control</a> and taxation.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> When the election returns were tallied on November 7, Bush had won 29 states, including Florida. The closeness of the Florida outcome led to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in Florida, 2000">recount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> The initial recount also went to Bush, but the outcome was tied up in lower courts for a month until eventually reaching the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> On December 9, in the controversial <a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a> ruling,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> the Court reversed a <a href="/wiki/Florida_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Supreme Court">Florida Supreme Court</a> decision that had ordered a third count, and stopped an ordered statewide hand recount based on the argument that the use of different standards among Florida's counties violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> The machine recount showed that Bush had won the Florida vote by a margin of 537 votes out of six million casts.<a href="#cite_note-2000results-84">[83]</a> Although he had received 543,895 fewer individual nationwide votes than Gore, Bush won the election, receiving 271 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> to Gore's 266 (Gore had actually been awarded 267 votes by the states pledged to him plus the District of Columbia, but one D.C. elector abstained). Bush was the first person to <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">win a U.S. presidential election with fewer popular votes</a> than another candidate since <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-2000results-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_presidential_candidacy">2004 presidential candidacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>2004 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg/220px-George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg/330px-George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg/440px-George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>George W. Bush re-election campaign stop in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, October 2004</figcaption></figure> In his 2004 bid for re-election, Bush commanded broad support in the Republican Party and did not encounter a primary challenge. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Ken Mehlman</a> as campaign manager, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a> devised a political strategy.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Bush and the Republican platform emphasized a strong commitment to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a> support for the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> a renewed shift in policy for constitutional amendments banning abortion and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> reforming <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> to create private investment accounts,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a> creation of an <a href="/wiki/Ownership_society" title="Ownership society">ownership society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a> and opposing mandatory carbon emissions controls.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Bush also called for the implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">guest worker program</a> for immigrants,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a> which was criticized by conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The Bush campaign advertised across the U.S. against Democratic candidates, including Bush's emerging opponent, Massachusetts Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>. Kerry and other Democrats attacked Bush on the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and accused him of failing to stimulate the economy and job growth. The Bush campaign portrayed Kerry as a staunch <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> who would raise taxes and increase the size of government. The Bush campaign continuously criticized Kerry's seemingly contradictory statements on the war in Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> and argued that Kerry lacked the decisiveness and vision necessary for success in the War on Terror. Following the resignation of CIA director <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> in 2004, Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Porter Goss</a> to head the agency. The White House ordered Goss to purge agency officers who were disloyal to the administration.<a href="#cite_note-salon-91">[90]</a> After Goss' appointment, many of the CIA's senior agents were fired or quit. The CIA has been accused of deliberately leaking classified information to undermine the 2004 election.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-92">[91]</a> In the election, Bush carried 31 of 50 states, receiving 286 electoral votes. He won an absolute majority of the popular vote (50.7 percent to Kerry's 48.3 percent).<a href="#cite_note-16_years-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(2001–2009)">Presidency (2001–2009)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. Bush</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">List of George W. Bush legislation and programs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg/220px-Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg/330px-Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg/440px-Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Bush on January 20, 2001, in Washington D.C., the day of his <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">first inauguration</a> as President of the United States</figcaption></figure> Bush had originally outlined an ambitious domestic agenda, but his priorities were significantly altered following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Wars were begun in Afghanistan and Iraq, and there were significant domestic debates regarding immigration, healthcare, Social Security, economic policy, and treatment of terrorist detainees. Over an eight-year period, Bush's once-high approval ratings<a href="#cite_note-gallup_high-95">[94]</a> steadily declined, while his disapproval numbers increased significantly.<a href="#cite_note-wapo_ratings-96">[95]</a> In 2007, the United States entered the longest post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> recession.<a href="#cite_note-longest1-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> Bush took office during a period of economic recession in the wake of the bursting of the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The September 11 terrorist attacks also <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">impacted the economy</a>. His administration increased federal <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a> from $1.789 trillion to $2.983 trillion (66 percent), while revenues increased from $2.025 trillion to $2.524 trillion (from 2000 to 2008). Individual income tax revenues increased by 14 percent, corporate tax revenues by 50 percent, and customs and duties by 40 percent. Discretionary defense spending was increased by 107 percent, discretionary domestic spending by 62 percent, Medicare spending by 131 percent, social security by 51 percent, and income security spending by 130 percent. Cyclically adjusted, revenues rose by 35 percent and spending by 65 percent.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The increase in spending was more than under any predecessor since <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Economic_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic regulation">economic regulation</a> governmental workers increased by 91,196.<a href="#cite_note-bushregulation-101">[100]</a> The surplus in fiscal year 2000 was $237 billion – the third consecutive surplus and the largest surplus ever.<a href="#cite_note-omb-102">[101]</a> In 2001, Bush's budget estimated that there would be a $5.6 trillion surplus over the next ten years.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Facing congressional opposition, Bush held town hall-style meetings across the U.S. to increase public support for his plan for a $1.35 trillion <a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">tax cut program</a>, one of the largest tax cuts in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> Bush argued that unspent government funds should be returned to taxpayers, saying "the surplus is not the government's money. The surplus is the people's money."<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> Federal Reserve chairman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> warned of a recession and Bush stated that a tax cut would stimulate the economy and create jobs.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a>, opposed some of the tax cuts on the basis that they would contribute to budget deficits and undermine <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> O'Neill disputes the claim, made in Bush's book Decision Points, that he never openly disagreed with him on planned tax cuts.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> By 2003, the economy showed signs of improvement, though job growth remained stagnant.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003">Another tax cut</a> was passed that year.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Between 2001 and 2008, GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.125 percent,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> less than for past business cycles.<a href="#cite_note-Price_&_Ratner-109">[108]</a> Bush entered office with the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> at 10,587, and the average peaked in October 2007 at over 14,000. When Bush left office, the average was at 7,949, one of the lowest levels of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Only four other U.S. presidents have left office with the stock market lower than when they began.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png/300px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png/450px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png/600px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Deficit</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">debt</a> increases from 2001 to 2009. Gross debt increased over $500 billion each year after the 2003 fiscal year.</figcaption></figure> Unemployment originally rose from 4.2 percent in January 2001 to 6.3 percent in June 2003, but subsequently dropped to 4.5 percent in July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Adjusted for inflation, <a href="/wiki/Median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Median household income">median household income</a> dropped by $1,175 between 2000 and 2007,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> while Professor Ken Homa of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> noted that "Median real after-tax household income went up two percent".<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The poverty rate increased from 11.3 percent in 2000 to 12.3 percent in 2006 after peaking at 12.7 percent in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> By October 2008, due to increases in spending,<a href="#cite_note-greenburg-116">[115]</a>: 273  the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a> had risen to $11.3 trillion,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> more than doubling it since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Most debt was accumulated as a result of what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">Bush tax cuts</a>" and increased national security spending.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In March 2006, then-Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said when he voted against raising the <a href="/wiki/United_States_debt_ceiling" title="United States debt ceiling">debt ceiling</a>: "The fact that we are here today to debate raising America's debt limit is a sign of leadership failure."<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> By the end of Bush's presidency, unemployment climbed to 7.2 percent.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_financial_crisis">2008 financial crisis</h4></div> In December 2007, the United States entered the longest post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> recession,<a href="#cite_note-longest1-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">caused</a> by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_market_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing market correction">housing market correction</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime mortgage crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">soaring oil prices</a>, and other factors. In February 2008, 63,000 jobs were lost, a five-year record,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> and in November, over 500,000 jobs were lost, which marked the largest loss of jobs in the United States in 34 years.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> reported that in the last four months of 2008, 1.9 million jobs were lost.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> By the end of 2008, the U.S. had lost 2.6 million jobs.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> To aid with the situation, Bush signed a $170 billion economic stimulus package which was intended to improve the economic situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and providing tax breaks for struggling businesses.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The Bush administration pushed for significantly increased regulation of <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Mae" title="Fannie Mae">Fannie Mae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mac" title="Freddie Mac">Freddie Mac</a> in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> and after two years, the regulations passed the House but died in the Senate. Many Republican senators, as well as influential members of the Bush Administration, feared that the agency created by these regulations would merely be mimicking the private sector's risky practices.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-admin_crisis-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> In September 2008, <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">the crisis became much more serious</a> beginning with the government takeover of <a href="/wiki/Federal_takeover_of_Fannie_Mae_and_Freddie_Mac" title="Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac">Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac</a> followed by the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> and a federal bailout of <a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">American International Group</a> for $85 billion.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Many economists and world governments determined that the situation had become the worst financial crisis since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Additional regulation over the housing market would have been beneficial, according to former Federal Reserve chairman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Bush, meanwhile, proposed a <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">financial rescue plan</a> to buy back a large portion of the U.S. mortgage market.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Vince Reinhardt, a former Federal Reserve economist now at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, said "it would have helped for the Bush administration to empower the folks at Treasury and the Federal Reserve and the comptroller of the currency and the <a href="/wiki/FDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FDIC">FDIC</a> to look at these issues more closely", and additionally, that it would have helped "for Congress to have held hearings".<a href="#cite_note-admin_crisis-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_and_public_health">Education and public health</h4></div> Bush undertook many educational agendas, such as increasing the funding for the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> in his first years of office and creating education programs to strengthen the grounding in science and mathematics for American high school students. Funding for the NIH was cut in 2006, the first such cut in 36 years, due to rising inflation.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/220px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/330px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/440px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>President Bush signing the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a> into law, January 8, 2002</figcaption></figure> One of the administration's early major initiatives was the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>, which aimed to measure and close the gap between rich and poor student performance, provide options to parents with students in low-performing schools, and target more federal funding to low-income schools. This landmark education initiative passed with broad bipartisan support, including that of Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> of Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> It was signed into law by Bush in early 2002.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Many contend that the initiative has been successful, as cited by the fact that students in the U.S. have performed significantly better on state reading and math tests since Bush signed "No Child Left Behind" into law.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Critics[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] argue that it is underfunded<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and that NCLBA's focus on "high-stakes testing" and quantitative outcomes is counterproductive.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> On November 1, 2005, Bush launched a National Strategy for <a href="/wiki/Flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu pandemic">Pandemic Influenza</a>, which culminated in an implementation plan published by the Homeland Security Council in May 2006.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> After being re-elected, Bush signed into law a <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> drug benefit program that, according to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Crawford" title="Jan Crawford">Jan Crawford</a>, resulted in "the greatest expansion in America's <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in forty years" – the bill's costs approached $7 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-greenburg-116">[115]</a>: 274  In 2007, Bush opposed and vetoed <a href="/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="State Children's Health Insurance Program">State Children's Health Insurance Program</a> (SCHIP) legislation, which was added by the Democrats onto a war funding bill and passed by Congress. The SCHIP legislation would have significantly expanded federally funded healthcare benefits and plans to children of some low-income families. It was to be funded by an increase in the cigarette tax.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Bush viewed the legislation as a move toward <a href="/wiki/Socialized_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialized health care">socialized health care</a>, and asserted that the program could benefit families making as much as $83,000 per year who did not need the help.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> On May 21, 2008, Bush signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_Information_Nondiscrimination_Act" title="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act</a>, aimed to protect Americans against health insurance and employment discrimination based on a person's genetic information. The issue had been debated for 13 years before it finally became law. The measure is designed to protect citizens without hindering genetic research.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_services_and_Social_Security">Social services and Social Security</h4></div> Following Republican efforts to pass the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Act of 2003</a>, Bush signed the bill, which included major changes to the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> program by providing beneficiaries with some assistance in paying for prescription drugs, while relying on private insurance for the delivery of benefits.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The retired persons lobby group <a href="/wiki/AARP" title="AARP">AARP</a> worked with the Bush Administration on the program and gave their endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost $400 billion over the first ten years, would give the elderly "better choices and more control over their health care".<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Bush began his second term by outlining a major initiative to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Social Security debate in the United States">reform</a> Social Security,<a href="#cite_note-ss-msnbc-151">[150]</a> which was facing record deficit projections beginning in 2005. Bush made it the centerpiece of his domestic agenda despite opposition from some in the U.S. Congress.<a href="#cite_note-ss-msnbc-151">[150]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005 State of the Union Address</a>, Bush discussed the potential impending bankruptcy of the program and outlined his new program, which included partial privatization of the system, personal Social Security accounts, and options to permit Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security tax (<a href="/wiki/FICA" class="mw-redirect" title="FICA">FICA</a>) into secured investments.<a href="#cite_note-ss-msnbc-151">[150]</a> Democrats opposed the proposal to partially privatize the system.<a href="#cite_note-ss-msnbc-151">[150]</a> Bush embarked on a 60-day national tour, campaigning for his initiative in media events known as "Conversations on Social Security" in an attempt to gain public support.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Nevertheless, public support for the proposal declined,<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> and the House Republican leadership decided not to put Social Security reform on the priority list for the remainder of their 2005 legislative agenda.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The proposal's legislative prospects were further diminished by autumn 2005 due to political fallout from the response to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_policies">Environmental policies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration#Environment" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration § Environment</a></div> Upon taking office in 2001, Bush stated his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> which seeks to impose mandatory targets for reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, citing that the treaty exempted 80 percent of the world's population<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> and would have cost tens of billions of dollars per year.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> He also cited that the Senate had voted 95–0 in 1997 on a resolution expressing its disapproval of the protocol. In May 2001, Bush signed an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> to create an interagency task force to streamline energy projects,<a href="#cite_note-eo13212-158">[157]</a> and later signed two other executive orders to tackle environmental issues.<a href="#cite_note-sovaWater-159">[158]</a> In 2002, Bush proposed the <a href="/wiki/Clear_Skies_Act_of_2003" title="Clear Skies Act of 2003">Clear Skies Act of 2003</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EXsummary-160">[159]</a> which aimed at amending the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> to reduce air pollution through the use of <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> programs. Many experts argued that this legislation would have weakened the original legislation by allowing higher emission rates of pollutants than were previously legal.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The initiative was introduced to Congress, but failed to make it out of committee.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later in 2006, Bush declared the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> a national monument, creating the largest <a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">marine reserve</a> to date. The <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a> comprises 84 million acres (340,000 km2) and is home to 7,000 species of fish, birds, and other marine animals, many of which are specific to only those islands.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The move was hailed by conservationists for "its foresight and leadership in protecting this incredible area".<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Bush has said he believes that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> is real<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> and has noted that it is a serious problem, but he asserted there is a "debate over whether it's man-made or naturally caused".<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The Bush Administration's stance on global warming remained controversial in the scientific and environmental communities. Critics have alleged that the administration<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> misinformed the public and did not do enough to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_human_activities" title="Greenhouse gas">carbon emissions</a> and deter global warming.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_policies">Energy policies</h4></div> In his <a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006 State of the Union Address</a>, Bush declared, "America is addicted to oil" and launched his Advanced Energy Initiative to increase <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">energy development</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg/220px-20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg/330px-20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg/440px-20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Bush delivering a statement urging Congress to end a ban on <a href="/wiki/Offshore_oil_and_gas_in_the_United_States" title="Offshore oil and gas in the United States">offshore oil drilling</a>, June 18, 2008</figcaption></figure> In his <a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007 State of the Union Address</a>, Bush renewed his pledge to work toward diminished reliance on foreign oil by reducing <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> consumption and increasing <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Amid high gasoline prices in 2008, Bush lifted a ban on <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore drilling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-drilling-cnn-170">[169]</a> However, the move was largely symbolic because there was still a federal law banning offshore drilling. Bush said, "This means that the only thing standing between the American people and these vast oil reserves is action from the U.S. Congress."<a href="#cite_note-drilling-cnn-170">[169]</a> Bush had said in June 2008, "In the long run, the solution is to reduce demand for oil by promoting alternative energy technologies. My administration has worked with Congress to invest in gas-saving technologies like advanced batteries and hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> ... In the short run, the American economy will continue to rely largely on oil. And that means we need to increase supply, especially here at home. So my administration has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic oil production."<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008 State of the Union Address</a>, Bush committed $2 billion over the next three years to a new international fund to promote clean energy technologies and fight climate change, saying, "Along with contributions from other countries, this fund will increase and accelerate the deployment of all forms of cleaner, more efficient technologies in developing nations like India and China, and help leverage substantial private-sector capital by making clean energy projects more financially attractive." He also presented plans to reaffirm the United States' commitment to work with major economies, and, through the UN, to complete an international agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually reverse the growth of greenhouse gases; he stated, "This agreement will be effective only if it includes commitments by every major economy and gives none a free ride."<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stem_cell_research_and_first_veto">Stem cell research and first veto</h4></div> Federal funding for medical research involving the creation or destruction of human embryos through the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> has been forbidden by law since the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Dickey%E2%80%93Wicker_Amendment" title="Dickey–Wicker Amendment">Dickey–Wicker Amendment</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Bush has said he supports adult <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> research and has supported federal legislation that finances adult stem cell research. However, Bush did not support <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cell</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> On August 9, 2001, Bush signed an executive order lifting the ban on federal funding for the 71 existing "lines" of stem cells,<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> but the ability of these existing lines to provide an adequate medium for testing has been questioned. Testing can be done on only 12 of the original lines, and all approved lines have been cultured in contact with mouse cells, which creates safety issues that complicate development and approval of therapies from these lines.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> On July 19, 2006, Bush used his veto power for the first time in his presidency to veto the <a href="/wiki/Stem_Cell_Research_Enhancement_Act" title="Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act">Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act</a>. The bill would have repealed the Dickey–Wicker Amendment, thereby permitting federal money to be used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of an embryo.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration">Immigration</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg/220px-Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg/330px-Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg/440px-Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>President Bush discussing border security with Secretary of Homeland Security <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> near <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a>, November 2005</figcaption></figure> Nearly eight million immigrants came to the U.S. from 2000 to 2005, more than in any other five-year period in the nation's history.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Almost half entered illegally.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In 2006, Bush urged Congress to allow more than twelve million <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrants">illegal immigrants</a> to work in the United States with the creation of a "temporary guest-worker program". Bush also urged Congress to provide additional funds for border security and committed to deploying 6,000 <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> troops to the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> From May to June 2007, Bush strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007</a>, which was written by a bipartisan group of Senators with the active participation of the Bush administration.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The bill envisioned a legalization program for illegal immigrants, with an eventual path to citizenship; establishing a guest worker program; a series of border and worksite enforcement measures; a reform of the <a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">green card</a> application process and the introduction of a point-based "merit" system for green cards; elimination of "<a href="/wiki/Chain_migration" title="Chain migration">chain migration</a>" and of the <a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Diversity Immigrant Visa</a>; and other measures. Bush argued that the lack of legal status denies the protections of U.S. laws to millions of people who face dangers of poverty and exploitation, and penalizes employers despite a demand for immigrant labor.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Bush contended that the proposed bill did not amount to amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> A heated public debate followed, which resulted in a substantial rift within the Republican Party, most conservatives opposed it because of its legalization or amnesty provisions.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> The bill was eventually defeated in the Senate on June 28, 2007, when a <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> motion failed on a 46–53 vote.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Bush expressed disappointment upon the defeat of one of his signature domestic initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> The Bush administration later proposed a series of immigration enforcement measures that do not require a change in law.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> On September 19, 2010, former Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> said that Bush offered to accept 100,000 Palestinian refugees as American citizens if a permanent settlement had been reached between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hurricane_Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Political effects of Hurricane Katrina">Political effects of Hurricane Katrina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg/220px-President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg/330px-President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg/440px-President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>President Bush with hurricane victims in <a href="/wiki/Biloxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biloxi">Biloxi</a>, September 2, 2005</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> struck early in Bush's second term and was one of the most damaging natural disasters in U.S. history. Katrina formed in late August during the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> hurricane season and devastated much of the north-central <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast of the United States</a>, particularly New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Bush declared a state of emergency in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> on August 27<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> the following day.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levee</a> breaches; later that day, Bush declared a major disaster in Louisiana,<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort. On August 30, DHS Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> declared it "an incident of national significance",<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> triggering the first use of the newly created <a href="/wiki/National_Response_Plan" title="National Response Plan">National Response Plan</a>. Three days later, on September 2, National Guard troops first entered the city of New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-tpm-194">[193]</a> The same day, Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and declared that the success of the recovery effort up to that point was "not enough".<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-Katrina-195">[194]</a> As the disaster in New Orleans intensified, Bush received <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">widespread criticism</a> for downplaying his administration's role in the inadequate response. Leaders attacked Bush for having appointed incompetent leaders to positions of power at FEMA, notably <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael D. Brown</a>;<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> federal resources to respond were also limited as a result of being allocated to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> and Bush himself did not act upon warnings of floods.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Bush responded to mounting criticism by claiming to accept full responsibility for the federal government's failures in its handling of the emergency.<a href="#cite_note-tpm-194">[193]</a> It has been argued that with Katrina, Bush passed a political tipping point from which he would not recover.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Midterm_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys">Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/220px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/330px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/440px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>President Bush nominating Alberto Gonzales as the next U.S. Attorney General, November 10, 2004</figcaption></figure> During Bush's second term, a controversy arose over the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department's</a> midterm dismissal of seven <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorneys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> The White House maintained that they were fired for poor performance.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> later resigned over the issue, along with other senior members of the Justice Department.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee">House Judiciary Committee</a> issued subpoenas for advisers <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Bolten" class="mw-redirect" title="Josh Bolten">Josh Bolten</a> to testify regarding this matter, but Bush directed Miers and Bolten not to comply with those subpoenas, invoking his right of <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>. Bush maintained that all his advisers were covered under a broad executive privilege protection to receive candid advice. The Justice Department determined that the President's order was legal.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Although Congressional investigations focused on whether the Justice Department and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage, no official findings have been released. On March 10, 2008, the Congress filed a federal lawsuit to enforce their issued subpoenas.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> On July 31, 2008, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district court</a> judge ruled that Bush's top advisers were not immune from Congressional subpoenas.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> In all, twelve Justice Department officials resigned rather than testify under oath before Congress. They included Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> and his chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Sampson" title="Kyle Sampson">Kyle Sampson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Gonzales' liaison to the White House <a href="/wiki/Monica_Goodling" title="Monica Goodling">Monica Goodling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> aide to the president <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> and his senior aide <a href="/wiki/Sara_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara Taylor">Sara Taylor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost2007-212">[211]</a> In addition, legal counsel to the president <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a><a href="#cite_note-twssffwe-213">[212]</a> and deputy chief of staff to the president <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> were both found in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">contempt of Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost2007-212">[211]</a> In 2010, the Justice Department investigator concluded that though political considerations did play a part in as many as four of the attorney firings,<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> the firings were "inappropriately political" but not criminal. According to the prosecutors, there was insufficient evidence to pursue prosecution for any criminal offense.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/220px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/330px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/440px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Countries visited by President George W. Bush during his time in office</figcaption></figure> During his presidential campaign, Bush's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a> platform included support for stronger economic and political relationships with Latin America, especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in "<a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a>" and other small-scale military engagements. The administration pursued a <a href="/wiki/National_missile_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="National missile defense">national missile defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Bush was an advocate of China's entry into the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained relations with European nations. He appointed long-time adviser <a href="/wiki/Karen_Hughes" title="Karen Hughes">Karen Hughes</a> to oversee a global public relations campaign. Bush lauded the pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> In March 2006, Bush visited India in a trip focused particularly on areas of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>, counter-terrorism co-operation, and discussions that would eventually lead to the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> This was in stark contrast to decades of U.S. policy, such as the stance taken by his predecessor, Bill Clinton, whose approach and response to India after the 1998 nuclear tests has been characterized as "sanctions and hectoring".<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Midway through Bush's second term, questions arose whether Bush was retreating from his freedom and democracy agenda, which was highlighted in policy changes toward some oil-rich former Soviet republics in central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>President Bush with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Shanghai, October 21, 2001. Russia had cooperated with the U.S. in the war on terror.</figcaption></figure> Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a> with Russia. He withdrew U.S. support for several international agreements, including, in 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a> (ABM) with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> This marked the first time in post-World War II history that the United States had withdrawn from a major international arms treaty.<a href="#cite_note-acaabm-225">[224]</a> Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> stated that American withdrawal from the ABM Treaty was a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-226">[225]</a> Bush emphasized a careful approach to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians; he denounced <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> for his support of violence, but sponsored dialogues between Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> and Palestinian National Authority President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>. Bush supported Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan, and lauded the democratic elections held in Palestine after Arafat's death. Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following the stand-off in April 2001 with China over the <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a>, when an <a href="/wiki/EP-3E_Aries_II" class="mw-redirect" title="EP-3E Aries II">EP-3E Aries II</a> surveillance aircraft collided with a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> jet, leading to the detention of U.S. personnel. From 2003 to 2004, Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti and Liberia to protect U.S. interests. Bush condemned the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">militia attacks Darfur</a> and denounced the killings in Sudan as genocide.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Bush said an international peacekeeping presence was critical in Darfur, but he opposed referring the situation to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>. On June 10, 2007, Bush met with <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Prime Minister">Albanian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a> and became the first president to visit Albania.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> He later voiced his support for the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Kosovo">independence of Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> In early 2008, Bush vowed full support for admitting <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> into <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> despite Russia's opposition to the further <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">enlargement of NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2008_Russo-Georgian_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis">2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis</a>, Bush condemned Russia for recognizing the separatist government of <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> When Russian troops invaded Georgia later that summer, Bush said: "Bullying and intimidation are not acceptable ways to conduct foreign policy in the 21st century."<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September_11,_2001,_attacks">September 11, 2001, attacks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>President Bush, beside firefighter <a href="/wiki/Bob_Beckwith" title="Bob Beckwith">Bob Beckwith</a>, addressing rescue workers at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a></figcaption></figure> The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning point in Bush's presidency. That evening, he addressed the nation from the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, promising a strong response to the attacks. He also emphasized the need for the nation to come together and comfort the families of the victims. Three days after the attacks, Bush visited <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a> and met with then-New York City Mayor <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, firefighters, police officers, and volunteers. Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone while standing on rubble: "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon."<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg" title="File:Bush Addresses Congress 9-20-01.ogg">President Bush declares "freedom at war with fear", September 20, 2001</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2058" data-mwtitle="Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg/Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> In a September 20 speech, Bush condemned <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and his organization <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, and issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or ... share in their fate".<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> The Taliban's leader, <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>, refused to hand over bin Laden.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Bergen-236">[235]</a> The continued presence of U.S. troops in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> after the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> was one of the stated motivations behind the September 11 attacks. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">the U.S. withdrew</a> most of its troops from Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_on_terror">War on terror</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg/330px-Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg/495px-Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg/660px-Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Countries with major military operations throughout the war on terror launched by Bush, including those launched after his presidency</figcaption></figure> In Bush's September 20 speech, he declared that "our war on terror begins with Al Qaeda, but it does not end there."<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> In his January 29, <a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002 State of the Union Address</a>, he asserted that an "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">axis of evil</a>" consisting of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> was "arming to threaten the peace of the world" and "pose[d] a grave and growing danger".<a href="#cite_note-sotu2002-240">[239]</a> The Bush Administration asserted both a right and the intention to wage <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">preemptive war</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> This became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a> which weakened the unprecedented levels of international and domestic support for the United States which had followed the September 11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> Dissent and criticism of Bush's leadership in the War on Terror increased as the war in Iraq continued.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> The Iraq war sparked many protests and riots in different parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate" title="National Intelligence Estimate">National Intelligence Estimate</a> concluded that the Iraq War had become the "<a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a> for <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadists</a>".<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan_invasion">Afghanistan invasion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg/220px-GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg/330px-GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>President Bush and President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> of Afghanistan in Kabul, March 1, 2006</figcaption></figure> On October 7, 2001, U.S. and British forces initiated bombing campaigns that led to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> troops in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> on November 13. The main goals of the war were to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, drive <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> out of Afghanistan, and capture key al-Qaeda leaders. In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that the Taliban had been defeated,<a href="#cite_note-taliband-249">[248]</a> but cautioned that the war would go on to continue weakening Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders.<a href="#cite_note-taliband-249">[248]</a> Later that month the UN had installed the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Transitional_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Transitional Administration">Afghan Transitional Administration</a> chaired by <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> Efforts to kill or capture al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden failed as he escaped <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">a battle in December 2001</a> in the mountainous region of <a href="/wiki/Tora_Bora" title="Tora Bora">Tora Bora</a>, which the Bush Administration later acknowledged to have resulted from a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> It was not until May 2011, two years after Bush left office, that bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces under the Obama administration. Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from power in Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping, amassing new funds and recruits.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> The 2005 failure of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Wings" title="Operation Red Wings">Operation Red Wings</a> showed that the Taliban had returned.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> appeared larger, fiercer and better organized than expected, with large-scale allied offensives such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Thrust" title="Operation Mountain Thrust">Operation Mountain Thrust</a> attaining limited success.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> As a result, Bush commissioned 3,500 additional troops to the country in March 2007.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq_invasion">Iraq invasion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg/170px-George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg/255px-George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg/340px-George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>President Bush, with <a href="/wiki/Naval_Flight_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Flight Officer">Naval Flight Officer</a> Lieutenant Ryan Philips, after landing on the USS Abraham Lincoln prior to his <a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished speech</a>, May 1, 2003</figcaption></figure> Beginning with his January 29, 2002 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address, Bush began publicly focusing attention on Iraq, which he labeled as part of an "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">axis of evil</a>" allied with terrorists and posing "a grave and growing danger" to U.S. interests through possession of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sotu2002-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> In the latter half of 2002, CIA <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate" title="National Intelligence Estimate">reports</a> contained assertions of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s intent of reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapons</a>, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by the UN sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> Contentions that the Bush Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities would eventually become a major point of criticism for the president.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a> mandates, precipitating a <a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">diplomatic crisis</a>. In November 2002, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Blix" title="Hans Blix">Hans Blix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a> led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq, but were advised by the U.S. to depart the country four days prior to the U.S. invasion, despite their requests for more time to complete their tasks.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> The U.S. initially sought a <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> resolution authorizing the use of military force but dropped the bid for UN approval due to vigorous opposition from several countries.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> The Bush administration's claim that the Iraq War was part of the War on Terror had been <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">questioned and contested</a> by political analysts.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> More than 20 nations (most notably the United Kingdom) designated the "<a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">coalition of the willing</a>" joined the United States<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> in invading Iraq. They launched the invasion on March 20, 2003. The Iraqi military was quickly defeated. The capital, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, fell on April 9, 2003. On May 1, Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. The initial success of U.S. operations increased his popularity, but the U.S. and allied forces faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups; Bush's "<a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Accomplished">Mission Accomplished</a>" speech was later criticized as premature.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> From 2004 until 2007, the situation in Iraq deteriorated further, with some observers arguing that there was a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq_(2006%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–07)">civil war in Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Bush's policies met with criticism, including demands domestically to set a timetable to withdraw troops from Iraq. The 2006 report of the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Iraq Study Group</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a>, concluded that the situation in Iraq was "grave and deteriorating". While Bush admitted there were strategic mistakes made in regard to the stability of Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> he maintained he would not change the overall Iraq strategy.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Body_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Body Count">Iraq Body Count</a>, some 251,000 Iraqis have been killed in the civil war following the U.S.-led invasion, including at least 163,841 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> In January 2005, elections recognized by the West as free and fair were held in Iraq for the first time in 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-iraq_votes-274">[273]</a> This led to the election of <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> as president and <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> as Prime Minister of Iraq. A referendum to approve a constitution in Iraq was held in October 2005, supported by most <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiites</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> On January 10, 2007, Bush launched a <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">surge of 21,500 more troops for Iraq</a>, as well as a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion (equivalent to $1.8 billion in 2023) for these programs.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> On May 1, 2007, Bush used his second-ever veto to reject a bill setting a deadline for the withdrawal of U.S. troops,<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> saying the debate over the conflict was "understandable" but insisting that a continued U.S. presence there was crucial.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> In March 2008, Bush praised the Iraqi government's "bold decision" to launch the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">Battle of Basra</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a>, calling it "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq".<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> He said he would carefully weigh recommendations from his commanding General <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> and Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Crocker" title="Ryan Crocker">Ryan Crocker</a> about how to proceed after the end of the military buildup in the summer of 2008. He also praised the Iraqis' legislative achievements, including a pension law, a revised de-Baathification law, a new budget, an amnesty law, and a provincial powers measure that, he said, set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/2009_Iraqi_governorate_elections" title="2009 Iraqi governorate elections">Iraqi elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> By July 2008, American troop deaths had reached their lowest number since the war began,<a href="#cite_note-cuts-nyt-281">[280]</a> and due to increased stability in Iraq, Bush withdrew of additional American forces.<a href="#cite_note-cuts-nyt-281">[280]</a> During Bush's last visit to Iraq in December 2008, Iraqi journalist <a href="/wiki/Muntadhar_al-Zaidi" title="Muntadhar al-Zaidi">Muntadhar al-Zaidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bush_shoeing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush shoeing incident">threw both of his shoes at him</a> during an official press conference with Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Al-Zaidi yelled that the shoes were a "farewell kiss" and "for the widows and orphans and all those killed in Iraq".<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> In March 2010, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a> released a report that President Bush's administration had made more than 900 false pretenses in a two-year period about the alleged threat of Iraq against the United States, as his rationale to engage in war in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surveillance">Surveillance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)</a></div> Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, Bush issued an executive order that authorized the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a>. The new directive allowed the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> to monitor communications between suspected terrorists outside the U.S. and parties within the U.S. without obtaining a warrant, which previously had been required by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush&action=edit">[update]</a>, the other provisions of the program remained highly classified.<a href="#cite_note-IG-286">[285]</a> Once the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a> questioned its original legal opinion that FISA did not apply in a time of war, the program was subsequently re-authorized by the President on the basis that the warrant requirements of FISA were implicitly superseded by the subsequent passage of the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> The program proved to be <a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)">controversial</a>; critics of the administration and organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> argued that it was illegal.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> In August 2006, a U.S. district court judge ruled that the <a href="/wiki/NSA_electronic_surveillance_program" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA electronic surveillance program">NSA electronic surveillance program</a> was unconstitutional,<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> but on July 6, 2007, that ruling was <a href="/wiki/Vacated" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacated">vacated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a> on the grounds that the plaintiffs lacked <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> On January 17, 2007, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> informed U.S. Senate leaders that the program would not be reauthorized by the President, but would be subjected to judicial oversight.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> Later in 2007, the NSA launched a replacement for the program, referred to as <a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a>, which was subject to the oversight of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-292">[291]</a> This program was not publicly revealed until reports by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-292">[291]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwald1-293">[292]</a> emerged in June 2013.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-292">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogation_policies">Interrogation policies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture">Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a></div> Bush authorized the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> to use <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a> and several other "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>" that several critics, including Barack Obama, would label as torture.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> Between 2002 and 2003, the CIA considered certain enhanced interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, to be legal based on secret Justice Department legal opinions arguing that terror detainees were not protected by the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>' ban on torture, which was described as "an unconstitutional infringement of the President's authority to conduct war".<a href="#cite_note-cbs-waterboard-298">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> The CIA had exercised the technique on certain key terrorist suspects under authority given to it in the <a href="/wiki/Bybee_Memo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bybee Memo">Bybee Memo</a> from the Attorney General, though that memo was later withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-certain_olc-300">[299]</a> While not permitted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manuals" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Field Manuals">U.S. Army Field Manuals</a> which assert "that harsh interrogation tactics elicit unreliable information",<a href="#cite_note-cbs-waterboard-298">[297]</a> the Bush administration believed these enhanced interrogations "provided critical information" to preserve American lives.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> Critics, such as former CIA officer <a href="/wiki/Bob_Baer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Baer">Bob Baer</a>, have stated that information was suspect, "you can get anyone to confess to anything if the torture's bad enough."<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> On October 17, 2006, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a> into law.<a href="#cite_note-detainee-303">[302]</a> The new rule was enacted in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court's</a> decision in <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_548" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 548">548</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/548/557/">557</a> (2006),<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> which allowed the U.S. government to prosecute <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_enemy_combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlawful enemy combatants">unlawful enemy combatants</a> by military commission rather than a standard trial. The law also denied the detainees access to <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> and barred the torture of prisoners. The provision of the law allowed the president to determine what constitutes "torture".<a href="#cite_note-detainee-303">[302]</a> On March 8, 2008, Bush vetoed H.R. 2082,<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> a bill that would have expanded congressional oversight over the intelligence community and banned the use of waterboarding as well as other forms of interrogation not permitted under the <a href="/wiki/FM_34-52_Intelligence_Interrogation" title="FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation">United States Army Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations</a>, saying that "the bill Congress sent me would take away one of the most valuable tools in the War on Terror".<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> In April 2009, the ACLU sued and won release of the secret memos that had authorized the Bush administration's interrogation tactics.<a href="#cite_note-Ass'tAtt'yGen'lBybeeMemo-307">[306]</a> One memo detailed specific interrogation tactics including a footnote that described waterboarding as torture as well as that the form of waterboarding used by the CIA was far more intense than authorized by the Justice Department.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Korea_condemnation">North Korea condemnation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea–United States relations</a></div> Bush publicly condemned <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a> of North Korea and identified North Korea as one of three states in an "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">axis of evil</a>". He said that "the United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."<a href="#cite_note-sotu2002-240">[239]</a> Within months, "both countries had walked away from their respective commitments under the U.S.–DPRK <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a> of October 1994."<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> North Korea's October 9, 2006, <a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">detonation</a> of a nuclear device further complicated Bush's foreign policy, which centered for both terms of his presidency on "[preventing] the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world".<a href="#cite_note-sotu2002-240">[239]</a> Bush condemned North Korea's position, reaffirmed his commitment to "a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula", and said that "transfer of nuclear weapons or material by North Korea to states or non-state entities would be considered a grave threat to the United States", for which North Korea would be held accountable.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-310">[309]</a> On May 7, 2007, North Korea agreed to shut down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account. This was a result of a series of three-way talks initiated by the United States and including China.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> On September 2, 2007, North Korea agreed to disclose and dismantle all its nuclear programs by the end of 2007.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> By May 2009, North Korea had restarted its nuclear program and threatened to attack South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> On June 22, 2010, Bush said, "While South Korea prospers, the people of North Korea have suffered profoundly," adding that communism had resulted in dire poverty, mass starvation, and brutal suppression. "In recent years," he went on to say, "the suffering has been compounded by the leader who wasted North Korea's precious few resources on personal luxuries and nuclear weapons programs."<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria_sanctions">Syria sanctions</h4></div> Bush expanded economic sanctions on Syria.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> In 2003, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Syria_Accountability_Act" title="Syria Accountability Act">Syria Accountability Act</a>, which expanded sanctions on Syria. In early 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a>, acting on a June 2005 <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a>, froze American bank accounts of Syria's Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Electronics Institute, and National Standards and Calibration Laboratory. Bush's order prohibits Americans from doing business with these institutions suspected of helping spread <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> and being supportive of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> Under separate executive orders signed by Bush in 2004 and later 2007, the Treasury Department froze the assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing them of activities to "undermine the legitimate political process in Lebanon" in November 2007. Those designated included: <a href="/wiki/Assaad_Hardan" title="Assaad Hardan">Assaad Halim Hardan</a>, a member of Lebanon's parliament and former leader of the Syrian Socialist National Party; <a href="/wiki/Wiam_Wahhab" title="Wiam Wahhab">Wi'am Wahhab</a>, a former member of Lebanon's government (Minister of the Environment) under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Omar_Karami" title="Omar Karami">Omar Karami</a> (2004–2005); <a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafiz Makhluf</a>, a colonel and senior official in the <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Syrian General Intelligence Directorate</a> and a cousin of Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nasif_Kheirbek" title="Mohammed Nasif Kheirbek">Muhammad Nasif Khayrbik</a>, identified as a close adviser to Assad.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AIDS_Relief">AIDS Relief</h4></div> In the <a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">State of the Union address in January 2003</a>, Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a> (PEPFAR). Bush announced $15 billion for this effort,<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> which directly supported life-saving antiretroviral treatment for more than 3.2 million men, women and children worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> The U.S. government had spent some $44 billion on the project since 2003 (a figure that includes $7 billion contributed to the <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria</a>, a multilateral organization),<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> which saved an estimated five million lives by 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy-322">[321]</a> The New York Times correspondent <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baker_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Baker (author)">Peter Baker</a> wrote in 2013 that "Bush did more to stop AIDS and more to help Africa than any president before or since."<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy-322">[321]</a> By 2023, PEPFAR was estimated to have saved over 25 million lives, alleviating the severity of the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS epidemic">HIV/AIDS epidemic</a> especially in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and was called "George W. Bush's greatest accomplishment" by <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-323">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-325">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_incidents">Security incidents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_George_W._Bush" title="Security incidents involving George W. Bush">Security incidents involving George W. Bush</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2001_White_House_shooting">2001 White House shooting</h4></div> On February 7, 2001, while Bush was in the residence area of the White House, Robert W. Pickett, standing outside the perimeter fence, discharged a number of shots from a Taurus .38 Special revolver "in the general direction" of the White House. Pickett was shot in the knee by a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secret_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> agent and arrested. Furthermore, he was initially charged with discharging a firearm during a crime, carrying a 10-year mandatory sentence, but following a plea agreement, Pickett instead entered a guilty plea to a firearms violation and an <a href="/wiki/Alford_plea" title="Alford plea">Alford plea</a> to assaulting a federal officer. He was sentenced to three years at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Medical_Center,_Rochester" title="Federal Medical Center, Rochester">Federal Medical Center, Rochester</a> followed by three years of probation.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_Tbilisi_grenade_attack">2005 Tbilisi grenade attack</h4></div> On May 10, 2005, while President Bush was giving a speech in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi" title="Freedom Square, Tbilisi">Freedom Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Arutyunian" title="Vladimir Arutyunian">Vladimir Arutyunian</a>, a native <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> who was born to a family of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, threw a live Soviet-made RGD-5 hand grenade toward the podium. It landed in the crowd about 61 feet (19 m) from the podium after hitting a girl, but it did not detonate because a red tartan handkerchief was wrapped tightly around it, preventing the safety lever from detaching.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> Georgian President <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> was seated nearby. After escaping that day, Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005. During his arrest, he killed an Interior Ministry agent. He was convicted in January 2006 and given a <a href="/wiki/Life_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sentence">life sentence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_Baghdad_shoeing">2008 Baghdad shoeing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_shoeing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush shoeing incident">George W. Bush shoeing incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm/220px-seek%3D218-POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="829" data-mwtitle="POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq,_Part_2.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq,_Part_2.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:03:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="180" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm#t=00:03:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="240" data-height="180" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm.360p.webm#t=00:03:30" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="240" data-height="180" /></video><figcaption>Shoeing incident in Baghdad, Iraq, December 2008</figcaption></figure> On December 14, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Muntadhar_al-Zaidi" title="Muntadhar al-Zaidi">Muntadhar al-Zaidi</a>, an Iraqi journalist, threw both of his shoes at Bush during a press conference in Baghdad. Bush was not injured, having ducked the pair of shoes.<a href="#cite_note-Karadsheh-334">[333]</a> However, White House press secretary <a href="/wiki/Dana_Perino" title="Dana Perino">Dana Perino</a> received a bruise on her face after being hit by a microphone boom knocked over by security.<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> Al-Zaidi received a three-year prison sentence which was reduced to one year. On September 15, 2009, he was released early for good behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Karadsheh-334">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberts,_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg/220px-Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg/330px-Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg/440px-Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="365" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on,_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/330px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/440px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Supreme Court Justice nominees John Roberts and Samuel Alito, 2005</div></div></div></div> On July 19, 2005, following the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> on July 1, Bush nominated federal appellate judge <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> as her replacement; however, following the death of Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> on September 3, that still-pending nomination was withdrawn on September 5, with Bush instead nominating Roberts to be the next <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 29, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-roll_call_roberts-336">[335]</a> On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a> to succeed O'Connor; however, Miers withdrew her nomination on October 27 after encountering significant opposition from both parties, who found her to be ill-prepared and uninformed on the law.<a href="#cite_note-greenburg-116">[115]</a>: 278  Finally, on October 31, Bush nominated federal appellate judge <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, who was confirmed by the Senate to replace O'Connor on January 31, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_courts">Other courts</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush</a></div> In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 61 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</a> and 261 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_and_political_image">Cultural and political image</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image of George W. Bush</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach George W. Bush</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Image">Image</h4></div> Bush's upbringing in <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>, his accent, his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Presidential_vacations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Presidential vacations">vacations</a> to his Texas ranch, and his penchant for country metaphors contribute to his folksy, American cowboy image.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCcowboy-339">[338]</a> "I think people look at him and think <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>", said <a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Piers Morgan</a>, editor of the British <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> Bush has been <a href="/wiki/Parodied" class="mw-redirect" title="Parodied">parodied</a> by the media,<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> comedians, and other politicians.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> Detractors tended to cite linguistic errors made by Bush during his public speeches, which are colloquially referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> In contrast to his father, who was perceived as having troubles with an overarching unifying theme, Bush embraced larger visions and was seen as a man of larger ideas and associated huge risks.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> wrote in 2010 that the caricature of Bush as being dumb is "ludicrous" and that Bush is "very smart".<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, The New York Times columnist <a href="/wiki/David_Brooks_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brooks (journalist)">David Brooks</a> said Bush "was 60 IQ points smarter in private than he was in public. He doesn't want anybody to think he's smarter than they are, so he puts on a Texas act."<a href="#cite_note-rogers2012-346">[345]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Job_approval">Job approval</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/220px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/330px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/440px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  approve</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  disapprove</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  unsure</div><a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup</a>/<a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> Bush public opinion polling from February 2001 to January 2009</figcaption></figure> Bush began his presidency with <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_approval_rating" title="United States presidential approval rating">approval ratings</a> near 60 percent.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Bush gained an approval rating of 90 percent,<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> maintaining 80–90 percent approval for four months after the attacks. It remained over 50 percent during most of his first term<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> and then fell to as low as 19 percent in his second term.<a href="#cite_note-jobapp19-350">[349]</a> In 2000 and again in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine named George W. Bush as its <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Person of the Year</a>, a title awarded to someone who the editors believe "has done the most to influence the events of the year".<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> In May 2004, <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> reported that 89 percent of the Republican electorate approved of Bush.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> However, the support waned due mostly to a minority of Republicans' frustration with him on issues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern affairs.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> Within the United States armed forces, according to an unscientific survey, the president was strongly supported in the 2004 presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-military_support-354">[353]</a> While 73 percent of military personnel said they would vote for Bush, 18 percent preferred his Democratic rival, <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-military_support-354">[353]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Feaver" title="Peter Feaver">Peter Feaver</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> political scientist who has studied the political leanings of the U.S. military, members of the armed services supported Bush because they found him more likely than Kerry to complete the War in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-military_support-354">[353]</a> Bush's approval rating surged to 74 percent at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, up 19 points from his pre-war rating of 55 percent.<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> Bush's approval rating went below the 50 percent mark in <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> polling in December 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Taipei_Times-356">[355]</a> Thereafter, his approval ratings and approval of his handling of domestic and foreign policy issues steadily dropped. After his re-election in 2004, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker-359">[358]</a> for his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Political_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Political effects of Hurricane Katrina">response to Hurricane Katrina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-362">[361]</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prisoner_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance">NSA warrantless surveillance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">Plame affair</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> controversies.<a href="#cite_note-Unchecked_and_Unbalanced-363">[362]</a> Amid this criticism, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> regained control of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/2006_midterm_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 midterm elections">2006 midterm elections</a>. Polls conducted in 2006 showed an average of 37 percent approval ratings for Bush,<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> the lowest for any second-term president at that point in his term since <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in March 1951 (when Truman's approval rating was 28 percent),<a href="#cite_note-Taipei_Times-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> which contributed to what Bush called the "thumping" of the Republican Party in the 2006 elections.<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> Throughout most of 2007, Bush's approval rating hovered in the mid-thirties;<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> the average for his entire second term was 37 percent, according to Gallup.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_3,_May_23,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg/330px-Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg/440px-Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in New London, Connecticut on May 23, 2007</figcaption></figure> By the beginning of 2008, his final year in office, Bush's approval rating had dropped to a low of just 19 percent, largely from the loss of support among Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-jobapp19-350">[349]</a> Commenting on his low poll numbers and accusations of being "the worst president",<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> Bush would say, "I make decisions on what I think is right for the United States based upon principles. I frankly don't give a damn about the polls."<a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-371">[370]</a> There were <a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">calls for Bush's impeachment</a>, though most polls showed a plurality of Americans would not support such an action.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> The arguments offered for impeachment usually centered on the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy,<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> the Bush administration's justification for the war in Iraq, and alleged violations of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>), who had run against Bush during the 2004 presidential campaign, introduced 35 articles of impeachment on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> against Bush on June 9, 2008, but <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>) declared that impeachment was "off the table".<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> In April 2008, Bush's disapproval ratings reached the highest ever recorded for any president in the 70-year history of the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, with 69 percent of those polled disapproving of the job Bush was doing as president and 28 percent approving – although the majority (66 percent) of Republicans still approved of his job performance.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday_April_21,_2008-bushrating-376">[375]</a> In polls conducted in the fall, just before the 2008 election, his approval ratings remained at record lows of 19 to 20 percent,<a href="#cite_note-CBSNYTfinalpolls-377">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARGbushpolls-378">[377]</a> while his disapproval ratings ranged from 67 percent to as high as 75 percent.<a href="#cite_note-ARGbushpolls-378">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> In polling conducted January 9–11, 2009, his final job approval rating by Gallup was 34 percent, which placed him on par with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, the other presidents whose final Gallup ratings measured in the low 30s (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s final Gallup approval rating was even lower, at 24 percent).<a href="#cite_note-saadgall-380">[379]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>/New York Times poll conducted January 11–15, 2009, Bush's final approval rating in office was 22 percent, the lowest in American history.<a href="#cite_note-CBSNYTfinalpolls-377">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_perceptions">Foreign perceptions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_military_in_the_world_2007.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_military_in_the_world_2007.png/220px-US_military_in_the_world_2007.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_military_in_the_world_2007.png/330px-US_military_in_the_world_2007.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_military_in_the_world_2007.png/440px-US_military_in_the_world_2007.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Countries with a <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">U.S. military presence</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> Bush was criticized internationally and targeted by the global <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">anti-globalization</a> movements for his administration's foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> Views of him within the international community – even in France, a close ally of the United States – were more negative than those of most previous American presidents.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> Bush was described as having especially close personal relationships with Tony Blair of the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a> of Mexico, although formal relations were sometimes strained.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> Other leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> of Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a> of Uganda,<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a> of Spain,<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> of Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a> openly criticized the president. Later in Bush's presidency, tensions arose between him and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, which led to a cooling of their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-LeeryofPutin-391">[390]</a> In 2006, most respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed around the world were found to hold an unfavorable opinion of Bush. Respondents indicated that they judged his administration as negative for world security.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Global Attitudes Project">Pew Global Attitudes Project</a> reported that during the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the United States, and towards Americans, became less favorable around the world.<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that in only nine countries of 47 did most respondents express "a lot of confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush: Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-pew_research-395">[394]</a> A March 2007 survey of public opinion in six Arab nations conducted by Zogby International and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a> found that Bush was the most disliked world leader.<a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> During a June 2007 visit to the predominantly Muslim<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, Bush was greeted enthusiastically. Albania has a population of 2.8 million,<a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> has troops in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and the country's government is highly supportive of American foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-albania-399">[398]</a> A huge image of the President was hung in the middle of the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> flanked by Albanian and American flags while a local street was named after him.<a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-401">[400]</a> A shirt-sleeved statue of Bush was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB" title="Fushë-Krujë">Fushë-Krujë</a>, a few kilometers northwest of Tirana.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a> The Bush administration's support for the unilateral <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declaration of independence</a> of Albanian-majority <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, while endearing him to the Albanians, troubled U.S. relations with Serbia, leading to the February 2008 torching of the U.S. embassy in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(2009–present)">Post-presidency (2009–present)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence">Residence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg/220px-Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg/330px-Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg/440px-Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>Former President George W. Bush and his wife being escorted to a waiting helicopter by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> on January 20, 2009</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a>, Bush and his family flew from <a href="/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base" title="Andrews Air Force Base">Andrews Air Force Base</a> to a homecoming celebration in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland, Texas</a> and then they returned to their ranch in <a href="/wiki/Crawford,_Texas" title="Crawford, Texas">Crawford, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leaving-404">[403]</a> They bought a home in the <a href="/wiki/Preston_Hollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Preston Hollow">Preston Hollow</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> where they live.<a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a> Bush made regular appearances at various events throughout the Dallas–Fort Worth area, including the opening coin toss at the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a>' first game in the new <a href="/wiki/Cowboys_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowboys Stadium">Cowboys Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a> and an April 2009 <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> game, where he thanked the people of Dallas for helping him settle in, which was met with a standing ovation.<a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a> He also attended every home playoff game during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2010 Texas Rangers season">Rangers' 2010 season</a> and, accompanied by his father, threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the <a href="/wiki/Rangers_Ballpark_in_Arlington" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangers Ballpark in Arlington">Rangers Ballpark in Arlington</a> for Game 4 of the <a href="/wiki/2010_World_Series" title="2010 World Series">2010 World Series</a> on October 31.<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> He also threw the first pitch in Game 1 of the <a href="/wiki/2023_World_Series" title="2023 World Series">2023 World Series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a> On August 6, 2013, Bush was successfully treated for a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_blockage" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery blockage">coronary artery blockage</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_stent" title="Coronary stent">stent</a>. The blockage had been found during an <a href="/wiki/Annual_medical_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual medical examination">annual medical examination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> In reaction to the <a href="/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers" title="2016 shooting of Dallas police officers">2016 shooting of Dallas police officers</a>, Bush said, "Laura and I are heartbroken by the heinous acts of violence in our city last night. Murdering the innocent is always evil, never more so than when the lives taken belong to those who protect our families and communities."<a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications_and_appearances">Publications and appearances</h3></div> Since leaving office, Bush has kept a relatively low profile.<a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a> Bush has spoken in favor of increased global participation of women in politics and societal matters in foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a> In March 2009, he delivered his first post-presidency speech in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta,<a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[415]</a> appeared via video on <a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a> during which he praised U.S. troops for earning a "special place in American history",<a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a> and attended the funeral of Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pols-418">[417]</a> Bush made his debut as a motivational speaker on October 26 at the "Get Motivated" seminar in Dallas.<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2009_Fort_Hood_shooting" title="2009 Fort Hood shooting">Fort Hood shooting</a> on November 5, 2009, the Bushes paid an undisclosed visit to the survivors and the victims' families the day following the shooting, having contacted the base commander requesting that the visit be private and not involve press coverage.<a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a> Bush released his memoirs, <a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a>, on November 9, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a> During a pre-release appearance promoting the book, Bush said he considered his biggest accomplishment to be keeping "the country safe amid a real danger", and his greatest failure to be his inability to secure the passage of <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security reform">Social Security reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a> He also made news defending his administration's enhanced interrogation techniques, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a>, saying, "I'd do it again to save lives."<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> In 2012, he wrote the foreword of <a href="/wiki/The_4%25_Solution:_Unleashing_the_Economic_Growth_America_Needs" class="mw-redirect" title="The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs">The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs</a>, an economics book published by the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lubbockfourpercent-424">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-soniasmithfourpercent-425">[424]</a> He also presented the book at the <a href="/wiki/Parkland_Memorial_Hospital" title="Parkland Memorial Hospital">Parkland Memorial Hospital</a> in Dallas, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-booktvfourpercent-426">[425]</a> Bush did not physically appear in that year's <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> obtained the party's nomination for president), instead appearing in a videotape, in which he –alongside his father and immediate family– explains his motives to support Romney.<a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> Bush appeared on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno" title="The Tonight Show with Jay Leno">The Tonight Show with Jay Leno</a> on November 19, 2013, along with his wife Laura. When asked by Leno why he does not comment publicly about the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>, Bush said, "I don't think it's good for the country to have a former president criticize his successor."<a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> Despite this statement, Bush vocally disagreed with Obama's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq in 2011, calling it a "strategic blunder".<a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a> In December, Bush travelled with President Obama to the memorial service of South African president and civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a> There, they joined former presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter.<a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg/220px-Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg/330px-Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg/440px-Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Strong" title="Charlie Strong">Charlie Strong</a> (left), Texas Longhorns head football coach, George W. Bush and Reverend <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> hold up a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football" title="Texas Longhorns football">Texas Longhorns football</a> jersey at the <a href="/wiki/LBJ_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="LBJ Presidential Library">LBJ Presidential Library</a> in 2014.</figcaption></figure> Alongside the 2014 <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Africa_Leaders_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–Africa Leaders Summit">United States–Africa Leaders Summit</a>, Bush, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, the State Department, and the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Institute">George W. Bush Institute</a> hosted a daylong forum on education and health with the spouses of the African leaders attending the summit. Bush urged African leaders to avoid discriminatory laws that make the treatment of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a> On November 2, Bush spoke at an event to 200 business and civic leaders at the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum to raise awareness for the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Bible" title="Museum of the Bible">Museum of the Bible</a> in Washington D.C.<a href="#cite_note-bushmuseumofthebible-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a> On November 11, Bush published a biography of <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">his father</a> titled <a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a>.<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a> In an interview published by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a> magazine on June 12, 2015, Bush said "boots on the ground" would be needed to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIS). He added that people had said during his presidency that he should withdraw American troops from Iraq, but he chose the opposite, sending 30,000 more troops to defeat <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda in Iraq">Al Qaeda in Iraq</a>, and that they indeed were defeated. Bush was also asked about Iran but declined to answer, stating that any answer he gives would be interpreted as undermining Obama.<a href="#cite_note-IsraelHayom-435">[434]</a> During the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican presidential primaries</a>, Bush spoke and campaigned for his brother <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> at a South Carolina rally.<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] However, the party's nomination eventually went to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, whom Bush <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">refused to endorse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a> Furthermore, he did not attend <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">the party's convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a> On the eve of Trump's nomination, it was reported that Bush had privately expressed concern about the current direction of the Republican Party, telling a group of his former aides and advisors that "I'm worried that I will be the last Republican president."<a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a> According to a spokesperson for the Bush family, he did not vote for Trump in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">the general election</a>, instead choosing to leave his presidential ballot blank.<a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> After the 2016 elections, Bush, his father, and his brother Jeb called Trump on the phone to congratulate him on his victory.<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a> Both he and Laura attended <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump's inauguration</a>. Images of Bush struggling to put on a rain <a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">poncho</a> during the ceremony became an <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">internet meme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a> While leaving the event, Bush allegedly described the ceremony, and Trump's inaugural address in particular, as "some weird shit".<a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a> In February 2017, Bush released a book of his own portraits of veterans called <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbcpresidentwbush-446">[445]</a> In August, following the white nationalist <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a>, Bush and his father released a joint statement condemning the violence and ideologies present there.<a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a> Subsequently, Bush gave a speech in New York where he noted of the current political climate, "Bigotry seems emboldened. Our politics seems more vulnerable to conspiracy theories and outright fabrication." He continued, "Bigotry in any form is blasphemy against the American creed and it means the very identity of our nation depends on the passing of civic ideals to the next generation", while urging citizens to oppose threats to American democracy and be positive role models for young people.<a href="#cite_note-Trumprebuke-448">[447]</a> The speech was widely interpreted as a denouncement of Donald Trump and <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">his ideologies</a>, despite Bush not mentioning Trump by name.<a href="#cite_note-Trumprebuke-448">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_(45291482165).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg/220px-The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg/330px-The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg/440px-The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Bush eulogizing his father at the National Cathedral, December 5, 2018</figcaption></figure> On September 1, 2018, Bush and Laura Bush attended the funeral of <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a> in Washington, D.C., where Bush spoke.<a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a> On November 30, his father <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">died at his home</a>. Shortly before his death, Bush was able to talk with his father on the phone; his father responded with what would be his last words, "I love you too".<a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a> Bush attended his father's funeral on December 5, delivering a eulogy.<a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a> In May 2019, the tenth anniversary of former South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a>'s death, Bush visited South Korea to pay respects to Roh, delivering a short eulogy.<a href="#cite_note-:5-455">[454]</a> On June 1, 2020, Bush released a statement addressing the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> and the subsequent nationwide <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">reaction and protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> In the statement, Bush wrote that he and former first lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> "are anguished by the brutal suffocation of George Floyd and disturbed by the injustice and fear that suffocate our country".<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a> He also elaborated on the racial injustices perpetrated by the police saying, that "it is time for America to examine our tragic failures", adding "Many doubt the justice of our country, and with good reason. Black people see the repeated violation of their rights without an urgent and adequate response from American institutions".<a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a> On July 30, Bush and his wife, along with former presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, attended and spoke at the funeral for civil rights leader and congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a> Bush did not give any endorsements during <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">the 2020 presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a> but held a virtual fundraiser for U.S. Senators <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> (R-ME), <a href="/wiki/Cory_Gardner" title="Cory Gardner">Cory Gardner</a> (R-CO), <a href="/wiki/Martha_McSally" title="Martha McSally">Martha McSally</a> (R-AZ), and <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Thom Tillis</a> (R-NC). All four were <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2020 United States Senate elections">up for reelection</a> and were struggling in the polls.<a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> He also did not attend the <a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 Republican National Convention</a> where President Trump was re-nominated.<a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a> In April 2021, Bush told <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a> magazine that he did not vote for either Trump or <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in the election. Instead, he wrote in <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, who served as his national security advisor from 2001 to 2005 and as his secretary of state from 2005 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> When the election was called for Biden, Bush congratulated him and his running mate <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>. He also congratulated Trump and his supporters "on a hard-fought campaign". Bush's outreach to Biden was notable since Republican candidate Donald Trump had not yet conceded. Bush then issued a statement saying that while Trump was within his rights to call for recounts, he believed the election was "fundamentally fair" and that "its outcome is clear", and said he would offer Biden "my prayers for his success, and my pledge to help in any way I can", as he had for Trump and Obama.<a href="#cite_note-Bradner-465">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker2020-466">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian-467">[466]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:210120-D-WD757-1270_(50861239906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/210120-D-WD757-1270_%2850861239906%29.jpg/220px-210120-D-WD757-1270_%2850861239906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/210120-D-WD757-1270_%2850861239906%29.jpg/330px-210120-D-WD757-1270_%2850861239906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/210120-D-WD757-1270_%2850861239906%29.jpg/440px-210120-D-WD757-1270_%2850861239906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7867" data-file-height="5245" /></a><figcaption>George W. Bush and Laura at the inauguration of Joe Biden on January 20, 2021</figcaption></figure> On January 6, 2021, following the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">U.S. Capitol attack</a>, Bush denounced the violence and attack alongside the three other living former presidents, Obama, Clinton, and Carter,<a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a> releasing a statement saying that "this is how election results are disputed in a <a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">banana republic</a>, not our <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a>",<a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a> and that "it is a sickening and heartbreaking sight".<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a> He also echoed President-elect Biden's message stating that what occurred at the capitol was an "insurrection".<a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a> On January 20, Bush and his wife attended <a href="/wiki/Biden%27s_inauguration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden's inauguration">Biden's inauguration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a> Bush opposed President Biden's <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan</a>, saying that the withdrawal made him "concerned" and that it had the potential to "create a vacuum, and into that vacuum is likely to come people who treat women as second class citizens".<a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a> During an interview with <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> on July 14, 2021, Bush reaffirmed his opposition to the troop withdrawal, calling the plan "a mistake".<a href="#cite_note-474">[473]</a> On September 11, 2021, the 20th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, Bush gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Flight_93_National_Memorial" title="Flight 93 National Memorial">Flight 93 National Memorial</a>, praising the heroism of the people on <a href="/wiki/Flight_93" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight 93">Flight 93</a> and the spirit of America. He also said that he "saw millions of people instinctively grab for a neighbor's hand and rally to the cause of one another. That is the America I know."<a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a> Bush condemned the <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">assassination attempt</a> on former President Trump on July 13, 2024, calling it "cowardly" and applauded the Secret Service's response.<a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a> However, Bush did not participate in that year's <a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a>, which took place two days after the attempt, and where Trump was renominated for a third time.<a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a> He also chose not to endorse any candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a> However, following Trump and <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a>'s victory, Bush offered his congratulations. He stated that the large turnout for the election was a "sign of the health of our republic and the strength of our democratic institutions." He also congratulated Biden and Harris on their years of public office.<a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborations">Collaborations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/220px--Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="866" data-mwtitle="Presidents_Obama,_Bush,_&_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Presidents_Obama,_Bush,_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>President Obama with former presidents <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> and Bush present the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a> after the 2010 earthquake</figcaption></figure> In January 2010, at President Obama's request, Bush and Bill Clinton established the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a> to raise contributions for relief and recovery efforts following the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a> earlier that month.<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a> On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden had been killed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a> The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read <a href="/wiki/Bixby_letter" title="Bixby letter">a letter</a> that President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> wrote to a widow who had lost five sons during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a> On September 7, 2017, Bush partnered with former presidents <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama to work with <a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-483">[482]</a> Over the years, President Bush has had a good-natured friendship with Michelle Obama. "President Bush and I, we are forever seatmates because of protocol, and that's how we sit at all the official functions," Obama told the <a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">Today Show</a>. "He's my partner in crime at every major thing where all the 'formers' gather. So we're together all the time."<a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a> Bush famously passed mints to Obama during the McCain funeral in September 2018 and gave them to her again during the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral of his father</a> in December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> After serving as president, Bush began painting as a <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a> after reading <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s essay "Painting as a Pastime". Subjects have included people, dogs, and <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a> He has also painted self-portraits and portraits of world leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a> In February 2017, Bush released a book of portraits of veterans, <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbcpresidentwbush-446">[445]</a> The net proceeds from his book are donated to the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential Center</a>. In May 2019, on the tenth anniversary of former South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a>'s death, George Bush drew a portrait of Roh to give to his family.<a href="#cite_note-:5-455">[454]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG/220px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG/330px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG/440px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential Center</a>, on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a></figcaption></figure> Bush's legacy continues to develop today, as time passing allows the development of a more nuanced historical perspective. Supporters credit his counterterrorism policies with preventing another major terrorist attack from occurring in the U.S. after the September 11 attacks and also praise individual policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> prescription drug benefit and the AIDS relief program known as <a href="/wiki/PEPFAR" class="mw-redirect" title="PEPFAR">PEPFAR</a>. Critics often point to his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, specifically the failure to find <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> after claiming they were in Iraq, as well as Bush's handling of <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">tax policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a>, as proof that he was unfit to be president.<a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-492">[491]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ferencz" title="Ben Ferencz">Ben Ferencz</a>, former chief prosecutor for the United States Army at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>, has stated that Bush likely committed <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> in relation to the Iraq War.<a href="#cite_note-493">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a> Several historians and commentators hold that Bush was one of the most consequential presidents in American history. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> scholar Julian Zelizer described Bush's presidency as a "transformative" one, and said that "some people hate him, some people love him, but I do think he'll have a much more substantive perception as time goes on".<a href="#cite_note-496">[495]</a> Bryon Williams of <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a> referred to Bush as "the most noteworthy president since <a href="/wiki/FDR" class="mw-redirect" title="FDR">FDR</a>" and said the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> "increased authority of the executive branch at the expense of judicial opinions about when searches and seizures are reasonable" as evidence.<a href="#cite_note-497">[496]</a> Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">presidency of Ronald Reagan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-498">[497]</a> and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a> Bush has been <a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">widely portrayed in film and television</a>, both during and since his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-501">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-502">[501]</a> He has had <a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames of presidents of the United States">various nicknames</a>, including "Dubya", "GWB" and "Shrub".<a href="#cite_note-503">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[504]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3></div> The George W. Bush presidency has been ranked as below-average in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">surveys of presidential scholars</a> published in the late 2000s and 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-US_News-506">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-Austin-507">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mann-508">[507]</a> A 2010 <a href="/wiki/Siena_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Siena Research Institute">Siena Research Institute</a> survey of the opinions of historians, political scientists, and presidential scholars ranked him 39th out of 43 presidents. The survey respondents gave President Bush low ratings on his handling of the U.S. economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments, and intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Siena_2010-509">[508]</a> Bush said in 2013, "Ultimately history will judge the decisions I made, and I won't be around because it will take time for the objective historians to show up. So I am pretty comfortable with it. I did what I did."<a href="#cite_note-510">[509]</a> C-SPAN's 2021 survey of historians ranked Bush as the 29th-best president; Bush had initially been ranked the 36th in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-CSPAN_Survey-511">[510]</a> Among the public, his reputation has improved since his presidency ended in 2009. In February 2012, Gallup reported that "Americans still rate George W. Bush among the worst presidents, though their views have become more positive in the three years since he left office."<a href="#cite_note-gallup0212-512">[511]</a> Gallup had earlier noted that Bush's favorability ratings in public opinion surveys had begun to rise a year after he had left office, from 40 percent in January 2009 and 35 percent in March 2009, to 45 percent in July 2010, a period during which he had remained largely out of the news.<a href="#cite_note-513">[512]</a> A poll conducted in June 2013 marked the first time recorded by Gallup where his ratings have been more positive than negative, with 49 percent viewing him favorably compared to 46 percent unfavorably.<a href="#cite_note-514">[513]</a> Other pollsters have noted similar trends of slight improvement in Bush's personal favorability since the end of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-pollingreport.com-515">[514]</a> In April 2013, Bush's approval rating stood at 47 percent approval and 50 percent disapproval in a poll jointly conducted for <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, his highest approval rating since December 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:6-516">[515]</a> Bush had achieved notable gains among seniors, non-college whites, and moderate and conservative Democrats since leaving office, although majorities disapproved of his handling of the economy (53 percent) and the Iraq War (57 percent).<a href="#cite_note-George_W._Bush's_approval_rating_just_hit_a_7-year_high._Here's_how.-517">[516]</a> His 47 percent approval rating was equal to that of President Obama's in the same polling period.<a href="#cite_note-:6-516">[515]</a> A <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> poll conducted that same month found that 55 percent of Americans said Bush's presidency had been a failure, with opinions divided along party lines, and 43 percent of independents calling it a success.<a href="#cite_note-518">[517]</a> Bush's public image saw greater improvement in 2017, with a <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> survey showing 51 percent of favorability from Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a> A 2018 CNN poll subsequently found that 61 percent of respondents held of a favorable view of Bush, an increase of nine points from 2015.<a href="#cite_note-520">[519]</a> The improvement has been interpreted as Democrats viewing him more favorably in response to <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Donald Trump's first presidency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-521">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-522">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a> an assessment that has also been expressed by Bush himself.<a href="#cite_note-524">[523]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by George W. Bush">List of honors and awards received by George W. Bush</a></div> A street in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana, Albania</a>, formerly known as Rruga Punëtorët e Rilindjes, directly outside the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Parliament">Albanian Parliament</a> was renamed after Bush a few days before he made the first-ever visit by an American president to Albania in June 2007.<a href="#cite_note-:4-401">[400]</a> In 2012, Estonian President <a href="/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilves" title="Toomas Hendrik Ilves">Toomas Hendrik Ilves</a> awarded Bush the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana" title="Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana">Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana</a> for his work in expanding NATO.<a href="#cite_note-525">[524]</a> Two elementary schools are named after him: one in <a href="/wiki/Stockton_Unified_School_District" title="Stockton Unified School District">Stockton Unified School District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a>,<a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Wylie_Independent_School_District_(Collin_County,_Texas)" title="Wylie Independent School District (Collin County, Texas)">Wylie Independent School District</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Collin_County,_Texas" title="St. Paul, Collin County, Texas">St. Paul, Texas</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-527">[526]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> He also became commonly known as "Bush Junior," "Bush 43," and even "Bush the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, who served as the 41st U.S. president from 1989 to 1993. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhles2000" class="citation news cs1">Ahles, Dick (December 24, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/24/nyregion/bush-s-birthplace-it-s-deep-in-the-heart-of-new-haven.html">"Bush's Birthplace? 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Fox News. Associated Press. May 21, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119035809/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,25229,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Self-Deprecating+Bush+Talks+to+Yale+Grads&rft.date=2001-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fself-deprecating-bush-talks-to-yale-grads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidepolitics.org/heard/heard32300.html">"Bush/Gore Grades and SAT Scores"</a>. Inside Politics. June 17, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905141524/http://www.insidepolitics.org/heard/heard32300.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Politics&rft.atitle=Bush%2FGore+Grades+and+SAT+Scores&rft.date=2005-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidepolitics.org%2Fheard%2Fheard32300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/08/politics/08kerry.html">"Kerry Grades Near Bush's While at Yale"</a>. The New York Times. June 8, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128151534/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/08/politics/08kerry.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kerry+Grades+Near+Bush%27s+While+at+Yale&rft.date=2005-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F06%2F08%2Fpolitics%2F08kerry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> John Solomon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/business/bush-harvard-business-school-and-the-makings-of-a-president.html">Bush, Harvard Business School and the Makings of a President</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729131613/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/business/bush-harvard-business-school-and-the-makings-of-a-president.html">Archived</a> July 29, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times (June 18, 2000). See also James P. Pfiffner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfiffner.gmu.edu/files/pdfs/Articles/Bush%20as%20MBA,%20PAR%202007.pdf">The First MBA President: George W. Bush as Public Administrator</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010113856/http://pfiffner.gmu.edu/files/pdfs/Articles/Bush%20as%20MBA,%20PAR%202007.pdf">Archived</a> October 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Public Administration Review (January/February 2007), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Fleck, Tim (March 25, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonpress.com/news/the-woman-george-w-bush-didnt-marry-6567437">"The Woman George W. Bush Didn't Marry"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202624/http://www.houstonpress.com/news/the-woman-george-w-bush-didnt-marry-6567437">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Houston Press.com. Retrieved April 4, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-readherlips-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-readherlips_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-readherlips_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-readherlips_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-readherlips_19-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512225849/http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/bush/profile.html">"Read her lips: Literacy efforts on first lady's agenda"</a>. CNN. April 8, 2001. 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Retrieved May 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Read+her+lips%3A+Literacy+efforts+on+first+lady%27s+agenda&rft.date=2001-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FCNN%2FPrograms%2Fpeople%2Fshows%2Fbush%2Fprofile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-um-20"><a href="#cite_ref-um_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/etc/script.html">"The Jesus Factor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830102613/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/etc/script.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2011. 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William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117212-0"><bdi>978-0-06-117212-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77537768">77537768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+or+High+Water&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77537768&rft.isbn=978-0-06-117212-0&rft.aulast=Romm&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellhighwaterglo00romm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988">; Romm calls Bush's "don't rush to judgment" and "we need to ask more questions" stance a classic delay tactic. 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Retrieved November 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=George+Bush+Elementary+School+%28St.+Paul%2C+Texas%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wylieisd.net%2Fbush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Bibliography of George W. Bush</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush#Further_reading" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. Bush § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36#4 2006. pp 606+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018322436">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726110140/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018322436">Archived</a> July 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Brands, Hal, and Peter Feaver. "The case for Bush revisionism: Reevaluating the legacy of America's 43rd president". Journal of Strategic Studies 41.1–2 (2018): 234–274. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halbrands.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/12___20___2017_The-case-f.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205194639/https://halbrands.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/12___20___2017_The-case-f.pdf">Archived</a> February 5, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Campbell, Colin, Bert A. Rockman, and Andrew Rudalevige, eds.. The George W. Bush Legacy Congressional Quarterly Press, 2007, 352pp; 14 essays by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0872893464">excerpts and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Corrado, Anthony, E. J. Dionne Jr., Kathleen A. Frankovic. The Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99208680">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726084917/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99208680">Archived</a> July 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman. "Comparing the Environmental Policies of presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush". White House Studies 2007 7(2): 163–179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-4768">1535-4768</a></li> <li>Desch, Michael C. "Bush and the Generals". Foreign Affairs 2007 86(3): 97–108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0015-7120">0015-7120</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/Ebsco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebsco">Ebsco</a></li> <li>Edwards III, George C. and Desmond King, eds. The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush (2007), 478pp; essays by scholars; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0199217971">excerpt and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Fortier, John C. and Norman J. Ornstein, eds. Second-term Blues: How George W. Bush Has Governed (2007), 146pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0815728840">excerpt and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Graham John D. Bush on the Home Front: Domestic Policy Triumphs and Setbacks (Indiana University Press, 2010) 425 pages; covers taxation, education, health care, energy, the environment, and regulatory reform.</li> <li>Greene, John Robert. The Presidency of George W. Bush. University Press of Kansas, 2021. 421 pp.</li> <li>Greenstein, Fred I. ed. The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Greenstein" title="Fred Greenstein">Greenstein, Fred I.</a> "The Contemporary Presidency: The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A Pre- and Post-9/11 Comparison" in Presidential Studies Quarterly v 32#2 2002 pp 387+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000773171">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729221313/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000773171">Archived</a> July 29, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gregg II, Gary L. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. Considering the Bush Presidency Oxford University Press, 2004. 210 pp. British perspectives</li> <li>Hendrickson, Ryan C., and Kristina Spohr Readman, "From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Bush's NATO Enlargement". White House Studies. (2004) 4#3 pp: 319+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426162034/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008838303">online edition</a></li> <li>Hilliard, Bryan, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. George W. Bush: Evaluating the President at Midterm SUNY Press 2004</li> <li>Jacobson, Gary C. "The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate" Presidential Studies Quarterly v 33 No.4 2003 pp 701+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002052614">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410015920/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002052614">Archived</a> April 10, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Milkis, Sidney M. and Jesse H. Rhodes. "George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism". Publius 2007 37(3): 478–503. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-5950">0048-5950</a></li> <li>Moens, Alexander The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush: Values, Strategy, and Loyalty. Ashgate, 2004. 227 pp.</li> <li>Rabe, Barry. "Environmental Policy and the Bush Era: the Collision Between the Administrative Presidency and State Experimentation". Publius 2007 37(3): 413–431. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-5950">0048-5950</a></li> <li>Sabato, Larry J. ed. The Sixth Year Itch: The Rise and Fall of the George W. Bush Presidency (2007), experts on the 2006 elections in major states</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jean Edward (2016). Bush. Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bush&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Strozeski, Josh, et al. "From Benign Neglect to Strategic Interest: the Role of Africa in the Foreign Policies of Bush 41 and 43". White House Studies 2007 7(1): 35–51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-4768">1535-4768</a></li> <li>Wekkin, Gary D. "George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush: Puzzling Presidencies, or the Puzzle of the Presidency?" White House Studies 2007 7(2): 113–124. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-4768">1535-4768</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency">Reflections on the Bush presidency</h3></div> <ul><li>Barnes, Fred. Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush Is Redefining the Conservative Movement and Transforming America (2006)</li> <li>Bartlett, Bruce. Impostor: How George W. Bush Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan Legacy (2006)</li> <li>Cheney, Dick. In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir (2011)</li> <li>Draper, Robert. Inside the Bush White House: The Presidency of George W. Bush (2007)</li> <li>Ferguson, Michaele L. and Lori Jo Marso. W Stands for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency Shaped a New Politics of Gender (2007)</li> <li>Gerson, Michael J. Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans Need to Embrace America's Ideals (And Why They Deserve to Fail If They Don't) (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/006134950X">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Greenspan, Alan. The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (2007)</li> <li>Hayes, Stephen F. Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060723467">excerpts and online search</a></li> <li>Hughes, Karen. George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader (2005)</li> <li>Mabry, Marcus. Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power (2007)</li> <li>Moore, James. and Wayne Slater. Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107370497">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729112323/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107370497">Archived</a> July 29, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rice, Condoleezza. No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington (2011)</li> <li>Rumsfeld, Donald. Known and Unknown: A Memoir (2011)</li> <li>Suskind, Ron. The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0743255461">excerpts and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Bob</a>. Plan of Attack (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/074325547X">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1999" class="citation book cs1">Bush, George W. (1999). <a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-17441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-17441-5"><bdi>978-0-688-17441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Charge+to+Keep&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-688-17441-5&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/45">Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President (annual 1947–)</a>, complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistical tables</li> <li>Bush, George W. George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle, and Patriotism (2004)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2010" class="citation book cs1">Bush, George W. (2010). <a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59061-9"><bdi>978-0-307-59061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+Points&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59061-9&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> George W. Bush at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" class="extiw" title="c:George W. Bush">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" class="extiw" title="n:Category:George W. Bush">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" class="extiw" title="q:George W. Bush">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Walker_Bush" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Walker Bush">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/">George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-w-bush/">White House biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#gwbush">Full audio of a number of Bush speeches</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?3813">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/george_w_bush/index.html">George W. Bush</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/">Archived White House website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/4795#518873">Collection of George W. Bush's works on the Troubled Asset Relief Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0124133/">George W. Bush</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1674">Works by George W. Bush</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. 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Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W. (2008 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Williams" title="Clayton Williams">Clayton Williams</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for Governor of Texas <a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> 1995–2000 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the United States 2001–2009 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div>as former President </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of precedence of the United States">Order of precedence of the United States</a> former president </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></div>as former president </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of 20">Group of 20</a> 2008 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_George_W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_George_W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to George W. Bush</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bush_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bush_family" title="Template:Bush family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bush_family" title="Template talk:Bush family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bush_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bush family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bush_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Davis%E2%80%93Walker_family_political_line" title="Bush–Davis–Walker family political line">Bush–Davis–Walker family political line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_(surname)" title="Bush (surname)">Bush (surname)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prescott Bush ancestors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Newcomb Bush</a> (1797–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel Prescott Bush</a> (1863–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (1825–1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samuel P. Bush and Flora Sheldon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Sheldon Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prescott Bush (1895–1972) and Dorothy Wear Walker (1901–1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George Herbert Walker Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan James Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William Henry Trotter Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (1926–2021) Jonathan Bush (1931–2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Walker Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Lane Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Pauline Robinson Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">John Ellis Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Columba_Bush" title="Columba Bush">Columba Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Mallon Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Pierce Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Koch" title="Bobby Koch">Robert P. Koch</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott_Ellis" title="John Prescott Ellis">John Prescott Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ellis_III" title="Alexander Ellis III">Alexander Ellis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ellis" title="Joe Ellis">Josiah Wear Ellis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Bush" title="Billy Bush">Billy Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_S._Bush" title="Jonathan S. Bush">Jonathan S. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">George W. Bush (b. 1946) Jeb Bush (b. 1953) Neil Bush (b. 1955)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Welch Bush</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George Prescott Bush</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/David_Lauren" title="David Lauren">David Lauren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Castings" title="Columbus Castings">Buckeye Steel Castings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Walker_%26_Co." title="G. H. Walker & Co.">G. H. Walker & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Davis%E2%80%93Walker_family_political_line" title="Bush–Davis–Walker family political line">Political line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Texas_Rangers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;background-color: #003278 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C0111F, inset -2px -2px 0 #C0111F; !important;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas_Rangers" title="Template:Texas Rangers"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FFFFFF !important">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_Rangers" title="Template talk:Texas Rangers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FFFFFF !important">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_Rangers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas Rangers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FFFFFF !important">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Texas_Rangers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;"><div> <ul><li>Established in <a href="/wiki/1961_Major_League_Baseball_season" title="1961 Major League Baseball season">1961</a></li> <li>Formerly the Washington Senators</li> <li>Based in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Franchise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft" title="1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft">Expansion draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="History of the Texas Rangers (baseball)">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Washington Senators (1961–1971)">in Washington, D.C.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_seasons" title="List of Texas Rangers seasons">Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_team_records" title="List of Texas Rangers team records">Team records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_no-hitters" title="List of Texas Rangers no-hitters">No-hitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_award_winners_and_league_leaders" title="Texas Rangers award winners and league leaders">Awards winners and league leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_(baseball)_broadcasters" title="List of Texas Rangers (baseball) broadcasters">Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_owners_and_executives" title="List of Texas Rangers owners and executives">Owners and executives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_managers" title="List of Texas Rangers managers">Managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_all-time_roster" title="Texas Rangers all-time roster">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_first-round_draft_picks" title="List of Texas Rangers first-round draft picks">First-round draft picks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_Opening_Day_starting_pitchers" title="List of Texas Rangers Opening Day starting pitchers">Opening Day starting pitchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">Ballparks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Griffith_Stadium" title="Griffith Stadium">Griffith Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium">RFK Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Stadium" title="Arlington Stadium">Arlington Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Stadium" title="Choctaw Stadium">Choctaw Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Life_Field" title="Globe Life Field">Globe Life Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;">Spring training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pompano_Beach_Municipal_Stadium" title="Pompano Beach Municipal Stadium">Pompano Beach Municipal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Sports_Park" title="Charlotte Sports Park">Ranger Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_Stadium" title="Surprise Stadium">Surprise Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">Culture and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_League" title="Continental League">Continental League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_mascots#Rangers_Captain_(Texas_Rangers)" title="List of Major League Baseball mascots">Captain (mascot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Cent_Beer_Night" title="Ten Cent Beer Night">Ten Cent Beer Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers%27_perfect_game" title="Kenny Rogers' perfect game">Kenny Rogers' perfect game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Freese%27s_2011_World_Series_home_run" class="mw-redirect" title="David Freese's 2011 World Series home run">Game 6 of the 2011 World Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_American_League_Wild_Card_Game" title="2012 American League Wild Card Game">2012 AL Wild Card Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_American_League_Wild_Card_tie-breaker_game" title="2013 American League Wild Card tie-breaker game">2013 AL Wild Card tie-breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_American_League_Division_Series" title="2015 American League Division Series">2015 ALDS Game 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat_flip" title="Bat flip">José Bautista's bat flip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Farm_College_Baseball_Showdown" title="State Farm College Baseball Showdown">State Farm College Baseball Showdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_(Creed_song)" title="Higher (Creed song)">"Higher" (Creed song)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">Rivalries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_Series" title="Lone Star Series">Houston Astros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels%E2%80%93Rangers_rivalry" title="Angels–Rangers rivalry">Los Angeles Angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">Key personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Owners: <a href="/wiki/Ray_Davis_(businessman)" title="Ray Davis (businessman)">Ray Davis</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bob_R._Simpson" title="Bob R. Simpson">Bob R. Simpson</a></li> <li>Executive Vice President/General Manager: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Young_(pitcher)" title="Chris Young (pitcher)">Chris Young</a></li> <li>Manager: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bochy" title="Bruce Bochy">Bruce Bochy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">World Series Championships (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_World_Series" title="2023 World Series">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">American League championships (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_American_League_Championship_Series" title="2010 American League Championship Series">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_American_League_Championship_Series" title="2011 American League Championship Series">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_American_League_Championship_Series" title="2023 American League Championship Series">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">American League West Division titles (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1996 Texas Rangers season">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1998 Texas Rangers season">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1999 Texas Rangers season">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2010 Texas Rangers season">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2011 Texas Rangers season">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2015 Texas Rangers season">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2016 Texas Rangers season">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">Wild card berths (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2012 Texas Rangers season">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2023 Texas Rangers season">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_(baseball)_broadcasters" title="List of Texas Rangers (baseball) broadcasters">Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bally_Sports_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bally Sports Southwest">Bally Sports Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRLD-FM" title="KRLD-FM">KRLD-FM</a> (English)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRLD_(AM)" title="KRLD (AM)">KRLD-AM</a> (Alternate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFLC" title="KFLC">KFLC</a> (Spanish)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_minor_league_affiliates" title="List of Texas Rangers minor league affiliates">Minor league affiliates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Triple-A: <a href="/wiki/Round_Rock_Express" title="Round Rock Express">Round Rock Express</a></li> <li>Double-A: <a href="/wiki/Frisco_RoughRiders" title="Frisco RoughRiders">Frisco RoughRiders</a></li> <li>High-A: <a href="/wiki/Hub_City_Spartanburgers" title="Hub City Spartanburgers">Hub City Spartanburgers</a></li> <li>Single-A: <a href="/wiki/Hickory_Crawdads" title="Hickory Crawdads">Hickory Crawdads</a></li> <li>Rookie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Complex_League_Rangers" title="Arizona Complex League Rangers">ACL Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Summer_League_Rangers" title="Dominican Summer League Rangers">DSL Rangers Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Summer_League_Rangers" title="Dominican Summer League Rangers">DSL Rangers Red</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;background-color: #003278 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C0111F, inset -2px -2px 0 #C0111F; !important;;"><div id="Seasons_(65)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seasons (65)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1960 · <a href="/wiki/1961_Washington_Senators_season" title="1961 Washington Senators season">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Washington_Senators_season" title="1962 Washington Senators season">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Washington_Senators_season" title="1963 Washington Senators season">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Washington_Senators_season" title="1964 Washington Senators season">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Washington_Senators_season" title="1965 Washington Senators season">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Washington_Senators_season" title="1966 Washington Senators season">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Washington_Senators_season" title="1967 Washington Senators season">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Washington_Senators_season" title="1968 Washington Senators season">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Washington_Senators_season" title="1969 Washington Senators season">1969</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_Washington_Senators_season" title="1970 Washington Senators season">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Washington_Senators_season" title="1971 Washington Senators season">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1972 Texas Rangers season">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1973 Texas Rangers season">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1974 Texas Rangers season">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1975 Texas Rangers season">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1976 Texas Rangers season">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1977 Texas Rangers season">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1978 Texas Rangers season">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1979 Texas Rangers season">1979</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1980 Texas Rangers season">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1981 Texas Rangers season">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1982 Texas Rangers season">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1983 Texas Rangers season">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1984 Texas Rangers season">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1985 Texas Rangers season">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1986 Texas Rangers season">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1987 Texas Rangers season">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1988 Texas Rangers season">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1989 Texas Rangers season">1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1990 Texas Rangers season">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1991 Texas Rangers season">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1992 Texas Rangers season">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1993 Texas Rangers season">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1994 Texas Rangers season">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1995 Texas Rangers season">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1996 Texas Rangers season">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1997 Texas Rangers season">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1998 Texas Rangers season">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Texas_Rangers_season" title="1999 Texas Rangers season">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2000 Texas Rangers season">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2001 Texas Rangers season">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2002 Texas Rangers season">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2003 Texas Rangers season">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2004 Texas Rangers season">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2005 Texas Rangers season">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2006 Texas Rangers season">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2007 Texas Rangers season">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2008 Texas Rangers season">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2009 Texas Rangers season">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2010 Texas Rangers season">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2011 Texas Rangers season">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2012 Texas Rangers season">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2013 Texas Rangers season">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2014 Texas Rangers season">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2015 Texas Rangers season">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2016 Texas Rangers season">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2017 Texas Rangers season">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2018 Texas Rangers season">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2019 Texas Rangers season">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #003278, inset -2px -2px 0 #003278; !important;;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2020 Texas Rangers season">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2021 Texas Rangers season">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2022 Texas Rangers season">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2023 Texas Rangers season">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2024 Texas Rangers season">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2025 Texas Rangers season">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Texas" title="Template:Governors of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Governors of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Pinckney_Henderson" title="J. Pinckney Henderson">J. P. Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyler_Wood" title="George Tyler Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hansborough_Bell" title="Peter Hansborough Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Henderson" title="James W. Henderson">J. W. Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_M._Pease" title="Elisha M. Pease">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_Richard_Runnels" title="Hardin Richard Runnels">Runnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_(governor)" title="Edward Clark (governor)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lubbock" title="Francis Lubbock">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Murrah" title="Pendleton Murrah">Murrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Hamilton" title="Andrew Jackson Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Throckmorton" title="James W. Throckmorton">Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_M._Pease" title="Elisha M. Pease">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._Davis" title="Edmund J. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coke" title="Richard Coke">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Hubbard" title="Richard B. Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran_Milo_Roberts" title="Oran Milo Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(politician)" title="John Ireland (politician)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Sullivan_Ross" title="Lawrence Sullivan Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hogg" title="Jim Hogg">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Sayers" title="Joseph D. Sayers">Sayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._W._T._Lanham" title="S. W. T. Lanham">Lanham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mitchell_Campbell" title="Thomas Mitchell Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Branch_Colquitt" title="Oscar Branch Colquitt">Colquitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Ferguson" title="James E. Ferguson">J. Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby" title="William P. Hobby">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Morris_Neff" title="Pat Morris Neff">Neff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson" title="Miriam A. Ferguson">M. Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Moody" title="Dan Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_S._Sterling" title="Ross S. Sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson" title="Miriam A. Ferguson">M. Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burr_V_Allred" class="mw-redirect" title="James Burr V Allred">Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel" title="W. Lee O'Daniel">O'Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_R._Stevenson" title="Coke R. Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauford_H._Jester" title="Beauford H. Jester">Jester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Shivers" title="Allan Shivers">Shivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel" title="Price Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)" title="Preston Smith (governor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolph_Briscoe" title="Dolph Briscoe">Briscoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_White_(Texas_politician)" title="Mark White (Texas politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.5em;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="528" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg/60px-Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg/90px-Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg/120px-Seal_of_Lt._Governor_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="505" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Clinton_Horton" title="Albert Clinton Horton">Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Greer" title="John Alexander Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Henderson" title="James W. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Catchings_Dickson" title="David Catchings Dickson">Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_Richard_Runnels" title="Hardin Richard Runnels">Runnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lubbock" title="Francis Lubbock">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_(governor)" title="Edward Clark (governor)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McClannahan_Crockett" title="John McClannahan Crockett">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Stockdale" title="Fletcher Stockdale">Stockdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Texas_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Texas politician)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Flanagan" title="J. W. Flanagan">J. W. Flanagan</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Campbell_(Texas_politician)" title="Donald Campbell (Texas politician)">Campbell</a> (ex officio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Flanagan" title="Webster Flanagan">W. Flanagan</a> (ex officio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jennings_Fountain" title="Albert Jennings Fountain">Fountain</a> (ex officio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bradford_Pickett" title="Edward Bradford Pickett">Pickett</a> (ex officio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Hubbard" title="Richard B. Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Sayers" title="Joseph D. Sayers">Sayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Jefferson_Storey" title="Leonidas Jefferson Storey">Storey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion_Martin" title="Francis Marion Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_Gibbs" title="Barnett Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Benton_Wheeler" title="Thomas Benton Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pendleton" title="George C. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McNulty_Crane" title="Martin McNulty Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_Jester" title="George Taylor Jester">Jester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Browning_(Texas_politician)" title="James Browning (Texas politician)">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Neal" title="George D. Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbury_Bascom_Davidson" title="Asbury Bascom Davidson">A. B. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harding_Mayes" title="William Harding Mayes">Mayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby" title="William P. Hobby">Hobby Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Arnold_Johnson" title="Willard Arnold Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Davidson" title="Lynch Davidson">L. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whitfield_Davidson" title="Thomas Whitfield Davidson">T. W. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Miller_(politician)" title="Barry Miller (politician)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_E._Witt" title="Edgar E. Witt">Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frank_Woodul" title="Walter Frank Woodul">Woodul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_R._Stevenson" title="Coke R. Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Smith" title="John Lee Smith">J. L. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Shivers" title="Allan Shivers">Shivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Ramsey_(politician)" title="Ben Ramsey (politician)">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)" title="Preston Smith (governor)">P. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Barnes_(Texas_politician)" title="Ben Barnes (Texas politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Jr." title="William P. Hobby Jr.">Hobby Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bullock" title="Bob Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ratliff" title="Bill Ratliff">Ratliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dewhurst" title="David Dewhurst">Dewhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Patrick_(politician)" title="Dan Patrick (politician)">Patrick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_H._W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template talk:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_H._W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">41st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (1976–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">UN Ambassador</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">TX–7</a> (1967–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1989)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1989)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1990)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1990)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1991)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1991)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)#January_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">January 1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_(1989–1993)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Madrid Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)#The_Gulf_War_and_Bush's_formulation" title="New world order (politics)">New world order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement#Negotiation_and_U.S._ratification" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">Vomiting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_broccoli_comments" title="George H. W. Bush broccoli comments">Broccoli comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_horseshoe_pit" title="White House horseshoe pit">White House horseshoe pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26O_desk" title="C&O desk">Oval Office desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush#Administration" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government and Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_George_H._W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="1989 George H. W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1990 State of the Union Address">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1991 State of the Union Address">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1970 United States Senate election in Texas">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#1980_presidential_election" title="George H. W. Bush">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">"a thousand points of light"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"Read my lips: no new taxes"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Clinton transition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#Public_image" title="George H. W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of George H. W. Bush">Saturday Night Live parodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a> (2010 short film)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear" title="The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear">The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_It_Takes:_The_Way_to_the_White_House" title="What It Takes: The Way to the White House">What It Takes: The Way to the White House</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush:_The_Life_of_a_Lone_Star_Yankee" title="George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee">George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_(film)" title="George H.W. Bush (film)">George H.W. Bush</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_for_Democracy" title="Bad for Democracy">Bad for Democracy</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a> (2014 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_and_Power" title="Destiny and Power">Destiny and Power</a> (2015 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)">All the Best</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials,_honors,_and_awards_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials, honors, and awards of George H. W. Bush">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Reagan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a> (son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Pauline Robinson Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Bush Coyne</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Bush">Pierce Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Walker Bush">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William H. T. Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel P. Bush</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Bush</a> (great-great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millie_(dog)" title="Millie (dog)">Millie</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sully_(dog)" title="Sully (dog)">Sully (service dog)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">← Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">← Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:George H. W. Bush">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template talk:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2005–2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a> (2001–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">John W. Snow</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Dirk Kempthorne</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Schafer" title="Ed Schafer">Ed Schafer</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Donald Evans</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Mel Martínez</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a> (2004–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Preston" title="Steve Preston">Steve Preston</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary E. Peters</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Rod Paige</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Margaret Spellings</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Principi" title="Anthony Principi">Anthony Principi</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Jim Nicholson</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peake" title="James Peake">James Peake</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Johnson_(politician,_born_1951)" title="Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)">Stephen L. Johnson</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Susan Schwab</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Walters" title="John P. Walters">John P. Walters</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_owners_of_the_Texas_Rangers_franchise" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #003278 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C0111F, inset -2px -2px 0 #C0111F; !important;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas_Rangers_owners" title="Template:Texas Rangers owners"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FFFFFF !important">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_Rangers_owners" title="Template talk:Texas Rangers owners"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FFFFFF !important">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_Rangers_owners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas Rangers owners"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FFFFFF !important">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_owners_of_the_Texas_Rangers_franchise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Rangers_owners_and_executives" title="List of Texas Rangers owners and executives">Principal owners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> franchise</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important;">Washington Senators (<a href="/wiki/1961_in_baseball" title="1961 in baseball">1961</a>–<a href="/wiki/1971_in_baseball" title="1971 in baseball">1971</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elwood_Richard_Quesada" title="Elwood Richard Quesada">Elwood Richard Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Johnston_(baseball_owner)" title="James Johnston (baseball owner)">James Johnston</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Lemon" title="James Lemon">James Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lemon" title="James Lemon">James Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Short" title="Bob Short">Bob Short</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #C0111F !important; color: #FFFFFF !important;">Texas Rangers (<a href="/wiki/1972_in_baseball" title="1972 in baseball">1972</a>–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Short" title="Bob Short">Bob Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Corbett" title="Brad Corbett">Brad Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Chiles" title="Eddie Chiles">Eddie Chiles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hicks" title="Tom Hicks">Tom Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Greenberg_(businessman)" title="Chuck Greenberg (businessman)">Chuck Greenberg</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Ryan" title="Nolan Ryan">Nolan Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Ryan" title="Nolan Ryan">Nolan Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Davis_(businessman)" title="Ray Davis (businessman)">Ray Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_R._Simpson" title="Bob R. Simpson">Bob R. Simpson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Order_of_precedence_in_the_United_States*" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Order_of_Precedence" title="Template:US Order of Precedence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Order_of_Precedence" title="Template talk:US Order of Precedence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Order_of_Precedence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Order of Precedence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Order_of_precedence_in_the_United_States*" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence in the United States</a>*</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">Governor (of the state in which the event is held)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li> <li>Former President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li>Former President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li> <li>Former President <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a></li> <li>Former President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li>Former President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li> <li>Former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></li> <li>Former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li>Former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></li> <li>Former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States" title="Ambassadors of the United States">Ambassadors of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li>Retired Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a></li> <li>Retired Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a></li> <li>Retired Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a></li> <li>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">Senate President pro tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></li> <li>Members of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">Governors of the States (by order of statehood)</a></li> <li>Members of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*not including acting officeholders, visiting dignitaries, auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by state and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1996)_2000_United_States_presidential_election_(2004_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2000 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2000 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2000 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1996)_2000_United_States_presidential_election_(2004_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">← 1996</a>) <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">General election results</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida results</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_George_W._Bush" title="Political positions of George W. Bush">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Bauer" title="Gary Bauer">Gary Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Pat Buchanan 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Herman_Cain" title="Political positions of Herman Cain">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes">Steve Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Orrin Hatch 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich_2000_presidential_campaign" title="John Kasich 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Kasich" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of John Kasich">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2000_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_McCain" title="Political positions of John McCain">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Dan Quayle 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician)">Bob Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Lieberman" title="Political positions of Joe Lieberman">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Bradley 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></li> <li>VP nominee: Curtis Frazier</li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Titus" title="Herbert Titus">Herb Titus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Green_National_Convention" title="2000 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Jello_Biafra" title="Jello Biafra">Jello Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gaskin" title="Stephen Gaskin">Stephen Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kovel" title="Joel Kovel">Joel Kovel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2000 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Harry Browne 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Art_Olivier" title="Art Olivier">Art Olivier</a></li> <li>Other candidates:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Reform Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Pat Buchanan 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ezola_Foster" title="Ezola Foster">Ezola B. Foster</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 NavajoWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Nat_Goldhaber" title="Nat Goldhaber">Nat Goldhaber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dean_Watkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Watkins">W. Dean Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cal_Hollis" title="Mary Cal Hollis">Mary Cal Hollis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trowe" title="Margaret Trowe">Margaret Trowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Gordon_Brown" title="Cathy Gordon Brown">Cathy Gordon Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Collins_(politician)" title="Charles E. Collins (politician)">Charles E. Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Florida_election_recount_and_legal_proceedings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">Florida election recount and legal proceedings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Katherine Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Boies" title="David Boies">David Boies</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Theodore Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whouley" title="Michael Whouley">Michael Whouley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ginsberg_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Ginsberg (lawyer)">Benjamin Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Butterworth" title="Bob Butterworth">Bob Butterworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Allbaugh" title="Joe Allbaugh">Joe Allbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Stipanovich" title="Mac Stipanovich">Mac Stipanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Waters" title="Craig Waters">Craig Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_LePore" title="Theresa LePore">Theresa LePore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Roberts_(politician)" title="Carol Roberts (politician)">Carol Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Election day</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Central_Voter_File" title="Florida Central Voter File">Florida Central Voter File</a> (scrub list)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volusia_error" title="Volusia error">Volusia error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_(paper)" title="Chad (paper)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot#Design" title="Ballot">Butterfly ballot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath and legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_election_recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida election recount">Florida election recount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Brothers_riot" title="Brooks Brothers riot">Brooks Brothers riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board_v._Harris_(Harris_I)" title="Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)">Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Gore v. Harris (Harris II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board" title="Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board">Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recount_(film)" title="Recount (film)">Recount</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Family_Fortunes:_The_Best_Democracy_Money_Can_Buy" title="Bush Family Fortunes: The Best Democracy Money Can Buy">Bush Family Fortunes</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unprecedented:_The_2000_Presidential_Election" title="Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election">Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_elections,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States elections, 2000">Other 2000 elections</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2000 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2000 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2000 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2000)_2004_United_States_presidential_election_(2008_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2004 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2004 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2004 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2000)_2004_United_States_presidential_election_(2008_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">← 2000</a>) <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candidates_in_the_2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="List of candidates in the 2004 United States presidential election">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2004 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_primary" title="Potomac primary">Potomac primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Tuesday" title="Mini-Tuesday">Mini-Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_George_W._Bush" title="Political positions of George W. Bush">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/John_Buchanan_(American_politician)" title="John Buchanan (American politician)">John Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Laughlin" title="Tom Laughlin">Tom Laughlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Wesley Clark 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Howard Dean 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Edwards 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Edwards" title="Political positions of John Edwards">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Dick Gephardt 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Graham 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Killeen" title="Caroline Killeen">Caroline Killeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Dennis Kucinich 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Lieberman 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Lieberman" title="Political positions of Joe Lieberman">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Al Sharpton 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_election_voting_controversies" title="2004 United States election voting controversies">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moss_v._Bush" title="Moss v. Bush">Moss v. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_election_conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 United States election conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_military_service_controversy" title="John Kerry military service controversy">Kerry military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Bush military service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 2004">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peroutka" title="Michael Peroutka">Michael Peroutka</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Green_National_Convention" title="2004 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_(activist)" title="David Cobb (activist)">David Cobb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_2004_presidential_campaign" title="David Cobb 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Pat_LaMarche" title="Pat LaMarche">Pat LaMarche</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Bilyeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheila Bilyeu">Sheila Bilyeu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Peter Camejo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Glover_(activist)" title="Paul Glover (activist)">Paul Glover</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kent_Mesplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent Mesplay">Kent Mesplay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Salzman" title="Lorna Salzman">Lorna Salzman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2004 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Badnarik" title="Michael Badnarik">Michael Badnarik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Badnarik_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Badnarik 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Campagna" title="Richard Campagna">Richard Campagna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Nolan_(radio_host)" title="Gary Nolan (radio host)">Gary Nolan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Russo" title="Aaron Russo">Aaron Russo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FBEC5D;"><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jay" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Jay">Charles Jay</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Chambers" title="Marilyn Chambers">Marilyn Chambers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Amondson" title="Gene Amondson">Gene Amondson</a></dd> <dt>Alternate nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walt_Brown_(politician)" title="Walt Brown (politician)">Walt Brown</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Alice_Herbert" title="Mary Alice Herbert">Mary Alice Herbert</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chester" title="Eric Chester">Eric Chester</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a></dd> <dt>Alternate nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arrin_Hawkins" title="Arrin Hawkins">Arrin Hawkins</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd>John Parker</dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd>Teresa Gutierrez</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harens" title="Thomas Harens">Thomas Harens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Laughlin" title="Tom Laughlin">Tom Laughlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peltier" title="Leonard Peltier">Leonard Peltier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_United_States_elections" title="Template:2004 United States elections">Other 2004 elections</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2004 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2004 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2004 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Titles <a href="/wiki/Title_I_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title I of the Patriot Act">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_II_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title II of the Patriot Act">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_III_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title III of the Patriot Act">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IV_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IV of the Patriot Act">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_V_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title V of the Patriot Act">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VI of the Patriot Act">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VII of the Patriot Act">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VIII of the Patriot Act">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IX_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IX of the Patriot Act">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_X_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title X of the Patriot Act">X</a> · <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/8px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/12px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/16px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="798" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:2000s" title="Portal:2000s">2000s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baseball.svg/19px-Baseball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baseball.svg/29px-Baseball.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baseball.svg/38px-Baseball.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="520" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Baseball" title="Portal:Baseball">Baseball</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" 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authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012102267X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71559485">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4780159248578904870003">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/363849/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCH4j9BVg3v63tgYbrv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/12145391X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95049848">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135678148">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135678148">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00826244">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV809950">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49867118">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20010084899&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1601283">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1266452">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p220363684">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4025353">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/06564917-bdd2-4fb6-bcdc-be9e0c04f7ac">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1506933">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd12145391X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/12145391X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/052602087">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10575180">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hz22q4">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gf0rfk">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush&oldid=1258476348">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush&oldid=1258476348</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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