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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_breathing_gas_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Autonomous breathing gas supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_breathing_gas_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebreathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebreathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Rebreathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebreathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_circuit_escape_breathing_apparatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_circuit_escape_breathing_apparatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Open circuit escape breathing apparatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_circuit_escape_breathing_apparatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous-flow_Escape-SCBA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous-flow_Escape-SCBA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Continuous-flow Escape-SCBA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous-flow_Escape-SCBA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_set&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Self contained breathing apparatus providing gas to escape from a hazardous environment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Escape+breathing+apparatus%22">"Escape breathing apparatus"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Escape+breathing+apparatus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Escape+breathing+apparatus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Escape+breathing+apparatus%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Escape+breathing+apparatus%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Escape+breathing+apparatus%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlenowy_aparat_ucieczkowy_Au-2,_Faser_14.05.2011_p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tlenowy_aparat_ucieczkowy_Au-2%2C_Faser_14.05.2011_p.jpg/220px-Tlenowy_aparat_ucieczkowy_Au-2%2C_Faser_14.05.2011_p.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tlenowy_aparat_ucieczkowy_Au-2%2C_Faser_14.05.2011_p.jpg/330px-Tlenowy_aparat_ucieczkowy_Au-2%2C_Faser_14.05.2011_p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tlenowy_aparat_ucieczkowy_Au-2%2C_Faser_14.05.2011_p.jpg/440px-Tlenowy_aparat_ucieczkowy_Au-2%2C_Faser_14.05.2011_p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> Au-2 escape respirator</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Escape breathing apparatus</b>, also called <b>escape respirators</b>, <b>escape sets</b>, <b>self-rescuer masks</b>, <b>emergency life saving apparatus</b> (<b>ELSA</b>), <b>emergency escape breathing devices</b> (<b>EEBD</b>), and <b>Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED),</b><sup id="cite_ref-safetygas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safetygas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are portable <a href="/wiki/Breathing_apparatus" title="Breathing apparatus">breathing apparatus</a> that provide the wearer with <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory protection">respiratory protection</a> for a limited period, intended for escape from or through an environment where there is no breathable ambient atmosphere. This includes escape through water and in areas containing harmful gases or fumes or other atmospheres <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">immediately dangerous to life or health</a> (IDLH).<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escape breathing apparatus may be <a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">air-purifying</a> escape respirators or self-contained atmosphere-supplying escape respirators. They may use a <a href="/wiki/Breathing_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing hood">breathing hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facepiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Facepiece">facepiece</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(breathing_apparatus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouthpiece (breathing apparatus)">mouthpiece</a> and nose-clip as the <a href="/wiki/User_respiratory_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User respiratory interface">user respiratory interface</a>. Atmosphere-supplying apparatus may be <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreathers</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical oxygen supply">chemical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compressed_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressed gas">compressed gas</a> oxygen supply, positive pressure <a href="/wiki/Demand_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand valve">demand</a> apparatus, or constant flow apparatus using high pressure compressed air. Contamination of the breathing gas may be avoided by relying on a good seal around the user respiratory interface, or by a small positive pressure relative to the surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-safetygas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safetygas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Escape breathing apparatus are not generally intended to be used for anything other than escaping a dangerous environment.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i>escape-only respirator</i> is defined as "a respirator intended to be used only for emergency exit".<sup id="cite_ref-29_CFR_1910_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29_CFR_1910-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_030312-N-0068T-036_Fireman_Charles_Phillips_uses_an_Emergency_Escape_Breathing_Device_(EEBD)_as_he_climbs_up_the_emergence_escape_trunk_while_conducting_a_main_machinery_space_fire_drill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/US_Navy_030312-N-0068T-036_Fireman_Charles_Phillips_uses_an_Emergency_Escape_Breathing_Device_%28EEBD%29_as_he_climbs_up_the_emergence_escape_trunk_while_conducting_a_main_machinery_space_fire_drill.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/US_Navy_030312-N-0068T-036_Fireman_Charles_Phillips_uses_an_Emergency_Escape_Breathing_Device_%28EEBD%29_as_he_climbs_up_the_emergence_escape_trunk_while_conducting_a_main_machinery_space_fire_drill.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/US_Navy_030312-N-0068T-036_Fireman_Charles_Phillips_uses_an_Emergency_Escape_Breathing_Device_%28EEBD%29_as_he_climbs_up_the_emergence_escape_trunk_while_conducting_a_main_machinery_space_fire_drill.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>US Navy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_Escape_Breathing_Device&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emergency Escape Breathing Device (page does not exist)">Emergency Escape Breathing Device</a> (EEBD)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immersion_Suite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Immersion_Suite.JPG/220px-Immersion_Suite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Immersion_Suite.JPG/330px-Immersion_Suite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Immersion_Suite.JPG/440px-Immersion_Suite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Russian submarine-escape suit including an escape <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Escape breathing apparatus are a class of self contained atmosphere supplying or air purifying breathing apparatus for use in emergencies, intended to allow the user to pass through areas without a breathable atmosphere to a place of relative safety where the ambient air is safe to breathe. These are ambient pressure systems, and include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter escape set">Helicopter escape set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine escape set">Mine escape set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine escape set">Submarine escape set</a><span class="anchor" id="Submarine_escape_set"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_Tank_Escape_Apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus">Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_hood" title="Smoke hood">Smoke hood</a></li></ul> <p>Early escape sets were often <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreathers</a> and were typically used to escape from <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> that were unable to surface. Escape sets are also used ashore, in the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> industry, and by the military for escape from tanks. </p><p>The small open-circuit scuba <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a> has the similar purpose of providing breathing gas to escape from a ditched helicopter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Escape breathing apparatus have the function of allowing a person working in an environment that is normally safe, enough time to escape from respiratory hazards that may occur without sufficient warning to evacuate without respiratory protection. Therefore selection relies mainly on the time required to escape, and the probability of IDLH or oxygen deficiency, rather than assigned protection factors.<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSH_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calculation of the time likely to be needed for escape and the recommended escape route is the responsibility of the employer, and should take into account the reasonably foreseeable emergencies that might require escape. </p><p>An air purification type escape respirator includes a filter or absorbent cartridge suitable for the environment in which it is intended to be used. They are unsuitable for escape through potentially oxygen depleted environments. An escape respirator that provides autonomous gas will allow the user to escape most environments that require only respiratory protection. They are generally available with endurance ratings from 3 to 60 minutes. 10 and 15 minutes are common specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIOSH_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An escape respirator provides no chemical or environmental protection to the rest of the user's body, and the need for eye protection must be considered when choosing the user respiratory interface.<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSH_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_breathing_gas_supply">Autonomous breathing gas supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autonomous breathing gas supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These breathing apparatus carry a supply of breathing gas calculated to be sufficient for most users to escape within the specified time-frame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebreathers">Rebreathers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rebreathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">Rebreather</a></div> <p>Atmospheric air contains about 21% <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. In normal breathing the body uses about 4% and replaces it with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. A volume of air can be breathed several times before its oxygen content is exhausted, but carbon dioxide accumulates as the oxygen is used up, and causes discomfort and respiratory distress, so it must be removed from the breathing cycle. There is also a danger that when the oxygen level is too low, the user will lose consciousness due to hypoxia, and may asphyxiate, so oxygen must be provided to compensate for use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The absorbent used for non-regenerative carbon dioxide absorption is usually <a href="/wiki/Sodalime" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodalime">sodalime</a>, or a material based on sodalime, but in former times <a href="/wiki/Slaked_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaked lime">slaked lime</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a> was sometimes used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rebreathers using chemical oxygen generation can be small, light and easy to wear. They may use the <a href="/wiki/Pendulum_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendulum rebreather">pendulum</a> type breathing system, which has larger dead space than a one-way <a href="/wiki/Loop_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop rebreather">loop</a> architecture, but is simpler and cheaper to manufacture. Endurance is generally from 20 to 100 minutes Oxygen is produced by a chemical reaction between the carbon dioxide and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">potassium superoxide</a> absorbent, which both removes the carbon dioxide and supplies a slightly larger volume of oxygen to replace that which was used.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MRS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A basic unit may use a bite-grip mouthpiece and nose clip, or may include goggles or a hood if eye protection is necessary. Some units have a cartridge to inflate the bag when first used, but this is mainly to provide a bit more volume in the counterlung, which can reduce the feeling of insufficient gas at startup when the bag is nearly empty.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These sets can offer a relatively long endurance, and may be classed as working breathing apparatus as well, in which case they may be worn to carry out a task, unlike most escape sets which are for escape only. The endurance times are affected by exertion. Harder work increases oxygen usage and carbon dioxide production, both of which use up the chemicals in the scrubber. The gas delivered can be fairly hot and may be uncomfortable to breathe in a hot environment. The sets are usually made for one use only so activation for false alarms or misuse can be costly. Some users may have a gag reflex from the mouthpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MRS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potassium superoxide is violently reactive in contact with water, and could be dangerous for escape sets which may leak while immersed. </p><p>Oxygen rebreathers can also use less reactive scrubber absorbent which only removes carbon dioxide, but must then have an alternative supply of oxygen, usually compressed gas from a high pressure cylinder. </p><p>Submarine escape sets had a mouthpiece, so the user had to also wear a <a href="/wiki/Noseclip" title="Noseclip">noseclip</a> to prevent breathing water through the nose. The endurance of a submarine escape set was between 15 and 45 minutes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_circuit_escape_breathing_apparatus">Open circuit escape breathing apparatus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Open circuit escape breathing apparatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open circuit escape breathing apparatus may be demand supplied or constant flow.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_open_circuit_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure open circuit breathing apparatus">positive pressure open circuit breathing apparatus</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">full-face mask</a> provides the highest level of protection against a toxic environment, but is relatively complex, expensive, and requires greater competence to use efficiently. They provide breathing air from a high pressure cylinder carried by the user, supplied through a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_reducing_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure reducing regulator">pressure reducing regulator</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Demand_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand valve">demand valve</a>, to a mask which covers the whole face, and must fit correctly to prevent gas wastage via leaks. The air is provided at a pressure slightly above ambient to ensure that any leaks are outwards. Recharging is simple and inexpensive. Vision through the mask is usually quite good, and voice communication is usually acceptable. Endurance depends on cylinder size and working pressure, effectiveness of the face seal, and level of exertion and anxiety of the user. 10 to 15 minutes is typical, though more is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MRS_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There may be difficulties with sealing over facial hair, and wearing over eyeglasses. More skill is needed to safely and effectively use this type of breathing apparatus, mainly due to the need to fit the mask correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MRS_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constant flow open circuit breathing apparatus delivers compressed air from a storage cylinder at about 40 litres per minute, regardless of the activity of the user. This makes the endurance accurately predictable and dependent on the cylinder volume and charging pressure. Since they are commonly provided with a hood and seal on the neck, they are tolerant of facial hair and eyeglasses, but the large hood volume and soft plastic viewport do not provide very good vision, as it can wrinkle and crease, and it is possible to exercise hard enough to need more air than the regulator will provide. Voice communication is hindered by the soft hood fabric and the constant noise of the gas flowing into the hood.<sup id="cite_ref-ashsafety_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The air supply is typically from a 200 bar aluminium, steel or fibre-wound composite cylinder. A 2 litre cylinder will supply roughly 10 minutes endurance, and a 3 litre cylinder about 15 minutes at 35 to 37 litres per minute. A rubber neck seal helps provide a positive pressure within the hood. The total mass of a set, complete with sling carrying bag is typically in the order of 5 to 7 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous-flow_Escape-SCBA">Continuous-flow Escape-SCBA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Continuous-flow Escape-SCBA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus#Continuous-flow" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus § Continuous-flow</a></div> <p>A continuous-flow <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a> (SCBA), usually with hood, is a type of emergency escape breathing apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Certification">Certification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Escape respirators should be certified by a national authority analogous to the United States' <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) for use in the atmosphere types for which the respirator is intended.<sup id="cite_ref-29_CFR_1910_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29_CFR_1910-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some standards apply to the level of protection for the user, and others relate to the intrinsic safety of the equipment for use in flammable and potentially explosive atmospheres. Some standards are voluntary, going above the minimum requirements of a national authority such as NIOSH.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conformance with voluntary standards may be shown through third-party <a href="/wiki/Product_certification" title="Product certification">product certification</a> such as those issued by the <a href="/wiki/Safety_Equipment_Institute" title="Safety Equipment Institute">Safety Equipment Institute (SEI)</a>. </p><p>Depending on the industry in which they are used, escape respirators may have to comply with, or be approved in terms of, one or more of:<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ASTM E2952-23 — Standard Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NFPA 1981-19 — Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NFPA 1984-22 — Standard on Respirators for Wildland Fire-Fighting and Wildland Urban Interface Operations<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NFPA 1986-23 — Standard on Respiratory Protection Equipment for Tactical and Technical Operations<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NFPA 1987-23 — Standard on Combination Unit Respirator Systems for Tactical and Technical Operations<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EN 402:2003 — Respiratory protective devices - Lung governed demand Self-contained open-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus with full face mask or mouthpiece assembly for escape.<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ISO 23269-1:2008 — Ships and marine technology — Breathing apparatus for ships — Part 1: Emergency escape breathing devices (EEBD) for shipboard use.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSA_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ISO 23269-4:2011<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EN 1127-1:2011 — Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology</li> <li>EN1146:2005<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EN 13463-1:2009 — Non-electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres – Part 1: Basic method and requirements<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>IEC/TS 60079-32-1:2013 — Explosive atmospheres – Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance<sup id="cite_ref-MSA_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SOLAS Chapter II-2, the Marine Equipment Directive<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Pressure Equipment Directive.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Development of the first militarily useful <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> raised the question about rescue and escape if the submarine was unable to surface. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Henry Davis">Robert Henry Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Fleuss" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry A. Fleuss">Henry A. Fleuss</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a>, which was useful in the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> industry and under water. </p><p>One example is the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a>. Escape sets were also used ashore, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> industry, and for escape from tanks (<a href="/wiki/Amphibious_Tank_Escape_Apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus">Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus</a>). </p> <ul><li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a> started to make this breathing set in England; in the years afterwards it was improved, and later was called the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a>.</li> <li>1905: An important innovation: metering valves to control the supply of oxygen. This was promptly adopted by other companies which made escape sets.</li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Draegerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Draegerwerk">Draeger</a> of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> invented the <i>U-Boot-Retter</i> = "submarine rescuer".</li></ul> <dl><dd>Both systems were based on oxygen supply from a high-pressure cylinder with simultaneous absorption of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> by an inserted cartridge filled with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>1916: The Draeger model DM 2 became standard equipment of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">German Navy</a>.</li> <li>1926: Draeger displayed a rescue breathing apparatus that the wearer could swim with. While the previous devices served only for ascending to the surface and were designed also to develop buoyancy so that the wearer arrived at the surface without swimming movements, the diving set had weights, which also made it possible to <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">dive down</a> with it, to <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> after an accident.</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a> developed from the escape set a type of rebreather with its bag on his back and two <a href="/wiki/Breathing_tube_(in_breathing_apparatus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing tube (in breathing apparatus)">breathing tubes</a> but no backpack box. These sets appear much in his <a href="/wiki/Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie">movies</a> and books.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Escape sets are used in these films: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Boot" title="Das Boot">Das Boot</a></i> (Johann das Gespenst stops water from breaking in under a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haie_und_kleine_Fische&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haie und kleine Fische (page does not exist)">Haie und kleine Fische</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haie_und_kleine_Fische" class="extiw" title="de:Haie und kleine Fische">de</a>]</span></i> (controlled exit from a sunk submarine)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Enemy_Hands_(film)" title="In Enemy Hands (film)">In Enemy Hands</a></i> (To survive a prolonged submersion while under attack by a destroyer)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a> – Early submarine escape oxygen rebreather also used for shallow water diving.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_hood" title="Smoke hood">Smoke hood</a> – Device to protect the user from smoke inhalation in an emergency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a> – Whole-body exposure suit that allows submariners to escape from a sunken submarine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escape_breathing_apparatus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-safetygas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-safetygas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-safetygas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.safetygas.com/respiratory-protection/eebd">"Emergency escape breathing device EEBD"</a>. <i>en.safetygas.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727060914/https://en.safetygas.com/respiratory-protection/eebd">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.safetygas.com&rft.atitle=Emergency+escape+breathing+device+EEBD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.safetygas.com%2Frespiratory-protection%2Feebd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>ASTM E2952 Standard Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)</i> (2023 ed.). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International (published June 2023). May 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASTM+E2952+Standard+Specification+for+Air-Purifying+Respiratory+Protective+Smoke+Escape+Devices+%28RPED%29&rft.place=West+Conshohocken%2C+PA&rft.edition=2023&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=2023-05-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashsafety-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashsafety_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashsafety.com/tips/choosing-escape-sets.htm">"Choosing Escape Breathing Apparatus"</a>. <i>/www.ashsafety.com</i>. Ash Safety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817031509/https://www.ashsafety.com/tips/choosing-escape-sets.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%2Fwww.ashsafety.com&rft.atitle=Choosing+Escape+Breathing+Apparatus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashsafety.com%2Ftips%2Fchoosing-escape-sets.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29_CFR_1910-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-29_CFR_1910_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-29_CFR_1910_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.134">"29 CFR § 1910.134 - Respiratory protection"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200910151910/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.134">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=29+CFR+%C2%A7+1910.134+-+Respiratory+protection.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F29%2F1910.134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIOSH-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niosh.dnacih.com/nioshdbs/docs/2005-100/chapter4.html">"NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic 2004, Chapter IV. Escape Respirators"</a>. <i>NIOSH Publication No. 2005-100</i>. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818182358/http://niosh.dnacih.com/nioshdbs/docs/2005-100/chapter4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIOSH+Publication+No.+2005-100&rft.atitle=NIOSH+Respirator+Selection+Logic+2004%2C+Chapter+IV.+Escape+Respirators&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniosh.dnacih.com%2Fnioshdbs%2Fdocs%2F2005-100%2Fchapter4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MRS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MRS_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRS_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRS_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRS_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mrsl.co.uk/news/guide-escape-breathing-apparatus">"A Guide to Escape Breathing Apparatus"</a>. <i>www.mrsl.co.uk</i>. 27 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818182400/https://www.mrsl.co.uk/news/guide-escape-breathing-apparatus">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mrsl.co.uk&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Escape+Breathing+Apparatus&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrsl.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fguide-escape-breathing-apparatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draeger-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.draeger.com/Products/Content/saver-cf-pi-9045407-en_1.pdf">"Dräger Saver CF – Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus (EEBA)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.draeger.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.draeger.com&rft.atitle=Dr%C3%A4ger+Saver+CF+%E2%80%93+Emergency+Escape+Breathing+Apparatus+%28EEBA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.draeger.com%2FProducts%2FContent%2Fsaver-cf-pi-9045407-en_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollinger1987" class="citation book cs1">Bollinger, Nancy J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y64oZHP9zYC"><i>NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NIOSH+Guide+to+Industrial+Respiratory+Protection&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Bollinger&rft.aufirst=Nancy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Y64oZHP9zYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2020" class="citation web cs1">Roy, Derek (April 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2020/04/01/Selecting-SelfContained-Breathing-Apparatus-for-Industrial-Plants.aspx?Page=1">"Selecting Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus for Industrial Plants"</a>. <i>OH&S Occupational Health and Safety</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132554/https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2020/04/01/Selecting-SelfContained-Breathing-Apparatus-for-Industrial-Plants.aspx?Page=1">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OH%26S+Occupational+Health+and+Safety&rft.atitle=Selecting+Self-Contained+Breathing+Apparatus+for+Industrial+Plants&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohsonline.com%2FArticles%2F2020%2F04%2F01%2FSelecting-SelfContained-Breathing-Apparatus-for-Industrial-Plants.aspx%3FPage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gb.msasafety.com/breathingdevices-enews?locale=en">"Emergency Escape Breathing Devices use in OGP applications"</a>. <i>gb.msasafety.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925071829/https://gb.msasafety.com/breathingdevices-enews?locale=en">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gb.msasafety.com&rft.atitle=Emergency+Escape+Breathing+Devices+use+in+OGP+applications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgb.msasafety.com%2Fbreathingdevices-enews%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>NFPA 1981 Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services</i> (2019 ed.). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. September 3, 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-145592088-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-145592088-4"><bdi>978-145592088-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NFPA+1981+Standard+on+Open-Circuit+Self-Contained+Breathing+Apparatus+%28SCBA%29+for+Emergency+Services&rft.place=Quincy%2C+MA&rft.edition=2019&rft.pub=National+Fire+Protection+Association&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft.isbn=978-145592088-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>NFPA 1984 Standard on Respirators for Wildland Fire-Fighting and Wildland Urban Interface Operations</i> (2022 ed.). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. April 8, 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-145592810-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-145592810-1"><bdi>978-145592810-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NFPA+1984+Standard+on+Respirators+for+Wildland+Fire-Fighting+and+Wildland+Urban+Interface+Operations&rft.place=Quincy%2C+MA&rft.edition=2022&rft.pub=National+Fire+Protection+Association&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft.isbn=978-145592810-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>NFPA 1986 Standard on Respiratory Protection Equipment for Tactical and Technical Operations</i> (2023 ed.). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. April 24, 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-145592947-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-145592947-4"><bdi>978-145592947-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NFPA+1986+Standard+on+Respiratory+Protection+Equipment+for+Tactical+and+Technical+Operations&rft.place=Quincy%2C+MA&rft.edition=2023&rft.pub=National+Fire+Protection+Association&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft.isbn=978-145592947-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>NFPA 1987 Standard on Combination Unit Respirator Systems for Tactical and Technical Operations</i> (2023 ed.). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association. April 24, 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-145592946-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-145592946-7"><bdi>978-145592946-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NFPA+1987+Standard+on+Combination+Unit+Respirator+Systems+for+Tactical+and+Technical+Operations&rft.place=Quincy%2C+MA&rft.edition=2023&rft.pub=National+Fire+Protection+Association&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft.isbn=978-145592946-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEscape+breathing+apparatus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div 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apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Occupational_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Occupational breathing apparatus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Respirator"><a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulated by <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Table_of_TC/BM_Approval_Schedules" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH</a> and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">Gas mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask_canister" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas mask canister">Canister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplied-air_respirator" title="Supplied-air respirator">Supplied-air respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_self-rescue_device" title="Self-contained self-rescue device">Self-contained self-rescue device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">Particulate respirator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">Dust mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">Powered air-purifying respirator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cartridge" title="Chemical cartridge">Chemical cartridge</a></li> <li>Facepieces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_hood" title="Smoke hood">Smoke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">Elastomeric respirator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">42 CFR 84 (United States)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Chemical_cartridge_and_canister_classifications" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">ANSI K13.1-1973</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_respirator_standards" title="European respirator standards">EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Other_standards_(KN95_and_others)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">GB2626 (China), and others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Medical_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical breathing apparatus">Medical breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_CPAP" title="Bubble CPAP">Bubble CPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">Continuous positive airway pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitator" title="Resuscitator">Resuscitator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">Bag valve mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">Ventilator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_lung" title="Iron lung">Iron lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation" title="Non-invasive ventilation">Non-invasive ventilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_airway_pressure" title="Positive airway pressure">Positive airway pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_gas_humidification" title="Respiratory gas humidification">Respiratory gas humidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplemental oxygen">Supplemental oxygen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_cannula" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir cannula">Reservoir cannula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rebreather_mask" title="Non-rebreather mask">Non-rebreather mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen hood">Oxygen hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_tent" title="Oxygen tent">Oxygen tent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_rebreather_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial rebreather mask">Partial rebreather mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_face_mask" title="Simple face mask">Simple face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_mask" title="Venturi mask">Venturi mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit scuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter escape set">Helicopter escape set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine escape set">Submarine escape set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_extender" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas extender">Gas extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium reclaim system">Helium reclaim system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="User_respiratory_interface" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/User_respiratory_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User respiratory interface">User respiratory interface</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breathing mask <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_facepiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Full facepiece">Full facepiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">orinasal mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">Dead space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Escape breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facepiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Facepiece">Facepiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative pressure breathing">Negative pressure breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_circuit_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circuit breathing apparatus">Open circuit breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure breathing">Positive pressure breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_protective_equipment" title="Respiratory protective equipment">Respiratory protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_flow_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant flow regulator">Constant flow regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand valve">Demand valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">Rebreather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_circuit_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed circuit rebreather">Closed circuit rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterlung" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterlung">Counterlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen rebreather">Oxygen rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-closed_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-closed circuit">Semi-closed circuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape respirator">Escape respirator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breathing_apparatus" title="Category:Breathing apparatus">Category</a></b></li> 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