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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>化學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关化學子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-化學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-高分子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#高分子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>高分子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-高分子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病毒" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病毒"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>病毒</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病毒-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-壽命" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#壽命"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>壽命</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-壽命-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-演化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>演化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-別樣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#別樣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>別樣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-別樣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">生物</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。153种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153種閒話</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebewesen" title="Lebewesen – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lebewesen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="كائن حي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كائن حي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="كائن حي – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كائن حي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%89" title="كائن حى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كائن حى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1" title="জীৱ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_vivu" title="Ser vivu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ser vivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orqanizm" title="Orqanizm – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orqanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جانلی‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جانلی‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebewesn" title="Lebewesn – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lebewesn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uorgan%C4%97zmos" title="Uorganėzmos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uorganėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Арганізм – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арганізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Арганізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арганізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Организъм – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Организъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC" title="জীব – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam_(biologija)" title="Organizam (biologija) – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Organizam (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Махабад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Махабад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk" title="Sĕng-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%97" title="ᎬᏃᏗ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏃᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ئۆرگانیزم – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆرگانیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Organismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organeb_byw" title="Organeb byw – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Organeb byw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebewesen" title="Lebewesen – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lebewesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gani" title="Gani – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Οργανισμός (βιολογία) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οργανισμός (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_vivo" title="Ser vivo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ser vivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismu" title="Organismu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Organismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جاندار – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاندار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C3%B6" title="Eliö – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eliö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elolin%C3%B5" title="Elolinõ – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elolinõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme_(physiologie)" title="Organisme (physiologie) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisme (physiologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Organismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org%C3%A1nach" title="Orgánach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Orgánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism_(fizyoloji)" title="Organism (fizyoloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Organism (fizyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_vivo" title="Ser vivo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ser vivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Makhluk hidup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioag" title="Bioag – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bioag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Sâng-vu̍t – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אורגניזם – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורגניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="जीव – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu" title="Jiu – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jiu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam_(biologija)" title="Organizam (biologija) – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Organizam (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ganis" title="Òganis – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òganis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C5%91l%C3%A9ny" title="Élőlény – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élőlény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Օրգանիզմ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրգանիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makhluk hidup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADfvera" title="Lífvera – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lífvera" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo_vivente" title="Organismo vivente – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organismo vivente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaganizim" title="Aaganizim – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aaganizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jmive" title="jmive – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jmive" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ორგანიზმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორგანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuddir" title="Amuddir – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amuddir" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9%C5%A9mbe" title="Kĩũmbe – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kĩũmbe" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ағза – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99" title="សារពាង្គកាយ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សារពាង្គកាយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5" title="ಸಾವಯವ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾವಯವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="생물 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%C3%AEzm" title="Organîzm – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Organîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organedh" title="Organedh – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Organedh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Organismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liewewiesen" title="Liewewiesen – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liewewiesen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ສິ່ງມີຊີວິດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສິ່ງມີຊີວິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizmas" title="Organizmas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Organizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisms" title="Organisms – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Organisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavamananaina" title="Zavamananaina – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zavamananaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Организам – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Организам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="ജീവി – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="सजीव – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सजीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisma" title="Organisma – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Organisma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="သက်ရှိရုပ်စု – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်ရှိရုပ်စု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismus_(Biologie)" title="Organismus (Biologie) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Organismus (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्राणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme_vivent" title="Organisme vivent – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Organisme vivent" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micirjirtii" title="Micirjirtii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Micirjirtii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85" title="آرگنزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرگنزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ارګانېزم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارګانېزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsaq" title="Kawsaq – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiin%C8%9B%C3%A2" title="Hiințâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hiințâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Орґанізм – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Орґанізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urganismu" title="Urganismu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Urganismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ساهوارو – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ساهوارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eal%C3%A1n" title="Ealán – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ealán" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizam" title="Organizam – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Organizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ජීවීයා – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීවීයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C3%A1_bytos%C5%A5" title="Živá bytosť – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živá bytosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizem" title="Organizem – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Organizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizmi" title="Organizmi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Organizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Организам – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Организам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismeu" title="Organismeu – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Organismeu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Organism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiumbehai" title="Kiumbehai – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiumbehai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/mauzipay" title="mauzipay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="mauzipay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிரினம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="జీవి – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Андомгон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Андомгон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="สิ่งมีชีวิต – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งมีชีวิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canl%C4%B1" title="Canlı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Canlı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Организм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Організм – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Організм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="نامیہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نامیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Organizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Sinh vật – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Organisme" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogan" title="Nogan – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nogan" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Organismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-organism" title="I-organism – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-organism" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ორგანიზმი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორგანიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ארגאניזם – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארגאניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80m%C3%ADn" title="Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀mín – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀mín" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swnghvuz" title="Swnghvuz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swnghvuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8%E2%81%BF-mi%C4%81-th%C3%A9" title="Sèⁿ-miā-thé – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèⁿ-miā-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IziPhili" title="IziPhili – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IziPhili" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7239#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名字空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="望内容页[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="有关内容页面个讨论（页面弗存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">家生</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit" title="编辑该只页面个源码[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=history"><span>望历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="链到箇里个所有wiki页面个清单[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链进来点啥</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" rel="nofollow" title="箇页链出去个全部页箇阶段变化[k]" accesskey="k"><span>搭界个改动</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=wuu" title="上传文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特别页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&oldid=315245" title="箇页当前版本个老世链接"><span>老世链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&id=315245&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关哪亨引用箇页个信息"><span>引用箇篇文章</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwuu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%2589%25A9"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwuu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%2589%25A9"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9"><span>创建书本</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=show-download-screen"><span>作为PDF下载</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&printable=yes" title="箇页个打印版[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印版</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 别个项目里向 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Organisms" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7239" title="链接到有关数据存储库项[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自维基百科，自由个百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="wuu" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/220px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/330px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/440px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C" title="大肠杆菌">大腸桿菌</a>細胞提供仔一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>个例子。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg/175px-Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg/263px-Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg/350px-Fungi_in_Borneo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>多孔菌科个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%95%88%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蕈類（页面弗存在）">蕈類</a>与其<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宿主（页面弗存在）">宿主</a>有一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生">寄生</a>关系。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euglena_EPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Euglena_EPA.jpg/125px-Euglena_EPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Euglena_EPA.jpg/188px-Euglena_EPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Euglena_EPA.jpg/250px-Euglena_EPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%BC%E8%99%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="眼虫（页面弗存在）">眼虫</a>是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="单细胞生物">單細胞生物</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferns02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ferns02.jpg/125px-Ferns02.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ferns02.jpg/188px-Ferns02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ferns02.jpg/250px-Ferns02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>軟樹蕨</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/125px-Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/188px-Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/250px-Sympetrum_flaveolum_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2567" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9D%A6%E9%BB%83%E8%B5%A4%E8%9C%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蝦黃赤蜻（页面弗存在）">蝦黃赤蜻</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>生物</b>（英语：<span class="lang-en" lang="en"><b>Organism</b></span>，又称<b>有機體</b>）是指稱類<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>个<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="个体">個体</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="生物学">生物学</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a>裏向，地球上约有870万個<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种">物种</a>（±130万），其中650万种物种在陆地丄，220万种生活在水中<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>生物最重要搭基本个特征垃拉生物进行<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%88%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="新陈代谢">新陈代谢</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0" title="遗传">遺傳</a>兩點，前者說明所有生物一定会具备<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合成代谢（页面弗存在）">合成代谢</a>以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分解代谢（页面弗存在）">分解代谢</a>（箇是相反个两個生化過程），并且可以擔遺傳物質複製，透過自我分裂生殖或有性生殖，交由下一代<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>下去以避免滅絕脫，箇是類生命现象个基础。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E4%B8%AA%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命个起源（页面弗存在）">生命个起源</a>搭生命各個分支之间个关系一徑存在争议，古早个生命分類已經過時，近代古典生物學个分類又受到分子生物學个挑戰。一般而言，我伲擔生物分为两大类：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>。原核生物分为两個域：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="细菌">细菌</a>（Bacteria）搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a>（Archaea），昰两個域相互之间个关系并弗比佢拉搭真核生物个关系更加接近。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>史个研究丄，原核生物搭真核生物之间一徑缺乏联系。類似麻煩个還有病毒與內共生細菌等个分類，隨著現代生物化學个研究逐漸深入，出現了有像物理學中存在量子現象伊然，在特定微觀世界下出現交關傳統認知出現錯誤，導致以往常理畀顛覆脫个情況。 </p><p>真核生物个特徵是有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">細胞核</a>以及其他<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%9C%E7%8B%80%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膜狀細胞器（页面弗存在）">膜狀細胞器</a>（譬如動物搭植物體內个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>，以及植物及藻類中个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a>），一種假說是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>是由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内共生（页面弗存在）">内共生</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="细菌">细菌</a>（endosymbiotic bacteria）演化而来<sup id="cite_ref-cavaliersmith1987_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavaliersmith1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多细胞生物">多细胞生物</a>則指包含多於一個细胞个生物，在地質學丄直到五億年前纔出現大爆發。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="共同特征"><span id=".E5.85.B1.E5.90.8C.E7.89.B9.E5.BE.81"></span>共同特征</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：共同特征"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>代謝搭遺傳是最大兩點，但在複雜生命中需要更多屬性來定義，衹不過昰些属性并非普遍存在，详见下。譬如<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>就是相當特殊个生命表現形式。生物个共有属性主要有四個，一般我伲會包含： </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%B3%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="新陳代謝">新陳代謝</a>（化學物質个生成與分解）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成長（页面弗存在）">生長發育</a>（收集、儲存資源）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>（遺傳物質个傳遞，但交關生物个個体无法进行<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>——尽管佢拉所属个物种可以繁殖）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94" title="适应">適應</a>（外部物理环境变化弗至於影響體內个化學變化）</li></ol> <p>較弗明顯个有其他三個 </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%94%E6%BF%80%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="应激性（页面弗存在）">应激性</a>（但有排生物无法直接对刺激产生反应，像植物嘸沒神經）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="運動（页面弗存在）">運動</a>（交關生物无法独立移动）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="組織性（页面弗存在）">組織性</a>（生物間像雌雄个互動、護幼、共生、社會組織咾啥）</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化學"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8"></span>化學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：化學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>生物體是複雜个化學系統，其作用在維持生物體个生存及發展，以及繁衍後代。<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化學</a>主要研究生物體內个化學現象<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。整個生物體个現象可以決定生物是否可以適合其環境，也決定了其中<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA（页面弗存在）">DNA</a>內个基因是否可以繼續存續。 </p><p>生物體个代謝及其他交關內部機能儕搭化學反應有關，特別一排有關大型有機分子个化學。生物體是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="化学物质">化學物質</a>形成个複雜系統，藉由搭仔環境个互動，有各式各樣个角色。 </p><p>生物體是半封閉个化學系統，雖然生物體是生命个單位，但生物體搭環境弗是完全封閉。生物體會吸收及釋放能量，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="自养生物">自养生物</a>利用陽光或其他無機物質來產生可用个能量（一般會以有機物質个形式出現），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E7%87%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異營生物（页面弗存在）">異營生物</a>咾是利用環境中个有機物質中个能量。 </p><p>有機物質中主要个化學元素是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>，碳原子个特點是有交關強个親合力可以搭小原子鍵結，也可以搭其他个碳原子鍵結<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且因爲其體積小，可以同時搭多個原子鍵結，葛咾是有機生物體个基礎。碳可以形成三隻原子个簡單分子（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>），也可以形成有數千隻原子，可以儲存資料个長鏈（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="高分子"><span id=".E9.AB.98.E5.88.86.E5.AD.90"></span>高分子</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：高分子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>組成生物个分子可以分爲<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="高分子">高分子</a>（也称为生物大分子）及其他較小个分子。昰些高分子包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白質</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="糖">醣</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂質（页面弗存在）">脂質</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。核酸（特別是去氧核糖核酸，DNA）用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>个序列來儲存資訊。四種核苷酸（<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="腺嘌呤">腺嘌呤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="鸟嘌呤">鳥嘌呤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胸腺嘧啶">胸腺嘧啶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胞嘧啶">胞嘧啶</a>組成个特殊序列決定了生物體个交關特徵。核苷酸个序列可以拆成交關由三個核苷酸組成个<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遗传密码</a>，對應一種特殊个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BA%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胺基酸（页面弗存在）">胺基酸</a>。因此DNA个序列對應某一種特殊个蛋白質，而且由於其成份胺基酸个化學性質，蛋白質會依特殊个方式<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质折叠（页面弗存在）">折叠</a>，而且會執行一特定个機能。 </p><p>以下是已知蛋白質个機能： </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="酵素（页面弗存在）">酵素</a>，作爲代謝反應个催化劑。</li> <li>結構蛋白質，像<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微管蛋白（页面弗存在）">微管蛋白</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="胶原蛋白">膠原蛋白</a>。</li> <li>調節蛋白質，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轉錄因子（页面弗存在）">轉錄因子</a>或是調節細胞週期个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="週期素（页面弗存在）">週期素</a>。</li> <li>作爲信息分子或信息分子个受體，像某些<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="激素">激素</a>及其受體。</li> <li>防禦蛋白質，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="免疫系统">免疫系統</a>中个<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93" title="抗体">抗体</a>，或是毒素（譬如曼巴蛇素），或是包括像刀豆氨酸等特殊胺基酸个蛋白質。</li></ol> <p>雙層个<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="磷脂">磷脂</a>組成了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82%E9%9B%99%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磷脂雙分子層（页面弗存在）">磷脂雙分子層</a>，是細胞膜个主要結構，包覆在細胞个外頭，防止化學物質自由个進出細胞。由於磷脂雙分子層个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E6%80%A7%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="選擇性滲透（页面弗存在）">選擇性滲透</a>，衹有特定分子纔能通過細胞膜。在一些多細胞个生物中，昰個可以是儲存能量及在細胞間傳播資料个方法。相較於脂質及蛋白質，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="糖">醣</a>更容易分解，也更容易轉換爲能量，在所有生物體裏向，醣是最常使用个有機分子能量來源。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分类"><span id=".E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>分类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint" style="font-size:small">主文章：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E7%B8%BD%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物分類總表（页面弗存在）">生物分類總表</a></div></dd></dl> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso noprint">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" title="生物分类法">生物分类法</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a></div> <p>所有个生物可依<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分類學</a>，分類爲<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83" title="分类单元">分類單元</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="支序分类学">支序分類</a>。 </p><p>分類單元是生物<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分類階層（页面弗存在）">分類階層</a>中个一個群體，從最廣泛个<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="域 (生物)">域</a>到最細个<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种">物种</a>，其分類階層如下： </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="域 (生物)">域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="界 (生物)">界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="门 (生物)">门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="目 (生物)">目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="科 (生物)">科</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%9E_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="属 (生物)（页面弗存在）">属</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="种">种</a></li></ol> <p>譬如Homo sapiens是現代人類（<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="智人">智人</a>）个拉丁<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="二名法">二名法</a>學名，所有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B1%9E" title="人属">人屬</a>个生物理論上可以繁殖產生後代，不過若然弗同物种个生物，所生下个生物嘸沒繁殖能力。人屬个生物現在衹剩下人類，其他像<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="直立人">直立人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a>等人屬个生物已經在上千年前就絕種脫哉。最後，會依生物个基因及結構特徵，放在三個域中適合个界中（以此例，爲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="动物界">動物界</a>）。 </p><p>所有科學上已知个生物儕可依此系統分類，因此同一科个生物在基因上會比同一綱个生物更加接近。 </p><p>因爲病毒弗屬於生物，病毒个分類相當有挑戰性。最早病毒會依其宿主分類：動物病毒、植物病毒及<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93" title="噬菌体">噬菌體</a>，後來會依產生个疾病分類，譬如呼吸道病毒。現在病毒是依其核酸、衣壳个对称性及是否有包膜來分類。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="病毒"><span id=".E7.97.85.E6.AF.92"></span>病毒</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：病毒"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint" style="font-size:small">主文章：<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a></div></dd></dl> <p>病毒由於弗能独立进行<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%88%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="新陈代谢">新陈代谢</a>而通常弗畀认为是生物。然而，依据<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国法典（页面弗存在）">美国法典</a>（United States Code）个<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="生物武器">生物武器</a>搭非法使用相关内容中<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>畀归为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>范畴。由於交關<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生">寄生</a>动物搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内共生体（页面弗存在）">内共生体</a>（endosymbionts）也缺乏独立生存能力，所以病毒是否算作生物仍然存在争议。尽管病毒有<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>搭其他生物特有个分子，佢拉在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E4%B8%BB%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寄主细胞（页面弗存在）">寄主细胞</a>外却无法生存，并且病毒<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%99%88%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="新陈代谢">新陈代谢</a>个过程需要寄主遗传机制个参与。昰种<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生">寄生</a>现象个起源还弗清爽，但有可能产生於寄主。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="壽命"><span id=".E5.A3.BD.E5.91.BD"></span>壽命</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：壽命"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>寿命是生物个基本参数之一。有排生物衹能生存一天，有个生物譬如一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>能生存几千年。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%88%E5%A1%94%E6%B0%B4%E6%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燈塔水母（页面弗存在）">燈塔水母</a>是已知唯一一種目前嘸沒壽命限制个生物。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细胞衰老（页面弗存在）">细胞衰老</a>在决定生物体、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="细菌">细菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>甚至是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E6%AF%92%E4%BD%93" title="朊毒体">朊毒体</a>个寿命时交關重要。 </p><p>目前，科学界普遍认为存垃拉细胞染色体末端个一段特殊个<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA（页面弗存在）">DNA</a>序列——<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="端粒（页面弗存在）">端粒</a>与细胞个寿命有仔交關大个关系。通常情况下，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞">细胞</a>每分裂一趟，端粒就会变短一些。随著端粒逐渐缩短，最后造成功垃拉<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA（页面弗存在）">DNA</a>中间段个对<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞">细胞</a>生命活动有意义个<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA（页面弗存在）">DNA</a>序列个缺失。由於昰歇无法继续进行正常个生理活动，细胞便会进行一种由自身控制个程序性死亡——<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞凋亡">细胞凋亡</a>。 </p><p>此外，<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="肿瘤">肿瘤</a>细胞中个端粒结构通常嘸沒缩短，昰個也是<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="肿瘤">肿瘤</a>细胞能够进行无限制分裂个原因之一。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="演化"><span id=".E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：演化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso noprint">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然發生（页面弗存在）">自然發生</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共同起源（页面弗存在）">共同起源</a></div> <p>在生物學丄，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共同起源（页面弗存在）">共同起源</a>个理論提出地球丄所有个生物儕起源於一個共同个祖先或祖先个基因庫，可以在所有生物體之間共同个特徵找到共同个祖先个證據。在達爾文个時代，證據完全是基於共同个特性可見个形態相似，譬如所有个鳥有得翅膀。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="別樣"><span id=".E5.88.A5.E6.A8.A3"></span>別樣</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：別樣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物基本主题列表（页面弗存在）">生物基本主题列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="分类学">分类学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化论（页面弗存在）">演化论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="传说生物（页面弗存在）">传说生物</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129025648/http://chinese.eurekalert.org/zh/pub_releases/2011-08/aaft-hms081811.php">地球丄有幾許物种？870万种</a>". <i>eurekalert</i>. 2011年8月24日. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinese.eurekalert.org/zh/pub_releases/2011-08/aaft-hms081811.php">the original</a> on 2015-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-08-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E4%B8%84%E6%9C%89%E5%B9%BE%E8%A8%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%EF%BC%9F870%E4%B8%87%E7%A7%8D&rft.jtitle=eurekalert&rft.date=2011%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150129025648%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fchinese.eurekalert.org%2Fzh%2Fpub_releases%2F2011-08%2Faaft-hms081811.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cavaliersmith1987-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cavaliersmith1987_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T.Cavalier-Smith (1987) The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503, 17–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.books.com.tw/products/0010522765">世界第一簡單生物化學</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(zh)</span>. 博客來. 访问日脚2014-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218015950/http://class.ibucm.com/yjhx/1/right2.htm">碳原子个特性及有机化合物个特点　★★</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(zh)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://class.ibucm.com/yjhx/1/right2.htm">原始文档</a>勒2021-02-18存档. 访问日脚2014-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.nsysu.edu.tw/Bio/images/commen/biomacro98.pdf">生物大分子簡介</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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