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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidential candidate and party leader</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_candidate_and_party_leader-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidential candidate and party leader subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_candidate_and_party_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1896" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1896"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Presidential election of 1896</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1896-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Democratic nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>General election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_peace:_1898–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_peace:_1898–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War and peace: 1898–1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_peace:_1898–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Spanish–American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Presidential election of 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_presidential_campaigns,_1901–1907" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_presidential_campaigns,_1901–1907"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Between presidential campaigns, 1901–1907</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_presidential_campaigns,_1901–1907-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1908" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1908"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Presidential election of 1908</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1908-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilson_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilson_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wilson presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wilson_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wilson presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wilson_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1912_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1912_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1912 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1912_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Political involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusade_for_Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusade_for_Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Crusade for Prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusade_for_Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florida_real_estate_promoter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida_real_estate_promoter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Florida real estate promoter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida_real_estate_promoter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trustee_of_American_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trustee_of_American_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Trustee of American University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trustee_of_American_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-evolution_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-evolution_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Anti-evolution activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-evolution_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scopes_Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scopes_Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Scopes Trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scopes_Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation_and_political_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation_and_political_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historical reputation and political legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation_and_political_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Specialized studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_by_Bryan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_by_Bryan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Writings by Bryan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings_by_Bryan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Jennings Bryan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وليام جيننغز بريان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليام جيننغز بريان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ویلیام جنینقز برایان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام جنینقز برایان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Уільям Джэнінгс Браян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Джэнінгс Браян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Уилям Дженингс Брайън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Дженингс Брайън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ویلیام جنینگز برایان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام جنینگز برایان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8" title="윌리엄 제닝스 브라이언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 제닝스 브라이언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ուիլյամ Ջեննինգս Բրայան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Ջեննինգս Բրայան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%92%27%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="ויליאם ג'נינגס ברייאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם ג'נינגס ברייאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_D%C5%BEeningss_Braians" title="Viljams Dženingss Braians – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Dženingss Braians" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вилијам Џенингс Брајан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилијам Џенингс Брајан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وليام جيننجز بريان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وليام جيننجز بريان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="ウィリアム・ジェニングス・ブライアン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・ジェニングス・ブライアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bryan" title="William Bryan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Bryan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Брайан, Уильям Дженнингс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брайан, Уильям Дженнингс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%A3%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Вильям Җенниңс Браян – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вильям Җенниңс Браян" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William Jennings Bryan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Вільям Дженнінгс Браян – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Дженнінгс Браян" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="ولیم جینینگز برائن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولیم جینینگز برائن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%AF%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%B3%B4%E6%81%A9" title="威廉·詹寧斯·布賴恩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威廉·詹寧斯·布賴恩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%AE%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9" title="威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205282#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1860–1925)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_Dorn" title="William Jennings Bryan Dorn">William Jennings Bryan Dorn</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"William J. Bryan" redirects here. For the Senator from Florida, see <a href="/wiki/William_James_Bryan" title="William James Bryan">William James Bryan</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Jennings Bryan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Secretary_William_Jennings_Bryan_of_Nebraska,_1913.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Secretary_William_Jennings_Bryan_of_Nebraska%2C_1913.jpeg/220px-Portrait_of_Secretary_William_Jennings_Bryan_of_Nebraska%2C_1913.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Secretary_William_Jennings_Bryan_of_Nebraska%2C_1913.jpeg/330px-Portrait_of_Secretary_William_Jennings_Bryan_of_Nebraska%2C_1913.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Secretary_William_Jennings_Bryan_of_Nebraska%2C_1913.jpeg/440px-Portrait_of_Secretary_William_Jennings_Bryan_of_Nebraska%2C_1913.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3838" data-file-height="4848" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Bryan, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">41st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 5, 1913 – June 9, 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Nebraska01 !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Nebraska's 1st congressional district">1st</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1895</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_James_Connell" title="William James Connell">William James Connell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Burr_Strode" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Burr Strode">Jesse Burr Strode</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1860-03-19</span>)</span>March 19, 1860<br /><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Illinois" title="Salem, Illinois">Salem, Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 26, 1925<span style="display:none">(1925-07-26)</span> (aged 65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Tennessee" title="Dayton, Tennessee">Dayton, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baird_Bryan" title="Mary Baird Bryan">Mary Baird Bryan</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1884)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bryan_Owen" title="Ruth Bryan Owen">Ruth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Bryan" title="Silas Bryan">Silas Bryan</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles Bryan</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sherman_Jennings" title="William Sherman Jennings">William Sherman Jennings</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_College" title="Illinois College">Illinois College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Union College of Law</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Jennings_Bryan_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Jennings Bryan's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/William_Jennings_Bryan_Signature_2.svg/128px-William_Jennings_Bryan_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/William_Jennings_Bryan_Signature_2.svg/192px-William_Jennings_Bryan_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/William_Jennings_Bryan_Signature_2.svg/256px-William_Jennings_Bryan_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_Gold_speech_excerpt.mp3" title="File:Cross of Gold speech excerpt.mp3">William Jennings Bryan's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="582" data-mwtitle="Cross_of_Gold_speech_excerpt.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Cross_of_Gold_speech_excerpt.mp3/Cross_of_Gold_speech_excerpt.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Cross_of_Gold_speech_excerpt.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Reciting his <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_speech" title="Cross of Gold speech">Cross of Gold speech</a>. An original recording of the speech may exist. <br />Recorded 1921</div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military Service</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">April–December 1898</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd Nebraska Volunteer Infantry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Jennings Bryan</b> (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American lawyer, orator, and politician. He was a dominant force in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, running three times as the party's nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a> elections. He served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> from 1891 to 1895 and as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> under <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> from 1913 to 1915. Because of his faith in the wisdom of the common people, Bryan was often called "<b>the Great Commoner</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-UPI-obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because of his rhetorical power and early fame as the youngest presidential candidate, "<b>the Boy Orator</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, Bryan moved to <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> in the 1880s. He won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in the <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1890 United States House of Representatives elections">1890 elections</a>, served two terms, and made an unsuccessful run for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> in 1894. At the <a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 Democratic National Convention</a>, Bryan delivered his <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_speech" title="Cross of Gold speech">"Cross of Gold" speech</a> which attacked the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and the eastern moneyed interests and crusaded for inflationary policies built around <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">the expanded coinage of silver coins</a>. In a repudiation of incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> and his conservative <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Democrats">Bourbon Democrats</a>, the Democratic convention nominated Bryan for president, making Bryan the youngest major party presidential nominee in U.S. history. Subsequently, Bryan was also nominated for president by the left-wing <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a>, and many Populists would eventually follow Bryan into the Democratic Party. In the intensely-fought <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 presidential election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee, <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, emerged triumphant. At age 36, Bryan remains the youngest person in United States history to receive an electoral vote for president and cumulatively, the most electoral votes without ever being elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan gained fame as an orator, as he invented the national <a href="/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">stumping</a> tour when he reached an audience of 5 million people in 27 states in 1896, and continued to deliver well-attended lectures on the <a href="/wiki/Chautauqua" title="Chautauqua">Chautauqua</a> circuit well into the 20th century. </p><p>Bryan retained control of the Democratic Party and again won the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">presidential nomination in 1900</a>. After serving as a colonel in the 3rd Nebraska Infantry Regiment during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, Bryan became a fierce opponent of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>, and much of his campaign centered on that issue.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the election, McKinley again defeated Bryan and won several Western states that Bryan had won in 1896. Bryan's influence in the party weakened after the 1900 election, and the Democrats nominated the conservative <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904 presidential election</a>. Bryan regained his stature in the party after Parker's resounding defeat by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and voters from both parties increasingly embraced some of the progressive reforms that had long been championed by Bryan. Bryan won his party's nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908 presidential election</a>, but he was defeated by Roosevelt's chosen successor, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, Bryan is one of the two individuals who never won a presidential election despite receiving <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> in three separate presidential elections held after the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>. </p><p>After the Democrats won the presidency in the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 election</a>, Woodrow Wilson rewarded Bryan's support with the important cabinet position of Secretary of State. Bryan helped Wilson pass several progressive reforms through Congress. In 1915, he considered that Wilson was too harsh on <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and finally resigned after Wilson had sent Germany a note of protest with a veiled threat of war in response to the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">sinking</a> of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania"><i>Lusitania</i></a> by a German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a>. After leaving office, Bryan retained some of his influence within the Democratic Party, but he increasingly devoted himself to <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>, religious matters, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-evolution">anti-evolution</a> activism. He opposed <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> on religious and humanitarian grounds, most famously in the 1925 <a href="/wiki/Scopes_trial" title="Scopes trial">Scopes trial</a>, dying soon after. Bryan has elicited mixed reactions from various commentators but is acknowledged by historians as one of the most influential figures of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Jennings_Bryan_Boyhood_Home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Jennings_Bryan_Boyhood_Home.jpg/220px-William_Jennings_Bryan_Boyhood_Home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Jennings_Bryan_Boyhood_Home.jpg/330px-William_Jennings_Bryan_Boyhood_Home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Jennings_Bryan_Boyhood_Home.jpg/440px-William_Jennings_Bryan_Boyhood_Home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Bryan's birthplace in Salem, Illinois</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Baird_Bryan_cph.3a35947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mary_Baird_Bryan_cph.3a35947.jpg/220px-Mary_Baird_Bryan_cph.3a35947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mary_Baird_Bryan_cph.3a35947.jpg/330px-Mary_Baird_Bryan_cph.3a35947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mary_Baird_Bryan_cph.3a35947.jpg/440px-Mary_Baird_Bryan_cph.3a35947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Attorney Mary Baird Bryan, the wife of William Jennings Bryan</figcaption></figure> <p>William Jennings Bryan was born in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Illinois" title="Salem, Illinois">Salem, Illinois</a>, on March 19, 1860, to <a href="/wiki/Silas_Bryan" title="Silas Bryan">Silas Lillard Bryan</a> and Mariah Elizabeth (Jennings) Bryan.<sup id="cite_ref-nebraskahistory.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nebraskahistory.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silas Bryan had been born in 1822 and had established a legal practice in Salem in 1851. He married Mariah, a former student of his at <a href="/wiki/McKendree_University" title="McKendree University">McKendree College</a>, in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> ancestry,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silas Bryan was an avid <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian Democrat">Jacksonian Democrat</a> and an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, who would pass on his Democratic affiliation to his son, William.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silas Bryan won election as a state circuit judge and in 1866 moved his family to a 520-acre (210.4 ha) farm north of Salem. He lived in a ten-room house that was the envy of <a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Illinois" title="Marion County, Illinois">Marion County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silas served in various local positions and sought election to Congress in 1872, but was narrowly defeated by the Republican candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William's cousin, <a href="/wiki/William_Sherman_Jennings" title="William Sherman Jennings">William Sherman Jennings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FIU_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also a prominent Democrat. </p><p>William was the fourth child of Silas and Mariah, but all three of his older siblings died during infancy. He also had five younger siblings, four of whom lived to adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William was home-schooled by his mother until the age of ten. Demonstrating a precocious talent for oratory, he gave public speeches as early as the age of four.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silas was a <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptist</a> and Mariah was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">Methodist</a>, but William's parents allowed him to choose his own church. At age fourteen, he had a conversion experience at a revival. He said that it was the most important day of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 15, he was sent to attend Whipple Academy, a private school in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Illinois" title="Jacksonville, Illinois">Jacksonville, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Jennings_Bryan_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Jennings_Bryan_2.jpg/220px-William_Jennings_Bryan_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Jennings_Bryan_2.jpg/330px-William_Jennings_Bryan_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Jennings_Bryan_2.jpg/440px-William_Jennings_Bryan_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>A young Bryan</figcaption></figure> <p>After graduating from Whipple Academy, Bryan entered <a href="/wiki/Illinois_College" title="Illinois College">Illinois College</a>, which was also located in Jacksonville. During his time at Illinois College, Bryan served as chaplain of the <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Pi_literary_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma Pi literary society">Sigma Pi literary society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin910_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin910-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also continued to hone his public speaking skills, taking part in numerous debates and oratorical contests.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan graduated from Illinois College in 1881 at the top of his class.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin910_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin910-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879, while still in college, Bryan met <a href="/wiki/Mary_Baird_Bryan" title="Mary Baird Bryan">Mary Elizabeth Baird</a>, the daughter of an owner of a nearby <a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">general store</a>, and began courting her.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazin_2006,_pp._13–14_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazin_2006,_pp._13–14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan and Mary Elizabeth married on October 1, 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary Elizabeth would emerge as an important part of Bryan's career by managing his correspondence and helping him prepare speeches and articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazin_2006,_pp._13–14_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazin_2006,_pp._13–14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan then studied law in Chicago at Union Law College (now <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern University School of Law">Northwestern University School of Law</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While attending law school, Bryan worked for the attorney <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a>, a former senator and friend of Silas Bryan who would serve as an important political ally to the younger Bryan until his death in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan graduated from law school in 1883 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> and returned to Jacksonville to take a position with a local law firm. Frustrated by the lack of political and economic opportunities in Jacksonville, Bryan and his wife moved west to <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a> in 1887, the capital of the fast-growing state of Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Presidency of Benjamin Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Presidencies of Grover Cleveland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_service">Congressional service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Congressional service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bryan established a successful legal practice in Lincoln with partner Adolphus Talbot, a Republican whom Bryan had known in law school.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan also entered local politics by campaigning for Democrats like <a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Julius Sterling Morton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After earning notoriety for his effective speeches in 1888, Bryan ran for Congress in the <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1890 United States House of Representatives elections">1890 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan called for a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">tariff</a> rates, the coinage of silver at a ratio equal to that of gold and action to stem the power of <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>. In part because of a series of strong debate performances, Bryan defeated incumbent Republican <a href="/wiki/William_James_Connell" title="William James Connell">William James Connell</a>, who had campaigned on the orthodox Republican platform, centered around the <a href="/wiki/Protective_tariff" title="Protective tariff">protective tariff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan's victory made him only the second Democrat who ever represented Nebraska in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationwide, Democrats picked up 76 seats in the House and so obtained a majority in that chamber. The Populist Party, a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a> that drew support from agrarian voters in the West, also won several seats in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the help of Representative <a href="/wiki/William_McKendree_Springer" title="William McKendree Springer">William McKendree Springer</a>, Bryan secured a coveted spot on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a>. He quickly earned a reputation as a talented orator and set out to gain a strong understanding of the key economic issues of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, the Democratic Party had begun to separate into two groups. The conservative northern "<a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Democrats">Bourbon Democrats</a>", along with some allies in the South, sought to limit the size and power of the federal government. Another group of Democrats, drawing its membership largely from the agrarian movements of the South and West, favored greater federal intervention to help farmers, regulate railroads, and limit the power of large corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan became affiliated with the latter group and advocated for the free coinage of silver ("<a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a>") and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a> federal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">income tax</a>. That endeared him to many reformers, but Bryan's call for free silver cost him the support of Morton and some other conservative Nebraska Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free silver advocates were opposed by banks and bondholders who feared the effects of inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan sought re-election in 1892 with the support of many Populists and backed the Populist presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a> over the Democratic presidential candidate, Grover Cleveland. Bryan won re-election by just 140 votes, and Cleveland defeated Weaver and incumbent Republican President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892 presidential election</a>. Cleveland appointed a cabinet consisting largely of conservative Democrats like Morton, who became Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">secretary of agriculture</a>. Shortly after Cleveland had taken office, a series of bank closures brought on the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>, a major economic crisis. In response, Cleveland called a <a href="/wiki/Special_session" title="Special session">special session</a> of Congress to call for the repeal of the 1890 <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a>, which required the federal government to purchase several million ounces of silver every month. Bryan mounted a campaign to save the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, but a coalition of Republicans and Democrats successfully repealed it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan, however, was successful in passing an amendment that provided for the establishment of the first peacetime federal income tax.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin51_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin51-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the economy declined after 1893, the reforms favored by Bryan and the Populists became more popular among many voters. Rather than running for re-election in 1894, Bryan sought election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. He also became the editor-in-chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Omaha_World-Herald" title="Omaha World-Herald">Omaha World-Herald</a></i> although most editorial duties were performed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lee_Metcalfe" title="Richard Lee Metcalfe">Richard Lee Metcalfe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Gilbert Hitchcock</a>. Nationwide, the Republican Party won a huge victory in the <a href="/wiki/1894_United_States_elections" title="1894 United States elections">elections of 1894</a> by gaining over 120 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. In Nebraska, despite Bryan's popularity, the Republicans elected a majority of the state legislators, and Bryan lost the Senate election to Republican <a href="/wiki/John_Mellen_Thurston" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mellen Thurston">John Mellen Thurston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan, nonetheless, was pleased with the result of the 1894 election, as the Cleveland wing of the Democratic Party had been discredited, and Bryan's preferred gubernatorial candidate, <a href="/wiki/Silas_A._Holcomb" title="Silas A. Holcomb">Silas A. Holcomb</a>, had been elected by a coalition of Democrats and Populists.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1894 elections, Bryan embarked on a nationwide speaking tour designed to boost free silver, move his party away from the conservative policies of the Cleveland administration, lure Populists and free silver Republicans into the Democratic Party, and raise Bryan's public profile before the next election. Speaking fees allowed Bryan to give up his legal practice and devote himself full-time to oratory.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_candidate_and_party_leader">Presidential candidate and party leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidential candidate and party leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1896">Presidential election of 1896</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1896"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_nomination">Democratic nomination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Democratic nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">The <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_speech" title="Cross of Gold speech">Cross of Gold speech</a> (excerpt)<sup id="cite_ref-FT_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>By 1896, free silver forces were ascendant within the party. Though many Democratic leaders were not as enthusiastic about free silver as Bryan was, most recognized the need to distance the party from the unpopular policies of the Cleveland administration. By the start of the <a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 Democratic National Convention</a>, Representative <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Richard P. Bland</a>, a long-time champion of free silver, was widely perceived to be the frontrunner for the party's presidential nomination. Bryan hoped to offer himself as a presidential candidate, but his youth and relative inexperience gave him a lower profile than veteran Democrats like Bland, Governor <a href="/wiki/Horace_Boies" title="Horace Boies">Horace Boies</a> of Iowa, and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a>. The free silver forces quickly established dominance over the convention, and Bryan helped draft a <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">party platform</a> that repudiated Cleveland, attacked the conservative rulings of the Supreme Court, and called the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> "not only un-American but anti-American".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22IN_BRYAN_WE_TRUST%22_political_satire_in_1896,_from-_%22Bryan_Money,%22_ca._1896_(4360222454)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%22IN_BRYAN_WE_TRUST%22_political_satire_in_1896%2C_from-_%22Bryan_Money%2C%22_ca._1896_%284360222454%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%22IN_BRYAN_WE_TRUST%22_political_satire_in_1896%2C_from-_%22Bryan_Money%2C%22_ca._1896_%284360222454%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/%22IN_BRYAN_WE_TRUST%22_political_satire_in_1896%2C_from-_%22Bryan_Money%2C%22_ca._1896_%284360222454%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>"UNITED SNAKES OF AMERICA" "IN BRYAN WE TRUST" <a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a> token of 1896, known as "<a href="/wiki/Bryan_Money" title="Bryan Money">Bryan Money</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Conservative Democrats demanded a debate on the party platform, and on the third day of the convention, each side put forth speakers to debate free silver and the gold standard. Bryan and Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a> of South Carolina were chosen as the speakers who would advocate for free silver, but Tillman's speech was poorly received by delegates from outside the South because of its sectionalism and references to the Civil War. Charged with delivering the convention's last speech on the topic of monetary policy, Bryan seized his opportunity to emerge as the nation's leading Democrat. In his <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_gold_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of gold speech">"Cross of Gold" speech</a>, Bryan argued that the debate over monetary policy was part of a broader struggle for democracy, political independence and the welfare of the "common man". Bryan's speech was met with rapturous applause and a celebration on the floor of the convention that lasted for over half an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg/220px-William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg/330px-William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg/440px-William-Jennings-Bryan-speaking-c1896.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="2854" /></a><figcaption>Bryan campaigning for president, October 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>The next day, the Democratic Party held its presidential ballot. With the continuing support of Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Altgeld" class="mw-redirect" title="John Altgeld">John Altgeld</a> of Illinois, Bland led the first ballot of the convention, but he fell far short of the necessary two-thirds vote. Bryan finished in a distant second on the convention's first ballot, but his Cross of Gold speech had left a strong impression on many delegates. Despite the distrust of party leaders like Altgeld, who was wary of supporting an untested candidate, Bryan's strength grew over the next four ballots. He gained the lead on the fourth ballot and won his party's presidential nomination on the fifth ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin6263_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin6263-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 36, Bryan became the youngest presidential nominee of a major party in American history, a position that he still holds.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention nominated <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Arthur Sewall</a>, a wealthy Maine shipbuilder who also favored free silver and the income tax, as Bryan's running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin6263_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin6263-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_election">General election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: General election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservative Democrats, known as the "<a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a>", nominated a separate ticket. Cleveland himself did not publicly attack Bryan but privately favored the Republican candidate, <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, over Bryan. Many urban newspapers in the Northeast and Midwest that had supported previous Democratic tickets also opposed Bryan's candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan, however, won the support of the Populist Party, which nominated a ticket consisting of Bryan and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> of Georgia. Though Populist leaders feared that the nomination of the Democratic candidate would damage the party in the long term, they shared many of Bryan's political views and had developed a productive working relationship with Bryan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republican campaign painted McKinley as the "advance agent of prosperity" and social harmony and warned of the supposed dangers of electing Bryan. McKinley and his campaign manager, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a>, knew that McKinley could not match Bryan's oratorical skills. Rather than giving speeches on the campaign trail, the Republican nominee conducted a <a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">front porch campaign</a>. Hanna, meanwhile, raised an unprecedented amount of money, dispatched campaign surrogates and organized the distribution of millions of pieces of campaign literature.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1896.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElectoralCollege1896.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1896.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElectoralCollege1896.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1896.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElectoralCollege1896.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1896.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1896 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>Facing a huge campaign finance disadvantage, the Democratic campaign relied largely on Bryan's oratorical skills. Breaking with the precedent set by most major party nominees, Bryan gave some 600 speeches, primarily in the hotly-contested Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan invented the national <a href="/wiki/Stump_speech_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stump speech (politics)">stumping tour</a>, reaching an audience of 5 million in 27 states.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was building a coalition of the white South, poor northern farmers and industrial workers and silver miners against banks and railroads and the "money power". Free silver appealed to farmers, who would be paid more for their products, but not to industrial workers, who would not get higher wages but would pay higher prices. The industrial cities voted for McKinley, who won nearly the entire East and industrial Midwest and did well along the border and the West Coast. Bryan swept the South and Mountain states and the wheat growing regions of the Midwest. Revivalistic Protestants cheered at Bryan's semi-religious rhetoric. Ethnic voters supported McKinley, who promised they would not be excluded from the new prosperity, as did more prosperous farmers and the fast-growing middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McKinley won the election by a fairly comfortable margin by taking 51 percent of the popular vote and 271 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats remained loyal to their champion after his defeat; many letters urged him to run again in the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 presidential election</a>. William's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles W. Bryan</a>, created a card file of supporters to whom the Bryans would send regular mailings to for the next thirty years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Populist Party fractured after the election; many Populists, including James Weaver, followed Bryan into the Democratic Party, and others followed <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">1896 United States presidential election<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th style="width: 7em">Percentage </th> <th style="width: 5em">Electoral votes </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#FF3333; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></b> </td> <td align="right"><b>7,108,480</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>50.99%</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>271</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#3333FF; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><i>William Jennings Bryan</i> </td> <td align="right">5,588,462 </td> <td align="right">40.09% </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#CCFFCC; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist</a> </td> <td><i>William Jennings Bryan</i> </td> <td align="right">907,717 </td> <td align="right">6.51% </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#777777; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a> </td> <td><i>William Jennings Bryan</i> </td> <td align="right">12,873 </td> <td align="right">0.09% </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#B2BEB5; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px">Total </td> <td>William Jennings Bryan </td> <td align="right">6,509,052 </td> <td align="right">46.69% </td> <td align="right">176 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#FFC02D; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">John Palmer</a> </td> <td align="right">134,645 </td> <td align="right">0.97% </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#FF00FF; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Levering" title="Joshua Levering">Joshua Levering</a> </td> <td align="right">131,312 </td> <td align="right">0.94% </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#DD051D; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Matchett" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Matchett">Charles Matchett</a> </td> <td align="right">36,373 </td> <td align="right">0.26% </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#f09; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">National Prohibition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Bentley_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles E. Bentley (politician)">Charles Bentley</a> </td> <td align="right">19,367 </td> <td align="right">0.14% </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#FFFFFF; width: 3px"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><i>No party</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-ins</a> </td> <td align="right">1,570 </td> <td align="right">0.01% </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EEEEEE"> <td colspan="3" align="right"><b>Totals</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>13,940,799</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>447</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_peace:_1898–1900"><span id="War_and_peace:_1898.E2.80.931900"></span>War and peace: 1898–1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War and peace: 1898–1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish–American_War"><span id="Spanish.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Spanish–American War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spanish–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">Presidency of William McKinley</a></div> <p>Because of better economic conditions for farmers and the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a> in raising prices, free silver lost its potency as an electoral issue in the years after 1896. In 1900, President McKinley signed the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_Act" title="Gold Standard Act">Gold Standard Act</a>, which put the United States on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>. Bryan remained popular in the Democratic Party and his supporters took control of party organizations throughout the country, but he initially resisted shifting his political focus from free silver.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign policy emerged as an important issue due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a> against <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, as Bryan and many Americans supported Cuban independence. After the explosion of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(ACR-1)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Maine (ACR-1)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a>, the United States declared war on Spain in April 1898, which began the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Though wary of <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, Bryan had long favored Cuban independence and so supported the war.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin8689_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin8689-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that "universal peace cannot come until justice is enthroned throughout the world. Until the right has triumphed in every land and love reigns in every heart, government must, as a last resort, appeal to force".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Colonies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/American_Colonies.png/220px-American_Colonies.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/American_Colonies.png/330px-American_Colonies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/American_Colonies.png/440px-American_Colonies.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The United States and its colonial possessions after the Spanish–American War</figcaption></figure> <p>At Governor <a href="/wiki/Silas_A._Holcomb" title="Silas A. Holcomb">Silas A. Holcomb</a>'s request, Bryan recruited a 2000-man regiment for the Nebraska National Guard and the soldiers of the regiment elected Bryan as their leader. Under Colonel Bryan's command, the regiment was transported to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Cuba_Libre" title="Camp Cuba Libre">Camp Cuba Libre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, but the fighting between Spain and the United States ended before the regiment had been deployed to Cuba. Bryan's regiment remained in Florida for months after the end of the war, which prevented Bryan from taking an active role in the <a href="/wiki/1898_United_States_elections" title="1898 United States elections">1898 midterm elections</a>. Bryan resigned his commission and left Florida in December 1898 after the United States and Spain had signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin8689_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin8689-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan had supported the war to gain Cuba's independence, but he was outraged that the Treaty of Paris granted the United States control over the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Many Republicans believed that the United States had an obligation to "civilize" the Philippines, but Bryan strongly opposed what he saw as <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>. Despite his opposition to the annexation of the Philippines, Bryan urged his supporters to ratify the Treaty of Paris. He wanted to quickly bring an official end to the war and then to grant independence to the Philippines as soon as possible. With Bryan's support, the treaty was ratified in a close vote, bringing an official end to the Spanish–American War. In early 1899, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> broke out as the established Philippine government, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, sought to stop the American invasion of the archipelago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_election_of_1900">Presidential election of 1900</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogers_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reconstructing_the_Democratic_Party_platform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rogers_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reconstructing_the_Democratic_Party_platform.jpg/220px-Rogers_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reconstructing_the_Democratic_Party_platform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rogers_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reconstructing_the_Democratic_Party_platform.jpg/330px-Rogers_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reconstructing_the_Democratic_Party_platform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rogers_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reconstructing_the_Democratic_Party_platform.jpg/440px-Rogers_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reconstructing_the_Democratic_Party_platform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Conservatives in 1900 ridiculed Bryan's eclectic platform.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 Democratic National Convention</a> met in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, where some Democratic leaders opposed to Bryan had hoped to nominate Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a> for president. Nevertheless, Bryan faced no significant opposition by the time of the convention and he won his party's nomination unanimously. Bryan did not attend the convention but exercised control of the convention's proceedings via telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan faced a decision regarding which issue his campaign would focus on. Many of his most fervent supporters wanted Bryan to continue his crusade for free silver, and Democrats from the Northeast advised Bryan to center his campaign on the growing power of trusts. Bryan, however, decided that his campaign would focus on anti-imperialism, partly to unite the factions of the party and win over some Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party platform contained planks supporting free silver and opposing the power of trusts, but imperialism was labeled as the "paramount issue" of the campaign. The party nominated former Vice President Adlai Stevenson to serve as Bryan's running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Imperialism_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialism speech">his speech</a> accepting the Democratic nomination, Bryan argued that the election represented "a contest between democracy and plutocracy". He also strongly criticized the U.S. annexation of the Philippines and compared it to Britain's past rule over the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Bryan argued that the United States should refrain from imperialism and should seek to become the "supreme moral factor in the world's progress and the accepted arbiter of the world's disputes".<sup id="cite_ref-Kazin_2006,_pp._102–103_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazin_2006,_pp._102–103-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">American Anti-Imperialist League</a>, which included individuals like Benjamin Harrison, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, had emerged as the primary domestic organization opposed to the continued American control of the Philippines. Many of the leaders of the League had opposed Bryan in 1896 and continued to distrust Bryan and his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the distrust, Bryan's strong stance against imperialism convinced most of the league's leadership to throw their support behind the Democratic nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazin_2006,_pp._102–103_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazin_2006,_pp._102–103-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ElectoralCollege1900.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ElectoralCollege1900.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ElectoralCollege1900.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1900 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>Once again, the McKinley campaign established a massive financial advantage, and the Democratic campaign relied largely on Bryan's oratory.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a typical day Bryan gave four hour-long speeches and shorter talks that added up to six hours of speaking. At an average rate of 175 words a minute, he turned out 63,000 words a day, enough to fill 52 columns of a newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican Party's superior organization and finances boosted McKinley's candidacy and, as in the previous campaign, most major newspapers favored McKinley. Bryan also had to contend with the Republican vice presidential nominee, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who had emerged a national celebrity in the Spanish–American War and proved to be a strong public speaker. Bryan's anti-imperialism failed to register with many voters and as the campaign neared its end, Bryan increasingly shifted to attacks on corporate power. He once again sought the vote of urban laborers by telling them to vote against the business interests that had "condemn[ed] the boys of this country to perpetual clerkship".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By election day, few believed that Bryan would win, and McKinley ultimately prevailed once again over Bryan. Compared to the results of the 1896 election, McKinley increased his popular vote margin and picked up several Western states, including Bryan's home state of Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin107108_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin107108-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican platform of victory in war and a strong economy proved to be more important to voters than Bryan's questioning the morality of annexing the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election also confirmed the continuing organizational advantage of the Republican Party outside of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin107108_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin107108-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_presidential_campaigns,_1901–1907"><span id="Between_presidential_campaigns.2C_1901.E2.80.931907"></span>Between presidential campaigns, 1901–1907</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Between presidential campaigns, 1901–1907"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryan_10_commandments_PUCK_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bryan_10_commandments_PUCK_1906.jpg/220px-Bryan_10_commandments_PUCK_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bryan_10_commandments_PUCK_1906.jpg/330px-Bryan_10_commandments_PUCK_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bryan_10_commandments_PUCK_1906.jpg/440px-Bryan_10_commandments_PUCK_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>William J Bryan in 1906 as Moses with new 10 commandments; Puck September 19, 1906, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keppler" title="Joseph Keppler">Joseph Keppler</a>. Tablet reads: <i> l-Thou shalt have no other leaders before me. II—Thou shalt not make unto thyself any high Protective Tariff. Ill—Eight hours, and no more, shalt thou labor and do all thy work. IV—Thou shalt not graft. V—Thou shalt not elect thy Senators save by Popular Vote. VI—Thou shalt not grant rebates unto thy neighbor. VII—Thou shalt not make combinations in restraint of trade. VIII—Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's income, but shall make him pay a tax upon it. IX—There shall be no more government by injunction. X—Remember Election Day to vote it early. P.S.— When in doubt, ask Me.</i><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>After the election, Bryan returned to journalism and oratory and frequently appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Chautauqua" title="Chautauqua">Chautauqua</a> circuits to give well-attended lectures across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1901, Bryan published the first issue of his weekly newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Commoner" title="The Commoner">The Commoner</a></i>, which echoed his favorite political and religious themes. Bryan served as the editor and publisher of the newspaper; Charles Bryan, Mary Bryan and Richard Metcalfe also performed editorial duties when Bryan was traveling. <i>The Commoner</i> became one of the most widely-read newspapers of its era and boasted 145,000 subscribers approximately five years after its founding. Though the paper's subscriber base heavily overlapped with Bryan's political base in the Midwest, content from the papers was frequently reprinted by major newspapers in the Northeast. In 1902, Bryan, his wife and his three children moved into <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_House_(Lincoln,_Nebraska)" title="William Jennings Bryan House (Lincoln, Nebraska)">Fairview</a>, a mansion located in Lincoln; Bryan referred to the house as the "<a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> of the West", and frequently invited politicians and diplomats to visit.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan's defeat in 1900 cost him his status as the clear leader of the Democratic Party and conservatives such as <a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David B. Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pue_Gorman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Pue Gorman">Arthur Pue Gorman</a> moved to re-establish their control over the party and return it to the policies of the Cleveland era. Meanwhile, Roosevelt succeeded McKinley as president after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">latter's assassination</a> in September 1901 at the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition" title="Pan-American Exposition">Pan-American Exposition</a>, in Buffalo, New York. Roosevelt prosecuted antitrust cases and implemented other <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> policies, but Bryan argued that Roosevelt did not fully embrace progressive causes. Bryan called for a package of reforms, including a federal income tax, pure food and drug laws, a ban on corporate financing of campaigns, a constitutional amendment providing for the direct election of senators, local ownership of utilities, and the state adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kazin_2006,_pp._113–114_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazin_2006,_pp._113–114-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provisions for old age.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also criticized Roosevelt's foreign policy and attacked Roosevelt's decision to invite <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> to dine at the <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_dinner_at_the_White_House" title="Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House">White House</a> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 Democratic National Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a>, a New York and conservative ally of David Hill, was the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination. Conservatives feared that Bryan would join with the publisher <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> to block Parker's nomination. Seeking to appease Bryan and other progressives, Hill agreed to a party platform that omitted mention of the gold standard and criticized trusts.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event, Bryan did not support Parker or Hearst, but rather <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cockrell" title="Francis Cockrell">Francis Cockrell</a>, a Missouri senator whose career had been almost wholly unremarkable.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan's motivation was not any belief that Cockrell could defeat Roosevelt in the election, but rather that he would lose decisively, thus paving the way for Bryan to be re-nominated in 1908. However, the possibility of Hearst getting the nomination alarmed the party's moderates enough that they moved to support Parker, who was narrowly nominated on the first ballot at the convention, with Cockrell finishing a distant third place.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan would nonetheless get his desired outcome when Roosevelt won by the biggest popular vote margin since <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> was re-elected without opposition in 1820. Afterwards, Bryan published a post-election edition of <i>The Commoner</i> that advised its readers: "Do not Compromise with Plutocracy".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan traveled to Europe in 1903, meeting with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, who shared some of Bryan's religious and political views.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, Bryan and his family embarked on a trip around the globe and visited eighteen countries in Asia and Europe. Bryan funded the trip with public speaking fees and a travelogue that was published on a weekly basis.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan's travels abroad were documented in a study called "The Old World and its Ways", in which he shared his thoughts on different topics such as those related to progressive politics and labor legislation. Bryan was greeted by a large crowd upon his return to the United States in 1906 and was widely seen as the likely 1908 Democratic presidential nominee. Partly due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">muckraking</a> journalists, voters had become increasingly open to progressive ideas since 1904. President Roosevelt himself had moved to the left, favoring federal regulation of railroad rates and meatpacking plants.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bryan continued to favor more far-reaching reforms, including federal regulation of banks and <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a>, protections for union organizers and federal spending on highway construction and education. Bryan also briefly expressed support for the state and federal ownership of railroads in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> but backed down from that policy in the face of an intra-party backlash.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1908">Presidential election of 1908</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1908"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Jennings_Bryan_at_the_1908_DNC_(1)_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/William_Jennings_Bryan_at_the_1908_DNC_%281%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-William_Jennings_Bryan_at_the_1908_DNC_%281%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/William_Jennings_Bryan_at_the_1908_DNC_%281%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg/330px-William_Jennings_Bryan_at_the_1908_DNC_%281%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/William_Jennings_Bryan_at_the_1908_DNC_%281%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg/440px-William_Jennings_Bryan_at_the_1908_DNC_%281%29_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Bryan speaking at the <a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 Democratic National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wm_j_bryan_campaign_button.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wm_j_bryan_campaign_button.jpg/220px-Wm_j_bryan_campaign_button.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wm_j_bryan_campaign_button.jpg/330px-Wm_j_bryan_campaign_button.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wm_j_bryan_campaign_button.jpg/440px-Wm_j_bryan_campaign_button.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Presidential Campaign button for Bryan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="127" data-mwtitle="EDIS-SRP-0190-15.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:EDIS-SRP-0190-15.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/EDIS-SRP-0190-15.mp3/EDIS-SRP-0190-15.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/EDIS-SRP-0190-15.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Speech by Bryan on the railroad question, 1908.</figcaption></figure> <p>Roosevelt, who enjoyed wide popularity among most voters even while he alienated some corporate leaders, anointed Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Bryan re-established his control over the Democratic Party and won the endorsement of numerous local and state organizations. Conservative Democrats again sought to prevent Bryan's nomination, but were unable to unite around an alternative candidate. Bryan was nominated for president on the first ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 Democratic National Convention</a>. He was joined by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">John W. Kern</a>, a former state senator from the swing state of Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan campaigned on a party platform that reflected his long-held beliefs, but the Republican platform also advocated for progressive policies, which left relatively few major differences between the two major parties. One issue that the two parties differed on concerned deposit insurance, as Bryan favored requiring <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">national banks</a> to provide <a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">deposit insurance</a>. Bryan largely unified the leaders of his own party and his pro-labor policies won him the first presidential endorsement ever issued by the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in previous campaigns, Bryan embarked on a public speaking tour to boost his candidacy but was later joined on the trail by Taft.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defying Bryan's confidence in his own victory, Taft decisively won the 1908 presidential election. Bryan won just a handful of states outside of the Solid South, as he failed to galvanize the support of urban laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan remains the only individual since the Civil War to lose three separate U.S. presidential elections as a major party nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-kazinxix_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazinxix-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>, Bryan and Henry Clay are the lone individuals who received electoral votes in three separate presidential elections but lost all three elections.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 493 cumulative electoral votes cast for Bryan across three separate elections are the most received by a presidential candidate who was never elected. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1908.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ElectoralCollege1908.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1908.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ElectoralCollege1908.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1908.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ElectoralCollege1908.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1908.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1908 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>Bryan remained an influential figure in Democratic politics, and after Democrats took control of the House of Representatives in the <a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_elections" title="1910 United States elections">1910 midterm elections</a>, he appeared in the House of Representatives to argue for tariff reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909, Bryan came out publicly for the first time in favor of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>. A lifelong <a href="/wiki/Teetotaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Teetotaler">teetotaler</a>, Bryan had refrained from embracing Prohibition earlier because of the issue's unpopularity among many Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biographer Paolo Colletta, Bryan "sincerely believed that prohibition would contribute to the physical health and moral improvement of the individual, stimulate civic progress and end the notorious abuses connected with the liquor traffic".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, he also came out in favor of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan crusaded as well for legislation to support the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> as a means of giving voters a direct voice while he made a whistle-stop campaign tour of Arkansas in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some observers, including President Taft, speculated that Bryan would make a fourth run for the presidency, Bryan repeatedly denied that he had any such intention.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wilson_presidency">Wilson presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wilson presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Presidency of Woodrow Wilson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1912_election">1912 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1912 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W.J._Bryan_LOC_3490812011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/W.J._Bryan_LOC_3490812011.jpg/220px-W.J._Bryan_LOC_3490812011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/W.J._Bryan_LOC_3490812011.jpg/330px-W.J._Bryan_LOC_3490812011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/W.J._Bryan_LOC_3490812011.jpg/440px-W.J._Bryan_LOC_3490812011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Bryan attending the <a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 Democratic National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An escalating split in the Republican Party gave Democrats their best chance in decades to win the presidency. Bryan did not seek the Democratic presidential nomination; his continuing influence gave him a major voice in choosing the nominee. Bryan was intent on preventing the conservatives in the party from nominating their candidate, as they had done in 1904. For a mix of practical and ideological reasons, Bryan ruled out supporting the candidacies of <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Oscar Underwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Judson Harmon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Folk" title="Joseph W. Folk">Joseph W. Folk</a>, which left two major candidates competing for his backing: New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson and Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a>. As Speaker, Clark could lay claim to progressive accomplishments, including the passage of constitutional amendments providing for the direct election of senators and the establishment of a federal income tax. However, Clark had alienated Bryan for his failure to lower the tariff and Bryan viewed the Speaker as overly friendly to conservative business interests. Wilson had criticized Bryan but had compiled a strong progressive record as governor. As the <a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 Democratic National Convention</a> approached, Bryan continued to deny that he would seek the presidency, but many journalists and politicians suspected that Bryan hoped a deadlocked convention would turn to him.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the start of the convention, Bryan engineered the passage of a resolution stating that the party was "opposed to the nomination of any candidate who is a representative of, or under any obligation to, <a href="/wiki/J._Pierpont_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Pierpont Morgan">J. Pierpont Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fortune_Ryan" title="Thomas Fortune Ryan">Thomas F. Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">August Belmont</a>, or any other member of the privilege-hunting and favor-seeking class". Clark and Wilson won the support of most delegates on the first several presidential ballots of the Democratic convention, but each fell short of the necessary two-thirds majority. After <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> came out in favor of Clark and the New York delegation threw its support behind the Speaker, Bryan announced that he would support Wilson. In explaining his decision, Bryan stated that he could "not be a party to the nomination of any man... who will not, when elected, be absolutely free to carry out the anti-Morgan-Ryan-Belmont resolution". Bryan's speech marked the start of a long shift away from Clark: Wilson would finally clinch the presidential nomination after over 40 ballots. Journalists attributed much of the credit for Wilson's victory to Bryan.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 presidential election</a>, Wilson faced off against President Taft and former President Roosevelt, the latter of whom ran on the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> ticket. Bryan campaigned throughout the West for Wilson and also offered advice to the Democratic nominee on various issues. The split in the Republican ranks helped give Wilson the presidency; he won over 400 electoral votes but only 41.8 percent of the popular vote. In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats expanded their majority in the House and gained control of the Senate, which gave the party unified control of Congress and the presidency for the first time since the early 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson,_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/440px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3762" /></a><figcaption>Bryan served as Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berryman_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reading_war_dispatches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Berryman_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reading_war_dispatches.jpg/220px-Berryman_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reading_war_dispatches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Berryman_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reading_war_dispatches.jpg/330px-Berryman_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reading_war_dispatches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Berryman_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reading_war_dispatches.jpg/440px-Berryman_cartoon_about_William_Jennings_Bryan_reading_war_dispatches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon of Secretary of State Bryan reading war news in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>President Wilson named Bryan as Secretary of State, the most prestigious appointive position. Bryan's extensive travels, popularity in the party, and support for Wilson in the election made him the obvious choice. Bryan took charge of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> that employed 150 officials in Washington and an additional 400 employees in embassies abroad. Early in Wilson's tenure, the president and the secretary of state broadly agreed on foreign policy goals, including the rejection of Taft's <a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also shared many priorities in domestic affairs and, with Bryan's help, Wilson orchestrated passage of laws that reduced tariff rates, imposed a progressive income tax, introduced new antitrust measures, and established the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>. Bryan proved particularly influential in ensuring that the president, rather than private bankers, was empowered to appoint the members of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secretary of State Bryan pursued a series of bilateral treaties that required both signatories to submit all disputes to an investigative tribunal. He quickly won approval from the president and the Senate to proceed with his initiative. In mid-1913, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> became the first nation to sign one of Bryan's treaties, and 29 other countries, including every <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> in Europe other than Germany and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, also agreed to sign the treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Bryan's stated aversion to conflict, he oversaw U.S. military interventions in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in Europe, Bryan consistently advocated for American neutrality between the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. With Bryan's support, Wilson initially sought to stay out of the conflict, urging Americans to be "impartial in thought as well as action".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For much of 1914, Bryan attempted to bring a negotiated end to the war, but the leaders of both the Entente and the Central Powers were ultimately uninterested in American mediation. Bryan remained firmly committed to neutrality, but Wilson and others within the administration became increasingly sympathetic to the Entente. </p><p>The March 1915 <a href="/wiki/Thrasher_incident" title="Thrasher incident">Thrasher incident</a>, in which a German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> sank the British steamship <a href="/wiki/SS_Falaba" title="SS Falaba"><i>Falaba</i></a> with a U.S. citizen on board, provided a major blow to the cause of American neutrality. The May 1915 <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">sinking of RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> by another German U-boat further galvanized anti-German sentiment in the United States, as 128 Americans died in the incident. In response, Bryan argued that the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Allied blockade of Germany</a> was as offensive as the German <a href="/wiki/U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boat Campaign (World War I)">U-boat Campaign</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and maintained that by traveling on British vessels "an American citizen can, by putting his own business above his regard for this country, assume for his own advantage unnecessary risks and thus involve his country in international complications".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Wilson sent an official message of protest to Germany and refused to warn Americans publicly not to travel on British ships, Bryan delivered his letter of resignation to Wilson on June 8, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_involvement">Political involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916 presidential election</a>, members of the Prohibition Party attempted to place Bryan into consideration for its presidential nomination, but he rejected the offer via telegram.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan supported Wilson's <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a> re-election campaign. Bryan did not attend as an official delegate, but the <a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 Democratic National Convention</a> suspended its own rules to allow Bryan to address the convention; Bryan delivered a well-received speech that strongly defended Wilson's domestic record. Bryan served as a campaign surrogate for Wilson by delivering dozens of speeches, primarily to audiences west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Ultimately, Wilson narrowly prevailed over the Republican candidate, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Bryan wrote to Wilson: "Believing it to be the duty of the citizen to bear his part of the burden of war and his share of the peril, I hereby tender my services to the Government. Please enroll me as a private whenever I am needed and assign me to any work that I can do."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson declined to appoint Bryan to a federal position, but Bryan agreed to Wilson's request to provide public support for the war effort through his speeches and articles.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, despite some reservations, Bryan supported Wilson's unsuccessful effort to bring the United States into the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusade_for_Prohibition">Crusade for Prohibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Crusade for Prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving office, Bryan spent much of his time advocating for the <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wage</a>, the right of unions to strike and increasingly <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his main crusades focused on support for prohibition and opposition to the teaching of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment</a>, which provided for nationwide Prohibition, in 1917. Two years later, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a>, which granted women the right to vote nationwide. Both amendments were ratified in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916 Bryan expressed his belief to John Reed that the government "may properly impose a minimum wage, regulate hours of labor, pass usury laws, and enforce inspection of food, sanitation and housing conditions."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1920s, Bryan called for further reforms, including agricultural subsidies, the guarantee of a <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living wage</a>, full public financing of political campaigns and an end to legal gender discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Prohibitionists and other Bryan supporters tried to convince the three-time presidential candidate to enter the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 presidential election</a>, and a <i><a href="/wiki/Literary_Digest" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Digest">Literary Digest</a></i> poll taken in mid-1920 ranked Bryan as the fourth-most popular potential Democratic candidate. Bryan, however, declined to seek public office and wrote, "if I can help this world to banish alcohol and after that to banish war... no office, no Presidency, can offer the honors that will be mine". He attended the <a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 Democratic National Convention</a> as a delegate from Nebraska but was disappointed by the nomination of Governor <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a>, who had not supported ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment. Bryan declined the presidential nomination of the Prohibition Party and refused to campaign for Cox, which made the 1920 campaign the first presidential contest in over thirty years in which he did not actively campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though he became less involved in Democratic politics after 1920, Bryan attended the <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 Democratic National Convention</a> as a delegate from Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped defeat a resolution condemning the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> because he expected that the organization would soon fold. Bryan disliked the Klan but never publicly attacked it.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also strongly opposed the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> due to Smith's hostility towards Prohibition. After over 100 ballots, the Democratic convention nominated <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a>, a conservative <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> lawyer. To balance the conservative Davis with a progressive, the convention nominated Bryan's brother, Charles W. Bryan, for vice president. Bryan was disappointed by the nomination of Davis but strongly approved of the nomination of his brother and he delivered numerous campaign speeches in support of the Democratic ticket. Davis suffered one of the worst losses in the Democratic Party's history, taking just 29 percent of the vote against Republican President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> and the third-party candidate <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Jennings_Bryan_autographed_drawings_by_Manuel_Rosenberg,_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_Jennings_Bryan_autographed_drawings_by_Manuel_Rosenberg%2C_1921.jpg/220px-William_Jennings_Bryan_autographed_drawings_by_Manuel_Rosenberg%2C_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_Jennings_Bryan_autographed_drawings_by_Manuel_Rosenberg%2C_1921.jpg/330px-William_Jennings_Bryan_autographed_drawings_by_Manuel_Rosenberg%2C_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_Jennings_Bryan_autographed_drawings_by_Manuel_Rosenberg%2C_1921.jpg/440px-William_Jennings_Bryan_autographed_drawings_by_Manuel_Rosenberg%2C_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>William Jennings Bryan autographed drawing by Manuel Rosenberg, 1921</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Florida_real_estate_promoter">Florida real estate promoter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Florida real estate promoter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_Home_of_Wm._J._Bryan,_Miami,_FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Winter_Home_of_Wm._J._Bryan%2C_Miami%2C_FL.jpg/220px-Winter_Home_of_Wm._J._Bryan%2C_Miami%2C_FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Winter_Home_of_Wm._J._Bryan%2C_Miami%2C_FL.jpg/330px-Winter_Home_of_Wm._J._Bryan%2C_Miami%2C_FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Winter_Home_of_Wm._J._Bryan%2C_Miami%2C_FL.jpg/440px-Winter_Home_of_Wm._J._Bryan%2C_Miami%2C_FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Serena" title="Villa Serena">Villa Serena</a></i>, Bryan's home built in 1913 in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, Florida</figcaption></figure> <p>To help Mary cope with her worsening health during the harsh winters of Nebraska, the Bryans bought a farm in <a href="/wiki/Mission,_Texas" title="Mission, Texas">Mission, Texas</a>, in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Mary's arthritis the Bryans in 1912 began to build a new home in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Villa_Serena" title="Villa Serena">Villa Serena</a>. The Bryans made Villa Serena their permanent home, and Charles Bryan continued to oversee <i>The Commoner</i> from Lincoln. The Bryans were active citizens in Miami, leading a fundraising drive for the <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> and frequently hosting the public at their home.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan undertook lucrative speaking engagements, often serving as a spokesman for <a href="/wiki/George_E._Merrick" title="George E. Merrick">George E. Merrick</a>'s new planned community of <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trustee_of_American_University">Trustee of American University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Trustee of American University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bryan served as a member of the board of trustees at <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a> in Washington, D.C., from 1914 to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some of these years, he served concurrently with <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> and Theodore Roosevelt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-evolution_activism">Anti-evolution activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anti-evolution activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChasW%2BWmJBryan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ChasW%2BWmJBryan.jpg/220px-ChasW%2BWmJBryan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ChasW%2BWmJBryan.jpg/330px-ChasW%2BWmJBryan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ChasW%2BWmJBryan.jpg/440px-ChasW%2BWmJBryan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>William J. Bryan (right) with his younger brother Charles W.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s, Bryan shifted his focus away from politics, becoming one of the most prominent religious figures in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin262263_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin262263-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held a weekly Bible class in Miami and published several religiously themed books.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the first individuals to preach religious faith on the <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, which let him reach audiences across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan welcomed the proliferation of faiths other than Protestant Christianity, but he was deeply concerned by the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> by many Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald L. Numbers">Ronald L. Numbers</a>, Bryan was not nearly as much a <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a> as many modern-day <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationists</a> of the 21st century. Instead, he is more accurately described as a "<a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Day-age creationist">day-age creationist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradley J. Longfield posits Bryan was a "theologically conservative <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospeler</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the final years of his life, Bryan became the unofficial leader of a movement that sought to prevent public schools from teaching <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin262263_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin262263-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan had long expressed skepticism and concern regarding Darwin's theory; in his famous 1909 Chautauqua lecture, "The Prince of Peace", Bryan had warned that the theory of evolution could undermine the foundations of morality.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan opposed Darwin's theory of evolution through <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> for two reasons. He believed what he considered a materialistic account of the descent of man (and all life) through evolution to be directly contrary to the Biblical creation account. Also, he considered <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> as applied to society (<a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>) to be a great evil force in the world by promoting hatred and conflicts and inhibiting upward social and economic mobility of the poor and oppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of his crusade against Darwinism, Bryan called for state and local laws banning public schools from teaching evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He requested that lawmakers refrain from attaching a criminal penalty to the anti-evolution laws and also urged that educators be allowed to teach evolution as a "hypothesis", rather than as a fact. Only five southern states responded to Bryan's call to bar the teaching of evolution in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan was worried that the theory of evolution was gaining ground not only in the universities, but also within the church. The developments of 19th century <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal theology</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a>, had allowed many clergymen to be willing to embrace the theory of evolution and claim that it was not contradictory to Christianity. Determined to put an end to this, Bryan, who had long served as a Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Elder_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder (religious)">elder</a>, decided to run for the position of <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly" title="Moderator of the General Assembly">Moderator of the General Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</a>, which was at the time embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy">Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy</a>. Bryan's main competition in the race was the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Wishart" title="Charles F. Wishart">Charles F. Wishart</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Wooster" title="College of Wooster">College of Wooster</a> in Ohio, who had loudly endorsed the teaching of the theory of evolution in the college. Bryan lost to Wishart by a vote of 451–427. Bryan failed in gaining approval for a proposal to cut off funds to schools in which the theory of evolution was taught. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scopes_Trial">Scopes Trial</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scopes Trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_v._John_T._Scopes_Trial-_Outdoor_proceedings_on_July_20,_1925,_showing_William_Jennings_Bryan_and_Clarence_Darrow._(2_of_4_photos)_(2898243103)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tennessee_v._John_T._Scopes_Trial-_Outdoor_proceedings_on_July_20%2C_1925%2C_showing_William_Jennings_Bryan_and_Clarence_Darrow._%282_of_4_photos%29_%282898243103%29_crop.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tennessee_v._John_T._Scopes_Trial-_Outdoor_proceedings_on_July_20%2C_1925%2C_showing_William_Jennings_Bryan_and_Clarence_Darrow._%282_of_4_photos%29_%282898243103%29_crop.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tennessee_v._John_T._Scopes_Trial-_Outdoor_proceedings_on_July_20%2C_1925%2C_showing_William_Jennings_Bryan_and_Clarence_Darrow._%282_of_4_photos%29_%282898243103%29_crop.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>At the <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial</a>, William Jennings Bryan (seated, left) being questioned by <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a> (standing, right).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial</a></div> <p>From July 10 to 21, 1925, Bryan participated in the highly publicized <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial</a>. The defendant, <a href="/wiki/John_T._Scopes" title="John T. Scopes">John T. Scopes</a>, had violated the <a href="/wiki/Butler_Act" title="Butler Act">Butler Act</a>, a Tennessee law barring the teaching of evolution in public schools, while serving as a substitute biology teacher in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Tennessee" title="Dayton, Tennessee">Dayton, Tennessee</a>. His defense was funded by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> and led in court by the famed lawyer <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a>. No one disputed that Scopes had violated the Butler Act, but Darrow argued that the statute violated the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>. Bryan defended the right of parents to choose what schools teach, argued that Darwinism was merely a "hypothesis", and claimed that Darrow and other intellectuals were trying to invalidate "every moral standard that the Bible gives us".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defense called Bryan as a witness and asked him about his belief in the literal word of the Bible, though the judge later expunged Bryan's testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the judge instructed the jury to render a verdict of guilty, and Scopes was fined $100 for violating the Butler Act.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national media reported the trial in great detail, with <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> ridiculing Bryan as a symbol of Southern ignorance and <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even many Southern newspapers criticized Bryan's performance in the trial; the <i>Memphis Commercial Appeal</i> reported that "Darrow succeeded in showing that Bryan knows little about the science of the world". Bryan had been prevented from delivering a final argument at trial, but he arranged for the publication of the speech he had intended to give. In that publication, Bryan wrote that "science is a magnificent material force, but it is not a teacher of morals".<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the days after the Scopes Trial, Bryan delivered several speeches in Tennessee. On Sunday, July 26, 1925, Bryan died in his sleep from <a href="/wiki/Apoplexy" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a><sup id="cite_ref-UPI-obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after he had attended a church service in Dayton.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan's body was transported by rail from Dayton to Washington, D.C. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, with an epitaph that read, "Statesman, yet Friend to Truth! Of Soul Sincere, in Action Faithful, and in Honor Clear"<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the other side "He Kept the Faith".<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bryan remained married to his wife, Mary, until his death in 1925. Mary served as a very important adviser to her husband; she passed the bar exam and learned German to help his career.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was buried next to Bryan after her death in 1930. William and Mary had three children: <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bryan_Owen" title="Ruth Bryan Owen">Ruth</a> (1886–1954), William Jr. (1889–1978), and Grace Dexter (1891–1945). Ruth won election to Congress from Florida in 1928 and later served as ambassador to Denmark during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin300301_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin300301-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Jr. graduated from <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown Law">Georgetown Law</a>, established a legal practice in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, later held several federal positions, and became an important figure in the Los Angeles Democratic Party. Grace also moved to <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> and wrote a biography of her father.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Sr.'s brother, Charles, was an important supporter of his brother until William's death, as well as an influential politician in his own right. Charles served two terms as the mayor of Lincoln and three terms as the governor of Nebraska and was the Democratic vice presidential nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:591px;max-width:591px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._William_J._Bryan,_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mrs._William_J._Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg/137px-Mrs._William_J._Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mrs._William_J._Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg/206px-Mrs._William_J._Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mrs._William_J._Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg/274px-Mrs._William_J._Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2693" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bryan's wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Baird_Bryan" title="Mary Baird Bryan">Mary Baird Bryan</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Reginald_A._Owen_(Mrs._Ruth_Bryan_Leavitt)_LCCN2014682684_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mrs._Reginald_A._Owen_%28Mrs._Ruth_Bryan_Leavitt%29_LCCN2014682684_%28cropped%29.jpg/163px-Mrs._Reginald_A._Owen_%28Mrs._Ruth_Bryan_Leavitt%29_LCCN2014682684_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mrs._Reginald_A._Owen_%28Mrs._Ruth_Bryan_Leavitt%29_LCCN2014682684_%28cropped%29.jpg/245px-Mrs._Reginald_A._Owen_%28Mrs._Ruth_Bryan_Leavitt%29_LCCN2014682684_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mrs._Reginald_A._Owen_%28Mrs._Ruth_Bryan_Leavitt%29_LCCN2014682684_%28cropped%29.jpg/326px-Mrs._Reginald_A._Owen_%28Mrs._Ruth_Bryan_Leavitt%29_LCCN2014682684_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3735" data-file-height="4989" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bryan_Owen" title="Ruth Bryan Owen">Ruth Bryan Owen</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Jennings_Bryan,_Jr.,_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/William_Jennings_Bryan%2C_Jr.%2C_portrait.jpg/137px-William_Jennings_Bryan%2C_Jr.%2C_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/William_Jennings_Bryan%2C_Jr.%2C_portrait.jpg/206px-William_Jennings_Bryan%2C_Jr.%2C_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/William_Jennings_Bryan%2C_Jr.%2C_portrait.jpg/274px-William_Jennings_Bryan%2C_Jr.%2C_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="2721" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">William Bryan Jr.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Dexter_Bryan,_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Grace_Dexter_Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg/138px-Grace_Dexter_Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Grace_Dexter_Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg/207px-Grace_Dexter_Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Grace_Dexter_Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg/276px-Grace_Dexter_Bryan%2C_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1719" data-file-height="2708" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Grace Bryan</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation_and_political_legacy">Historical reputation and political legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historical reputation and political legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Williamjenningsbryanstatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Williamjenningsbryanstatue.jpg/220px-Williamjenningsbryanstatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Williamjenningsbryanstatue.jpg/330px-Williamjenningsbryanstatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Williamjenningsbryanstatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Bryan on the lawn of the <a href="/wiki/Rhea_County,_Tennessee" title="Rhea County, Tennessee">Rhea County</a> courthouse in Dayton, Tennessee</figcaption></figure> <p>Bryan elicited mixed views during his lifetime and his legacy remains complicated.<sup id="cite_ref-lrothman1_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrothman1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author Scott Farris argues that "many fail to understand Bryan because he occupies a rare space in society ... too liberal for today's religious [and] too religious for today's liberals".<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeff Taylor rejects the view that Bryan was a "pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>" and a "forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>", but argues that Bryan was more accepting of an <a href="/wiki/Market_intervention" title="Market intervention">interventionist</a> federal government than his Democratic predecessors had been.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Michael Kazin</a>, however, opines that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Bryan was the first leader of a major party to argue for permanently expanding the power of the federal government to serve the welfare of ordinary Americans from the working and middle classes… he did more than any other man—between the fall of Grover Cleveland and the election of Woodrow Wilson—to transform his party from a bulwark of laissez-faire to the citadel of liberalism we identify with Franklin D. Roosevelt and his ideological descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-kazinxix_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazinxix-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kazin argues that, compared to Bryan, "only Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson had a greater impact on politics and political culture during the era of reform that began in the mid-1890s and lasted until the early 1920s".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Pettigrew" title="Richard F. Pettigrew">Richard F. Pettigrew</a> (R-SD) said of Bryan: "Bryan never knowingly served the vested interests. He fought them to the best of his ability."<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1931, former Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a> stated that "with the exception of the men who have occupied the White House, Bryan ... had more to do with the shaping of the public policies of the last forty years than any other American citizen".<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Robert D. Johnston notes that Bryan was "arguably [the] most influential politician from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, political scientist Michael G. Miller and historian Ken Owen ranked Bryan as one of the four most influential American politicians who never served as president, alongside <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smasket1_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smasket1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazin also emphasizes the limits of Bryan's influence by noting that "for decades after [Bryan]'s death, influential scholars and journalists depicted him as a self-righteous simpleton who longed to preserve an age that had already passed".<sup id="cite_ref-kazinxix_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazinxix-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 2006, editor Richard Lingeman noted that "William Jennings Bryan is mainly remembered as the fanatical old fool <a href="/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March">Fredric March</a> played in <i><a href="/wiki/Inherit_the_Wind_(1960_film)" title="Inherit the Wind (1960 film)">Inherit the Wind</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 2011, John McDermott wrote that "Bryan is perhaps best known as the sweaty crank of a lawyer who represented Tennessee in the Scopes trial. After his defence of creationism, he became a mocked caricature, a sweaty possessor of avoirdupois, bereft of bombast".<sup id="cite_ref-FT_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazin writes that "scholars have increasingly warmed to Bryan's motives, if not his actions" in the Scopes Trial because of Bryan's rejection of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, a practice that many evolutionists of the 1920s favored.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazin also notes the stain that Bryan's acceptance of the Jim Crow system places on his legacy, writing </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> His one great flaw was to support, with a studied lack of reflection, the abusive <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">system of Jim Crow</a>—a view that was shared, until the late 1930s, by nearly every white Democrat… After Bryan's death in 1925, most intellectuals and activists on the broad left rejected the amalgam that had inspired him: a strict populist morality based on a close read reading of Scripture… Liberals and radicals from the age of FDR to the present have tended to scorn that credo as naïve and bigoted, a remnant of an era of white Protestant supremacy that has, or should have, passed.<sup id="cite_ref-kazinxix_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazinxix-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nonetheless, prominent individuals from both parties have praised Bryan and his legacy. In 1962, former President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> said Bryan "was a great one—one of the greatest". Truman also claimed, "If it wasn't for old Bill Bryan, there wouldn't be any liberalism at all in the country now. Bryan kept liberalism alive, he kept it going."<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tom_L._Johnson" title="Tom L. Johnson">Tom L. Johnson</a>, the progressive mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, referred to Bryan's campaign in 1896 as "the first great struggle of the masses in our country against the privileged classes".<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1934 speech dedicating a memorial to Bryan, President Franklin D. Roosevelt said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> I think that we would choose the word 'sincerity' as fitting him [Bryan] most of all… it was that sincerity that served him so well in his life-long fight against sham and privilege and wrong. It was that sincerity that made him a force for good in his own generation and kept alive many of the ancient faiths on which we are building today. We… can well agree that he fought the good fight; that he finished the course; and that he kept the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>More recently, conservative Republicans such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Ralph Reed</a> have hailed Bryan's legacy. Reed described Bryan as "the most consequential evangelical politician of the twentieth century".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan's career has also been compared to <a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political career of Donald Trump">that of Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lrothman1_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lrothman1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>It has been suggested by some economists, historians, and literary critics that <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a> satirized Bryan as the <a href="/wiki/Cowardly_Lion" title="Cowardly Lion">Cowardly Lion</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Political_interpretations_of_The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i>, which was published in 1900. Those assertions are based partly on Baum's history as a Republican supporter who advocated in his role as a journalist on behalf of William McKinley and his policies.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_G_2004_pp._59–63_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_G_2004_pp._59–63-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachel_Lindsay" title="Vachel Lindsay">Vachel Lindsay</a>'s 1919 "singing poem" "<a href="/wiki/Bryan,_Bryan,_Bryan,_Bryan" title="Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan">Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan</a>" is a lengthy tribute to the idol of the poet's youth.</li> <li>Bryan played a minor role in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Look_Homeward_Angel" class="mw-redirect" title="Look Homeward Angel">Look Homeward Angel</a></i> (1929).</li> <li>Bryan also has a biographical part in "The 42nd Parallel" (1930) in <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Trilogy">USA Trilogy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Maxwell_(actor)" title="Edwin Maxwell (actor)">Edwin Maxwell</a> played Bryan in the 1944 film <i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_(1944_film)" title="Wilson (1944 film)">Wilson</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inherit_the_Wind_(play)" title="Inherit the Wind (play)">Inherit the Wind</a></i>, a 1955 play by <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Lawrence" title="Jerome Lawrence">Jerome Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwin_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Edwin Lee">Robert Edwin Lee</a>, is a highly fictionalized account of the Scopes Trial written in response to <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>. A populist thrice-defeated presidential candidate from Nebraska named Matthew Harrison Brady (based on Bryan) comes to a small town to help prosecute a young teacher for teaching evolution to his schoolchildren. He is opposed by a famous trial lawyer, Henry Drummond (based on Darrow) and mocked by a cynical newspaperman (based on Mencken) as the trial assumes a national profile. The <a href="/wiki/Inherit_the_Wind_(1960_film)" title="Inherit the Wind (1960 film)">1960 film adaptation</a> was directed by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kramer" title="Stanley Kramer">Stanley Kramer</a> and starred <a href="/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March">Fredric March</a> as Brady and <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a> as Drummond.</li> <li>Bryan appears as a character in <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Moore" title="Douglas Moore">Douglas Moore</a>'s 1956 opera <i>The Ballad of Baby Doe</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Pryor" title="Ainslie Pryor">Ainslie Pryor</a> played Bryan in a 1956 episode of the <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">anthology series</a> <i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_There_(series)" title="You Are There (series)">You Are There</a></i>.</li> <li>Bryan also appears in <i><a href="/wiki/And_Having_Writ" class="mw-redirect" title="And Having Writ">And Having Writ</a></i> (1978) by <a href="/wiki/Donald_R._Bensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald R. Bensen">Donald R. Bensen</a>.</li> <li>Bryan appears in <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>'s 1987 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Vidal_novel)" title="Empire (Vidal novel)">Empire</a></i>.</li> <li>The 1992 short story <a href="/wiki/Alternate_Presidents" title="Alternate Presidents">"Plowshare"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Soukup" title="Martha Soukup">Martha Soukup</a> and part of the 1984 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Job:_A_Comedy_of_Justice" title="Job: A Comedy of Justice">Job: A Comedy of Justice</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> are set in worlds where Bryan became president.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Jennings_Bryan_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/William_Jennings_Bryan_bust.jpg/220px-William_Jennings_Bryan_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/William_Jennings_Bryan_bust.jpg/330px-William_Jennings_Bryan_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/William_Jennings_Bryan_bust.jpg/440px-William_Jennings_Bryan_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>A bust of Bryan, created by William Whitney Manatt in 1905 for the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Hall_of_Fame" title="Nebraska Hall of Fame">Nebraska Hall of Fame</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_House_(Lincoln,_Nebraska)" title="William Jennings Bryan House (Lincoln, Nebraska)">William Jennings Bryan House</a>, in Nebraska, was named a U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1963. The Bryan Home Museum is an appointment-only museum at his birthplace in Salem, Illinois. Salem is also home to Bryan Park and a large statue of Bryan. His home at <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a>, from 1917 to 1920, the <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_House_(Asheville,_North_Carolina)" title="William Jennings Bryan House (Asheville, North Carolina)">William Jennings Bryan House</a>, was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Villa_Serena" title="Villa Serena">Villa Serena</a>, Bryan's property in <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a>, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> delivered an address on May 3, 1934, dedicating a statue of William Jennings Bryan created by <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a>, the sculptor of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a>. This Bryan statue by Borglum originally stood in Washington, D.C., but was displaced by highway construction and moved by an Act of Congress in 1961 to Salem, Illinois, Bryan's birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_William_Jennings_Bryan" title="Statue of William Jennings Bryan">statue of Bryan</a> represented the state of Nebraska in the <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a>. In 2019, a statue of Chief <a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a> replaced the statue of Bryan in the National Statuary Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan was named to the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Hall_of_Fame" title="Nebraska Hall of Fame">Nebraska Hall of Fame</a> in 1971, and a bust of him resides there, in the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Capitol" title="Nebraska State Capitol">Nebraska State Capitol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan was honored by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> with a $2 <a href="/wiki/Great_Americans_series" title="Great Americans series">Great Americans series</a> <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a>. </p><p>Numerous objects, places and people have been named after Bryan, including <a href="/wiki/Bryan_County,_Oklahoma" title="Bryan County, Oklahoma">Bryan County, Oklahoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-okhs-bryan-county_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okhs-bryan-county-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Health" title="Bryan Health">Bryan Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bryan_College" title="Bryan College">Bryan College</a>, located in Dayton, Tennessee. <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Bryan_High_School" title="Omaha Bryan High School">Omaha Bryan High School</a> and Bryan Middle School in <a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Nebraska" title="Bellevue, Nebraska">Bellevue, Nebraska</a>, are also named for Bryan. During World War II the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_William_J._Bryan" title="SS William J. Bryan">SS <i>William J. Bryan</i></a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida" title="Panama City, Florida">Panama City, Florida</a>, and WJ A Bryan Elementary School in Miami, named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy">Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rhetorical_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rhetorical Presidency">The Rhetorical Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._T._Martin" title="T. T. Martin">T. T. Martin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asked when his family "dropped the 'O'" from his O'Bryan surname, he replied there had never been one.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tax would be struck down by the Supreme Court in the 1895 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Pollock_v._Farmers%27_Loan_%26_Trust_Co." title="Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.">Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kazin51_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazin51-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. senators were elected by state legislatures before to the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a> in 1913.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UPI-obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UPI-obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI-obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNimick1925" class="citation web cs1">Nimick, John (July 27, 1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1925/07/27/Great-Commoner-Bryan-dies-in-sleep-apoplexy-given-as-cause-of-death/4119893170734/">"Great Commoner Bryan dies in sleep, apoplexy given as cause of death"</a>. <i>UPI Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI+Archives&rft.atitle=Great+Commoner+Bryan+dies+in+sleep%2C+apoplexy+given+as+cause+of+death&rft.date=1925-07-27&rft.aulast=Nimick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1925%2F07%2F27%2FGreat-Commoner-Bryan-dies-in-sleep-apoplexy-given-as-cause-of-death%2F4119893170734%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2020" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Michael (October 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/delaware/2020/10/24/the-boy-orator-presidential-candidate-attracted-crowds-but-not-votes/5981074002/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Boy Orator' presidential candidate attracted crowds but not their votes"</a>. <i>Delmarva Now</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Delmarva+Now&rft.atitle=%27The+Boy+Orator%27+presidential+candidate+attracted+crowds+but+not+their+votes&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delmarvanow.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fdelaware%2F2020%2F10%2F24%2Fthe-boy-orator-presidential-candidate-attracted-crowds-but-not-votes%2F5981074002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talkelections.org/FORUM/index.php?topic=214124.0">"Youngest & Oldest Electoral Vote recipients"</a>. <i>Talk Elections</i>. July 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talk+Elections&rft.atitle=Youngest+%26+Oldest+Electoral+Vote+recipients.&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalkelections.org%2FFORUM%2Findex.php%3Ftopic%3D214124.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nebraska.gov/william-jennings-bryan-and-a-spanish-american-war-roster/#:~:text=The%20Third%20Nebraska%20was%20led,Beach%2C%20and%20Fairfield%2C%20Florida">"William Jennings Bryan and a Spanish American War Roster"</a>. October 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan+and+a+Spanish+American+War+Roster&rft.date=2022-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nebraska.gov%2Fwilliam-jennings-bryan-and-a-spanish-american-war-roster%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Third%2520Nebraska%2520was%2520led%2CBeach%252C%2520and%2520Fairfield%252C%2520Florida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nebraskahistory.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nebraskahistory.org_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206071853/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/manuscripts/politics/bryanwj.htm">"William Jennings Bryan, 1860-1925"</a>. Nebraska State Historical Society. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan%2C+1860-1925&rft.pub=Nebraska+State+Historical+Society&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebraskahistory.org%2Flib-arch%2Fresearch%2Fmanuscripts%2Fpolitics%2Fbryanwj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan <i>Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan</i>, pp. 22–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 4–5, 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colletta (1964), pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIU-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIU_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/bios/jenningsws.htm">"Florida International University: Reclaiming the Everglades-biography of William Sherman Jennings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/bios/jenningsws.htm">the original</a> on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florida+International+University%3A+Reclaiming+the+Everglades-biography+of+William+Sherman+Jennings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feverglades.fiu.edu%2Freclaim%2Fbios%2Fjenningsws.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201031926/https://thisday.pcahistory.org/2012/03/march-19-william-jennings-bryan/">"PCA History On This Day March 19: William Jennings Bryan"</a>. <i>PCA History</i>. March 19, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisday.pcahistory.org/2012/03/march-19-william-jennings-bryan/">the original</a> on December 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCA+History&rft.atitle=PCA+History+On+This+Day+March+19%3A+William+Jennings+Bryan&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisday.pcahistory.org%2F2012%2F03%2Fmarch-19-william-jennings-bryan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazin910-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kazin910_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazin910_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazin_2006,_pp._13–14-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kazin_2006,_pp._13–14_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kazin_2006,_pp._13–14_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colletta (1964), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colletta (1964), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 15–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 17–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 22–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 25–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colletta (1964), p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 31–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 20–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 33–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibben (1929), p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 35–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazin51-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kazin51_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazin51_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 40–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 46–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FT_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FT_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2011" class="citation news cs1">McDermott, John (August 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2011/08/19/656016/the-life-of-bryan-or-what-did-monetary-policy-ever-do-for-us/">"The life of Bryan, or what did monetary policy ever do for us?"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+life+of+Bryan%2C+or+what+did+monetary+policy+ever+do+for+us%3F&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fftalphaville.ft.com%2F2011%2F08%2F19%2F656016%2Fthe-life-of-bryan-or-what-did-monetary-policy-ever-do-for-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 53–55, 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 56–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazin6263-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kazin6263_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazin6263_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2012" class="citation news cs1">Glass, Andrew (March 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2012/03/william-jennings-bryan-born-074146">"William Jennings Bryan born, March 19, 1860"</a>. Politico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=William+Jennings+Bryan+born%2C+March+19%2C+1860&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2012%2F03%2Fwilliam-jennings-bryan-born-074146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 63–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 65–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Safire2004" class="citation book cs1">William Safire (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EKkO4JBxtVkC&pg=PA922"><i>Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History</i></a>. W.W. Norton. p. 922. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05931-1"><bdi>978-0-393-05931-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lend+Me+Your+Ears%3A+Great+Speeches+in+History&rft.pages=922&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05931-1&rft.au=William+Safire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKkO4JBxtVkC%26pg%3DPA922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J. Ellis And Mark Dedrick, "The Presidential Candidate, Then and Now" <i>Perspectives on Political Science</i> (1997) 26#4 pp. 208–216 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/~dguber/POLS125/articles/ellis.htm">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Nelson2015" class="citation book cs1">Michael Nelson (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fK_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA363"><i>Guide to the Presidency</i></a>. Routledge. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-91462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-91462-2"><bdi>978-1-135-91462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Presidency&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-135-91462-2&rft.au=Michael+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfK_lCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Rove2016" class="citation book cs1">Karl Rove (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_agDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA368"><i>The Triumph of William McKinley: Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 367–369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-5296-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-5296-9"><bdi>978-1-4767-5296-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+William+McKinley%3A+Why+the+Election+of+1896+Still+Matters&rft.pages=367-369&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-5296-9&rft.au=Karl+Rove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_agDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 76–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 80–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 202–203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Leip" class="citation web cs1">David Leip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1896&fips=42&f=1&off=0&elect=0&minper=0">"1896 Presidential General Election Results – Pennsylvania"</a>. Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Brokers, Binders & Builders: Greater Miami's Boom of the Mid-1920s". <i>Florida Historical Quarterly,</i> vol. 59, no. 4. 1981. pp. 440–463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American University <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.american.edu/trustees/historic-list.cfm?_ga=2.110676038.2141744296.1587754566-1420476289.1543564634">website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazin262263-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kazin262263_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kazin262263_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 262–263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorida_Memory" class="citation web cs1">Florida Memory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/23949">"William Jennings Bryan Conducting a Bible Class in Royal Palm Park – Miami, Florida"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan+Conducting+a+Bible+Class+in+Royal+Palm+Park+%E2%80%93+Miami%2C+Florida&rft.au=Florida+Memory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridamemory.com%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F23949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 271–272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 272–273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald L. Numbers, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creationists" title="The Creationists">The Creationists</a>: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design</i>, (2006), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongfield1993" class="citation book cs1">Longfield, Bradley J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3Q8DwAAQBAJ&q=bradley+j+longfield+theologically+conservative+social+gospeler&pg=PA67"><i>The Presbyterian Controversy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508674-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508674-4"><bdi>978-0-19-508674-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presbyterian+Controversy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508674-4&rft.aulast=Longfield&rft.aufirst=Bradley+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3Q8DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbradley%2Bj%2Blongfield%2Btheologically%2Bconservative%2Bsocial%2Bgospeler%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/princeofpeace00brya#page/n7/mode/2up">The Prince of Peace</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coletta, (1969, Vol. 3), ch. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 274–275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 280–281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 285–288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 292–293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 293–295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msu.edu/hst203/files/2011/02/Mencken-In-Memoriam-WJB.pdf?mod=article_inline">H.L. Mencken – In Memoriam – W.J.B.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731060302/https://history.msu.edu/hst203/files/2011/02/Mencken-In-Memoriam-WJB.pdf?mod=article_inline">Archived</a> July 31, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 294–295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (2006), pp. 296–297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarty2011" class="citation book cs1">Marty, Martin E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxmEQ_7I51oC&q=william+jennings+bryan+%22he+kept+the+faith%22+%28epitaph%7Cgravestone%29&pg=PA92"><i>Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism</i></a>. 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"William Jennings Bryan on the Yellow Brick Road". <i>The Journal of American Culture</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 59–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.1993.00059.x">10.1111/j.1542-734X.1993.00059.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=William+Jennings+Bryan+on+the+Yellow+Brick+Road&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=59-63&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.1993.00059.x&rft.aulast=Geer&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Rochon%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDighe2002" class="citation book cs1">Dighe, Ranjit S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WK3KHptGihwC&pg=RA1-PA32"><i>The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97418-3"><bdi>978-0-275-97418-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historian%27s+Wizard+of+Oz%3A+Reading+L.+Frank+Baum%27s+Classic+as+a+Political+and+Monetary+Allegory&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97418-3&rft.aulast=Dighe&rft.aufirst=Ranjit+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWK3KHptGihwC%26pg%3DRA1-PA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dos Passos, John (1896–1970). <i>U.S.A.</i> Daniel Aaron & Townsend Ludington, eds. New York: Library of America, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/documents/Address_President_Dedication_Bryan_Memorial_05_03_1934.pdf">http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/documents/Address_President_Dedication_Bryan_Memorial_05_03_1934.pdf</a> "Address of the President at the Dedication of the Bryan Memorial".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/trials.php?tid=7">http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/trials.php?tid=7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712224145/http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/trials.php?tid=7">Archived</a> July 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Government Documents: Address of the President at the Dedication of the Bryan Memorial May, 1934".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/09/20/civil-rights-leader-almost-nobody-knows-about-gets-statue-us-capitol/">"The civil rights leader 'almost nobody knows about' gets a statue in the U.S. Capitol"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+civil+rights+leader+%27almost+nobody+knows+about%27+gets+a+statue+in+the+U.S.+Capitol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2019%2F09%2F20%2Fcivil-rights-leader-almost-nobody-knows-about-gets-statue-us-capitol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712224145/http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/trials.php?tid=7">"The Clarence Darrow Collection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/trials.php?tid=7">the original</a> on July 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Clarence+Darrow+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoses.law.umn.edu%2Fdarrow%2Ftrials.php%3Ftid%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714090748/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/admin/hall_of_fame/inductees.htm">"Nebraska Hall of Fame Members"</a>. <i>nebraskahistory.org</i>. Archived from the original on July 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nebraskahistory.org&rft.atitle=Nebraska+Hall+of+Fame+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebraskahistory.org%2Fadmin%2Fhall_of_fame%2Finductees.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-okhs-bryan-county-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-okhs-bryan-county_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oklahoma Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v002/v002p075.html">"Origin of County Names in Oklahoma"</a>, <i>Chronicles of Oklahoma</i> 2:1 (March 1924) 7582 (retrieved August 18, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Greg H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5oWBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1754-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1754-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-1754-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberty+Ships+of+World+War+II%3A+A+Record+of+the+2%2C710+Vessels+and+Their+Builders%2C+Operators+and+Namesakes%2C+with+a+History+of+the+Jeremiah+O%27Brien&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1754-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Greg+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA5oWBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements1982" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Kendrick A. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamjenningsb00clem"><i>William Jennings Bryan, Missionary Isolationist</i></a>. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-364-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-364-5"><bdi>978-0-87049-364-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan%2C+Missionary+Isolationist&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-364-5&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Kendrick+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamjenningsb00clem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColetta" class="citation book cs1">Coletta, Paolo E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316230738/http://www.questia.com/read/105476144"><i>William Jennings Bryan</i></a>. Vol. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/105476144">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(3 vols.)</span> on March 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan&rft.aulast=Coletta&rft.aufirst=Paolo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F105476144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201043254/http://www.questia.com/read/105476691">Online vol. 2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201074503/http://www.questia.com/read/106184089">online vol. 3</a>. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColetta1964" class="citation book cs1">——— (1964). <i>William Jennings Bryan, Vol. 1: Political Evangelist, 1860–1908</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0022-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0022-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-0022-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Political+Evangelist%2C+1860%E2%80%931908&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-0022-7&rft.aulast=Coletta&rft.aufirst=Paolo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColetta1969" class="citation book cs1">——— (1969). <i>William Jennings Bryan, Vol. 2: Progressive Politician and Moral Statesman</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0023-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0023-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-0023-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Progressive+Politician+and+Moral+Statesman&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-0023-4&rft.aulast=Coletta&rft.aufirst=Paolo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColetta1969" class="citation book cs1">——— (1969). <i>William Jennings Bryan, Vol. 3: Political Puritan, 1915–1925</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0024-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-0024-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan%2C+Vol.+3%3A+Political+Puritan%2C+1915%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-0024-1&rft.aulast=Coletta&rft.aufirst=Paolo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColetta1984" class="citation journal cs1">——— (1984). "Will the Real Progressive Stand Up? William Jennings Bryan and Theodore Roosevelt to 1909". <i>Nebraska History</i>. <b>65</b>: 15–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+History&rft.atitle=Will+the+Real+Progressive+Stand+Up%3F+William+Jennings+Bryan+and+Theodore+Roosevelt+to+1909&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=15-57&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Coletta&rft.aufirst=Paolo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris2013" class="citation book cs1">Farris, Scott (2013). <i>Almost President: The Men Who Lost the Race but Changed the Nation</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-8421-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-8421-9"><bdi>978-0-7627-8421-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almost+President%3A+The+Men+Who+Lost+the+Race+but+Changed+the+Nation&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-8421-9&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibben1929" class="citation book cs1">Hibben, Paxton (1929). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peerlessleader0000hibb"><i>The Peerless leader, William Jennings Bryan</i></a></span>. Farrar & Rinehart, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peerless+leader%2C+William+Jennings+Bryan&rft.pub=Farrar+%26+Rinehart%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Hibben&rft.aufirst=Paxton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeerlessleader0000hibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazin2006" class="citation book cs1">Kazin, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godlyherolifeo00kazi"><i>A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41135-9"><bdi>978-0-375-41135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Godly+Hero%3A+The+Life+of+William+Jennings+Bryan&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41135-9&rft.aulast=Kazin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodlyherolifeo00kazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1965" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Lawrence W. (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defenderoffaithw0000levi"><i>Defender of The Faith: William Jennings Bryan: The Last Decade 1915–1925</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defender+of+The+Faith%3A+William+Jennings+Bryan%3A+The+Last+Decade+1915%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefenderoffaithw0000levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRove,_Karl2016" class="citation book cs1">Rove, Karl (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_agDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA368"><i>The Triumph of William McKinley: Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-5296-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-5296-9"><bdi>978-1-4767-5296-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+William+McKinley%3A+Why+the+Election+of+1896+Still+Matters&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-5296-9&rft.au=Rove%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_agDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_Charles_Willis1925" class="citation magazine cs1">Thompson, Charles Willis (June 13, 1925). "Silver-Tongue". Profiles. <i>The New Yorker</i>. Vol. 1, no. 17. pp. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Silver-Tongue&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=1925-06-13&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Charles+Willis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicius2015" class="citation book cs1">Sicius, Francis J. (2015). <i>The Progressive Era: A Reference Guide</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-447-6"><bdi>978-1-61069-447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Progressive+Era%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-447-6&rft.aulast=Sicius&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jeff (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wheredidpartygow00tayl"><i>Where Did the Party Go?: William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian Legacy</i></a></span>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1659-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1659-5"><bdi>978-0-8262-1659-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Did+the+Party+Go%3F%3A+William+Jennings+Bryan%2C+Hubert+Humphrey%2C+and+the+Jeffersonian+Legacy&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1659-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwheredidpartygow00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ashby, LeRoy. <i>William Jennings Bryan: champion of democracy</i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamjenningsb00ashb">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherny1985" class="citation book cs1">Cherny, Robert W. (1985). <i>A Righteous Cause: The Life of William Jennings Bryan</i>. Little Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13854-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13854-3"><bdi>978-0-316-13854-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Righteous+Cause%3A+The+Life+of+William+Jennings+Bryan&rft.pub=Little+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-316-13854-3&rft.aulast=Cherny&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span>. brief scholarly overview; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righteouscauseli00cher">online</a></li> <li>Clements, Kendrick A. <i>William Jennings Bryan, missionary isolationist</i> (U of Tennessee Press, 1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamjenningsb00clem">online</a>; focus on foreign policy.</li> <li>Coletta, Paolo E. <i>William Jennings Bryan. I: Political Evangelist, 1860–1908</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 1964), the most detailed of the standard scholarly biographies; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23327314">online review</a> <ul><li>Coletta, Paolo E. <i>William Jennings Bryan. Volume II, Progressive Politician and Moral Statesman, 1909 1915</i> (1969)</li> <li>Coletta, Paolo E. <i>William Jennings Bryan". Vol. 3: Political Puritan, 1915–1925</i> 1969)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlad1960" class="citation book cs1">Glad, Paul W. (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trumpetsoundethw0000glad"><i>The trumpet soundeth; William Jennings Bryan and his democracy, 1896–1912</i></a></span>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803250734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803250734"><bdi>978-0803250734</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964829">964829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+trumpet+soundeth%3B+William+Jennings+Bryan+and+his+democracy%2C+1896%E2%80%931912&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964829&rft.isbn=978-0803250734&rft.aulast=Glad&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrumpetsoundethw0000glad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kazin, Michael. <i>A godly hero : the life of William Jennings Bryan</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godlyherolifeo00kazi">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig1971" class="citation book cs1">Koenig, Louis William (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bryanpoliticalbi00koen"><i>Bryan: A Political Biography of William Jennings Bryan</i></a></span>. Putnam Pub Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-10104-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-10104-5"><bdi>978-0-399-10104-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bryan%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+William+Jennings+Bryan&rft.pub=Putnam+Pub+Group&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-399-10104-5&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Louis+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbryanpoliticalbi00koen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinwand2006" class="citation book cs1">Leinwand, Gerald (2006). <i>William Jennings Bryan: An Uncertain Trumpet</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5158-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-5158-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan%3A+An+Uncertain+Trumpet&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5158-9&rft.aulast=Leinwand&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Levine, Lawrence W. <i>Defender of the faith: William Jennings Bryan, the last decade, 1915–1925</i> (Oxford UP, 1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defenderoffaithw0000levi_f7r9">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1929" class="citation book cs1">Werner, M. R. (1929). <i>William Jennings Bryan</i>. Harcourt, Brace. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1517464">1517464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1517464&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span>, outdated.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_studies">Specialized studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Specialized studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1947" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, James A. (1947). "Myths of the Bryan Campaign". <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 367–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1898096">10.2307/1898096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1898096">1898096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Myths+of+the+Bryan+Campaign&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-404&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1898096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1898096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span> on 1896</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensel,_Richard_Franklin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bensel" title="Richard Bensel">Bensel, Richard Franklin</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MadNAPP2Jz8C"><i>Passion and Preferences: William Jennings Bryan and the 1896 Democratic National Convention</i></a>. Cambridge U.P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71762-5"><bdi>978-0-521-71762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passion+and+Preferences%3A+William+Jennings+Bryan+and+the+1896+Democratic+National+Convention&rft.pub=Cambridge+U.P.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71762-5&rft.au=Bensel%2C+Richard+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMadNAPP2Jz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passionpreferenc0000bens">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherny1996" class="citation journal cs1">Cherny, Robert W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nebraska.gov/sites/history.nebraska.gov/files/doc/publications/NH1996Bryan_Historians.pdf">"William Jennings Bryan and the Historians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nebraska History</i>. <b>77</b> (3–4): 184–193. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-1859">0028-1859</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nebraska.gov/sites/history.nebraska.gov/files/doc/publications/NH1996Bryan_Historians.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+History&rft.atitle=William+Jennings+Bryan+and+the+Historians&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=184-193&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0028-1859&rft.aulast=Cherny&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nebraska.gov%2Fsites%2Fhistory.nebraska.gov%2Ffiles%2Fdoc%2Fpublications%2FNH1996Bryan_Historians.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span> Analysis of the historiography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements1992" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Kendrick A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofwood00clem"><i>The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0523-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0523-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-0523-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Woodrow+Wilson&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0523-1&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Kendrick+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofwood00clem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2000" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Mark (2000). "Rethinking the Failure of Fundamentalist Political Antievolutionism after 1925". <i><a href="/wiki/Fides_et_Historia" title="Fides et Historia">Fides et Historia</a></i>. <b>32</b> (2): 89–106. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0884-5379">0884-5379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17120377">17120377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fides+et+Historia&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Failure+of+Fundamentalist+Political+Antievolutionism+after+1925&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-106&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17120377&rft.issn=0884-5379&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span> Argues that fundamentalists thought they had won Scopes trial but death of Bryan shook their confidence.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolsom1999" class="citation book cs1">Folsom, Burton W. (1999). <i>No More Free Markets Or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900–1924</i>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0014-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-0014-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+More+Free+Markets+Or+Free+Beer%3A+The+Progressive+Era+in+Nebraska%2C+1900%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0014-1&rft.aulast=Folsom&rft.aufirst=Burton+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlad1964" class="citation book cs1">Glad, Paul W. (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mckinleybryanpeo0000glad_s9t5"><i>McKinley, Bryan and the People</i></a></span>. Lippincott. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0397470488" title="Special:BookSources/978-0397470488"><bdi>978-0397470488</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559539520">559539520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McKinley%2C+Bryan+and+the+People&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F559539520&rft.isbn=978-0397470488&rft.aulast=Glad&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmckinleybryanpeo0000glad_s9t5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hannigan, Robert E. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/New-World-Power-American-1898-1917-ebook/dp/B00E1XZJUI/">The New World Power</a></i>, U of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannigan2016" class="citation cs2">——— (2016), <i>The Great War and American Foreign Policy, 1914–24</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812248593" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812248593"><bdi>978-0812248593</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+and+American+Foreign+Policy%2C+1914%E2%80%9324&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0812248593&rft.aulast=Hannigan&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohenstein2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hohenstein, Kurt (2000). "William Jennings Bryan and the Income Tax: Economic Statism and Judicial Usurpation in the Election of 1896". <i>Journal of Law & Politics</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 163–192. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0749-2227">0749-2227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+%26+Politics&rft.atitle=William+Jennings+Bryan+and+the+Income+Tax%3A+Economic+Statism+and+Judicial+Usurpation+in+the+Election+of+1896&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-192&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0749-2227&rft.aulast=Hohenstein&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeansonne1988" class="citation journal cs1">Jeansonne, Glen (1988). "Goldbugs, Silverites, and Satirists: Caricature and Humor in the Presidential Election of 1896". <i>Journal of American Culture</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.1988.1102_1.x">10.1111/j.1542-734X.1988.1102_1.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-1813">0191-1813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Goldbugs%2C+Silverites%2C+and+Satirists%3A+Caricature+and+Humor+in+the+Presidential+Election+of+1896&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.1988.1102_1.x&rft.issn=0191-1813&rft.aulast=Jeansonne&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1997" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Edward (1997). <i>Summer for the Gods: The Scopes trial and America's continuing debate over science and religion</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07509-6"><bdi>978-0-465-07509-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summer+for+the+Gods%3A+The+Scopes+trial+and+America%27s+continuing+debate+over+science+and+religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-465-07509-6&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongfield2000" class="citation journal cs1">Longfield, Bradley J. (2000). "For Church and Country: the Fundamentalist-modernist Conflict in the Presbyterian Church". <i>Journal of Presbyterian History</i>. <b>78</b> (1): 34–50. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3883">0022-3883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Presbyterian+History&rft.atitle=For+Church+and+Country%3A+the+Fundamentalist-modernist+Conflict+in+the+Presbyterian+Church&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-50&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0022-3883&rft.aulast=Longfield&rft.aufirst=Bradley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span> Puts Scopes in larger religious context.</li> <li>Maddux, Kristy. "Fundamentalist fool or populist paragon? William Jennings Bryan and the campaign against evolutionary theory". <i>Rhetoric and Public Affairs</i> 16.3 (2013): 489–520.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagliocca2011" class="citation book cs1">Magliocca, Gerard N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tragedyofwilliam0000magl/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20582-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20582-4"><bdi>978-0-300-20582-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+William+Jennings+Bryan%3A+Constitutional+Law+and+the+Politics+of+Backlash&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20582-4&rft.aulast=Magliocca&rft.aufirst=Gerard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftragedyofwilliam0000magl%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mahan, Russell L. (2003). "William Jennings Bryan and the Presidential Campaign of 1896". <i>White House Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 215–227. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-4768">1535-4768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=White+House+Studies&rft.atitle=William+Jennings+Bryan+and+the+Presidential+Campaign+of+1896&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-227&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1535-4768&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Russell+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2015" class="citation cs2">Morton, Richard Allen (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.108.2.0147">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It Was Bryan and Sullivan Who did the Trick': How William Jennings Bryan and Illinois' Roger C. Sullivan Brought About the Nomination of Woodrow Wilson in 1912"</a>, <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i>, vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 147–181, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjillistathistsoc.108.2.0147">10.5406/jillistathistsoc.108.2.0147</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jillistathistsoc.108.2.0147">10.5406/jillistathistsoc.108.2.0147</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Illinois+State+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=%27It+Was+Bryan+and+Sullivan+Who+did+the+Trick%27%3A+How+William+Jennings+Bryan+and+Illinois%27+Roger+C.+Sullivan+Brought+About+the+Nomination+of+Woodrow+Wilson+in+1912&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-181&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjillistathistsoc.108.2.0147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjillistathistsoc.108.2.0147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjillistathistsoc.108.2.0147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Troy A. (2002). "William Jennings Bryan: Boy Orator, Broken Man, and the 'Evolution' of America's Public Philosophy". <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 83–98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-7664">0275-7664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Plains+Quarterly&rft.atitle=William+Jennings+Bryan%3A+Boy+Orator%2C+Broken+Man%2C+and+the+%27Evolution%27+of+America%27s+Public+Philosophy&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-98&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0275-7664&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Troy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rove, Karl (2015) <i>The Triumph of William McKinley: Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters</i>, Simon & Schuster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-5295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-5295-2">978-1-4767-5295-2</a>. Detailed popular narrative of the entire campaign by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a>, a prominent 21st-century Republican campaign advisor.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScroop2013" class="citation journal cs1">Scroop, Daniel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/76666/1/76666.pdf">"William Jennings Bryan's 1905–1906 World Tour"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 459–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X12000520">10.1017/S0018246X12000520</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159980462">159980462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=William+Jennings+Bryan%27s+1905%E2%80%931906+World+Tour&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=459-486&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X12000520&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159980462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scroop&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F76666%2F1%2F76666.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1966" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Willard H. (1966). "William Jennings Bryan and the Social Gospel". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 41–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1893929">10.2307/1893929</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893929">1893929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=William+Jennings+Bryan+and+the+Social+Gospel&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-60&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1893929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1893929%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Willard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2006" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Jeff (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wheredidpartygow00tayl"><i>Where did the party go? : William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian legacy</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+did+the+party+go%3F+%3A+William+Jennings+Bryan%2C+Hubert+Humphrey%2C+and+the+Jeffersonian+legacy&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwheredidpartygow00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation book cs1">Williams, R. Hal (2010). <i>Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1721-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1721-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-1721-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Realigning+America%3A+McKinley%2C+Bryan%2C+and+the+Remarkable+Election+of+1896&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1721-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=R.+Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, L. Maren (2002). "The Monkey Trial Myth: Popular Culture Representations of the Scopes Trial". <i>Canadian Review of American Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 147–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FCRAS-s032-02-01">10.3138/CRAS-s032-02-01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-7720">0007-7720</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159954176">159954176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Monkey+Trial+Myth%3A+Popular+Culture+Representations+of+the+Scopes+Trial&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-164&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159954176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-7720&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2FCRAS-s032-02-01&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=L.+Maren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings_by_Bryan">Writings by Bryan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Writings by Bryan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1967" class="citation cs2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bryan, William Jennings</a> (1967), Ginger, Ray (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamjenningsb00brya"><i>William Jennings Bryan: selections</i></a>, Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Jennings+Bryan%3A+selections&rft.pub=Indianapolis%2C+Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=William+Jennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamjenningsb00brya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span>, 259 pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1897" class="citation cs2">——— (1897), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-hU39f_4BUoC"><i>The first battle: a story of the campaign of 1896</i></a> (campaign speeches), Chicago, W. B. Conkey Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+battle%3A+a+story+of+the+campaign+of+1896&rft.pub=Chicago%2C+W.+B.+Conkey+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=William+Jennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_-hU39f_4BUoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span>, 693 pp.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3d3hAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Commoner Condensed</i></a>, annual compilation of <i>The Commoner</i> magazine; full text online for 1901, 1902, 1903, 1907, 1907, 1908</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1907" class="citation cs2">Bryan, William Jennings (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldworldanditsw00bryagoog"><i>The old world and its ways</i></a>, St. Louis, The Thompson Publishing Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+old+world+and+its+ways&rft.pub=St.+Louis%2C+The+Thompson+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=William+Jennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldworldanditsw00bryagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span>, 560 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45376/45376-h/45376-h.htm">At Project Gutenberg.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1909" class="citation cs2">——— (1909), Bryan, Mary Baird (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speecheswilliam02bryagoog"><i>Speeches of William Jennings Bryan</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+of+William+Jennings+Bryan&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=William+Jennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeecheswilliam02bryagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1922" class="citation cs2">——— (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhisimage00bryagoog"><i>In His image</i></a>, Freeport, N.Y., Books for Libraries Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+His+image&rft.pub=Freeport%2C+N.Y.%2C+Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=William+Jennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finhisimage00bryagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span> 226 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1925" class="citation cs2">——— (1925), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201000035/http://www.questia.com/read/3823250"><i>The Memoirs: of William Jennings Bryan, by himself and his wife</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/3823250">the original</a> on February 1, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs%3A+of+William+Jennings+Bryan%2C+by+himself+and+his+wife&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=William+Jennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F3823250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span>, 560 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1906" class="citation cs2">——— (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/item/20101015-123"><i>British Rule in India</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Rule+in+India&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=William+Jennings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saadigitalarchive.org%2Fitem%2F20101015-123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Jennings+Bryan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Jennings_Bryan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jennings_Bryan" class="extiw" title="s:Author:William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000995">Biography</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3381">Works by William Jennings Bryan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bryan%2C%20William%20Jennings%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bryan%2C%20William%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bryan%2C%20W%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Jennings%20Bryan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Bryan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Bryan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bryan%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Bryan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Jennings%20Bryan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Bryan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Bryan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20Jennings%20Bryan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bryan%2C%20William%20Jennings%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bryan%2C%20William%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bryan%2C%20W%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bryan%2C%20W%2E%20Jennings%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Bryan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bryan%2C%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Jennings%20Bryan%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Bryan%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Bryan%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Bryan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Jennings%20Bryan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20J%2E%20Bryan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20J%2E%20Bryan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bryan%2C%20William%20Jennings%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bryan%2C%20William%20J%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Bryan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bryan%2C%20William%22%29%20OR%20%28%221860-1925%22%20AND%20Bryan%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Jennings Bryan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12295">Works by William Jennings Bryan</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li>Luke Schleif: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/bryan_william_jennings/">Bryan, William Jennings</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=william+jennings+bryan&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1">William Jennings Bryan cylinder recordings</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_Preservation_and_Digitization_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project">Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127111953/http://www.gotothebible.com/HTML/Sermons/deity.html">"The Deity of Christ" – paper by Bryan on the subject</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agribusinesscouncil.org/bryan.htm">William Jennings Bryan Recognition Project (WJBP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?301270-1/william-jennings-bryan-presidential-contender">"William Jennings Bryan, Presidential Contender"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Contenders" title="The Contenders">The Contenders</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_James_Connell" title="William James Connell">William James Connell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Nebraska">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Nebraska's 1st congressional district">Nebraska's 1st congressional district</a> </b><br />1891–1895 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Burr_Strode" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Burr Strode">Jesse Burr Strode</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a> nominee for President of the United States<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Endorsed</span> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wharton_Barker" title="Wharton Barker">Wharton Barker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1913–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a><br />1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a><br />1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Nebraska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska" title="Template:United States representatives from Nebraska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Nebraska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Nebraska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Nebraska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States representatives from Nebraska">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Nebraska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Nebraska01 !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Nebraska's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_J._Weaver" title="Archibald J. Weaver">A. Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McShane" title="John A. McShane">McShane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Connell" title="William James Connell">Connell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Burr_Strode" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Burr Strode">Strode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Burkett" title="Elmer Burkett">Burkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_M._Pollard" title="Ernest M. Pollard">Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Maguire" title="John A. Maguire">Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Frank_Reavis" title="C. Frank Reavis">Reavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_H._Thorpe" title="Roy H. Thorpe">Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Morehead" title="John H. Morehead">Morehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carl_Luckey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Carl Luckey">Luckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heinke" title="George H. Heinke">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyde_Sweet" title="John Hyde Sweet">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_S._Copeland" title="Oren S. Copeland">Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Curtis" title="Carl Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Hart_Weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Hart Weaver">P. Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Beermann" title="Ralph F. Beermann">Beermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Armstrong_Callan" class="mw-redirect" title="Clair Armstrong Callan">Callan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vernon_Denney" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Vernon Denney">Denney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thone" title="Charles Thone">Thone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Bereuter" title="Doug Bereuter">Bereuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Fortenberry" title="Jeff Fortenberry">Fortenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Flood_(politician)" title="Mike Flood (politician)">Flood</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/100px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/150px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/200px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Nebraska02 !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Nebraska's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Laird_(politician)" title="James Laird (politician)">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_L._Laws" title="Gilbert L. Laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._McKeighan" title="William A. McKeighan">McKeighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Mercer" title="David Henry Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">G. Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Kennedy" title="John L. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">G. Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Lobeck" title="Charles O. Lobeck">Lobeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Jefferis" title="Albert W. Jefferis">Jefferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_G._Sears" title="Willis G. Sears">Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Baldrige" title="Howard M. Baldrige">Baldrige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Burke" title="Edward R. Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._McLaughlin" title="Charles F. McLaughlin">C. McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Buffett" title="Howard Buffett">Buffett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_D._O%27Sullivan" title="Eugene D. O'Sullivan">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Buffett" title="Howard Buffett">Buffett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Hruska" title="Roman Hruska">Hruska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_B._Chase" title="Jackson B. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Cunningham_(Nebraska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Cunningham (Nebraska)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._McCollister" title="John Y. McCollister">McCollister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Cavanaugh_III" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Cavanaugh III">Cavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Daub" title="Hal Daub">Daub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hoagland" title="Peter Hoagland">Hoagland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lynn_Christensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jon Lynn Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Terry" title="Lee Terry">Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Ashford" title="Brad Ashford">Ashford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Bacon" title="Don Bacon">Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Nebraska03 !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Nebraska's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_K._Valentine" title="Edward K. Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Emery_Dorsey" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington Emery Dorsey">Dorsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Madison_Kem" class="mw-redirect" title="Omer Madison Kem">Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Rue_Meiklejohn" title="George de Rue Meiklejohn">Meiklejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maxwell" title="Samuel Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seaton_Robinson" title="John Seaton Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(Nebraska_politician)" title="John McCarthy (Nebraska politician)">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Boyd" title="John Frank Boyd">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Latta" title="James P. Latta">Latta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_V._Stephens" title="Dan V. Stephens">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Evans" title="Robert E. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Howard" title="Edgar Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Stefan" title="Karl Stefan">Stefan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dinsmore_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Dinsmore Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Brock" title="Lawrence Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Beermann" title="Ralph F. Beermann">Beermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_(Nebraska_politician)" title="David Martin (Nebraska politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_D._Smith" title="Virginia D. Smith">V. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Barrett" title="Bill Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Osborne" title="Tom Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(politician)" title="Adrian Smith (politician)">A. Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Nebraska04 !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Nebraska's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Jerome_Hainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Jerome Hainer">Hainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ledyard Stark">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_H._Hinshaw" title="Edmund H. Hinshaw">Hinshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Sloan" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henry Sloan">Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_O._McLaughlin" title="Melvin O. McLaughlin">M. McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Norton" title="John N. Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Sloan" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henry Sloan">Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Norton" title="John N. Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_C._Shallenberger" title="Ashton C. Shallenberger">Shallenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gustav_Binderup" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gustav Binderup">Binderup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Curtis" title="Carl Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Miller" title="Arthur L. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_McGinley" title="Donald McGinley">McGinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_(Nebraska_politician)" title="David Martin (Nebraska politician)">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Nebraska05 !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Nebraska's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_A._McKeighan" title="William A. McKeighan">McKeighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Andrews" title="William E. Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Dhu_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick Dhu Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_C._Shallenberger" title="Ashton C. Shallenberger">Shallenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Reynolds_Barton" title="Silas Reynolds Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_C._Shallenberger" title="Ashton C. Shallenberger">Shallenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Andrews" title="William E. Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_C._Shallenberger" title="Ashton C. Shallenberger">Shallenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gustus_Johnson" title="Fred Gustus Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_C._Shallenberger" title="Ashton C. Shallenberger">Shallenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Carpenter" title="Terry Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Coffee" title="Harry B. Coffee">Coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Nebraska06 !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Nebraska's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Madison_Kem" class="mw-redirect" title="Omer Madison Kem">Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laury_Greene" title="William Laury Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville_(representative)" title="William Neville (representative)">Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Kinkaid" title="Moses Kinkaid">Kinkaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Reed_Humphrey" title="Augustin Reed Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Simmons" title="Robert G. Simmons">Simmons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="NebraskaAL !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Nebraska's at-large congressional district">At-large</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turner_M._Marquett" title="Turner M. Marquett">Marquett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taffe" title="John Taffe">Taffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Crounse" title="Lorenzo Crounse">Crounse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Welch_(American_politician)" title="Frank Welch (American politician)">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Majors" title="Thomas Jefferson Majors">Majors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_K._Valentine" title="Edward K. Valentine">Valentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Nebraska TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Nebraska Territory's at-large congressional district">Territory</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte_Giddings" title="Napoleon Bonaparte Giddings">Giddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Beers_Chapman" title="Bird Beers Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenner_Ferguson" title="Fenner Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience_Estabrook" title="Experience Estabrook">Estabrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gordon_Daily" title="Samuel Gordon Daily">Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Hitchcock" title="Phineas Hitchcock">P. Hitchcock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of left-wing politics in the United States">Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />tickets that<br />won at least<br />one percent of<br />the national<br />popular vote<br /> (candidate(s) / <br /> running mate(s))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel F. Cary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Jennings Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George R. Kirkpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />left-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1932)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1932)">Liberty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party performances in presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wilson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wilson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wilson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Woodrow_Wilson_(1913–1921)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/120px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/180px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg/240px-Thomas_Woodrow_Wilson%2C_Harris_%26_Ewing_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3762" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Jennings Bryan</a> (1913–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> (1915–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Bainbridge Colby</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Carter Glass</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Lindley Miller Garrison</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a> (1916–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">James Clark McReynolds</a> (1913–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Thomas Watt Gregory</a> (1914–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Burleson" title="Albert S. Burleson">Albert S. Burleson</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Knight_Lane" title="Franklin Knight Lane">Franklin Knight Lane</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barton_Payne" title="John Barton Payne">John Barton Payne</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">David F. Houston</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Meredith" title="Edwin T. Meredith">Edwin T. Meredith</a> (1920–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Redfield" title="William C. Redfield">William C. Redfield</a> (1913–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_W._Alexander" title="Joshua W. Alexander">Joshua W. Alexander</a> (1919–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bauchop_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bauchop Wilson">William Bauchop Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1892)_1896_United_States_presidential_election_(1900_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1896 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1896 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1896 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1892)_1896_United_States_presidential_election_(1900_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">← 1892</a>) <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Matthew Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)<br /><small><span style="color:#ACE1AF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a> · <span style="color:#A3BFBA;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Jennings Bryan</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Arthur Sewall</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Populist VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Richard P. Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Pattison" title="Robert E. Pattison">Robert E. Pattison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Boies" title="Horace Boies">Horace Boies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">J. C. S. Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Matthews" title="Claude Matthews">Claude Matthews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">John M. Palmer</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner">Simon Bolivar Buckner</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Bragg" title="Edward S. Bragg">Edward S. Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">William F. Vilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">John G. Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Julius Sterling Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">William Lyne Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watterson" title="Henry Watterson">Henry Watterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Levering" title="Joshua Levering">Joshua Levering</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hale_Johnson" title="Hale Johnson">Hale Johnson</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/L._C._Hughes" title="L. C. Hughes">L. C. Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Bentley" title="Charles Eugene Bentley">Charles E. Bentley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Matchett" title="Charles H. Matchett">Charles H. Matchett</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Maguire_(labor_activist)" title="Matthew Maguire (labor activist)">Matthew Maguire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 silver;"><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election#National_Party_nomination" title="1896 United States presidential election">National Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Bentley" title="Charles Eugene Bentley">Charles E. Bentley</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Southgate" title="James H. Southgate">James H. Southgate</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1896 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1896 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_and_1897_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1896 and 1897 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1896)_1900_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1904)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1900 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1900 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1900 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1896)_1900_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1904)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">← 1896</a>) <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">→ 1904</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Jennings Bryan</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson I</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_G._Woolley" title="John G. Woolley">John G. Woolley</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Metcalf" title="Henry B. Metcalf">Henry B. Metcalf</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF3100;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Social Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Job_Harriman" title="Job Harriman">Job Harriman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Wharton_Barker" title="Wharton Barker">Wharton Barker</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Malloney" title="Joseph F. Malloney">Joseph F. Malloney</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Remmel" title="Valentine Remmel">Valentine Remmel</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1900 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1900 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_and_1901_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 and 1901 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1904)_1908_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1912)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1908 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1908 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1908 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1904)_1908_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1912)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">← 1904</a>) <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">→ 1912</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker" title="Joseph B. Foraker">Joseph B. Foraker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">L. M. Shaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Jennings Bryan</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">John W. Kern</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Gray_(Delaware_politician)" title="George Gray (Delaware politician)">George Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Johnson" title="John Albert Johnson">John Albert Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._Chafin" title="Eugene W. Chafin">Eugene W. Chafin</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFC14E;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Independence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Independence Party">Independence Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Hisgen" title="Thomas L. Hisgen">Thomas L. Hisgen</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Temple_Graves" title="John Temple Graves">John Temple Graves</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Williams_(American_politician)" title="Samuel Williams (American politician)">Samuel Williams</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1908 elections:</b> <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1908 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_and_1909_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1908 and 1909 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205282#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205282#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205282#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123201807">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32004807">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53323/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp9rpYJ76bcmXfvpKK68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118667793">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bryan, William Jennings, 1860-1925"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80044871">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119525791">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119525791">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00552071">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35023221">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/46394">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069960445">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90191403">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000688598&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=140466">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/349056">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259102705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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