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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_to_medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient to medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_to_medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period_(1650–1818)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period_(1650–1818)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early modern period (1650–1818) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period_(1650–1818)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Political history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Social history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colonial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colonial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 British colonial rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_colonial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_Indian_independence_in_1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_Indian_independence_in_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Since Indian independence in 1947 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_Indian_independence_in_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castes_and_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castes_and_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Castes and communities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Castes_and_communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Castes and communities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Castes_and_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindu_castes_in_Maharashtra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_castes_in_Maharashtra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Hindu castes in Maharashtra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_castes_in_Maharashtra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Hindu_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Hindu_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Non-Hindu communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Hindu_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathi_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Marathi diaspora </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marathi_diaspora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marathi diaspora subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marathi_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_other_Indian_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_Indian_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 In other Indian states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_Indian_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_in_India_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_in_India_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Population in India by state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_in_India_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 International diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathi_Hindu_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi_Hindu_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Marathi Hindu customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathi_Hindu_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceremonies_and_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonies_and_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Ceremonies and rituals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonies_and_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_calendar_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_calendar_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Hindu calendar and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_calendar_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_celebrations_observed_by_other_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_celebrations_observed_by_other_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Festivals and celebrations observed by other communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_celebrations_observed_by_other_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dhamma_Chakra_Pravartan_Din" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhamma_Chakra_Pravartan_Din"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhamma_Chakra_Pravartan_Din-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddha_Purnima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha_Purnima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Buddha Purnima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha_Purnima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Christmas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Attire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 Personal names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.2 Surnames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honourifics_and_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honourifics_and_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.3 Honourifics and suffixes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honourifics_and_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Language and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Marathi_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Marathi_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.1 Ancient Marathi inscriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Marathi_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.2 Classical literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Marathi_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Marathi_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.3 Modern Marathi literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Marathi_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Martial tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marathi people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi%27s" title="Marathi's – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marathi's" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="مراثيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مراثيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مراتیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مراتیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মারাঠি জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারাঠি জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Marathi" title="Urang Marathi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Urang Marathi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D1%96_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Маратхі (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маратхі (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Маратхи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маратхи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathes" title="Marathes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marathes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A1thov%C3%A9" title="Maráthové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maráthové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathen" title="Marathen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marathen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathid" title="Marathid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marathid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratas" title="Maratas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maratas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_(herria)" title="Marathi (herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marathi (herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مردم مراتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم مراتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_(peuple)" title="Marathi (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marathi (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A0%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B" title="મરાઠી લોકો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મરાઠી લોકો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="마라타인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마라타인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="मराठी लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मराठी लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Marathi" title="Suku Marathi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Marathi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მარათები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარათები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Маратхи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маратхи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Маратхи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маратхи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathai" title="Marathai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marathai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="मराठी लोक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मराठी लोक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مراتيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مراتيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_(volk)" title="Marathi (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marathi (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="मराठी जाति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मराठी जाति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="マラーター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マラーター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਰਾਠੀ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਰਾਠੀ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%B9%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="مراٹھی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مراٹھی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مراټيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مراټيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathowie" title="Marathowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marathowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratas" title="Maratas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maratas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Маратхи (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маратхи (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maratha&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan ethnic group native to western India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Maratha" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maratha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Maratha (disambiguation)">Maratha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Maharashtrian people" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Maharashtrian (disambiguation)">Maharashtrian</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Marathi people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="mr">मराठी लोक</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="280" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> Cultural flag of the Marathi people</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 83 million<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">82,801,140 (<a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Census_2011-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">127,630<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60,000 (<a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,055<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,755<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> Minority: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/18px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/27px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/36px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/12px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/18px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/24px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/12px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/18px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/24px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/18px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/27px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Marathi people (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈrɑːti/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: मराठी लोक, Marāṭhī lōk) or Marathis (Marathi: मराठी, Marāṭhī) are an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> who are native to <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">western India</a>. They natively speak <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a>. Maharashtra was formed as a Marathi-speaking state of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> on 1 May 1960, as part of a nationwide linguistic reorganisation of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian states</a>. The term "Maratha" is generally used by historians to refer to all Marathi-speaking peoples, irrespective of their <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a>;<a href="#cite_note-O'Hanlon2002-9">[9]</a> However, it may refer to a Maharashtrian caste known as the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Maratha</a> which also includes farmer sub castes like the <a href="/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Marathi community came into political prominence in the 17th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> in 1674.<a href="#cite_note-pearson-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delhi,_the_Capital_of_India-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sen_2017-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> According to <a href="/wiki/R._G._Bhandarkar" title="R. G. Bhandarkar">R. G. Bhandarkar</a>, the term Maratha is derived from Rattas, a tribe which held political supremacy in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> from the remotest time. The Rattas called themselves Maha Rattas or Great Rattas, and thus the country in which they lived came to be called <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, the Sanskrit of which is Maha-rashtra.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadava kingdom</a> called <a href="/wiki/Anarta_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarta Kingdom">Anaratta</a> is described as mostly inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Abhira_people" title="Abhira people">Abhiras</a> (Abhira-praya-manusyam). The <a href="/wiki/Anarta_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarta Kingdom">Anartta country</a> and its inhabitants were called <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Surastra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(state)" title="Saurashtra (state)">Saurastras</a>, probably after the Rattas (Rastras) akin to the Rastrikas of Asoka's rock Edicts, now known as <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and the Marathas.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_to_medieval_period">Ancient to medieval period</h3></div> During the ancient period, around 230 BC, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a>, which ruled the region for 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated440-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a> then ruled Maharashtra from the 3rd century to the 5th century AD,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a> from the 6th century to the 8th century. The two prominent rulers were <a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a>, who defeated the Kannauj Emperor <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a>, who defeated Arab invaders (Umayyad Caliphate) in the 8th century. The <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> ruled Maharashtra from the 8th to the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The Persian merchant and traveller, <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a>, who wrote of his many voyages to India and China in the mid-9th century CE, called the ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a>, "one of the four great kings of the world".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated203-21">[21]</a> From the early 11th century to the 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated365-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yadava_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadava dynasty">Yadava dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deogiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deogiri">Deogiri</a>, ruled Maharashtra from the 13th century to the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Yadavas were defeated by the Khaljis in 1321. After the defeat of Yadavas, the area was ruled for the next 300 years by a succession of Muslim rulers including (in chronological order): the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khaljis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughlaq">Tughlaqs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> and its successor states called the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Adilshahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adilshahi">Adilshahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Nizamshahi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The early period of Islamic rule saw the imposition of a <a href="/wiki/Jaziya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaziya">Jaziya</a> tax on non-Muslims, temple destruction and forcible conversions.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> However, the mainly Hindu population and their Islamic rulers came to an accommodation over time. For most of this period <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> were in charge of accounts, whereas revenue collection was in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> who held <a href="/wiki/Vatandar" title="Vatandar">watans</a> (hereditary rights) of <a href="/wiki/Patil_(title)" title="Patil (title)">Patilki</a> (revenue collection at village level), and <a href="/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukhi</a> (revenue collection over a larger area). A number of families such as <a href="/wiki/Bhosale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhosale">Bhosale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirke" title="Shirke">Shirke</a>, Ghorpade, <a href="/wiki/Jadhav" title="Jadhav">Jadhav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaoli_State" title="Jaoli State">More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahadik" title="Mahadik">Mahadik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagal" title="Kagal">Ghatge</a>, Gharge and <a href="/wiki/Nimbalkar" title="Nimbalkar">Nimbalkar</a> loyally served different sultans at different periods of time. All <a href="/wiki/Vatandar" title="Vatandar">watandar</a> considered their watan a source of economic power and pride and were reluctant to part with it. The watandars were the first to oppose Shivaji because it hurt their economic interests.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-27">[27]</a> Since most of the population was Hindu and spoke Marathi, even the sultans such as <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah I">Ibrahim Adil Shah I</a> adopted Marathi as the court language for administration and record-keeping.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Islamic rule also led to Persian vocabulary entering the Marathi language. Per Kulkarni, for the elites of the era using Persian words was a status symbol. Surnames derived from service during that period such as Fadnis, <a href="/wiki/Chitnis" title="Chitnis">Chitnis</a>, Mirasdar, etc. are still in use today.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-27">[27]</a> Most of the Marathi <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti</a> poet saints, who worshipped <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vitthal</a>, belonged to the period between late Yadava and the late Islamic era. These include <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahinabai" title="Bahinabai">Bahinabai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GaneshThakkar2005-30">[30]</a> Other important religious figures of this era were <a href="/wiki/Narsimha_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Narsimha Saraswati">Narsimha Saraswati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a> sect founder <a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhar Swami</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> saints like <a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="mr:मन्मथ स्वामी">Manmath swami</a>, Gajanan Maharaj, Sant Narhari Sonar. All of them used the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> for their devotional and philosophical compositions. The decline of Islamic rule in Deccan started when <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> (1630–1680) founded the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Kingdom">Maratha Kingdom</a> by annexing a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur Sultanate</a>. Shivaji later led rebellions against Mughal rule, thus becoming a symbol of Hindu resistance and self-rule. The Marathas contributed greatly to weakening imperial Mughal rule and went on to rule over a large realm stretching from <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period_(1650–1818)">Early modern period (1650–1818)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_history">Political history</h4></div> In the mid-17th century, <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Kingdom">Maratha Kingdom</a> by conquering the <a href="/wiki/Desh,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Desh, Maharashtra">Desh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> regions from Bijapur kingdom, and established <a href="/wiki/Hindavi_Swarajya" title="Hindavi Swarajya">Hindavi Swaraj</a> ("self-rule of Hindu people").<a href="#cite_note-9780754639503p38-32">[32]</a> The Marathas are credited to a large extent with weakening Mughal rule in India.<a href="#cite_note-pearson2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delhi,_the_Capital_of_India-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sen_2017-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> After Shivaji's death, the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> invaded the Deccan in 1681. Shivaji's son <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>, also his successor as <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a>, led the Marathas against the much stronger Mughal opponent, but in 1689, after being betrayed, Sambhaji was captured, tortured and killed by the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The war against the Mughals was then led by Sambhaji's younger brother and successor <a href="/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a>. Upon Rajaram's death in 1700, his widow <a href="/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a> became the regent of her infant son and took command of Maratha forces . In 1707, upon the death of Aurangzeb, the Deccan wars came to an end after Shahu, son of Sambhaji who had grown up under Mughal captivity was released, and quickly reclaimed the Maratha throne. Shahu and Tarabai briefly fought a succession battle with Shahu eventually prevailing. Shahu formally recognised Mughal suzerainty in return for tax collection rights over six Deccan provinces, and the release of his mother from Mughal captivity.<a href="#cite_note-Tarabai-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India1760_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/250px-India1760_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/375px-India1760_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/500px-India1760_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Territory under Maratha control in 1760 (yellow), with its vassals</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Shahu_I" title="Shahu I">Shahu I</a>, the grandson of Shivaji, with the help of capable Maratha administrators and generals such as the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a> and his descendants, saw the greatest expansion of the Maratha power. After Shahu's death in 1749, the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> Nanasaheb and his successors became the virtual rulers of the Maratha Confederacy. The Maratha Confederacy was expanded by many Marathi chieftains including Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao Ballal I</a> and his descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Shindes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad" title="Gaekwad">Gaekwad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawar" title="Pawar">Pawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhonsle_(clan)" title="Bhonsle (clan)">Bhonsale</a> of Nagpur, and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holkar" title="House of Holkar">Holkars</a>. The Confederacy at its peak stretched from northern Karnataka in the south to <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>) briefly during the Maratha–Afghan War<a href="#cite_note-XWiACEwPR8C_p.162-38">[38]</a> in the north, and to Orissa in the east.<a href="#cite_note-pearson2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-andamanonline.in-39">[39]</a> However, after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> in 1761, in which the Marathas were defeated by the Afghans under <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah Abdali">Ahmed Shah Abdali</a>, the Maratha power was greatly diminished. Due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Mahadji_Shinde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadji Shinde">Mahadji Shinde</a>, it remained a confederacy until the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> defeated Peshwa <a href="/wiki/Bajirao_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajirao II">Bajirao II</a>. Nevertheless, several Maratha states remained as <a href="/wiki/Vassals" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassals">vassals</a> of the British until 1947 when they acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poonah_-_British_Library_X123(13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Poonah_-_British_Library_X123%2813%29.jpg/220px-Poonah_-_British_Library_X123%2813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Poonah_-_British_Library_X123%2813%29.jpg/330px-Poonah_-_British_Library_X123%2813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Poonah_-_British_Library_X123%2813%29.jpg/440px-Poonah_-_British_Library_X123%2813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>A watercolor painting of Pune from the late Peshwa era as seen from the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers, by British artist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Salt_(Egyptologist)" title="Henry Salt (Egyptologist)">Henry Salt</a>. The picture clearly shows the permanent features of the place and cremations. River confluences have been popular in Hinduism for cremations and also for ceremonial disposal of ashes</figcaption></figure> The Marathas also developed a potent coastal navy around the 1660s. At its peak under Maratha <a href="/wiki/Koli_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Koli People">Koli</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre" title="Kanhoji Angre">Kanhoji Angre</a>, the naval force dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> to <a href="/wiki/Savantwadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Savantwadi">Sawantwadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It would engage in attacking <a href="/wiki/Company_Rule_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Company Rule in India">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions. The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha Navy</a> dominated until around the 1730s, but was in a state of decline by the 1770s, and ceased to exist entirely by 1818.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_history">Social history</h3></div> Before British rule, the Maharashtra region was divided into many revenue divisions. The medieval equivalent of a county or district was the <a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">pargana</a>. The chief of the pargana was called <a href="/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukh</a> and record keepers were called <a href="/wiki/Deshpande" title="Deshpande">Deshpande</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi's_Tiger_and_Sita's_Smile:_Essays_on_Gender,_Sexuality,_and_Culture_-_Google_Books-45">[45]</a> The lowest administrative unit was the village. Village society in Marathi areas included the Patil or the head of the village, collector of revenue, and <a href="/wiki/Kulkarni" title="Kulkarni">Kulkarni</a>, the village record-keeper. These were hereditary positions. The Patil usually came from the Maratha caste. The Kulkarni were usually from the Marathi Brahmin or <a href="/wiki/CKP" class="mw-redirect" title="CKP">CKP</a> caste.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The village also used to have twelve hereditary servants called the <a href="/wiki/Bara_Balutedar" title="Bara Balutedar">Balutedar</a>. The Balutedar system was supportive of the agriculture sector. Servants under this system provided services to the farmers and the economic system of the village. The base of this system was caste. The servants were responsible for tasks specific to their castes. There were twelve kinds of servants under Bara Balutedar: Joshi (village priest and astrologer from Brahmin caste),<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sonar</a> (goldsmith from Daiwadnya caste), Sutar (carpenter), <a href="/wiki/Gurav" title="Gurav">Gurav</a> (priest of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> temple), Nhawi (barber), Parit (washerman), <a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a> (oil pressers), Kumbhar (potter), Chambhar (cobbler), Dhor, Koli (fisherman or water carrier), Chougula (assistant to Patil), Mang (rope maker), and Mahar (village security).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In this list of Balutedar: Dhor, Mang, Mahar, and Chambhar belonged to the untouchable group of castes.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In exchange for their services, the balutedars were granted complex sets of hereditary rights (watan) to a share in the village harvest.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonial_rule">British colonial rule</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahatma_Jotirao_Phule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mahatma_Jotirao_Phule.jpg/100px-Mahatma_Jotirao_Phule.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mahatma_Jotirao_Phule.jpg/150px-Mahatma_Jotirao_Phule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mahatma_Jotirao_Phule.jpg/200px-Mahatma_Jotirao_Phule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jotirao_Phule" class="mw-redirect" title="Jotirao Phule">Jotirao Phule</a>, Social reformer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/100px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/150px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/200px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, a polymath and Social reformer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III,_Maharaja_of_Baroda,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg/100px-Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg/150px-Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg/200px-Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III" title="Sayajirao Gaekwad III">Sayajirao Gaekwad III</a>, the Maratha Maharaja of Baroda</figcaption></figure> The British rule of more than a century in the present-day Maharashtra region saw huge changes for the Marathi people in every aspect of their lives. Areas that correspond to present-day Maharashtra were under direct or indirect British rule, first under the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Trading_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="East India Trading Company">East India Trading Company</a> and then under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, from 1858. During this era Marathi people resided in the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay presidency">Bombay presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berar_Province" title="Berar Province">Berar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad state">Hyderabad state</a> and in various <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> that are currently part of present-day Maharashtra. The 1951 census of India had 4.5 million people in the erstwhile Hyderabad state who stated Marathi as their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-Narayan1882-51">[51]</a> Significant Marathi populations also resided in Maratha princely states far from Maharashtra such as <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial period</a> saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a>. Carey also published the first dictionary of Marathi in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script. The most comprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Molesworth" title="James Thomas Molesworth">James Thomas Molesworth</a> and Major <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Candy" title="Thomas Candy">Thomas Candy</a> in 1831. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Molesworth also worked on standardising Marathi. He used Brahmins of Pune for this task and adopted the Sanskrit-dominated dialect spoken by this caste in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The introduction of printing, standardisation of Marathi, and establishment of modern schools and colleges during the early colonial era led to the spread of literacy and knowledge to many different sections of society such as women, the dalits and the cultivator classes.<a href="#cite_note-Naregal2002-55">[55]</a> The Marathi community played an important part in the social and religious reform movements, as well as the Indian nationalist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Notable <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> bodies founded by Marathi leaders during the 19th century include the <a href="/wiki/Poona_Sarvajanik_Sabha" title="Poona Sarvajanik Sabha">Poona Sarvajanik Sabha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prarthana_Samaj" title="Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a>, the Arya Mahila Samaj, and the <a href="/wiki/Satya_Shodhak_Samaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Satya Shodhak Samaj">Satya Shodhak Samaj</a>. The Pune Sarvajanik Sabha took an active part in relief efforts during the famine of 1875–1876. It is considered the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> established in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The most prominent personalities of Indian nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>, on opposite sides of the political spectrum, were both Marathi. Tilak was instrumental in using Shivaji and Ganesh worship in forging a collective Maharashtrian identity for the Marathi people.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Marathi social reformers of the colonial era include <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Jyotirao_Phule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Jyotirao Phule">Mahatma Jyotirao Phule</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Ranade">Justice Ranade</a>, feminist <a href="/wiki/Tarabai_Shinde" title="Tarabai Shinde">Tarabai Shinde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Jyotirao Phule was a pioneer in opening schools for girls and Marathi <a href="/wiki/Dalits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalits">dalits</a> castes. The non-Brahmin Hindu castes started organising at the beginning of the 20th century with the blessing of <a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a>, the ruler of the princely state of <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a>. The campaign took off in the early 1920s under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Keshavrao_Jedhe" title="Keshavrao Jedhe">Keshavrao Jedhe</a> and Baburao Javalkar. Both belonged to the non-Brahmin party. Capturing the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals from Brahmin domination were their early goals.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> They combined nationalism with anti-casteism as the party's aims.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Later on in the 1930s, Jedhe merged the non-Brahmin party with the Congress party and changed that party from an upper-caste-dominated body to a more broadly based but also Maratha-dominated party.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The early 20th century also saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, who led the campaign for the rights of the dalits caste that included his own <a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a> caste. The Hindu nationalist organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (<a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">RSS</a>) was founded and led by Marathis from <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> for many decades.<a href="#cite_note-Puniyani2005-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> (1889–1966), a Marathi from Nashik district,<a href="#cite_note-McKean1996-64">[64]</a> an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_independence_activists" title="List of Indian independence activists">Indian independence activist</a>, who advocated violence to overthrow British rule in his youth, later formulated the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chandra145-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-pandav-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-VDB-67">[67]</a> He was a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VDB-67">[67]</a> Savarkar's Hindutva philosophy remains the guiding principle for organisations that are part of the RSS-affiliated organisations.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Although the British originally regarded India as a place for the supply of raw materials for the factories of England, by the end of the 19th century a modern manufacturing industry was developing in the city of Mumbai.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The main product was cotton and the bulk of the workforce in these <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton mills">mills</a> was of Marathi origin<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> from Western Maharashtra, but more specifically from the coastal Konkan region.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The census recorded for the city in the first half of the 20th century showed nearly half the city's population listed Marathi as their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> During the period of 1835–1907, a large number of Indians, including Marathi people, were taken to the island of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> as indentured labourers to work on <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> plantations. The Marathi people on the island form the oldest diaspora of Marathi people outside India.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_Indian_independence_in_1947">Since Indian independence in 1947</h3></div> After India gained independence from Britain in 1947, all princely states lying within the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> acceded to the Indian Union and were integrated into the newly created <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a> in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The small community of Marathi Jews (<a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> – Sons of Israel) started emigrating to the newly created country of Israel in the late 1940s and early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Weil,_S._2012-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-77">[77]</a> The number of Bene Israel remaining in India was estimated to be around 4,000–5,000 in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Katz,_N._1988-78">[78]</a> In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation Act</a> reorganised the Indian states along linguistic lines, and the Bombay Presidency State was enlarged by the addition of the predominantly Marathi-speaking regions of <a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad Division">Aurangabad Division</a>) from the erstwhile Hyderabad state and the <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a> region from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a>. The enlarged state also included <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>-speaking areas. The southernmost part of Bombay State was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Mysore</a>. From 1954 to 1955, Marathi people strongly protested against the bilingual <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Samiti" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti">Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti</a> was formed to agitate for a Marathi-speaking state.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Mahagujarat_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahagujarat Movement">Mahagujarat Movement</a> was started, seeking a separate Gujarati-speaking state. A number of mainly Pune-based leaders such as Keshavrao Jedhe, <a href="/wiki/S.M._Joshi" class="mw-redirect" title="S.M. Joshi">S.M. Joshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shripad_Amrit_Dange" title="Shripad Amrit Dange">Shripad Amrit Dange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pralhad_Keshav_Atre" title="Pralhad Keshav Atre">Pralhad Keshav Atre</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Movement">Samyukta Maharashtra Movement</a>, alongside Vidarbha-based leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Gopalrao_Khedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopalrao Khedkar">Gopalrao Khedkar</a>, to fight for a separate state of Maharashtra with Mumbai as its state capital. Mass protests, 105 deaths, and heavy losses in the Marathi-speaking areas by the ruling Congress Party in the 1957 election, led the government under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> to change its policy and agree to the protesters' demands. On 1 May 1960, the separate Marathi-speaking state was formed by dividing the earlier Bombay State into the new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The city of Mumbai was declared the capital of the new state.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The state continues to have a dispute with <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> regarding the districts of <a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a>, both with a large population of Marathi people.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> For the first time, the creation of Maharashtra brought most Marathi people under one state with the mainly rural Kunbi-Maratha community as the largest social group. This group has dominated the rural economy and politics of the state since 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grassroot_politics_in_India-86">[86]</a> The community accounts for 31% of the population of Maharashtra. They dominate the cooperative institutions and with the resultant economic power control politics from the village level up to the Assembly and <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> seats.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-87">[87]</a> Since the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> this group has also been active in setting up private educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Major past political figures of Maharashtra have been from this group. The rise of the Hindu nationalist <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> in recent years have not dented Maratha caste representation in the Maharashtra Legislative assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-87">[87]</a> After the Maratha-Kunbi cluster, the scheduled caste (SC) Mahars are numerically the second-largest community among the Marathi people in Maharashtra. Most of them embraced <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in 1956 with their leader, B. R. Ambedkar.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-87">[87]</a> Writers from this group in the 1950s and 1960s were pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit Literature">Dalit Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chap23-92">[92]</a> The Portuguese-occupied enclave of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> was liberated in 1962. The main political party formed immediately after liberation was the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrawadi_Gomantak_Party" title="Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party">Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party</a>. It wanted Goa to merge with Maharashtra because of the affinity between Goan Hindus and the Marathi people. However, the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Opinion_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa Opinion Poll">referendum</a> held on this issue rejected the merger. Later, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> was made the official language of Goa, but Marathi is also allowed in any government correspondence. The 1960s also saw the establishment by <a href="/wiki/Bal_Thackeray" title="Bal Thackeray">Bal Thackeray</a> of Shiv Sena, a populist sectarian party advocating the rights of Marathi people in the heterogeneous city of Mumbai. Early campaigns by Shiv Sena advocated for more opportunities for Marathi people in government jobs. The party also led a campaign against the city's South Indian population. By the 1980s the party had captured power in the <a href="/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation">Mumbai Corporation</a>, and in the 1990s it led the government of Maharashtra's coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). During this transition from founding to capturing power, the party toned down its rhetoric against non-Marathi people and adopted a more Hindu nationalist stance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Castes_and_communities">Castes and communities</h2></div> The Marathi people form an ethnolinguistic group that is distinct from others in terms of its language, history, cultural and religious practices, social structure, literature, and art.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The traditional caste hierarchy was headed by the Brahmin castes-the <a href="/wiki/Deshastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Deshastha">Deshasthas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitpavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpavan">Chitpavans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karhade" class="mw-redirect" title="Karhade">Karhades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswat" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswat">Saraswats</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharmila_Rege_2013_28-94">[94]</a> In Mumbai during British rule, this included the <a href="/wiki/Pathare_Prabhu" title="Pathare Prabhu">Pathare Prabhu</a> and the other communities.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Marathas</a> are 32% in Western <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbis</a> were 7%, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Class</a> population (other than the Kunbi) was 27%. The other castes in the intermediate category include: <a href="/wiki/Gujjars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjars">Gujjars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Lingayats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a> who migrated centuries ago to Maharashtra from northern and southern India – and settled in Maharashtra.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The population of the <a href="/wiki/Mang_(caste)" title="Mang (caste)">Mangs</a> was 8%.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_castes_in_Maharashtra">Hindu castes in Maharashtra</h3></div> Majority of Marathi Hindu belong either to the cultivator caste cluster of <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbi</a>, or one of the former village servant (<a href="/wiki/Bara_Balutedar" title="Bara Balutedar">Bara Balutedar</a>) castes which include ‌<a href="/wiki/Shimpi" title="Shimpi">Shimpi</a> (Tailor), <a href="/wiki/Lohar_(caste)" title="Lohar (caste)">Lohar</a> (Iron-smith), <a href="/wiki/Suthar" title="Suthar">Suthar</a> (carpenters), <a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali</a> (florists and cultivators), <a href="/wiki/Dobhi" title="Dobhi">Dhobhi or Parit</a> (washer), <a href="/wiki/Gurav" title="Gurav">Gurav</a> (village priest), <a href="/wiki/Kumbhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbhar">Kumbhar</a> (potters), Sonar (Goldsmith), <a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a> (oil pressers), <a href="/wiki/Lingayats" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayats">Lingayats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chambhar</a> (cobbler), <a href="/wiki/Mang_(caste)" title="Mang (caste)">Mang</a> (rope makers), <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> (fishermen or water carriers) and <a href="/wiki/Nai_(caste)" title="Nai (caste)">Nabhik</a> (barbers).<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a> were one of the balutedar who adopted Buddhism in 1950s. Some of the other Marathi castes are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agri_(caste)" title="Agri (caste)">Agri</a> – A community from coastal region of Mumbai, Thane and Raigad districts. The community has become quite prosperous in recent decades by taking advantage of opportunities offered by rapid industrialisation of this region.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen2018-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara" title="Banjara">Banjara</a> – Formerly a nomadic group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhandari_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhandari caste">Bhandari</a> – Traditional extractors of <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Tadi</a> from palm trees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoi" title="Bhoi">Bhoi</a> – Traditionally a people carrier community employed by the rulers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi brahmin">Brahmin</a> – These are divided into many sub-castes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a> – Traditionally a nomadic shepherd caste</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunbi#Leva_or_Leva_Patil" title="Kunbi">Leva Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayat_Vani" title="Lingayat Vani">Lingayat Vani</a> – Traders, Zamindars and sometimes priests.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonari" title="Lonari">Lonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathare_Prabhu" title="Pathare Prabhu">Pathare Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoshi" title="Ramoshi">Ramoshi</a> – Soldiers and watchman under Peshwa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchkalshi" title="Panchkalshi">Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twashta_Kasar" title="Twashta Kasar">Twashta Kasar</a> – Artisan caste who traditionally worked with brass.<a href="#cite_note-Ghurye1969-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya_Vani" title="Vaishya Vani">Vaishya Vani</a> – A trader caste from Goa who are <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> speakers and found in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Hindu_communities">Non-Hindu communities</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Buddhist">Marathi Buddhist</a> – Most members are from the former <a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a> community<a href="#cite_note-DeShastree1996-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Marathi Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra" title="Christianity in Maharashtra">Christians</a> – Marathi Christian communities include <a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a>, based in Greater Mumbai region who are mainly <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korlai_Portuguese_Creole" title="Korlai Portuguese Creole">Korlai Portuguese Creole</a> and Protestant <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a>, based mainly in <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadnagar district">Ahmadnagar district</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Marathi Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> (Marathi Jews)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marathi_diaspora">Marathi diaspora</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Mandal" title="Maharashtra Mandal">Maharashtra Mandal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_Indian_states">In other Indian states</h3></div> As the Maratha Empire expanded across India, the Marathi population started migrating out of Maharashtra alongside their rulers. Peshwa, <a href="/wiki/Holkars" class="mw-redirect" title="Holkars">Holkars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinde" title="Shinde">Scindia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad_dynasty" title="Gaekwad dynasty">Gaekwad</a> dynastic leaders took with them a considerable population of priests, clerks, army men, businessmen, and workers when they established new seats of power. Most of these migrants were from the literate classes such as various Brahmin sub-castes and <a href="/wiki/CKP" class="mw-redirect" title="CKP">CKP</a>. These groups formed the backbone of administration in the new Maratha Empire states in many places such as <a href="/wiki/Vyara" title="Vyara">Vyara</a>-<a href="/wiki/Songadh" title="Songadh">Songadh</a> of (<a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroda">Baroda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Many families belonging to these groups still follow Marathi traditions even though they have lived more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from Maharashtra for more than 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-108">[108]</a> Other people have migrated in modern times in search of jobs outside Maharashtra. These people have also settled in almost all parts of the country. They have set up community organisations called <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Mandal" title="Maharashtra Mandal">Maharashtra Mandals</a> in many cities across the country. A national level central organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Brihan_Maharashtra" title="Brihan Maharashtra">Brihan Maharashtra</a> Mandal was formed in 1958<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> to promote Marathi culture outside Maharashtra. Several sister organisations of the Brihan Maharashtra Mandal have also been formed outside India.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_in_India_by_state">Population in India by state</h3></div> Source:<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th>Marathi speakers(2011)</th> <th>Percentage-2011 </th></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td>83,026,680</td> <td>6.86% ( Third most spoken in India ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></td> <td>77,461,172</td> <td>69.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td> <td>2,064,906</td> <td>5.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td>85,454</td> <td>0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></td> <td>674,928</td> <td>2.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></td> <td>144,035</td> <td>0.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a></td> <td>8,617</td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></td> <td>14,815</td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></td> <td>920,345</td> <td>3.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></td> <td>890</td> <td>0.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td> <td>31,642</td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></td> <td>639</td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></td> <td>8,481</td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></td> <td>27,239</td> <td>0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></td> <td>11,641</td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></td> <td>1,231,285</td> <td>2.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td> <td>158,787</td> <td>12.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></td> <td>23,240</td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></td> <td>20,392</td> <td>0.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></td> <td>23,006</td> <td>0.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></td> <td>12,806</td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></td> <td>1,412</td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></td> <td>6,028</td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></td> <td>2,297</td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></td> <td>2,659</td> <td>0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></td> <td>1,252</td> <td>0.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></td> <td>3,438</td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></td> <td>1,583</td> <td>0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td> <td>24,105</td> <td>7.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></td> <td>20,751</td> <td>0.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></td> <td>1,138</td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td> <td>11,008</td> <td>4.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></td> <td>408</td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></td> <td>1,975</td> <td>0.001% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td> <td>24,280</td> <td>0.01% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_diaspora">International diaspora</h3></div> In the mid-1800s, a large number of <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Person_of_Indian_Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin">Indian people</a> were taken to <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_%26_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad & Tobago">Trinidad & Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a> as <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indentured labourers</a> to work on <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> plantations. The majority of these migrants were from the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> speaking areas or from <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a>, however, a significant number of immigrants to Mauritius were Marathis.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Since the state of Israel was established in 1948, around 25,000–30,000 Indian Jews have emigrated there, of which around 20,000 were from the Marathi speaking <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> community of Konkan.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Indians, including Marathi People, have migrated to Europe and particularly Great Britain for more than a century.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Maharashtra Mandal of London was founded in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A small number of Marathi people also settled in <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> during the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> countries of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> gained independence from Britain, most of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> population residing there, including Marathi people, migrated to the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_On_This_Day-120">[120]</a> or India. Large-scale immigration of Indians into the United States started when the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a> came into effect. Most of the Marathi immigrants who came after 1965 were professionals such as doctors, engineers or scientists. The second wave of immigration took place during the I.T. boom of the 1990s and later. Since the 1990s due to the <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">I.T.</a> boom and because of the general ease of travel, Marathi people are now found in greater numbers in all corners of the world including the United States, Australia,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Canada,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> the Gulf countries, European countries, Iran, and Pakistan. After the third battle of Panipat, Marathi people settled in Sindh and Balochisthan region (modern day Pakistan). After partition of India, many Marathi Hindus came to India. But, 500–1000 Marathi Hindus also lives in Karachi city of Sindh province.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Maharashtra" title="Religion in Maharashtra">Religion in Maharashtra</a></div> The majority of Marathi people are <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maharashtra_Religions-123">[123]</a> Minorities by religion include <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists" title="Marathi Buddhists">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Jains">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maharashtra_Religions-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marathi_Hindu_customs">Marathi Hindu customs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepmala_Deep_Stamb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Deepmala_Deep_Stamb.jpg/220px-Deepmala_Deep_Stamb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Deepmala_Deep_Stamb.jpg/330px-Deepmala_Deep_Stamb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Deepmala_Deep_Stamb.jpg/440px-Deepmala_Deep_Stamb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Deepmala Deep Stamb in Omkareshwar Temple in Pune</figcaption></figure> The main life ceremonies in Hindu culture include those related to birth, weddings, initiation ceremonies, as well as death rituals. Other ceremonies for different occasions in Hindu life include Vastushanti and "Satyanarayan" which is performed before a family formally establishes residence in a new house. <a href="/wiki/Satyanarayana_Puja" title="Satyanarayana Puja">Satyanarayana Puja</a> is a ceremony performed before commencing any new endeavour or for no particular reason. Invoking the name of the family's <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">kuladevata</a> are important aspects of these ceremonies for many communities. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG/220px-Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG/330px-Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG/440px-Khandoba_in_a_household_shrine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A Marathi household shrine with <a href="/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba">Khandoba</a> at the forefront</figcaption></figure> Like most other Hindu communities, the Marathi people have a household shrine called a devaghar with idols, symbols, and pictures of various deities for daily worship. Ritual reading of religious texts known as <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">pothi</a> is also popular in some communities. In some traditional families, food is first offered to the preferred deity in the household shrine, as <a href="/wiki/Naivedya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedya">naivedya</a>, before being consumed by family members and guests.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Meals or snacks are not taken before this religious offering. In present times, the naivedya is offered by families only on days of special religious significance.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Many Marathi people trace their paternal ancestors to one of the seven or eight sages, the <a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">saptarshi</a>. They classify themselves as gotras, named after the ancestor <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishi</a>. Intra-marriage within gotras (Sagotra Vivaha) was uncommon until recently, being discouraged as it was likened to incest. Most Marathi families have their own family patron or protective deity or the kuladevata. This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalunjkar285–287-126">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba">Khandoba</a> of Jejuri is an example of a kuladevata of some families; he is a common kuladevata to several castes ranging from <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Maharashtra1962-127">[127]</a> The practice of worshiping local or territorial deities as kuladevatas began in the period of the <a href="/wiki/Yadava_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadava dynasty">Yadava dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalunjkar285–287-126">[126]</a> Other family deities of the people of Maharashtra are <a href="/wiki/Bhavani" title="Bhavani">Bhavani</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tuljapur" title="Tuljapur">Tuljapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalaxmi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a>, Mahalaxmi of <a href="/wiki/Amravati" title="Amravati">Amravati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renuka" title="Renuka">Renuka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahur,_Maharashtra" title="Mahur, Maharashtra">Mahur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parashuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Parashuram">Parashuram</a> in Konkan, <a href="/wiki/Saptashringi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptashringi">Saptashringi</a> on Saptashringa hill at Vani in Nasik district, and <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Balaji</a> . Despite the system of worshipping kuladevatas, the worship of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitthal">Vitthala</a>, and other popular <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> or <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> are extremely popular across the entire community.The festivals of <a href="/wiki/Ganeshotsav" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganeshotsav">Ganeshotsav</a> and annual <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur_Wari" title="Pandharpur Wari">wari pilgrimage</a> to the Vitthal temple at <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a> are of significant importance to all Marathis alike. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceremonies_and_rituals">Ceremonies and rituals</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE.jpg/220px-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE.jpg/330px-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE.jpg/440px-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Antarpat and mangalashtaka ceremony, part of the Marathi Hindu wedding ceremony when gathered guests collectively bless the bride and the groom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shamshan_Ghat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shamshan_Ghat.jpg/220px-Shamshan_Ghat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shamshan_Ghat.jpg/330px-Shamshan_Ghat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shamshan_Ghat.jpg/440px-Shamshan_Ghat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Smashan-bhoomi (cremation place), Chinawal village of Maharashtra</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF.jpg/220px-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF.jpg/330px-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF.jpg/440px-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2946" data-file-height="3439" /></a><figcaption>Naivedya (Food offering) for the ancestors during a Pitru paksha ceremony</figcaption></figure> At birth, a child is initiated into the family ritually. The child's naming ceremony may happen many weeks or even months later, and it is called the bārsa. In many Indian Hindu communities, the naming is most often done by consulting the child's horoscope, which suggests various names depending on the child's lunar sign (called rashi). However, in Marathi Hindu families, the name that the child inevitably uses in secular functions is the one decided by their parents. If a name is chosen on the basis of the horoscope, then that is kept a secret to ward off the casting of a spell on the child during their life. During the naming ceremony, the child's <a href="/wiki/Paternal_aunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternal aunt">paternal aunt</a> has the honour of naming the infant. When the child is 11 months old, they get their first hair-cut.This is also an important ritual and is called Jawal (जावळ). In the Maratha community, the maternal uncle is given the honour of the first snip during the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-128">[128]</a> In Brahman, CKP, Gaud Saraswat Brahman Gurav, Daivednya, and some Maratha communities when a male child undergoes the initiation thread ceremony variously known as Munja (in reference to the Munja grass that is of official ritual specification), Vratabandha, or <a href="/wiki/Upanayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanayanam">Upanayanam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji1989174–175-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Marathi Hindu people are historically <a href="/wiki/Endogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogamous">endogamous</a> within their caste but exogamous with their clan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Cross-cousin</a> alliances are allowed by most Marathi Hindu communities.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu marriages</a>, more often than not, take place by negotiation. The <a href="/wiki/Mangalsutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalsutra">mangalasutra</a> is the symbol of marriage for the woman. Studies show that most Indians' traditional views on caste, religion, and family background have remained unchanged when it came to marriage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahuguna2004-131">[131]</a> that is, people marry within their own castes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasa-Raghavan2009-132">[132]</a> and matrimonial advertisements in newspapers are still classified by caste and sub-caste.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Economist2010-133">[133]</a> While arranging a marriage, gana, gotra, pravara, devaka are all kept in mind. Horoscopes are matched.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2005289-134">[134]</a> The marriage ceremony is described as follows: 'The groom, along with the bride's party goes to the bride's house. A ritual named Akshata is performed in which people around the groom and bride throw haldi (turmeric) and kunku (vermilion) coloured rice grains on the couple. After the <a href="/wiki/Kanyadana" title="Kanyadana">kanyadana</a> ceremony, there is an exchange of garlands between the bride and the groom. Then, the groom ties the Mangalsutra around the neck of the bride. This is followed by granthibandhan in which the end of the bride's sādi/sāri is tied to the end of the groom's dhoti, and a feast is arranged at the groom's place.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2005289-134">[134]</a> Elements of a traditional Marathi Hindu wedding ceremony include seemant poojan on the wedding eve. The dharmic wedding includes the antarpat ceremony followed by the Vedic ceremony which involves the bridegroom and the bride walking around the sacred fire seven times to complete the marriage. Modern urban wedding ceremonies conclude with an evening reception. A Marathi Hindu woman becomes part of her husband's family after marriage and adopts the gotra as well as the traditions of her husband's family.<a href="#cite_note-138">[note 1]</a> After weddings and after thread ceremonies, many Maratha, Deshastha Brahmin and Dhangar families arrange a traditional religious singing performance by a Gondhali group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZelliotBerntsen1988176-139">[138]</a> Decades ago, girls married the groom of their parents' choice by their early teens or before. Even today, girls are married off in their late teens by rural and orthodox educated people. Urban women may choose to remain unmarried until the late 20s or even early 30s. Marathi Hindu people dispose their dead by <a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">cremation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The deceased's son carries the corpse to the cremation ground atop a <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">bier</a>. The eldest son lights the fire for the corpse at the head for males and at the feet for females. The ashes are gathered in an earthen pitcher and immersed in a river on the third day after death. This is a 13-day ritual with the pinda being offered to the dead soul on the 11th and a <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Śrāddha</a> (Shrāddha) ceremony followed by a funeral feast on the 13th. Cremation is performed according to Vedic rites, usually within a day of the individual's death. Like all other Hindus, the preference is for the ashes to be immersed in a river. Holy rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> river or <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a> have increasingly become popular for this ritual as travelling has become easier in modern times. Śrāddha becomes an annual ritual in which all forefathers of the family who have passed on are remembered. These rituals are expected to be performed only by male descendants, preferably the eldest son of the deceased. The annual Śrāddha for all the ancestors is usually performed during the <a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a>, the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Bhadrapada.<a href="#cite_note-Nahm2017-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_calendar_and_festivals">Hindu calendar and festivals</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gudi.jpg/100px-Gudi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gudi.jpg/150px-Gudi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gudi.jpg/200px-Gudi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudhi</a> is erected on Gudhi Padwa.</figcaption></figure> The Marathi, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu people</a> follow the Deccan <a href="/wiki/Shalivahana" title="Shalivahana">Shalivahana</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, which may have subtle differences with calendars followed by other communities in India. The calendar follows the Amanta tradition where the lunar month ends on no moon day.<a href="#cite_note-Underhill1921-142">[141]</a> Marathi Hindus celebrate most of the Indian Hindu festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Dasara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a>. These are, however, celebrated with certain Maharashtrian regional variations. Others festivals like <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganeshotsav</a> have a more characteristic Marathi flavour. The festivals described below are in chronological order as they occur during a Shaka year, starting with Shaka new year festival of <a href="/wiki/Gudhi_Padwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gudhi Padwa">Gudhi Padwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudhi Padwa</a>: A victory pole or Gudi is erected outside homes on the day. This day is considered one of the three-and-a-half most auspicious days of the Hindu calendar and many new ventures and activities such as opening a new business etc. are started on this day. The leaves of <a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem</a> or and <a href="/wiki/Shrikhand" title="Shrikhand">shrikhand</a> are a part of the day's cuisine. The day is also known as <a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a>, the Kannada and Telugu New Year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExpress_News_Service20091-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmadnagar_District_Gazetteers1976a-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a>: The third day of <a href="/wiki/Vish%C4%81kh%C4%81" title="Vishākhā">Vaishakh</a> is celebrated as Akshaya Tritiya. This is one of the three-and-a-half most auspicious days in the Hindu Calendar and usually occurs in the month of April. In the <a href="/wiki/Vidharbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidharbha">Vidharbha</a> region, this festival is celebrated in remembrance of the departed members of the family. The upper castes feed a Brahmin and married couple on this day. The <a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahars</a> community used to celebrate it by offering food to crows.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> This marks the end of the <a href="/wiki/Haldi_Kumkum" title="Haldi Kumkum">Haldi-Kunku</a> festival which is a get-together organised by women for women. Married women invite lady friends, relatives, and new acquaintances to meet in an atmosphere of merriment and fun. On such occasions, the hostess distributes bangles, sweets, small novelties, flowers, betel leaves, and nuts as well as coconuts. The snacks include kairichi panhe (raw <a href="/wiki/Mango_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango juice">mango juice</a>) and vatli dal, a dish prepared from crushed <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Purnima" title="Vat Purnima">Vat Pournima</a>: This festival is celebrated on <a href="/wiki/Jyeshtha_(month)" title="Jyeshtha (month)">Jyeshtha</a> <a href="/wiki/Full_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Full Moon">Pournima</a> (full moon day of the Jyeshtha month in the Hindu calendar), around June. On this day, women fast and worship the <a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">banyan</a> tree to pray for the growth and strength of their families, like the sprawling tree which lives for centuries. Married women visit a nearby tree and worship it by tying red threads of love around it. They pray for well-being and long life for their husband.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palkhi_Near_Saswad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Palkhi_Near_Saswad.JPG/220px-Palkhi_Near_Saswad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Palkhi_Near_Saswad.JPG/330px-Palkhi_Near_Saswad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Palkhi_Near_Saswad.JPG/440px-Palkhi_Near_Saswad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Dnyaneshwar palakhi on its way to Pandharpur</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashadhi_Ekadashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashadhi Ekadashi">Ashadhi Ekadashi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shayani_Ekadashi" title="Shayani Ekadashi">Ashadhi Ekadashi</a> (11th day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Ashadha" title="Ashadha">Ashadha</a>, (falls in July–early August of <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>) is closely associated with the Marathi <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sant</a>s <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a> and others. Twenty days before this day, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Varkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkari">Warkaris</a> start their pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a> from the resting places of the saint. For example, in the case of Dynaneshwar, it starts from <a href="/wiki/Alandi" title="Alandi">Alandi</a> with Dynaneshwar's paduka (symbolic sandals made out of wood) in a Palakhi. Varkaris carry tals or small cymbals in their hand, wear <a href="/wiki/Hindu_prayer_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu prayer beads">Hindu prayer beads</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">tulasi</a> around their necks and sing and dance to the devotional hymns and prayers to <a href="/wiki/Vitthala" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitthala">Vitthala</a>. People all over Maharashtra fast on this day and offer prayers in the temples. This day marks the start of <a href="/wiki/Chaturmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaturmas">Chaturmas</a> (The four <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> months, from <a href="/wiki/Asharh" title="Asharh">Ashadh</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kartik_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik (month)">Kartik</a>) according to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>. This is one of the most important fasting days for Marathi Hindu people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Pournima</a>: The full moon day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Ashadha" title="Ashadha">Ashadh</a> is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Pournima</a>. For Hindus Guru-Shishya (teacher-student) tradition is very important, be it educational or spiritual. Gurus are often equated with God and always regarded as a link between the individual and the immortal. On this day spiritual aspirants and devotees worship Maharshi <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, who is regarded as <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a> of Gurus.</li> <li>Divyanchi Amavasya: The new moon day/last day of the month of Ashadh/आषाढ (falls between June and July of Gregorian Calendar) is celebrated as Divyanchi Amavasya. This new moon signifies the end of the month of Ashadh, and the arrival of the month of <a href="/wiki/Shravana_(month)" title="Shravana (month)">Shravan</a>, which is considered the most pious month of the Hindu calendar. On this day, all the traditional lamps of the house are cleaned and fresh wicks are put in. The lamps are then lit and worshiped. People cook a specific item called diva (literally lamp), prepared by steaming sweet wheat dough batter and shaping it like little lamps. They are eaten warm with ghee.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Panchami" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Panchami">Nag Panchami</a>: One of the many festivals in India during which Marathi people celebrate and worship nature. Nags (<a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">cobras</a>) are worshiped on the fifth day of the month of Shravan (around August) in the Hindu calendar. On Nagpanchami Day, people draw a nag family depicting the male and female snake and their nine offspring or nagkul. The nag family is worshiped and a bowl of milk and wet chandan (sandalwood powder) offered. It is believed that the nag deity visits the household, enjoys languishing in the moist chandan, drinks the milk offering, and blesses the household with good luck. Women put temporary <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a> tattoos (<a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">mehndi</a>) on their hand on the previous day, and buy new bangles on Nagpanchami Day. According to folklore, people refrain from digging the soil, cutting vegetables, frying and roasting on a hot plate on this day, while farmers do not harrow their farms to prevent any accidental injury to snakes. In a small village named <a href="/wiki/Battis_Shirala" class="mw-redirect" title="Battis Shirala">Battis Shirala</a> in Maharashtra a big snake festival is held which attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world. In other parts of Maharashtra, snake charmers are seen sitting by the roadsides or moving from one place to another with their baskets holding snakes. While playing the lingering melodious notes on their <a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">pungi</a>, they beckon devotees with their calls—Nagoba-la dudh de Mayi ('Give milk to the cobra oh mother!'). Women offer sweetened milk, popcorn (lahya in Marathi) made out of jwari/dhan/corns to the snakes and pray. Cash and old clothes are also given to the snake-charmers. In <a href="/wiki/Barshi" title="Barshi">Barshi</a> Town in the Solapur district, a big jatra (carnival) is held at Nagoba Mandir in Tilak chowk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Rakhi Pournima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narali_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Narali Purnima">Narali Pournima</a>: Narali Pournima is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Shravana_(month)" title="Shravana (month)">Shravan</a> in the Shaka Hindu calendar (around August). This is the most important festival for the coastal <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> region because the new season for fishing starts on this day. Fishermen and women offer coconuts to the sea and ask for a peaceful season while praying for the sea to remain calm. The same day is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Rakhi Pournima</a> to commemorate the abiding ties between brother and sister in Maharashtra as well other parts of Northern India. Narali bhaat (sweet rice with coconut) is the main dish on this day. On this day, Brahmin men change their <a href="/wiki/Sacred_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred thread">sacred thread</a> (Janve; Marathi: जानवे) at a common gathering ceremony called Shraavani (Marathi:श्रावणी).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Govindashtami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Govindashtami.jpg/220px-Govindashtami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Govindashtami.jpg/330px-Govindashtami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Govindashtami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Gokulashtami dahi-handi celebration</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokul_Ashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokul Ashtami">Gokul Ashtami</a>: The birthday of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is celebrated with great fervour all over India on the eighth day of second fortnight of the month Shravan (usually in the month of August). In Maharashtra, Gokul Ashtami is synonymous with the ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Dahi_handi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahi handi">dahi handi</a>. This is a reenactment of Krishna's efforts to steal butter from a matka (earthen pot) suspended from the ceiling. Large earthen pots filled with milk, curds, butter, honey, fruits, etc. are suspended at a height of between 20 and 40 feet (6.1 and 12.2 m) in the streets. Teams of young men and boys come forward to claim this prize. They construct a human pyramid by standing on each other's shoulders until the pyramid is tall enough to enable the topmost person to reach the pot and claim the contents after breaking it. Currency notes are often tied to the rope by which the pot is suspended. The prize money is distributed among those who participate in the pyramid building. The dahi-handi draws a huge crowd and they support the teams trying to grab these pots by chanting 'Govinda ala re ala'.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3_-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3_-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE.jpg/220px-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3_-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3_-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE.jpg/330px-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3_-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3_-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE.jpg/440px-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3_-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Woman playing Zimma on the night of a Mangala Gauri celebration in the Month of Shravan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Mangala Gaur: Pahili Mangala Gaur (first Mangala Gaur) is one of the most important celebrations for the new brides among <a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Marathi Brahmins</a>. On the Tuesday of the month of the Shravan falling within a year after her marriage, the new bride performs <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Shivling</a> puja for the well-being of her husband and new family. It is also a get-together of all womenfolk. It includes chatting, playing games, ukhane (married women take their husband's name woven in 2/4 rhyming liners) and sumptuous food. They typically play zimma, fugadi, bhendya (more popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Antakshari" title="Antakshari">Antakshari</a> in modern India) until the early hours of the following morning.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pola_in_Chinawal_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pola_in_Chinawal_1.jpg/220px-Pola_in_Chinawal_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pola_in_Chinawal_1.jpg/330px-Pola_in_Chinawal_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pola_in_Chinawal_1.jpg/440px-Pola_in_Chinawal_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Oxen decorated for Pola in a village.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pola_(festival)" title="Pola (festival)">Bail Pola</a>: the festival is celebrated on the new moon day (Pithori Amavasya) of the month of Shravan (August - September), to honour farm <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a> for their service. On this day the oxen are decorated by their owners and taken around the village in a parade.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The festival is popular in rural areas of Maharashtra and other Southern Indian States.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartalika">Hartalika</a>: The third day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Bhadrapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrapada">Bhadrapada</a> (usually around August/September) is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Hartalika</a> in honour of Harita Gauri or the green and golden goddess of harvests and prosperity. A lavishly decorated form of Parvati, Gauri is venerated as the mother of Ganesha. Women fast on this day and worship <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> in the evening with green leaves. Women wear green bangles and green clothes and stay awake till midnight. Both married and unmarried women may observe this fast.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg/220px-Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg/330px-Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg/440px-Anant_Chaturdashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>A clay idol of <a href="/wiki/Ganesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh">Ganesh</a> being immersed in water at the conclusion of the annual <a href="/wiki/Ganeshotsav" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganeshotsav">Ganeshotsav</a> on the 11th day or <a href="/wiki/Anant_Chaturdashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Chaturdashi">Anant Chaturdashi</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganeshotsav" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganeshotsav">Ganeshotsav</a>: This 11-day festival starts on <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> on the fourth day of <a href="/wiki/Bhadrapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrapada">Bhadrapada</a> in honour of Ganesha, the God of wisdom. Hindu households install in their house, Ganesha idols made out of clay called shadu and painted in watercolours. Early in the morning on this day, the clay idols of Ganesha are brought home while chanting Ganpati Bappa Morya and installed on decorated platforms. The idol is worshiped in the morning and evening with offerings of flowers, <a href="/wiki/Cynodon_dactylon" title="Cynodon dactylon">durva</a> (strands of young grass), <a href="/wiki/Gujia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujia">karanji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modak" title="Modak">modaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Durva-153">[152]</a> The worship ends with the singing of an <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aarti</a> in honour of Ganesha, other gods and saints. The worship includes singing the aarti '<a href="/wiki/Sukhakarta_Dukhaharta" title="Sukhakarta Dukhaharta">Sukhakarta Dukhaharta</a>', composed by the 17th-century saint <a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Family traditions differ about when to end the celebration. Domestic celebrations end after <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1+1⁄2, 3, 5, 7 or 11 days. At that time the idol is ceremoniously brought to a body of water (such as a lake, river or the sea) for immersion. In Maharashtra, Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals, namely <a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Hartalika</a> and the Gauri festival, the former is observed with a fast by women on the day before Ganesh Chaturthi, while the latter by the installation of idols of Gauris.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> In 1894, Nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokmanya Tilak">Lokmanya Tilak</a> turned this festival into a public event as a means of uniting people toward the common goal of campaigning against British colonial rule. The public festival lasts for 11 days with various cultural programmes including music concerts, orchestra, plays, and skits. Some social activities are also undertaken during this period like blood donation, scholarships for the needy, or donations to people suffering from any kind of natural calamity. Due to environmental concerns, a number of families now avoid bodies of water, and let the clay statue disintegrate in a barrel of water at home. After a few days, the clay is spread in the home garden. In some cities, a public, eco-friendly process is used for the immersion.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></li> <li>Gauri/Mahalakshmi: Along with Ganesha, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Gauri</a> (also known as Mahalaxmi in the Vidharbha region of Maharashtra) festival is celebrated in Maharashtra. On the first day of the three-day festival, Gauris arrive home, the next day they eat lunch with a variety of sweets, and on the third day, they return to their home. Gauris arrive in a pair, one as Jyeshta (the Elder one) and another as Kanishta (the Younger one). They are treated with love since they represent the daughters arriving at their parents' home. In many parts of Maharashtra including Marathwada and Vidarbha, this festival is called <a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a> or Mahalakshmya or simply Lakshmya.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Chaturdashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Chaturdashi">Anant Chaturdashi</a>: The 11th day of the Ganesh festival (14th day of the month of Bhadrapada) is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Anant_Chaturdashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Chaturdashi">Anant Chaturdashi</a>, which marks the end of the celebration. People bid a tearful farewell to the God by immersing the installed idols from home/public places in water and chanting 'Ganapati Bappa Morya, pudhchya warshi Lawakar ya!!' ('Ganesha, come early next year.') Some people also keep the traditional wow (Vrata) of Ananta Pooja. This involves the worship of Ananta the coiled snake or Shesha on which Vishnu resides. A delicious mixture of 14 vegetables is prepared as naivedyam on this day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navaratri</a> and Ghatasthapana: Starting with the first day of the month of Ashvin in the Hindu calendar (around the month of October), the nine-day and -night festival immediately preceding the most important festival <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Dasara</a> is celebrated all over India with different traditions. In Maharashtra, on the first day of this 10-day festival, idols of the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> are ritually installed at many homes. This installation of the Goddess is popularly known as Ghatasthapana.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg/220px-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg/330px-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg/440px-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Women performing Bhondla dance during the festival of Navratri</figcaption></figure> During this Navavatri, girls and women perform 'Bhondla/Hadga' as the Sun moves to the thirteenth constellation of the zodiac called 'Hasta' (Elephant). During the nine days, Bhondla (also known as 'Bhulabai' in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra) is celebrated in the garden or on the terrace during evening hours by inviting female friends of the daughter in the house. An elephant is drawn either with <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a> on the soil or with a chalk on a slate and kept in the middle. The girls go around it in a circle, holding each other's hands and singing Bhondla songs. All Bhondla songs are traditional songs passed down through the generations. The last song typically ends with the words '...khirapatila kaay ga?' ('What is the special dish today?'). This 'Khirapat' is a special dish, or dishes, often made laboriously by the mother of the host girl. The food is served only after the rest of the girls have correctly guessed what the covered dish or dishes are. There are some variations with how the Navratri festival is celebrated. For example, in many Brahmin families, celebrations include offering lunch for nine days to a specially invited a group of guests. The guests include a married Woman (Marathi:सवाष्ण ), a Brahmin and, a Virgin (Marathi:कुमारिका). In the morning and evening, the head of the family ritually worships either the goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>. On the eighth day, a special rite is carried out in some families. A statue of the goddess Mahalakshmi, with the face of a rice mask, is prepared and worshiped by newly married girls. In the evening of that day, women blow into earthen or metallic pots as a form of worship to please the goddess. Everyone in the family accompanies them by chanting verses and <a href="/wiki/Bhajans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhajans">Bhajans</a>. The nine-day festival ends with a <a href="/wiki/Yagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagna">Yadna</a> or reading of a Hindu Holy book (Marathi:पारायण ).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-108">[108]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Dasara</a>: This festival is celebrated on the tenth day of the Ashvin month (around October) according to the Hindu Calendar. This is one of the three-and-a-half most auspicious days in the Hindu Lunar calendar when every moment is important. On the last day (Dasara day), the idols installed on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navaratri</a> are immersed in water. This day also marks the victory of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> over <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>. People visit each other and exchange sweets. On this day, people worship the <a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_racemosa" title="Bauhinia racemosa">Aapta tree</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> and exchange its leaves (known as golden leaves) and wish each other a future like gold. There is a legend involving <a href="/wiki/Raghu" title="Raghu">Raghuraja</a>, an ancestor of Rama, the Aapta tree and <a href="/wiki/Kuber" title="Kuber">Kuber</a>. There is also another legend about the Shami tree where the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandava</a> hid their weapons during their exile.</li> <li>Kojagari Pournima: Written in the short form of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> as 'Ko Jagarti (को जागरति) ?' ( <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a> of 'कः जागरति,' meaning 'Who is awake?'), <a href="/wiki/Kojagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojagiri">Kojagiri</a> is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Ashwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashwin">Ashwin</a>. It is said that on this Kojagiri night, the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> visits every house asking 'Ko Jagarti?' and blesses those who are awake with fortune and prosperity. To welcome the Goddess, houses, temples, streets, etc. are illuminated. People get together on this night, usually in open spaces (e.g. in gardens or on terraces), and play games until midnight. At that hour, after seeing the reflection of the full moon in milk boiled with <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> and various varieties of dry fruits, they drink the concoction. The eldest child in the household is honoured on this day.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg/220px-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg/330px-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg/440px-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>A replica fort made by children during Diwali</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>: Just like most other parts of India, Diwali, a four to five day-long festival, is one of the most popular Hindu festivals. Houses are illuminated for the festival with rows of clay lamps known as panati and decorated with <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">rangoli</a> and aakash kandils (decorative lanterns of different shapes and sizes). Diwali is celebrated with new clothes, firecrackers and a variety of sweets in the company of family and friends. In Marathi tradition, during days of Diwali, family members have a ritual bath before dawn and then sit down for a breakfast of fried sweets and savoury snacks. These sweets and snacks are offered to visitors to the house during the multi-day festival and exchanged with neighbours. Typical sweet preparations include <a href="/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">Ladu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarsa" title="Anarsa">Anarse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankarpali" title="Shankarpali">Shankarpali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">Karanjya</a>. Popular savoury treats include <a href="/wiki/Chakli" title="Chakli">chakli</a>, shev, and <a href="/wiki/Chiwda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiwda">chivada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edmund2001-159">[158]</a> Being high in fat and low in moisture, these snacks can be stored at room temperature for many weeks without spoiling.</li> <li>Kartiki Ekadashi and Tulshicha Lagna: The 11th day of the month of Kartik marks the end of <a href="/wiki/Chaturmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaturmas">Chaturmas</a> and is called Kartiki Ekadashi (also known as <a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a>). On this day, Hindus, particularly the followers of Vishnu, celebrate his awakening after a <a href="/wiki/Yoganidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoganidra">Yoganidra</a> of four months of <a href="/wiki/Chaturmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaturmas">Chaturmas</a>. People worship him and fast for the entire day. The same evening, or the evening of the next day, is marked by Tulshi Vivah or Tulshicha Lagna. The <a href="/wiki/Tulsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsi">Tulsi</a> (Holy Basil plant) is held sacred by the Hindus as it is regarded as an incarnation of Mahalaxmi who was born as Vrinda. The end of Diwali celebrations mark the beginning of Tulshicha Lagna. Marathis organise the marriage of a sacred Tulshi plant in their house with Krishna. On this day the Tulshi vrundavan is coloured and decorated as a bride. Sugarcane and branches of <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_gooseberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian gooseberry">amla</a> trees are planted along with the tulsi plant. Though a mock marriage, all the ceremonies of an actual Maharashtrian marriage are conducted including chanting of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangal_Ashtaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangal Ashtaka">Mangal Ashtaka</a> and tying of <a href="/wiki/Mangal_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangal Sutra">Mangal Sutra</a> to the Tulshi. Families and friends gather for this marriage ceremony, which usually takes place in the late evening. Various pohe dishes are offered to Krishna and then distributed among family members and friends. This also marks the beginning of marriage season.</li></ul> The celebration lasts for three days and ends on Kartiki <a href="/wiki/Purnima_(day)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purnima (day)">Pournima</a> or Tripurari Pournima. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg/220px-Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg/330px-Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg/440px-Khandoba_temple_Pune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5704" data-file-height="3896" /></a><figcaption>Devotees showering turmeric powder (bhandara) on each other at Khandoba Temple in <a href="/wiki/Jejuri" title="Jejuri">Jejuri</a> during Champa Shashthi.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba">Khandoba</a> Festival/Champa Shashthi: This is a six-day festival, from the first to the sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of <a href="/wiki/Margashirsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Margashirsha">Margashirsha</a>. It is celebrated in honour of <a href="/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba">Khandoba</a> by many Marathi families. Ghatasthapana, similar to Navaratri, also takes place in households during this festival. A number of families also hold fast during this period. The fast ends on the sixth day of the festival called Champa Shashthi.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Among some Marathi Hindu communities, the <a href="/wiki/Chaturmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaturmas">Chaturmas</a> period ends on Champa Sashthi. As it is customary in these communities not to consume onions, garlic, and <a href="/wiki/Egg_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg plant">egg plant</a> (Brinjal / Aubergine) during the Chaturmas, the consumption of these food items resumes with ritual preparation of Bharit (<a href="/wiki/Baingan_Bharta" class="mw-redirect" title="Baingan Bharta">Baingan Bharta</a>) and rodga, small round flat bread prepared from jwari (white <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>).</li> <li>Darshvel Amavasya: It is last day of the Hindu month Pausha. This festival is mostly celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a> region, especially in <a href="/wiki/Latur" title="Latur">Latur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmanabad" title="Osmanabad">Osmanabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beed" title="Beed">Beed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a> districts. Special for farmers, people get to their farms and invite friends and relatives their. Place deity (Sthan daivata) is worshipped on occasion. <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">Alum</a> powder is applied to five stones representing five <a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a>. They are covered with hut of grass and pink cloth (shalu) is tied to hut. Farmer pours <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> around the deity idol and all over the field praying "ol ghe ol ghe saalam pol ge" (meaning be wet and let the year be wealthy till next Darshvel Amavasya).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogi" title="Bhogi">Bhogi</a>: The eve of the Hindu festival '<a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>' and the day before is called Bhogi. Bhogi is a festival of happiness and enjoyment and generally takes place on 13 January. It is celebrated in honour of Indra, 'the God of Clouds and Rains'. Indra is worshiped for the abundance of the harvest, which brings plenty and prosperity to the land. Since it is held in the winter, the main food for Bhogi is mixed vegetable curry made with carrots, lima beans, green <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">capsicums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drumstick_(vegetable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drumstick (vegetable)">drumsticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Green beans">green beans</a> and peas. Bajra roti (i.e. roti made of <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>) topped with sesame as well as rice and moog dal khichadi are eaten to keep warm in winter. During this festival people also take baths with sesame seeds.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilgul_kha_god_god_bola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tilgul_kha_god_god_bola.jpg/220px-Tilgul_kha_god_god_bola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tilgul_kha_god_god_bola.jpg/330px-Tilgul_kha_god_god_bola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tilgul_kha_god_god_bola.jpg/440px-Tilgul_kha_god_god_bola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Sesame seed based sweets for Makar Sankrant</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a>: Sankraman means the passing of the sun from one zodiac sign to the next. This day marks the sun's passage from the Tropic of Dhanu (<a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Sagittarius</a>) to Makar (<a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a>). Makar Sankranti falls on 14 January in non-leap years and on 15 January in leap years. It is the only Hindu festival that is based on the solar calendar rather than the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a>. Maharashtrians exchange tilgul or sweets made of jaggery and sesame seeds along with the customary salutation, Tilgul ghya aani god bola, which means 'Accept the Tilgul and be friendly'. Tilgul Poli or gulpoli are the main sweet preparations made on the day in Maharashtra. It is a wheat-based flatbread filled with <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seed">sesame seeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a>.,<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Shivratri">Maha Shivratri</a>: Maha Shivratri (also known as Shivaratri) means 'Great Night of Shiva' or 'Night of Shiva'. It is a Hindu festival celebrated every year on the 13th night and 14th day of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#Tithi" title="Hindu calendar">Krishna Paksha</a> (waning moon) of the month of <a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Maagha</a> (as per Shalivahana or Gujarati Vikrama) or <a href="/wiki/Phalguna" title="Phalguna">Phalguna</a> (as per Vikrama) in the Hindu Calendar, that is, the night before and day of the new moon. The festival is principally celebrated by offerings of <a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">bael</a> (bilva) leaves to Shiva, all day fasting, and an all-night long vigil. The fasting food on this day includes <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a> prepared with the pulp of the kavath fruit (<a href="/wiki/Limonia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limonia (plant)">Limonia</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0.jpg/220px-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0.jpg/330px-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0.jpg/440px-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Shimga being celebrated on the port of Harne on the Konkan coast</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, Shimga and Rangapanchami: The festival of Holi falls in <a href="/wiki/Falgun" title="Falgun">Falgun</a>, the last month of the Marathi Shaka calendar. Marathi people celebrate this festival by lighting a bonfire and offering puran poli to the fire. In North India, Holi is celebrated over two days with the second day celebrated with throwing colours. In Maharashtra it is known as Dhuli Vandan. However, Maharashtrians celebrate colour throwing five days after Holi on Rangapanchami. In Maharashtra, people make <a href="/wiki/Puran_poli" title="Puran poli">puran poli</a> as the ritual offering to the holy fire.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_Sen_2014_p._105-163">[162]</a></li></ul> In coastal Konkan area, the festival of Shimga is celebrated which not only incorporates Holi but also involves other rituals and celebrations which precede Holi and extends for a few days more. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bailgada_manchar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bailgada_manchar.png/220px-Bailgada_manchar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bailgada_manchar.png/330px-Bailgada_manchar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Bailgada_manchar.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Bullock cart race at a Jatra in Manchar, Maharashtra</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Village Urus or <a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Maharashtra)" title="Jatra (Maharashtra)">Jatra</a>: A large number of villages in Maharashtra hold their annual festivals (village carnivals) or urus in the months of January–May. These may be in the honour of the village Hindu deity (Gram daivat) or the tomb (<a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">dargah</a>) of a local <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a> saint.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Apart from religious observations, celebrations may include bullock-cart racing, <a href="/wiki/Kabbadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbadi">kabbadi</a>, wrestling tournaments, a fair and entertainment such as a <a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">lavani</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tamasha" title="Tamasha">tamasha</a> show by travelling dance troupes.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> A number of families eat meat preparations only during this period. In some villages, women are given a break from cooking and other household chores by their menfolk.<a href="#cite_note-Jatra-168">[167]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_celebrations_observed_by_other_communities">Festivals and celebrations observed by other communities</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dhamma_Chakra_Pravartan_Din">Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din</h4></div> On 14 October 1956 at <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, Maharashtra, India, B. R. Ambedkar embraced Buddhist religion publicly and gave Deeksha of Buddhist religion to his more than 380,000 followers.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> The day is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Dharmacakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmacakra">Dharmacakra</a> Pravartan Din. The grounds in Nagpur on which the conversion ceremony took place is known as <a href="/wiki/Deekshabhoomi" title="Deekshabhoomi">Deekshabhoomi</a>. Every year more than a million Buddhist people, especially <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Ambedkarite</a>, from all over the world visit Deekshabhoomi to commemorate Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din.<a href="#cite_note-COLLECTOR-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddha_Purnima">Buddha Purnima</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Marathi_people" title="Special:EditPage/Marathi people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Festival commemorates Lord Buddha's enlightenment and birth. Buddhist community celebrates this day with great fervor and zeal across the world. Maharashtra has India's largest Buddhist population, about 5.8% of the State's total population. The State not only has rich Buddhist heritage and culture, it is also dotted with large and small Buddhist caves. Buddhists go to common Viharas to observe a rather longer-than-usual, full-length Buddhist sutra, akin to a service. The dress code is pure white. Non-vegetarian food is normally avoided. Kheer, sweet rice porridge is commonly served to recall the story of Sujata, who offered the Buddha a bowl of milk porridge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christmas">Christmas</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> : नाताळ) is celebrated to mark the birthday of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. Like in other parts of India, Christmas is celebrated with zeal by the indigenous Marathi Catholics such as the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a> & <a href="/wiki/Korlai_Portuguese_Creole" title="Korlai Portuguese Creole">Korlai Portuguese Creole</a> Luso-Indians.<a href="#cite_note-Banerji2008-171">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malvani_cuisine" title="Malvani cuisine">Malvani cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg/220px-Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg/330px-Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg/440px-Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A simple Maharashtrian meal with bhaaji, bhakari, raw onion and pickle</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwalicha_pharal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Diwalicha_pharal.JPG/200px-Diwalicha_pharal.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Diwalicha_pharal.JPG/300px-Diwalicha_pharal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Diwalicha_pharal.JPG/400px-Diwalicha_pharal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A typical Diwali plate of snack (pharal ). Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Chakli" title="Chakli">chakli</a>, kadboli, <a href="/wiki/Sev_(food)" title="Sev (food)">shev</a>, gaathi, <a href="/wiki/Chevdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevdo">chivda</a> and in the center are yellow <a href="/wiki/Besan" class="mw-redirect" title="Besan">besan</a> and white <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">rava</a> <a href="/wiki/Laddoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Laddoo">ladu</a>.</figcaption></figure> The many communities in Marathi society result in a diverse cuisine. This diversity extends to the family level because each family uses its own unique combination of spices. The majority of Maharashtrians do eat meat and eggs, but the Brahmin community is mostly <a href="/wiki/Lacto-vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacto-vegetarian">lacto-vegetarian</a>. The traditional staple food on Desh (the Deccan plateau) is usually <a href="/wiki/Bhakri" title="Bhakri">bhakri</a>, spiced cooked vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a> and rice. Bhakri is an <a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">unleavened bread</a> made using Indian millet (<a href="/wiki/Jowar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jowar">jowar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">bajra</a> or bajri.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> However, the North Maharashtrians and urbanites prefer <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a>, which is a plain bread made with <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> flour.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> In the coastal Konkan region, rice is the traditional staple food. An aromatic variety of <a href="/wiki/Ambemohar" title="Ambemohar">ambemohar</a> rice is more popular among Marathi people than the internationally known <a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">basmati</a> rice. Malvani dishes use more wet coconut and coconut milk in their preparation. In the Vidarbha region, little coconut is used in daily preparations but dry coconut, along with peanuts, is used in dishes such as spicy <a href="/wiki/Savji" title="Savji">savji</a>s or mutton and chicken dishes. Thalipeeth is a popular traditional breakfast flat bread that is prepared using bhajani, a mixture of many different varieties of roasted lentils.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Marathi Hindu people observe fasting days when traditional staple food like rice and chapatis are avoided. However, milk products and non-native foods such as potatoes, peanuts and <a href="/wiki/Sabudana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabudana">sabudana</a> preparations (sabudana khicdi) are allowed, which result in a carbohydrate-rich alternative fasting cuisine. Some Maharashtrian dishes including sev bhaji, misal pav and patodi are distinctly regional dishes within Maharashtra. In metropolitan areas including Mumbai and Pune, the pace of life makes fast food very popular. The most popular forms of fast food among Marathi people in these areas are: <a href="/wiki/Pakora" title="Pakora">bhaji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vada_pav" title="Vada pav">vada pav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misal_Pav" class="mw-redirect" title="Misal Pav">misal pav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pav_bhaji" title="Pav bhaji">pav bhaji</a>. More traditional dishes are <a href="/wiki/Sabudana_Khichadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabudana Khichadi">sabudana khichdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohe">pohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upma" title="Upma">upma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheera" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheera">sheera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">panipuri</a>. Most Marathi fast food and snacks are purely lacto-vegetarian in nature.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> In South Konkan, near <a href="/wiki/Malvan" title="Malvan">Malvan</a>, an independent exotic cuisine has developed called <a href="/wiki/Malvani_cuisine" title="Malvani cuisine">Malvani cuisine</a>, which is predominantly non-vegetarian. <a href="/wiki/Kombdi_vade" title="Kombdi vade">Kombdi vade</a>, fish preparations and baked preparations are more popular here. <a href="/wiki/Kombdi_Vade" class="mw-redirect" title="Kombdi Vade">Kombdi Vade</a>, is a recipe from the Konkan region. Deep fried flatbread made from spicy rice and <a href="/wiki/Vigna_mungo" title="Vigna mungo">urid</a> flour served with chicken curry, more specifically with Malvani chicken curry. Desserts are an important part of Marathi food and include <a href="/wiki/Puran_poli" title="Puran poli">puran poli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrikhand" title="Shrikhand">shrikhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basundi" title="Basundi">basundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">kheer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">gulab jamun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modak" title="Modak">modak</a>. Traditionally, these desserts were associated with a particular festival, for example, modaks are prepared during the <a href="/wiki/Ganpati" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganpati">Ganpati Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharani_Chimnabai_of_Baroda_with_her_daughter_Indira_Devi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maharani_Chimnabai_of_Baroda_with_her_daughter_Indira_Devi.jpg/220px-Maharani_Chimnabai_of_Baroda_with_her_daughter_Indira_Devi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maharani_Chimnabai_of_Baroda_with_her_daughter_Indira_Devi.jpg/330px-Maharani_Chimnabai_of_Baroda_with_her_daughter_Indira_Devi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maharani_Chimnabai_of_Baroda_with_her_daughter_Indira_Devi.jpg/440px-Maharani_Chimnabai_of_Baroda_with_her_daughter_Indira_Devi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Princess <a href="/wiki/Indira_Raje" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Raje">Indira Raje</a> (1892-1968) of <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda</a> as a young girl with her mother, <a href="/wiki/Maharani_Chimnabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharani Chimnabai">Chimnabai II</a>, wearing a 'Nauvari', a traditional Maharashtrian sari</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, Marathi women commonly wore the <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs.<a href="#cite_note-Costumes-178">[177]</a> Most middle aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">salwar kameez</a> with the traditionally <a href="/wiki/Kasta_sari#Nauvari" title="Kasta sari">nauvari</a> or nine-yard sari, disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKher2003-179">[178]</a> Older women wear the five-yard sari. In urban areas, the five-yard sari is worn by younger women for special occasions such as weddings and religious ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Among men, western dress has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pheta_(turban)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheta (turban)">pheta</a> on cultural occasions. The <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a> along with a long white shirt and loose pajama style trousers is the popular attire among older men in rural Maharashtra.<a href="#cite_note-Costumes-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-tradition-182">[181]</a> Women wear traditional jewellery derived from Marathas and Peshwas dynasties. <a href="/wiki/Kolhapuri_saaj" title="Kolhapuri saaj">Kolhapuri saaj</a>, a special type of necklace, is also worn by Marathi women.<a href="#cite_note-Costumes-178">[177]</a> In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire.<a href="#cite_note-tradition-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3></div> Marathi Hindu people follow a partially <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> naming system. For example, it is customary to associate the father's name with the given name. In the case of married women, the husband's name is associated with the given name. Therefore, the constituents of a Marathi name as given name /first name, father/husband, family name /surname. For example: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadeo_Govind_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadeo Govind Ranade">Mahadeo Govind Ranade</a>: Here Mahadeo is the given name, Govind is his father's given name, and Ranade is the surname.<a href="#cite_note-Mittal_Publications-183">[182]</a></li> <li>Jyotsna Mukund Khandekar: Here Jyotsna is the given name, Mukund is the husband's given name, and Khandekar is the surname of the husband<a href="#cite_note-Mittal_Publications-183">[182]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_names">Personal names</h4></div> Marathi Hindus choose given names for their children from a variety of sources. They could be characters from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythological</a> epics such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mahabharat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabharat">Mahabharat</a>, names of holy rivers such as <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a>, Hindu historical figures from Maratha or Indian history such as <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, Marathi varkari saints such as <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janabai" title="Janabai">Janabai</a>, popular characters from modern Marathi literature, names of fragrant flowers for girls (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mimusops_elengi" title="Mimusops elengi">Bakul</a>, Kamal/Kamla for <a href="/wiki/Lotus_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus flower">lotus</a>), senses such as Madhura for sweetness, precious metals such female name Suwarna for gold, heavenly bodies such as the Sun and the Moon, Vasant and Sharad for spring and autumn respectively, names of film stars or sportsmen, and after virtues (e.g.,Vinay for modesty). Nicknames such as Bandu, Balu, Sonya and Pillu for males and Chhabu and Bebi for girls have been popular too.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surnames">Surnames</h4></div> A large number of Maharashtrian surnames are derived by adding the suffix kar to the village from which the family originally hailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopra198252-186">[185]</a> For example, Junnarkar came from town of <a href="/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar</a>, Waghulkar comes from the town of Waghul. According to Bhandarkar, the tradition of using place name as the surname can be traced back to the Chalukya era in the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Names like <a href="/wiki/Kumbhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbhar">Kumbhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutar" title="Sutar">Sutar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulkarni" title="Kulkarni">Kulkarni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshpande" title="Deshpande">Deshpande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patil_(surname)" title="Patil (surname)">Patil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desai" title="Desai">Desai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joshi" title="Joshi">Joshi</a> denote the family's ancestral trade, profession, or administrative role.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-IWI-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Families of the historical Maratha chiefs use their clan name as their surname. Some of these are Jadhav, Bhosale, Chavan, <a href="/wiki/Shinde" title="Shinde">Shinde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirke" title="Shirke">Shirke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%A8_(clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morè (clan)">More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimbalkar" title="Nimbalkar">Nimbalkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawar" title="Pawar">Pawar</a>, Masaram, Gharge-Desai (Deshmukh) and Ghatge.<a href="#cite_note-Dumont1980-195">[194]</a> Members of the numerically largest Maratha <a href="/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbi</a> cultivator class among Marathi people have also adopted some of the Maratha clan names, either to indicate allegiance to the Maratha chief they served, or as an attempt at upward mobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honourifics_and_suffixes">Honourifics and suffixes</h4></div> Marathi people use various suffixes and prefixes with names. Most of these are intended as honourific when addressing older people, or people with authority. The common suffixes include bai, and sometimes tai for women, rao, and saheb for men.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> According to Sankhelia, the first use of the word, bai was in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> In modern times, the prefixes Shree for men, and Saubhagyavati (abbreviated as Sau) for married women have become common. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_literature">Language and literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi literature</a></div> It has been noted by scholars that there is <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian</a> influence in the development of the Marathi language.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Marathi_inscriptions">Ancient Marathi inscriptions</h4></div> Marathi, also known as Seuna at that time, was the court language during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Yadava_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadava Dynasty">Yadava Kings</a>. Yadava king Singhania was known for his magnanimous donations. Inscriptions recording these donations are found written in Marathi on stone slabs in the temple at Kolhapur in Maharashtra. Composition of noted works of scholars like <a href="/wiki/Hemadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemadri">Hemadri</a> are also found. Hemadri was also responsible for introducing a style of architecture called Hemadpanth.<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_people#endnote_1">[6]</a> Among the various stone inscriptions are those found at Akshi in the Kolaba district, which are the first known stone inscriptions in Marathi. An example found at the bottom of the statue of Gomateshwar (<a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> in Karnataka bears the inscription 'Chamundraye karaviyale, Gangaraye suttale karaviyale' [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]which gives some information regarding the sculptor of the statue and the king who ordered its creation.<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_people#endnote_2">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_literature">Classical literature</h4></div> Marathi people have a long literary tradition which started in the ancient era.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was the 13th-century saint <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a> who produced the first treatise in Marathi on the Geeta. The work called <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwari" title="Dnyaneshwari">Dnyaneshwari</a> is considered a masterpiece. Along with Dnyaneshwar, his contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a> was also responsible for propagating Marathi religious <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> literature. Namdev is also important to the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> tradition, since several of his compositions were included in the Sikh Holy book, the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Sant Tukaram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Mukteshwar and <a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a> were equally important figures in the 17th century. In the 18th century, writers like <a href="/wiki/Vaman_Pandit" title="Vaman Pandit">Vaman Pandit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Pandit" title="Raghunath Pandit">Raghunath Pandit</a>, Shridhar Pandit, <a href="/wiki/Mahipati" title="Mahipati">Mahipati</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Novetzkep53-202">[201]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moropant" title="Moropant">Moropant</a> produced some well-known works.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All of the above-mentioned writers produced religious literature.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Marathi_literature">Modern Marathi literature</h4></div> The first English book was translated into Marathi in 1817 while the first Marathi newspaper started in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Many books on social reform were written by Baba Padamji (Yamuna Paryatana, 1857), <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Jyotiba_Phule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Jyotiba Phule">Mahatma Jyotiba Phule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Lokhitawadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Justice Ranade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hari_Narayan_Apte" title="Hari Narayan Apte">Hari Narayan Apte</a> (1864–1919). <a href="/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokmanya Tilak">Lokmanya Tilak</a>'s newspaper <a href="/wiki/Kesari_(Marathi_newspaper)" title="Kesari (Marathi newspaper)">Kesari</a> in Marathi was a strong voice in promoting Ganeshotsav or Chhatrapati Shivaji festival. The newspaper also offered criticism of colonial government excesses. At this time, Marathi efficiently aided by Marathi Drama. B. R. Ambedkar's newspaper, Bahishkrut Bharat, set up in 1927, provided a platform for sharing literary views. In the mid-1950s, the 'little magazine movement' gained momentum. It published writings which were non-conformist, radical, and experimental. The <a href="/wiki/Dalit_literature" title="Dalit literature">Dalit literature</a> movement also gained strength due to the little magazine movement. This radical movement was influenced by the philosophy of non-conformity, and challenged the literary establishment, which was largely middle class, urban, and upper <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-han-204">[203]</a> The little magazine movement was responsible for many excellent writers including the well-known novelist, critic, and poet <a href="/wiki/Bhalchandra_Nemade" title="Bhalchandra Nemade">Bhalchandra Nemade</a>. Dalit writer <a href="/wiki/N._D._Mahanor" class="mw-redirect" title="N. D. Mahanor">N. D. Mahanor</a> is well known for his work, while Dr. Sharad Rane is a well-known children's writer.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martial_tradition">Martial tradition</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha_Armor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maratha Helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maratha_Armor.jpg/140px-Maratha_Armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maratha_Armor.jpg/210px-Maratha_Armor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maratha_Armor.jpg/280px-Maratha_Armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1348" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Maratha Empire Armory</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratha_Armour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maratha Armor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/140px-Maratha_Armour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/210px-Maratha_Armour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Maratha_Armour.jpg/280px-Maratha_Armour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1348" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Signature Maratha Empire helmet with curved back.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Maratha Armour from Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia.</div></div></div></div> Although ethnic Marathis have taken up military roles for many centuries,<a href="#cite_note-Minahan2012-206">[205]</a> their martial qualities came to prominence in 17th-century India, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>. He founded the Maratha Empire, which at the time of the mid-18th century controlled large parts of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-KhanHussain1999-208">[207]</a> It was largely an ethnic Marathi polity,<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> with its chiefs and nobles coming from the Marathi ethnicity, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsles</a> (Maratha caste), the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holkar" title="House of Holkar">Holkars</a> (Dhangar caste),<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a> (1713 onwards; Chitpavan caste),<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> the Angres, chief of <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha Navy</a> (Maratha caste; 1698 onwards).<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> The Maratha Empire is credited to a large extent for reducing the Mughal emperor to a mere figurehead. .<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Further, they were also considered by the British as the most important native power of 18th-century India.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> Today this ethnicity is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, with two regiments deriving their names from Marathi communities —the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Light_Infantry" title="Maratha Light Infantry">Maratha Light Infantry</a><a href="#cite_note-bharat-rakshak.com-217">[216]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahar_Regiment" title="Mahar Regiment">Mahar Regiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maratha_dynasties_and_states" title="List of Maratha dynasties and states">List of Maratha dynasties and states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhatta_(region)" title="Marhatta (region)">Maharatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi_people" title="List of Marathi people">List of Marathi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_(Maharashtra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magar (Maharashtra)">Magar (Maharashtra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur Marathi (people)">Thanjavur Marathi (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Until about 300 BC, Hindu men were about 24 years of age when they got married and the girl was always post-pubescent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagi19936–9-135">[135]</a> The social evil of child marriage established itself in Hindu society sometime after 300 BC as a response to foreign invasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagi19937-136">[136]</a> The problem was first addressed in 1860 by amending the Indian Penal Code which required the boy's age to be 14 and the girl's age to be 12 at minimum, for a marriage to be considered legal. In 1927, the Hindu Child Marriage Act made a marriage between a boy under 15 and a girl under 12 illegal. This minimum age requirement was increased to 14 for girls and 18 for boys in 1929. It was again increased by a year for girls in 1948. The Act was amended again in 1978 when the ages were raised to 18 for girls and 21 for boys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagi19939-137">[137]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue.com-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue.com_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/22/language/mar">Marathi people</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (22nd ed., 2019) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2011-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2011_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201042328/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">"Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011"</a> (PDF). 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New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170997320" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170997320"><bdi>978-8170997320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grassroot+politics+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8170997320&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Sumita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9kQcBmKcOsC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVora2009" class="citation book cs1">Vora, Rajendra (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22+maharashtra+maratha+brahmin&pg=PP1">"Chapter 7 Maharashtra or Maratha Rashtra"</a>. In Kumar, Sanjay; Jaffrelot, Christophe (eds.). Rise of the plebeians? : the changing face of Indian legislative assemblies. New Delhi: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415460927" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415460927"><bdi>978-0415460927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7+Maharashtra+or+Maratha+Rashtra&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+plebeians%3F+%3A+the+changing+face+of+Indian+legislative+assemblies&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415460927&rft.aulast=Vora&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78rfCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Bharatiya%2BJanata%2BParty%2522%2Bmaharashtra%2Bmaratha%2Bbrahmin%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirsikar1999" class="citation book cs1">Sirsikar, V.M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&q=congress+%22sugar+lobby%22+maharashtra&pg=PR7">"Region, Nationality and Religion"</a>. In Kulkarni, A.R.; Wagle, N.K. (eds.). State intervention and popular response : western India in the nineteenth century. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-835-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-835-4"><bdi>978-81-7154-835-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Region%2C+Nationality+and+Religion&rft.btitle=State+intervention+and+popular+response+%3A+western+India+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-835-4&rft.aulast=Sirsikar&rft.aufirst=V.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7f0JEWk6HMC%26q%3Dcongress%2B%2522sugar%2Blobby%2522%2Bmaharashtra%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahiwale1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dahiwale, S. M. (1995). "Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 30, No. 6 (Feb. 11, 1995), pp. 336–342 Published by". Economic and Political Weekly. 30 (6): 336–342. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4402382">4402382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Consolidation+of+Maratha+Dominance+in+Maharashtra+Economic+and+Political+Weekly+Vol.+30%2C+No.+6+%28Feb.+11%2C+1995%29%2C+pp.+336%E2%80%93342+Published+by&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=336-342&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4402382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dahiwale&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz1994" class="citation book cs1">Kurtz, Donald V. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&q=ckp+prabhu+marathi&pg=PR7">Contradictions and conflict : a dialectical political anthropology of a University in Western India</a>. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004098282" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004098282"><bdi>978-9004098282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contradictions+and+conflict+%3A+a+dialectical+political+anthropology+of+a+University+in+Western+India&rft.place=Leiden+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9004098282&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Donald+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0X5DquN8LkIC%26q%3Dckp%2Bprabhu%2Bmarathi%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghLele1989" class="citation book cs1">Singh, R.; Lele, J.K. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PLiAlGzLFQC">Language and society : steps towards an integrated theory</a>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 32–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004087897" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004087897"><bdi>978-9004087897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+society+%3A+steps+towards+an+integrated+theory&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=32-42&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-9004087897&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Lele%2C+J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PLiAlGzLFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chap23-92"><a href="#cite_ref-chap23_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelliot2007" class="citation book cs1">Zelliot, Eleanor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA451">"Dalit Literature, Language and Identity"</a>. In Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (eds.). Language in South Asia, Part 9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 450–454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52178-141-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52178-141-1"><bdi>978-0-52178-141-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalit+Literature%2C+Language+and+Identity&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Asia%2C+Part+9&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=450-454&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-52178-141-1&rft.aulast=Zelliot&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO2n4sFGDEMYC%26pg%3DPA451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Changing India: Bourgeois Revolution on the Subcontinent by Robert W. Stern, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharmila_Rege_2013_28-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharmila_Rege_2013_28_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmila_Rege2013" class="citation book cs1">Sharmila Rege (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4-oDAAAQBAJ">Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonies</a>. Zubaan Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9383074679" title="Special:BookSources/978-9383074679"><bdi>978-9383074679</bdi></a>. <q>The traditional caste hierarchy was headed by the brahmin castes-the deshasthas, chitpavans, karhades saraswats and the chandraseniya kayastha prabhus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Caste%2FWriting+Gender%3A+Narrating+Dalit+Women%27s+Testimonies&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Zubaan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9383074679&rft.au=Sharmila+Rege&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp4-oDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenzweigMunshi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenzweig, Mark; Munshi, Kaivan (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.96.4.1225">"Traditional Institutions Meet the Modern World: Caste, Gender, and Schooling Choice in a Globalizing Economy"</a>. American Economic Review. 96 (4): 1225–1252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.96.4.1225">10.1257/aer.96.4.1225</a>. <q>(p. 1228) High castes include all the Brahmin jatis, as well as a few other elite jatis (CKP and Pathare Prabhus). Low castes include formerly untouchable and backward castes (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Castes, as defined by the government of India). Medium castes are drawn mostly from the cultivator jatis, such as the Marathas and the Kunbis, as well as other traditional vocations that were not considered to be ritually impure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Traditional+Institutions+Meet+the+Modern+World%3A+Caste%2C+Gender%2C+and+Schooling+Choice+in+a+Globalizing+Economy&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1225-1252&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.96.4.1225&rft.aulast=Rosenzweig&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Munshi%2C+Kaivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Farticles.php%3Fdoi%3D10.1257%2Faer.96.4.1225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidyut_Chakrabarty2003" class="citation book cs1">Bidyut Chakrabarty (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtztAAAAIAAJ&q=Maratha(MK)">"Race, caste and ethnic identity"</a>. Communal Identity in India: Its Construction and Articulation in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195663303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195663303"><bdi>978-0195663303</bdi></a>. <q>Of the six groups, four are Brahmins; one is high non-brahmin caste, Chandraseniya Kayashth Prabhu (CKP), ranking next only to the Brahmins; and the other is a cultivating caste, Maratha (MK), belonging to the middle level of the hierarchy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Race%2C+caste+and+ethnic+identity&rft.btitle=Communal+Identity+in+India%3A+Its+Construction+and+Articulation+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0195663303&rft.au=Bidyut+Chakrabarty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtztAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMaratha%28MK%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._B._Ghuge1994" class="citation book cs1">V. B. Ghuge (1994). Rajarshi Shahu: a model ruler. kirti prakashan. p. 20. <q>In the Hindu social hierarchy the privileged classes were Brahmins, CKP's and others. Similarly, other elite classes were Parsis and Europeans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajarshi+Shahu%3A+a+model+ruler&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=kirti+prakashan&rft.date=1994&rft.au=V.+B.+Ghuge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/lingayat-virasaiva-sect-migration-identity-marathi-lingayat-literature-colonial-maharashtra">"Lingayat - Virasaiva Sect: Migration, Identity & Marathi Lingayat literature in Colonial Maharashtra"</a>. podcasts.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=podcasts.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Lingayat+-+Virasaiva+Sect%3A+Migration%2C+Identity+%26+Marathi+Lingayat+literature+in+Colonial+Maharashtra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpodcasts.ox.ac.uk%2Flingayat-virasaiva-sect-migration-identity-marathi-lingayat-literature-colonial-maharashtra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_JaffrelotSanjay_Kumar2009" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot; Sanjay Kumar, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217">Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies (Exploring the Political in South Asia)</a>. Routledge India. pp. 216, 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136516627" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136516627"><bdi>978-1136516627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+Plebeians%3F%3A+The+Changing+Face+of+the+Indian+Legislative+Assemblies+%28Exploring+the+Political+in+South+Asia%29&rft.pages=216%2C+217&rft.pub=Routledge+India&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1136516627&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78rfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeshpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Deshpande, Arvind M. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79sS_w_bOQYC&pg=PP15">John Briggs in Maharashtra: A Study of District Administration Under Early</a>. South Asia Books. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836422504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0836422504"><bdi>978-0836422504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Briggs+in+Maharashtra%3A+A+Study+of+District+Administration+Under+Early&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0836422504&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=Arvind+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79sS_w_bOQYC%26pg%3DPP15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen2018-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2018_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Blom_Hansen2018" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Blom Hansen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18862-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18862-1"><bdi>978-0-691-18862-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wages+of+Violence%3A+Naming+and+Identity+in+Postcolonial+Bombay&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18862-1&rft.au=Thomas+Blom+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBf5ZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghBhanuIndia2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kumar Suresh; Bhanu, B. 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Retrieved 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Eco-friendly+%27Ganesh+Visarjan%27+save+water+and+soil+from+getting+polluted+in+Indore&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft.aulast=Zha&rft.aufirst=Bagish+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fenvironment%2Fpollution%2FEco-friendly-Ganesh-Visarjan-save-water-and-soil-from-getting-polluted-in-Indore%2Farticleshow%2F22808957.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues2003" class="citation book cs1">Rodrigues, Hillary Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC&pg=PR3">Ritual worship of the great goddess : the liturgy of the Durgā Pūjā with interpretations</a>. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791454008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791454008"><bdi>978-0791454008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+worship+of+the+great+goddess+%3A+the+liturgy+of+the+Durg%C4%81+P%C5%ABj%C4%81+with+interpretations&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0791454008&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Hillary+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonyaEhwhJBUC%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Kolte, R.R., Kulkarni, R.S., Shinde, P.V., Padvekar, H.K., Magadum, V.G. and Apate, S.A., Studies on the ethno-medicinal plants used on the occasion of festivals with special reference to Ratnagiri district from Maharashtra state.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vishal_Magadum/publication/308791976_Studies_on_the_ethno-medicinal_plants_used_on_the_occasion_of_festivals_with_special_reference_to_Ratnagiri_district_from_Maharashtra_state/links/57f21d0808ae91deaa561f5c/Studies-on-the-ethno-medicinal-plants-used-on-the-occasion-of-festivals-with-special-reference-to-Ratnagiri-district-from-Maharashtra-state.pdf">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmund2001-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Edmund2001_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_W._LusasLloyd_W._Rooney2001" class="citation book cs1">Edmund W. Lusas; Lloyd W. Rooney (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_5wlzckPkMC&pg=PA488">Snack Foods Processing</a>. CRC Press. pp. 488–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-1254-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-1254-5"><bdi>978-1-4200-1254-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snack+Foods+Processing&rft.pages=488-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-1254-5&rft.au=Edmund+W.+Lusas&rft.au=Lloyd+W.+Rooney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_5wlzckPkMC%26pg%3DPA488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> [A HISTORY OF THE MARATHA PEOPLE, C A. KINCAID, CV.O., I.CS. AND Rao Bahadur D. B. PARASNIS, VOL II, page 314, HUMPHREY MILFORD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS, 1922] </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaikPrakash2014" class="citation journal cs1">Naik, S.N.; Prakash, Karnika (2014). "Bioactive Constituents as a Potential Agent in Sesame for Functional and Nutritional Application". Journal of Bioresource Engineering and Technology. 2 (4): 42–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bioresource+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Bioactive+Constituents+as+a+Potential+Agent+in+Sesame+for+Functional+and+Nutritional+Application&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=42-60&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Naik&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft.au=Prakash%2C+Karnika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2004" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Colleen Taylor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&q=bhakri&pg=PA41">Food culture in India</a>. Westport, Conn.[u.a.]: Greenwood. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313324871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313324871"><bdi>978-0313324871</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+culture+in+India&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0313324871&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Colleen+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIyV_5wrplMC%26q%3Dbhakri%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_Sen_2014_p._105-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_Sen_2014_p._105_163-0">^</a> Taylor Sen, Colleen (2014). Feasts and Fasts A History of Indian Food. London: Reaktion Books. p. 105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-352-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-352-9">978-1-78023-352-9</a>. Retrieved 10 June 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldhaus1998" class="citation book cs1">Feldhaus, Anne, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&q=urus+maharashtra&pg=PA61">Images of women in Maharashtrian society : [papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Maharashtra: Culture and Society held in April, 1991 at the Arizona State University]</a>. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791436592" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791436592"><bdi>978-0791436592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+women+in+Maharashtrian+society+%3A+%5Bpapers+presented+at+the+4th+International+Conference+on+Maharashtra%3A+Culture+and+Society+held+in+April%2C+1991+at+the+Arizona+State+University%5D&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=State+Univ.+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0791436592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FobxiflfVQC%26q%3Durus%2Bmaharashtra%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShodhganga" class="citation web cs1">Shodhganga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9550/10/10_chapter%203.pdf">"Sangli District"</a> (PDF). Shodhganga. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shodhganga&rft.atitle=Sangli+District&rft.au=Shodhganga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F9550%2F10%2F10_chapter%25203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-asks-high-court-to-reconsider-ban-on-bullock-cart-races/articleshow/16872364.cms">"Maharashtra asks high court to reconsider ban on bullock cart races"</a>. Times of india. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+india&rft.atitle=Maharashtra+asks+high+court+to+reconsider+ban+on+bullock+cart+races&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2FMaharashtra-asks-high-court-to-reconsider-ban-on-bullock-cart-races%2Farticleshow%2F16872364.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amravati.nic.in/gazetteer/gazetteerb/places_Talegaon%20Dashasar.html">TALEGAON DASHASAR - The Gazetteers Department</a>. The Gazetteers Department, Maharashtra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TALEGAON+DASHASAR+-+The+Gazetteers+Department&rft.pub=The+Gazetteers+Department%2C+Maharashtra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famravati.nic.in%2Fgazetteer%2Fgazetteerb%2Fplaces_Talegaon%2520Dashasar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jatra-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Jatra_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetham1908" class="citation book cs1">Betham, R. M. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mATx3PBupsC&q=jatra++urus&pg=PA71">Maráthas and Dekhani Musalmáns</a>. Calcutta: Asian Educational Services. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1204-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1204-4"><bdi>978-81-206-1204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mar%C3%A1thas+and+Dekhani+Musalm%C3%A1ns&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1204-4&rft.aulast=Betham&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mATx3PBupsC%26q%3Djatra%2B%2Burus%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> This was Ambedkar's own figure given by him in a letter to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devapriya_Valishinha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devapriya Valishinha (page does not exist)">Devapriya Valishinha</a> dated 30 October 1956. The Maha Bodhi Vol. 65, p.226, quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sangharakshita.org/_books/Ambedkar_and_Buddhism.pdf">Dr. Ambedkar and Buddhism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-COLLECTOR-170"><a href="#cite_ref-COLLECTOR_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521005841/http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/Tourism1.htm">"Places to Visit"</a>. District Collector Office, Nagpur Official Website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/Tourism1.htm">the original</a> on 21 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places+to+Visit&rft.pub=District+Collector+Office%2C+Nagpur+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnagpur.nic.in%2Fzpnagpur%2FEnglish%2FTourism1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banerji2008-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Banerji2008_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitrita_Banerji2008" class="citation book cs1">Chitrita Banerji (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfjOQfPtmw0C&pg=PR11">Eating India: An Odyssey into the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 194–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-712-5"><bdi>978-1-59691-712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+India%3A+An+Odyssey+into+the+Food+and+Culture+of+the+Land+of+Spices&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59691-712-5&rft.au=Chitrita+Banerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfjOQfPtmw0C%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatau2004" class="citation book cs1">Khatau, Asha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16mU1bzJx3AC&q=bhakri+maharashtra+recipe&pg=PA15">Epicure S Vegetarian CuisinesJOf India</a>. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan ltd. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-119-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-119-8"><bdi>978-81-7991-119-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epicure+S+Vegetarian+CuisinesJOf+India&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan+ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-119-8&rft.aulast=Khatau&rft.aufirst=Asha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16mU1bzJx3AC%26q%3Dbhakri%2Bmaharashtra%2Brecipe%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReejhsinghani2007" class="citation book cs1">Reejhsinghani, Aroona (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwMRaDxJcWwC&pg=PT10">Delights From Maharashtra</a> (7th ed.). Jaico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172245184" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172245184"><bdi>978-8172245184</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delights+From+Maharashtra&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Jaico&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8172245184&rft.aulast=Reejhsinghani&rft.aufirst=Aroona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwMRaDxJcWwC%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Epicure S Vegetarian Cuisines Of India. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan ltd. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epicure+S+Vegetarian+Cuisines+Of+India&rft.pub=Mumbai%3A+Popular+Prakashan+ltd.+p.+63.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/oct/03/vada-pav-sandwich-recipe-potato-chutney">"Vada pav sandwich recipe"</a>. Guardian News and Media Limited. 3 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vada+pav+sandwich+recipe&rft.pub=Guardian+News+and+Media+Limited.&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2013%2Foct%2F03%2Fvada-pav-sandwich-recipe-potato-chutney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/article3657300.ece">"In search of Mumbai Vada Pav"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=In+search+of+Mumbai+Vada+Pav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmagazine%2Farticle3657300.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2013" class="citation book cs1">Khanna, Vikas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSTRAQAAQBAJ&q=marathi+wedding+recipe+alu&pg=PT36">SAVOUR MUMBAI: A CULINARY JOURNEY THROUGH INDIA'S MELTING POT</a>. Westland. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9382618959" title="Special:BookSources/978-9382618959"><bdi>978-9382618959</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAVOUR+MUMBAI%3A+A+CULINARY+JOURNEY+THROUGH+INDIA%27S+MELTING+POT&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Westland&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9382618959&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSTRAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmarathi%2Bwedding%2Brecipe%2Balu%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Costumes-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Costumes_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Costumes_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Costumes_178-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtratourism.net/culture-lifestyle/costumes/">"Costumes of Maharashtra"</a>. Maharashtra Tourism. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Costumes+of+Maharashtra&rft.pub=Maharashtra+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtratourism.net%2Fculture-lifestyle%2Fcostumes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKher2003-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKher2003_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKher2003">Kher 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKher2003" class="citation news cs1">Kher, Swati (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301122101/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=69578">"Bid farewell to her"</a>. Indian Express, Mumbai Newsline. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=69578">the original</a> on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bid+farewell+to+her&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kher&rft.aufirst=Swati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcities.expressindia.com%2Ffullstory.php%3Fnewsid%3D69578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhanu2004" class="citation book cs1">Bhanu, B.V (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=%22gandhi+cap%22+maharashtra+men+headgear&pg=PA1033">People of India: Maharashtra, Part 2</a>. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 1033, 1037, 1039. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-101-3"><bdi>978-81-7991-101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+Maharashtra%2C+Part+2&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=1033%2C+1037%2C+1039&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-101-3&rft.aulast=Bhanu&rft.aufirst=B.V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsBEgVa804IC%26q%3D%2522gandhi%2Bcap%2522%2Bmaharashtra%2Bmen%2Bheadgear%26pg%3DPA1033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tradition-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tradition_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tradition_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028002852/http://www.marathiheritage.com/costumes.html">"Traditional costumes of Maharashtra"</a>. Marathi Heritage Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marathiheritage.com/costumes.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+costumes+of+Maharashtra&rft.pub=Marathi+Heritage+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marathiheritage.com%2Fcostumes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittal_Publications-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mittal_Publications_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mittal_Publications_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sharma, D.D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4rccspy46sC&q=%22hindu+personal+names%22+&pg=PR5">Panorama of Indian anthroponomy : (an historical, socio-cultural & linguistic analysis of Indian personal names</a>. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8183240789" title="Special:BookSources/978-8183240789"><bdi>978-8183240789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+Indian+anthroponomy+%3A+%28an+historical%2C+socio-cultural+%26+linguistic+analysis+of+Indian+personal+names&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8183240789&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=D.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da4rccspy46sC%26q%3D%2522hindu%2Bpersonal%2Bnames%2522%2B%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhongde1986" class="citation journal cs1">Dhongde, R. V. (1986). "Personal Names in Marathi". Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute. 45: 25–36. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930151">42930151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Post-Graduate+and+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Personal+Names+in+Marathi&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=25-36&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42930151%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dhongde&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sharma, D.D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4rccspy46sC&q=%22hindu+personal+names%22+&pg=PR5">Panorama of Indian anthroponomy : (an historical, socio-cultural & linguistic analysis of Indian personal names</a>. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 192–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8183240789" title="Special:BookSources/978-8183240789"><bdi>978-8183240789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+Indian+anthroponomy+%3A+%28an+historical%2C+socio-cultural+%26+linguistic+analysis+of+Indian+personal+names&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=192-195&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8183240789&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=D.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da4rccspy46sC%26q%3D%2522hindu%2Bpersonal%2Bnames%2522%2B%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopra198252-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopra198252_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChopra1982">Chopra 1982</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankalia.1949" class="citation book cs1">Sankalia., Hasmukh D. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104107/page/n157/mode/2up?q=bai">Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat</a>. Poona: Deccan College. p. 117. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Historical+and+Cultural+Geography+and+Ethnography+of+Gujarat.&rft.place=Poona&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Deccan+College&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Sankalia.&rft.aufirst=Hasmukh+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.104107%2Fpage%2Fn157%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dbai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni1969" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, A.R (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJNirJVU9PUC&q=patilki+brahmin">Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji</a>. R.J. Deshmukh. p. 32. Retrieved 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharashtra+in+the+Age+of+Shivaji&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=R.J.+Deshmukh&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJNirJVU9PUC%26q%3Dpatilki%2Bbrahmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1914" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Ramananda (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1l_k7kNP95QC&q=patilki+brahmin">The Modern Review, Volume 16</a>. Modern Review Office. p. 604. Retrieved 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Review%2C+Volume+16&rft.pages=604&rft.pub=Modern+Review+Office&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Ramananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1l_k7kNP95QC%26q%3Dpatilki%2Bbrahmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaborieauThorner1979" class="citation book cs1">Gaborieau, Marc; Thorner, Alice (1979). Colloques internationaux du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Issue 582. Ed. du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. pp. 201, 202. <q>Patilki vatan is both coveted and fought over: Brahmins, Marathas and Mahars may all be past and present sharers in</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloques+internationaux+du+Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique%2C+Issue+582&rft.pages=201%2C+202&rft.pub=Ed.+du+Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gaborieau&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Thorner%2C+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Proceedings of the Session, Volume 38". Superintendent Government Printing, India. 1967. <q>Most of the Brahmin families hereditarily enjoyed the patilki (village headmanship) or kulkarnigiri (village accountancy) of villages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+Session%2C+Volume+38&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWI-192"><a href="#cite_ref-IWI_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Their surnames". The Illustrated Weekly of India. 91 (3). Bennett, Coleman & Company: 12. July 1970. <q>Generally speaking, excepting names such as Kulkarni, Thackerey, Chitnis, Deshmukh, Deshpande, which are common to many communities in Maharashtra, a C.K.P. can be recognised by his surname.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Illustrated+Weekly+of+India&rft.atitle=Their+surnames&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1970-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrina_GlushkovaRajendra_Vora" class="citation book cs1">Irina Glushkova; Rajendra Vora (eds.). Home, Family and Kinship in Maharashtra. Oxford University Press. p. 118. <q>The wada tells us of a story of three generations of a family called Deshpande who belong to the Deshastha Brahmin caste. ....Spread all over Maharashtra as a result of this process, Deshastha Brahmans held, in particular, the office of kulkarni.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home%2C+Family+and+Kinship+in+Maharashtra&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan1989" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, Syed Siraj ul (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=desai+deshastha+brahmin&pg=PA111">The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1</a>. Times Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120604889" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120604889"><bdi>978-8120604889</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castes+and+Tribes+of+H.E.H.+the+Nizam%27s+Dominions%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Times+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-8120604889&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Syed+Siraj+ul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYSd-3yL9h0C%26q%3Ddesai%2Bdeshastha%2Bbrahmin%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumont1980-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Dumont1980_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Dumont1980" class="citation book cs1">Louis Dumont (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsOtRGdvIigC&pg=PA121">Homo hierarchicus: the caste system and its implications</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 121–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16963-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16963-7"><bdi>978-0-226-16963-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+hierarchicus%3A+the+caste+system+and+its+implications&rft.pages=121-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-226-16963-7&rft.au=Louis+Dumont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsOtRGdvIigC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hanlon200217_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Hanlon2002">O'Hanlon2002</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoonOmvedtZelliot2002" class="citation book cs1">Moon, Vasant; Omvedt, Gail; Zelliot, Eleanor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWtPAQAAQBAJ&dq=rao+saheb+bai%2C+tai+&pg=PT7">Growing up untouchable in India: A dalit autobiography</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0880-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0880-3"><bdi>0-7425-0880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+up+untouchable+in+India%3A+A+dalit+autobiography.&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-0880-3&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Vasant&rft.au=Omvedt%2C+Gail&rft.au=Zelliot%2C+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWtPAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drao%2Bsaheb%2Bbai%252C%2Btai%2B%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankalia.1949" class="citation book cs1">Sankalia., Hasmukh D. 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Walter de Gruyter. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110867923" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110867923"><bdi>978-3110867923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Languages+and+Cultures&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft.isbn=978-3110867923&rft.aulast=Polom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Edgar+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIj-nZWsX_0C%26q%3Ddravidian%2Bmarathi%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614095018/http://santeknath.org/home.html">"Sant Eknath Maharaj"</a>. 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New York Chichester: Columbia University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231-14184-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231-14184-0"><bdi>978-0231-14184-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Memory%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Saint+Namdev+in+India&rft.place=New+York+Chichester&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0231-14184-0&rft.aulast=Novetzke&rft.aufirst=Christian+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqUdRVOv9TUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printingindia.com/history/indianhistory.htm">"Printing India"</a>. 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Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28778-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28778-3">0-313-28778-3</a>. p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagarkar2006" class="citation book cs1">Nagarkar, Kiran (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khg.uni.wroc.pl/files/khg7nagarkart.pdf">The Language Conflicts: The Politics and Hostilities between English and the Regional Languages in India</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Conflicts%3A+The+Politics+and+Hostilities+between+English+and+the+Regional+Languages+in+India&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nagarkar&rft.aufirst=Kiran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khg.uni.wroc.pl%2Ffiles%2Fkhg7nagarkart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan2012-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan2012_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_B._Minahan2012" class="citation book cs1">James B. 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Bright Publications. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Career%27s+Indian+History&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Bright+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_p5B-PUf-_sC%26q%3Dmaratha%2Bempire%2Bwhole%2Bof%2Bindia%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KhanHussain1999-208"><a href="#cite_ref-KhanHussain1999_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsar_Hussain_KhanAnsar_Hussain1999" class="citation book cs1">Ansar Hussain Khan; Ansar Hussain (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRpFol4AnO0C&pg=PA133">Rediscovery of India, The: A New Subcontinent</a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1595-6"><bdi>978-81-250-1595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovery+of+India%2C+The%3A+A+New+Subcontinent&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1595-6&rft.au=Ansar+Hussain+Khan&rft.au=Ansar+Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRpFol4AnO0C%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. 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Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598846607" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598846607"><bdi>978-1598846607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1598846607&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOQkpcVcd9AC%26q%3Dmaratha%2Bempire%2Bmarathi%2Bethnic%26pg%3DPT234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hanlon2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Hanlon, Rosalind (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&q=holkar+dhangar+caste&pg=PA21">Caste, Conflict and Ideology</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521523080" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521523080"><bdi>978-0521523080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Conflict+and+Ideology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521523080&rft.aulast=O%27Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kMrsTj1NeYC%26q%3Dholkar%2Bdhangar%2Bcaste%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Citpavan">"Citpavan – Indian caste"</a>. 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APH Publishing Corporation. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176480079" title="Special:BookSources/978-8176480079"><bdi>978-8176480079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Political+Leadership+in+India&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=APH+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8176480079&rft.aulast=Bakshi&rft.aufirst=SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiP433CnEW_gC%26q%3Dkoli%2Bangre%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46986/The-Marathas">"The Marathas"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Marathas&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2023-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F285248%2FIndia%2F46986%2FThe-Marathas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/595729/Bal-Gangadhar-Tilak">"Bal Gangadhar Tilak"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bal+Gangadhar+Tilak&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F595729%2FBal-Gangadhar-Tilak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2004" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&q=1818+british+india+maratha&pg=PA271">A History of Modern India, 1480–1950</a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843310044" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843310044"><bdi>978-1843310044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1843310044&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C%26q%3D1818%2Bbritish%2Bindia%2Bmaratha%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia2001" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, H. S. 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Bharat Rakshak. 30 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/103-Maratha-LI.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+Forces+Site+%E2%80%93+The+Maratha+Light+Infantry&rft.pub=Bharat+Rakshak&rft.date=2003-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharat-rakshak.com%2FLAND-FORCES%2FUnits%2FInfantry%2F103-Maratha-LI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011161008/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/114-Mahar-Regt.html">"Land Forces Site – The Mahar Regiment"</a>. Bharat Rakshak. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/114-Mahar-Regt.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+Forces+Site+%E2%80%93+The+Mahar+Regiment&rft.pub=Bharat+Rakshak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharat-rakshak.com%2FLAND-FORCES%2FUnits%2FInfantry%2F114-Mahar-Regt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadnagar_District_Gazetteers1976a" class="citation cs2">Ahmadnagar District Gazetteers (1976a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahmednagar.nic.in/gazetteer/people_feast.html">The People: Feasts and Festivals</a>, Government of Maharashtra</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%3A+Feasts+and+Festivals&rft.pub=Government+of+Maharashtra&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Ahmadnagar+District+Gazetteers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahmednagar.nic.in%2Fgazetteer%2Fpeople_feast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahuguna2004" class="citation cs2">Bahuguna, Nitin Jugran (5 November 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blonnet.com/life/2004/11/05/stories/2004110500130300.htm">The marriage market</a>, The Hindu Business Line, retrieved 10 October 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+marriage+market&rft.pub=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft.date=2004-11-05&rft.aulast=Bahuguna&rft.aufirst=Nitin+Jugran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blonnet.com%2Flife%2F2004%2F11%2F05%2Fstories%2F2004110500130300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra1982" class="citation cs2">Chopra, Pran Nath (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAtuAAAAMAAJ">Religions and communities of India</a>, Vision Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85692-081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85692-081-3"><bdi>978-0-85692-081-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+and+communities+of+India&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-85692-081-3&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Pran+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAtuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExpress_News_Service2009" class="citation cs2">Express News Service (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/this-gudi-padwa-plant-a-neem-and-reap-its-benefits/437436/">This Gudi Padwa, plant a neem and reap its benefits</a>, retrieved 12 December 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Gudi+Padwa%2C+plant+a+neem+and+reap+its+benefits&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Express+News+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fthis-gudi-padwa-plant-a-neem-and-reap-its-benefits%2F437436%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Maharashtra1962" class="citation cs2">Government of Maharashtra (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/RATNAGIRI/people_religions.html">Ratnagiri District Gazetteer</a>, retrieved 10 October 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratnagiri+District+Gazetteer&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Government+of+Maharashtra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaharashtra.gov.in%2Fenglish%2Fgazetteer%2FRATNAGIRI%2Fpeople_religions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1989" class="citation cs2">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjFfqpq7HhkC">Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0423-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0423-4</bdi></a></cite><span 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S (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhF5rFHIEWQC">Child marriage in India: a study of its differential patterns in Rajasthan</a>, Mittal Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-460-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-460-2"><bdi>978-81-7099-460-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+marriage+in+India%3A+a+study+of+its+differential+patterns+in+Rajasthan&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-460-2&rft.aulast=Nagi&rft.aufirst=B.+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhF5rFHIEWQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Usha (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fk1dhn9W-44C">Marriage in Indian Society: From Tradition to Modernity</a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170999980" title="Special:BookSources/9788170999980"><bdi>9788170999980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+in+Indian+Society%3A+From+Tradition+to+Modernity&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788170999980&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Usha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfk1dhn9W-44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasa-Raghavan2009" class="citation cs2">Srinivasa-Raghavan, T.C.A (22 July 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blonnet.com/2009/07/22/stories/2009072250760900.htm">Caste, cost and cause</a>, The Hindu Business Line, retrieved 10 October 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+cost+and+cause&rft.pub=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft.aulast=Srinivasa-Raghavan&rft.aufirst=T.C.A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blonnet.com%2F2009%2F07%2F22%2Fstories%2F2009072250760900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Economist2010" class="citation cs2">The Economist (10 June 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/16319821?story_id=16319821">Caste in doubt: The perilous arithmetic of positive discrimination</a>, The Economist, retrieved 10 October 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste+in+doubt%3A+The+perilous+arithmetic+of+positive+discrimination&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.au=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F16319821%3Fstory_id%3D16319821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalunjkar" class="citation cs2">Walunjkar, Dr. T. N, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/Land%20&%20People%20%20Final/L%20&%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20VII/1%20Chapter%20VII%20Religion.pdf">"VII"</a> (PDF), Maharashtra: Land and its people, State of Maharashtra, retrieved 10 October 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII&rft.btitle=Maharashtra%3A+Land+and+its+people&rft.pub=State+of+Maharashtra&rft.aulast=Walunjkar&rft.aufirst=Dr.+T.+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fpdf%2FLand%2520%26%2520People%2520%2520Final%2FL%2520%26%2520P%2520pdf%2FChapter%2520VII%2F1%2520Chapter%2520VII%2520Religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelliotBerntsen1988" class="citation cs2">Zelliot, Eleanor; Berntsen, Maxine (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pyon3IOpX-AC">The Experience of Hinduism: essays on religion in Maharashtra</a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-664-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-664-1"><bdi>978-0-88706-664-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Hinduism%3A+essays+on+religion+in+Maharashtra&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-664-1&rft.aulast=Zelliot&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Berntsen%2C+Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPyon3IOpX-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>John Roberts (June 1971) "The Movement of Elites in Western India under Early British Rule", The Historical Journal 24(2) pp. 241–262</li> <li>Hiroshi Fukazawa (February 1972) Rural servants in the 18th century Maharashtrian village-demiurgic of Jajmani system? Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 12(2), pp. 14–40</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marathi_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marathi people">Marathi people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maharashtrian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Maharashtrian">Maharashtrian</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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aria-labelledby="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Maharashtra_State_of_Maharashtra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maharashtra" title="Template:Maharashtra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maharashtra" title="Template talk:Maharashtra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maharashtra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maharashtra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Maharashtra_State_of_Maharashtra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Maharashtra"><img alt="Emblem of Maharashtra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg/24px-Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg/36px-Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg/48px-Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li>Second capital: <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maharashtra" title="Category:Maharashtra">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Maharashtra" title="Geography of Maharashtra">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Maharashtra" title="Tourism in Maharashtra">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalsubai" title="Kalsubai">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Maharashtra" title="Culture of Maharashtra">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marathi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Maharashtra" title="Sports in Maharashtra">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maharashtra" title="Category:Maharashtra">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desh_region" title="Desh region">Desh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Maharashtra" title="North Maharashtra">North Maharashtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Maharashtra" title="List of districts of Maharashtra">Divisions and Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amravati_division" title="Amravati division">Amravati division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akola_district" title="Akola district">Akola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amravati_district" title="Amravati district">Amravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buldhana_district" title="Buldhana district">Buldhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washim_district" title="Washim district">Washim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavatmal_district" title="Yavatmal district">Yavatmal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Konkan_division" title="Konkan division">Konkan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_City_district" title="Mumbai City district">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_district" title="Mumbai Suburban district">Mumbai Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palghar_district" title="Palghar district">Palghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raigad_district" title="Raigad district">Raigad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri_district" title="Ratnagiri district">Ratnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudurg_district" title="Sindhudurg district">Sindhudurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_district" title="Thane district">Thane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_division" title="Aurangabad division">Aurangabad division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beed_district" title="Beed district">Beed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_district,_Maharashtra" title="Aurangabad district, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanabad_district" title="Osmanabad district">Osmanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingoli_district" title="Hingoli district">Hingoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalna_district" title="Jalna district">Jalna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latur_district" title="Latur district">Latur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanded_district" title="Nanded district">Nanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parbhani_district" title="Parbhani district">Parbhani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nagpur_division" title="Nagpur division">Nagpur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhandara_district" title="Bhandara district">Bhandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrapur_district" title="Chandrapur district">Chandrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadchiroli_district" title="Gadchiroli district">Gadchiroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondia_district" title="Gondia district">Gondia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur_district" title="Nagpur district">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardha_district" title="Wardha district">Wardha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nashik_division" title="Nashik division">Nashik division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar_district" title="Ahmednagar district">Ahmednagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhule_district" title="Dhule district">Dhule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalgaon_district" title="Jalgaon district">Jalgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandurbar_district" title="Nandurbar district">Nandurbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik_district" title="Nashik district">Nashik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pune_division" title="Pune division">Pune division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_district" title="Kolhapur district">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune_district" title="Pune district">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangli_district" title="Sangli district">Sangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satara_district" title="Satara district">Satara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solapur_district" title="Solapur district">Solapur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Million-plus cities in Maharashtra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimpri-Chinchwad" title="Pimpri-Chinchwad">Pimpri-Chinchwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan-Dombivli" title="Kalyan-Dombivli">Kalyan-Dombivli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cities with municipal corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akola" title="Akola">Akola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amravati" title="Amravati">Amravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhiwandi" title="Bhiwandi">Bhiwandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrapur" title="Chandrapur">Chandrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhule" title="Dhule">Dhule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichalkaranji" title="Ichalkaranji">Ichalkaranji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalgaon" title="Jalgaon">Jalgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latur" title="Latur">Latur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malegaon" title="Malegaon">Malegaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira-Bhayandar" title="Mira-Bhayandar">Mira-Bhayandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panvel" title="Panvel">Panvel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parbhani" title="Parbhani">Parbhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangli" title="Sangli">Sangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solapur" title="Solapur">Solapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulhasnagar" title="Ulhasnagar">Ulhasnagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Maharashtra" title="List of chief ministers of Maharashtra">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislature" title="Maharashtra Legislature">Legislature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Council" title="Maharashtra Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly" title="Maharashtra Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Police" title="Maharashtra Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal:India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marathi_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_groups_of_Maharashtra" title="Template:Social groups of Maharashtra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_groups_of_Maharashtra" title="Template talk:Social groups of Maharashtra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_groups_of_Maharashtra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social groups of Maharashtra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marathi_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtra people">Marathi people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hindu Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Brahmin" title="Marathi Brahmin">Marathi Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathare_Prabhu" title="Pathare Prabhu">Pathare Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamedi">Shamedi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agricultural communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agri_(caste)" title="Agri (caste)">Agri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_(caste)" title="Bari (caste)">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhandari_(caste)" title="Bhandari (caste)">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabit" title="Gabit">Gabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharvi" title="Kharvi">Kharvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leva_Patel" title="Leva Patel">Leva Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchkalshi" title="Panchkalshi">Panchkalshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahyavanshi" title="Mahyavanshi">Mahyavanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangela_Kolis" title="Mangela Kolis">Mangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powari_language" title="Powari language">Powar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercantile communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaud_Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Gaud Saraswat Brahmin">Gaud Saraswat Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattegar" title="Pattegar">Khatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimpi" title="Shimpi">Shimpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya_Vani" title="Vaishya Vani">Vaishya Vani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artisan communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beldar" title="Beldar">Beldar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoi" title="Bhoi">Bhoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burud_(caste)" title="Burud (caste)">Burud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaukalshi" title="Chaukalshi">Chaukalshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chambhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband" title="Chhaparband">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi (Parit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhor">Dhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavli" title="Gavli">Gavli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosains" title="Gosains">Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holar_caste" title="Holar caste">Holar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holeya" title="Holeya">Holeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjar" title="Kanjar">Kanjarbhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwar_(caste)" title="Kalwar (caste)">Kalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatik" title="Khatik">Khatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhati" title="Kolhati">Kolhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshta" title="Koshta">Koshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumbhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonaria" title="Lonaria">Lonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohar_(caste)" title="Lohar (caste)">Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_(caste)" title="Mang (caste)">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_(caste)" title="Nai (caste)">Nhavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasali_(caste)" title="Padmasali (caste)">Padmasali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliya" title="Saliya">Sali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutar" title="Sutar">Sutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twashta_Kasar" title="Twashta Kasar">Twashta Kasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddera" title="Vaddera">Vadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priest communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitpavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpavan">Chitpavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrukhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Devrukhe">Devrukhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomantak_Maratha_Samaj" title="Gomantak Maratha Samaj">Gomantak Maratha Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurav" title="Gurav">Gurav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangam" title="Jangam">Jangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhade_Brahmin" title="Karhade Brahmin">Karhade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudaldeshkar_Gaud_Brahmin" title="Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin">Kudaldeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palshi" title="Palshi">Palshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaud_Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Gaud Saraswat Brahmin">Saraswat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andh" title="Andh">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barda_(tribe)" title="Barda (tribe)">Barda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhil people">Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binjhal" title="Binjhal">Binjhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanka" title="Dhanka">Dhanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia" title="Dhodia">Dhodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_Mavchi" title="Bhil Mavchi">Gavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowari" title="Gowari">Gowari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halba_(tribe)" title="Halba (tribe)">Halba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halpati" title="Halpati">Halpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_(tribe)" title="Kanwar (tribe)">Kanwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_people" title="Katkari people">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokna">Kokna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_people" title="Korku people">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakar_(tribe)" title="Thakar (tribe)">Thakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasava" title="Vasava">Vasava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warli" title="Warli">Warli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nomadic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjara" title="Banjara">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan" title="Charan">Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimar" title="Dhimar">Dhiwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gav-Paradhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gav-Paradhi">Gav-Paradhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">Nath Jogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahar" title="Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikadi_people" title="Kaikadi people">Kaikadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_Pardhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase Pardhi">Phase Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoshi" title="Ramoshi">Ramoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagri" title="Vagri">Waghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jain communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Marathi Jains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagherwal" title="Bagherwal">Bagherwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturtha" title="Chaturtha">Chaturtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhakad">Dhakad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Panchama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saitwal" title="Saitwal">Saitwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upajjhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Upajjhaya">Upajjhaya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Immigrant_Jain_communities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant Jain communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrawal" title="Agrawal">Agrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humad" title="Humad">Humad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiswal_Jain" title="Jaiswal Jain">Jaiswal Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswal" title="Oswal">Oswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliwal" title="Paliwal">Paliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Porwad">Porwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawagi" title="Sarawagi">Sarawagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimali">Shrimali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muslim communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Maharashtrian Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(caste)" title="Attar (caste)">Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccanis" title="Deccanis">Deccani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garodi" title="Garodi">Garodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_(caste)" title="Multani (caste)">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Muslim Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Muslim Raj Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachar" title="Kachar">Kachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)" title="Kadia (Muslim)">Kadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiqalgar" title="Saiqalgar">Saiqalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Tadvi Bhil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists" title="Marathi Buddhists">Marathi Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_Christians" title="Koli Christians">Koli Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li></ul> 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1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChary2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChavan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChitrita_Banerji2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChopra1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristophe_JaffrelotSanjay_Kumar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahiwale1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeshpande1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDhongde1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmund_W._LusasLloyd_W._Rooney2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Balfour1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExpress_News_Service2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldhaus1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaborieauThorner1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGangadhar_Ramchandra_Pathak1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Maharashtra1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovind_Sadashiv_Ghurye1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGugler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaidarSardar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrina_GlushkovaRajendra_Vora\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_B._Minahan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamala_GaneshUsha_Thakkar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeer1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanna2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatau2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKher2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkarni1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkarni1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkarni2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_Suresh_Singh1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacina2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLall2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLane2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLise_McKean1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_Dumont1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLt_Gen_K._J.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookerji1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoonOmvedtZelliot2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuriel_Marion_Underhill1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagarkar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaikPrakash2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayan_G_Kalelkar1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovetzke1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hanlon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Nahm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmvedt1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParanjape2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParāñjape1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatil2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattanaik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson1976\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPhadke2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolomé2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPāṭīla1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadheshyam_Jadhav2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam_Puniyani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanjit_Kumar_DeUttara_Shastree1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReejhsinghani2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrigues2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosalind_O\u0026#039;Hanlon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenzweigMunshi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuth_Vanita2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSankalia.1949\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShanbag2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmila_Rege2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShodhganga\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghBhanuIndia2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghLele1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSirsikar1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSirsikar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSridharan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasa-Raghavan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugandheSen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSynques\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economist2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiruvaiyaru_Krishnan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Blom_Hansen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsha_Sharma2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._B._Ghuge1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeena_Naregal2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVora2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalunjkar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelliot2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelliotBerntsen1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZha2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 11,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 103,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Marathi People\"] = 1,\n [\"E22\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 6,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Maharashtra\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Ref\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social groups of Maharashtra\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Marathi people","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marathi_people","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1265028","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1265028","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-04-21T16:04:30Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T02:14:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4c\/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg","headline":"Indo-Aryan ethnic group native to western India"}</script> </body> </html>