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<span>Creation, delivery, and display of subtitles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creation,_delivery,_and_display_of_subtitles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Creation, delivery, and display of subtitles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Creation,_delivery,_and_display_of_subtitles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automatic_captioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_captioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Automatic captioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_captioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-language_captions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-language_captions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Same-language captions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Same-language_captions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Same-language captions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Same-language_captions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Closed_captions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_captions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Closed captions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_captions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Real_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Real time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-prepared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-prepared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Pre-prepared</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-prepared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.2</span> <span>Live</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.3</span> <span>Hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Offline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitles_for_the_deaf_or_hard-of-hearing_(SDH)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitles_for_the_deaf_or_hard-of-hearing_(SDH)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Subtitles for the deaf or hard-of-hearing (SDH)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitles_for_the_deaf_or_hard-of-hearing_(SDH)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_hearing_people_for_convenience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_hearing_people_for_convenience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Use by hearing people for convenience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_hearing_people_for_convenience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-language_subtitling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-language_subtitling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Same-language subtitling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-language_subtitling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese-speaking_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese-speaking_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1.1</span> <span>Chinese-speaking world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-speaking_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_reality_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_reality_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1.2</span> <span>Japanese reality television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_reality_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Translation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Translation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Translation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subtitling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Subtitling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Real-time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real-time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Real-time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real-time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offline_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offline_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Offline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offline_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitles_vs._dubbing_and_lectoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitles_vs._dubbing_and_lectoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Subtitles vs. dubbing and lectoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitles_vs._dubbing_and_lectoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitling_as_a_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitling_as_a_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Subtitling as a practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitling_as_a_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitle_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitle_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Subtitle formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subtitle_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subtitle formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subtitle_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_software_video_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_software_video_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>For software video players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_software_video_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>For media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_not_subtitling_a_foreign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_not_subtitling_a_foreign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reasons for not subtitling a foreign language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_not_subtitling_a_foreign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtitles_as_a_source_of_humor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitles_as_a_source_of_humor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Subtitles as a source of humor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitles_as_a_source_of_humor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Subtitles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderskrifte" title="Onderskrifte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onderskrifte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ترجمة الحوار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترجمة الحوار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitr" title="Subtitr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Subtitr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="উপাখ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপাখ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-b%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Jī-bō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-bō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%86%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Субцітры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Субцітры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Субтытры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Субтытры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Субтитри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Субтитри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subt%C3%ADtol" title="Subtítol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Subtítol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulky" title="Titulky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Titulky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdeitlau" title="Isdeitlau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isdeitlau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undertekst" title="Undertekst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Undertekst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untertitel" title="Untertitel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Untertitel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtiitrid" title="Subtiitrid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Subtiitrid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1)" title="Υπότιτλος (επικεφαλίδα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπότιτλος (επικεφαλίδα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subt%C3%ADtulo" title="Subtítulo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Subtítulo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtekstoj" title="Subtekstoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subtekstoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azpidatzi" title="Azpidatzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azpidatzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="زیرنویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیرنویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous-titrage" title="Sous-titrage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sous-titrage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undertiteling" title="Undertiteling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Undertiteling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotheidil" title="Fotheidil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fotheidil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A7%89" title="자막 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자막" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95" title="उपशीर्षक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपशीर्षक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takarir" title="Takarir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Takarir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitulo" title="Subtitulo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Subtitulo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sottotitolo" title="Sottotitolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sottotitolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תרגום בכתוביות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרגום בכתוביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="സബ്ടൈറ്റിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സബ്ടൈറ്റിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari_kata" title="Sari kata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sari kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondertiteling" title="Ondertiteling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ondertiteling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95" title="字幕 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="字幕" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undertekster" title="Undertekster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Undertekster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taglavha" title="Taglavha – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taglavha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napisy_dialogowe" title="Napisy dialogowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Napisy dialogowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legenda" title="Legenda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Legenda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitrare" title="Subtitrare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Subtitrare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Субтитры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Субтитры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="උපසිරැසි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උපසිරැසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)" title="Subtitle (captioning) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Subtitle (captioning)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podnaslavljanje" title="Podnaslavljanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podnaslavljanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Титловање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Титловање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstitys" title="Tekstitys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekstitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textning" title="Textning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Textning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="உரைத்துணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரைத்துணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asu%C9%A3l_n_umsawal" title="Asuɣl n umsawal – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Asuɣl n umsawal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Субтитрлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Субтитрлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="บทบรรยายใต้ภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บทบรรยายใต้ภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altyaz%C4%B1" title="Altyazı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altyazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Субтитри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субтитри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%81" title="Phụ đề – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phụ đề" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95" title="字幕 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字幕" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C" title="אונטערטיטל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אונטערטיטל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95" title="字幕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="字幕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95" title="字幕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="字幕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%8D_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q204028#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Translation" title="Category:Translation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/100px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/150px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 1.5x, 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translation">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_translation" title="Technical translation">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">Word-for-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">Sense-for-sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopos_theory" title="Skopos theory">Skopos theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_project" title="Translation project">Translation project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">Dynamic and formal equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_linguistics" title="Contrastive linguistics">Contrastive linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysystem_theory" title="Polysystem theory">Polysystem theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Technologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subtitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-editing" title="Pre-editing">Pre-editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postediting" title="Postediting">Postediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_translation" title="Multimedia translation">Multimedia translation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Localization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glocalization" title="Glocalization">Glocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Video game localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dub localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_localization" title="Website localization">Website localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Software localization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Institutional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_associations" title="Category:Translation associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_awards" title="Category:Translation awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_organizations" title="Category:Translation organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_and_interpreting_schools" title="Category:Translation and interpreting schools">Schools</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">Untranslatability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a> (VRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">Telephone interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">Language barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">of video games</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_translation" title="Journalistic translation">Journalistic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_publications" title="Category:Translation publications">Books and magazines on translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_by_language" title="Category:Bible translations by language">Bible translations by language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations" title="Category:Translations">Translated books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">List of most translated works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators" title="Category:Translators">Translators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirukkural_translations_by_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirukkural translations by language">Kural translations by language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Translation_info" title="Template:Translation info"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Translation_info" title="Template talk:Translation info"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Translation_info" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Translation info"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_subtitles_(Charade,_1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Example_of_subtitles_%28Charade%2C_1963%29.jpg/220px-Example_of_subtitles_%28Charade%2C_1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Example_of_subtitles_%28Charade%2C_1963%29.jpg/330px-Example_of_subtitles_%28Charade%2C_1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Example_of_subtitles_%28Charade%2C_1963%29.jpg/440px-Example_of_subtitles_%28Charade%2C_1963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charade_(1963_film)" title="Charade (1963 film)">1960s film Charade</a> with actresses <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> and Dominique Minot conversing subtitled in English. <a href="/wiki/Quotation_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation dash">Quotation dashes</a> are used to differentiate speakers.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Subtitles</b> are <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">texts</a> representing the contents of the audio in a <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Audiovisual" title="Audiovisual">audiovisual</a> media. Subtitles might provide a <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> or <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of spoken <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>. Although naming conventions can vary, <b>captions</b> are subtitles that include written descriptions of other elements of the audio, like <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a>. Captions are thus especially helpful to people who are <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hard_of_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard of hearing">hard-of-hearing</a>. Subtitles may also add information that is not present in the audio. <a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Localizing</a> subtitles provide cultural context to viewers. For example, a subtitle could be used to explain to an audience unfamiliar with <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a> that it is a type of Japanese wine. Lastly, subtitles are sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">humor</a>, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Annie_Hall" title="Annie Hall">Annie Hall</a></i>, where subtitles show the characters' inner thoughts, which contradict what they were saying in the audio. </p><p>Creating, delivering, and displaying subtitles is a complicated and multi-step endeavor. First, the text of the subtitles needs to be written. When there is plenty of time to prepare, this process can be done by hand. However, for media produced in real-time, like <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a>, it may be done by <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">stenographers</a> or using automated <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>. Subtitles written by <a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">fans</a>, rather than more official sources, are referred to as <b>fansubs</b>. Regardless of who does the writing, they must include information on when each line of text should be displayed. </p><p>Second, subtitles need to be distributed to the audience. <b>Open</b> subtitles are added directly to recorded video <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frames</a> and thus cannot be removed once added. On the other hand, <b>closed</b> subtitles are stored separately, allowing subtitles in different languages to be used without changing the video itself. In either case, a wide variety of technical approaches and formats are used to encode the subtitles. </p><p>Third, subtitles need to be displayed to the audience. Open subtitles are always shown whenever the video is played because they are part of it. However, displaying closed subtitles is optional since they are overlaid onto the video by whatever is playing it. For example, <a href="/wiki/Media_player_software" title="Media player software">media player software</a> might be used to combine closed subtitles with the video itself. In some theaters or venues, a dedicated screen or screens are used to display subtitles. If that dedicated screen is above rather than below the main display area, the subtitles are called <b><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">surtitles</a></b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes, mainly at <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festivals</a>, subtitles may be shown on a separate display below the screen, thus saving the filmmaker from creating a subtitled copy for just one showing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation,_delivery,_and_display_of_subtitles"><span id="Creation.2C_delivery.2C_and_display_of_subtitles"></span>Creation, delivery, and display of subtitles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation, delivery, and display of subtitles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional subtitlers usually work with specialized computer software and hardware where the video is digitally stored on a hard disk, making each frame instantly accessible. Besides creating the subtitles, the subtitler usually tells the computer software the exact positions where each subtitle should appear and disappear. For cinema films, this task is traditionally done by separate technicians. The result is a subtitle file containing the actual subtitles and position markers indicating where each subtitle should appear and disappear. These markers are usually based on <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_time_code" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE time code">timecode</a> if it is a work for electronic media (e.g., TV, video, DVD) or on film length (measured in feet and frames) if the subtitles are to be used for traditional cinema film. </p><p>The finished subtitle file is used to add the subtitles to the picture, either: </p> <ul><li>directly into the picture (open subtitles);</li> <li>embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_Interval_Test_Signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical Interval Test Signal">vertical interval</a> and later superimposed on the picture by the end user with the help of an external decoder or a decoder built into the TV (closed subtitles on TV or video);</li> <li>or converted (rendered) to <a href="/wiki/Tagged_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagged Image File Format">tiff</a> or <a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">bmp</a> graphics that are later superimposed on the picture by the end user's equipment (closed subtitles on DVD or as part of a DVB broadcast).</li></ul> <p>Subtitles can also be created by individuals using freely available subtitle-creation software like Subtitle Workshop, MovieCaptioner or Subtitle Composer, and then hardcode them onto a video file with programs such as <a href="/wiki/VirtualDub" title="VirtualDub">VirtualDub</a> in combination with <a href="/wiki/VSFilter" class="mw-redirect" title="VSFilter">VSFilter</a> which could also be used to show subtitles as softsubs in many <a href="/wiki/Video_player_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video player (software)">software video players</a>. </p><p>For multimedia-style <a href="/wiki/Webcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcasting">Webcasting</a>, check: </p> <ul><li>SMIL <a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timed_Text" class="mw-redirect" title="Timed Text">Timed Text</a> <a href="/wiki/DFXP" class="mw-redirect" title="DFXP">DFXP</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_captioning">Automatic captioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Automatic captioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some programs and online software allow automatic captions, mainly using <a href="/wiki/Speech-to-text" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-to-text">speech-to-text</a> features. </p><p>For example, on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, automatic captions are available in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. If automatic captions are available for the language, they will automatically be published on the video.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Automatic captions are generally less accurate than human-typed captions. Automatic captions regularly fail to distinguish between similar-sounding words, such as to, two, and too. This can be particularly problematic with educational material, such as lecture recordings, that may include uncommon vocabulary and proper names. This problem can be compounded with poor audio quality (drops in audio, background noise, and people talking over each other, for example). Disability rights groups have emphasised the need for these captions to be reviewed by a human prior to publishing, particularly in cases where students' grades may be adversely affected by inadequate captioning.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Same-language_captions">Same-language captions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Same-language captions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Same-language captions, i.e., without translation, were primarily intended as an aid for people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_captions">Closed captions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Closed captions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Closed captioning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closed_captioning_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Closed_captioning_symbol.svg/220px-Closed_captioning_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Closed_captioning_symbol.svg/330px-Closed_captioning_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Closed_captioning_symbol.svg/440px-Closed_captioning_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>The "CC in a TV" symbol Jack Foley created, while senior graphic designer at <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcaster</a> <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH</a> that invented captioning for television, is <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> so that anyone who captions TV programs can use it.</figcaption></figure> <p>Closed captioning is the American term for closed subtitles specifically intended for people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. These are a transcription rather than a translation, and usually also contain lyrics and descriptions of important non-dialogue audio such as <i>(SIGHS)</i>, <i>(WIND HOWLING)</i>, <i>("SONG TITLE" PLAYING)</i>, <i>(KISSES)</i>, <i>(THUNDER RUMBLING)</i> and <i>(DOOR CREAKING)</i>. From the expression "closed captions", the word "caption" has in recent years come to mean a subtitle intended for the deaf or hard-of-hearing, be it "open" or "closed". In British English, "subtitles" usually refers to subtitles for the deaf or hard-of-hearing (SDH); however, the term "SDH" is sometimes used when there is a need to make a distinction between the two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Real_time">Real time</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Real time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Programs such as news bulletins, current affairs programs, sports, some talk shows, and political and special events utilize real time or online captioning.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Live captioning is increasingly common, especially in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, as a result of regulations that stipulate that virtually all TV eventually must be accessible for people who are deaf and hard-of-hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, however, these "real time" subtitles will typically lag the audio by several seconds due to the inherent delay in transcribing, encoding, and transmitting the subtitles. Real time subtitles are also challenged by typographic errors or mishearing of the spoken words, with no time available to correct before transmission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pre-prepared">Pre-prepared</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-prepared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some programs may be prepared in their entirety several hours before broadcast, but with insufficient time to prepare a timecoded caption file for automatic play-out. Pre-prepared captions look similar to offline captions, although the accuracy of cueing may be compromised slightly as the captions are not locked to program timecode.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newsroom captioning involves the automatic transfer of text from the newsroom computer system to a device which outputs it as captions. It does work, but its suitability as an exclusive system would only apply to programs which had been scripted in their entirety on the newsroom computer system, such as short interstitial updates.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States and Canada, some broadcasters have used it exclusively and simply left uncaptioned sections of the bulletin for which a script was unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newsroom captioning limits captions to pre-scripted materials and, therefore, does not cover all of the news, weather and sports segments of a typical local news broadcast which are typically not pre-scripted. This includes last-second breaking news or changes to the scripts, ad-lib conversations of the broadcasters, and emergency or other live remote broadcasts by reporters in-the-field. By failing to cover items such as these, newsroom style captioning (or use of the <a href="/wiki/Teleprompter" title="Teleprompter">teleprompter</a> for captioning) typically results in coverage of less than 30% of a local news broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Live">Live</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Live"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communication access real-time translation (CART) <a href="/wiki/Stenographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenographer">stenographers</a>, who use a computer with using either <a href="/wiki/Stenotype" title="Stenotype">stenotype</a> or <a href="/wiki/Velotype" title="Velotype">Velotype</a> keyboards to transcribe stenographic input for presentation as captions within two or three seconds of the representing audio, must caption anything which is purely live and unscripted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2014)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, more recent developments include operators using <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> software and re-voicing the dialogue. Speech recognition technology has advanced so quickly in the United States that about half of all live captioning was through speech recognition as of 2005.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Real-time captions look different from offline captions, as they are presented as a continuous flow of text as people speak.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Stenography is a system of rendering words phonetically, and English, with its multitude of <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> (e.g., there, their, they're), is particularly unsuited to easy transcriptions. Stenographers working in courts and inquiries usually have 24 hours in which to deliver their transcripts. Consequently, they may enter the same phonetic stenographic codes for a variety of homophones, and fix up the spelling later. Real-time stenographers must deliver their transcriptions accurately and immediately. They must therefore develop techniques for keying homophones differently, and be unswayed by the pressures of delivering accurate product on immediate demand.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Submissions to recent captioning-related inquiries have revealed concerns from broadcasters about captioning sports. Captioning sports may also affect many different people because of the weather outside of it. In much sport captioning's absence, the Australian Caption Centre submitted to the National Working Party on Captioning (NWPC), in November 1998, three examples of sport captioning, each performed on tennis, rugby league and swimming programs: </p> <ul><li>Heavily reduced: Captioners ignore commentary and provide only scores and essential information such as "try" or "out".</li> <li>Significantly reduced: Captioners use <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> input to type summary captions yielding the essence of what the commentators are saying, delayed due to the limitations of QWERTY input.</li> <li>Comprehensive realtime: Captioners use stenography to caption the commentary in its entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The NWPC concluded that the standard they accept is the comprehensive real-time method, which gives them access to the commentary in its entirety. Also, not all sports are live. Many events are pre-recorded hours before they are broadcast, allowing a captioner to caption them using offline methods.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hybrid">Hybrid</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because different programs are produced under different conditions, a case-by-case basis must consequently determine captioning methodology. Some bulletins may have a high incidence of truly live material, or insufficient access to video feeds and scripts may be provided to the captioning facility, making stenography unavoidable. Other bulletins may be pre-recorded just before going to air, making pre-prepared text preferable.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News captioning applications currently available are designed to accept text from a variety of inputs: stenography, Velotype, QWERTY, <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> import, and the newsroom computer. This allows one facility to handle a variety of online captioning requirements and to ensure that captioners properly caption all programs.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current affairs programs usually require stenographic assistance. Even though the segments which comprise a current affairs program may be produced in advance, they are usually done so just before on-air time and their duration makes QWERTY input of text unfeasible.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News bulletins, on the other hand, can often be captioned without stenographic input (unless there are live crosses or ad-libbing by the presenters). This is because: </p> <ul><li>Most items are scripted on the newsroom computer system and this text can be electronically imported into the captioning system.</li> <li>Individual news stories are of short duration, so even if they are made available only just prior to broadcast, there is still time to use QWERTY in text.<sup id="cite_ref-dcita_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offline">Offline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Offline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For non-live, or pre-recorded programs, television program providers can choose offline captioning. Captioners gear offline captioning toward the high-end television industry, providing highly customized captioning features, such as pop-on style captions, specialized screen placement, speaker identifications, italics, special characters, and sound effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Offline_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offline-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Offline captioning involves a five-step design and editing process, and does much more than simply display the text of a program. Offline captioning helps the viewer follow a story line, become aware of mood and feeling, and allows them to fully enjoy the entire viewing experience. Offline captioning is the preferred presentation style for entertainment-type programming.<sup id="cite_ref-Offline_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offline-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitles_for_the_deaf_or_hard-of-hearing_(SDH)"><span id="Subtitles_for_the_deaf_or_hard-of-hearing_.28SDH.29"></span>Subtitles for the deaf or hard-of-hearing (SDH)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subtitles for the deaf or hard-of-hearing (SDH)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subtitles for the deaf or hard-of-hearing (SDH) is an American term introduced by the DVD industry.<sup id="cite_ref-3playmedia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3playmedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to regular subtitles in the original language where important non-dialogue information has been added, as well as speaker identification, which may be useful when the viewer cannot otherwise visually tell who is saying what. </p><p>The only significant difference for the user between SDH subtitles and closed captions is their appearance: SDH subtitles usually are displayed with the same proportional font used for the translation subtitles on the DVD; however, closed captions are displayed as white text on a black band, which blocks a large portion of the view. Closed captioning is falling out of favor as many users have no difficulty reading SDH subtitles, which are text with contrast outline. In addition, DVD subtitles can specify many colors on the same character: primary, outline, shadow, and background. This allows subtitlers to display subtitles on a usually translucent band for easier reading; however, this is rare, since most subtitles use an outline and shadow instead, in order to block a smaller portion of the picture. Closed captions may still supersede DVD subtitles, since many SDH subtitles present all of the text centered (an example of this is DVDs and Blu-ray Discs manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>), while closed captions usually specify position on the screen: centered, left align, right align, top, etc. This is helpful for speaker identification and overlapping conversation. Some SDH subtitles (such as the subtitles of newer <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios" title="Universal Studios">Universal Studios</a> DVDs and Blu-ray Discs and most <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> Blu-ray Discs, and some Columbia Pictures DVDs) do have positioning, but it is not as common. </p><p>DVDs for the U.S. market now sometimes have three forms of English subtitles: SDH subtitles; English subtitles, helpful for viewers who may not be hearing impaired but whose first language may not be English (although they are usually an exact transcript and not simplified); and closed caption data that is decoded by the end-user's closed caption decoder. Most anime releases in the U.S. only include translations of the original material as subtitles; therefore, SDH subtitles of English dubs ("dubtitles") are uncommon. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-definition disc media (<a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>) uses SDH subtitles as the sole method because technical specifications do not require HD to support line 21 closed captions. Some Blu-ray Discs, however, are said to carry a closed caption stream that only displays through standard-definition connections. Many <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTVs</a> allow the end-user to customize the captions, including the ability to remove the black band. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_SDH_-_speaker_ID_(Charade_1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of speaker ID in SDH (voices are off-screen)"><img alt="Example of speaker ID in SDH (voices are off-screen)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Example_of_SDH_-_speaker_ID_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/120px-Example_of_SDH_-_speaker_ID_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Example_of_SDH_-_speaker_ID_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/180px-Example_of_SDH_-_speaker_ID_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Example_of_SDH_-_speaker_ID_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/240px-Example_of_SDH_-_speaker_ID_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of speaker ID in SDH (voices are off-screen)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_2_(Charade_1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of non-speech information in SDH (source is off-screen)"><img alt="Example of non-speech information in SDH (source is off-screen)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_2_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/120px-Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_2_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_2_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/180px-Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_2_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_2_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/240px-Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_2_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of non-speech information in SDH (source is off-screen)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_1_(Charade_1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of non-speech information in SDH (two sources: off-screen and on-screen)"><img alt="Example of non-speech information in SDH (two sources: off-screen and on-screen)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_1_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/120px-Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_1_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_1_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/180px-Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_1_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_1_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/240px-Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_1_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of non-speech information in SDH (two sources: off-screen and on-screen)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_SDH_-_music_description_(Charade_1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of music description in SDH"><img alt="Example of music description in SDH" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Example_of_SDH_-_music_description_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/120px-Example_of_SDH_-_music_description_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Example_of_SDH_-_music_description_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/180px-Example_of_SDH_-_music_description_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Example_of_SDH_-_music_description_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/240px-Example_of_SDH_-_music_description_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of music description in SDH</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_SDH_-_lyrics_(Charade_1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of lyrics transcription in SDH"><img alt="Example of lyrics transcription in SDH" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Example_of_SDH_-_lyrics_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/120px-Example_of_SDH_-_lyrics_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Example_of_SDH_-_lyrics_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/180px-Example_of_SDH_-_lyrics_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Example_of_SDH_-_lyrics_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg/240px-Example_of_SDH_-_lyrics_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of lyrics transcription in SDH</div> </li> </ul> <p>Song lyrics are not always captioned, as additional copyright permissions may be required to reproduce the lyrics on-screen as part of the subtitle track. In October 2015, major studios and <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> were sued over this practice, citing claims of <a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">false advertising</a> (as the work is henceforth not completely subtitled) and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> violations (under California's <a href="/wiki/Unruh_Civil_Rights_Act" title="Unruh Civil Rights Act">Unruh Civil Rights Act</a>, guaranteeing equal rights for people with disabilities). Judge <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Victor_Wilson" title="Stephen Victor Wilson">Stephen Victor Wilson</a> dismissed the suit in September 2016, ruling that allegations of civil rights violations did not present evidence of intentional discrimination against viewers with disabilities, and that allegations over misrepresenting the extent of subtitles "fall far short of demonstrating that reasonable consumers would actually be deceived as to the amount of subtitled content provided, as there are no representations whatsoever that all song lyrics would be captioned, or even that the content would be 'fully' captioned."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_hearing_people_for_convenience">Use by hearing people for convenience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use by hearing people for convenience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although same-language subtitles and captions are produced primarily with the deaf and hard-of-hearing in mind, many others use them for convenience. Subtitles are increasingly popular among younger viewers for improved understanding and faster comprehension. Subtitles allow viewers to understand dialogue that is poorly enunciated, delivered quietly, in unfamiliar dialects, or spoken by background characters. A 2021 UK survey found that 80% of viewers between 18 and 25 regularly used subtitles, while less than a quarter of those between 56 and 75 did.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-language_subtitling">Same-language subtitling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Same-language subtitling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Same_language_subtitling" title="Same language subtitling">Same language subtitling</a> (SLS) is the use of synchronized captioning of musical lyrics (or any text with an audio or video source) as a repeated reading activity. The basic reading activity involves students viewing a short subtitled presentation projected onscreen, while completing a response worksheet. To be really effective, the subtitling should have high quality synchronization of audio and text, and better yet, subtitling should change color in syllabic synchronization to audio model, and the text should be at a level to challenge students' language abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies (including those by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> and the What Works Clearinghouse of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a>) have found that use of subtitles can help promote <a href="/wiki/Reading_comprehension" title="Reading comprehension">reading comprehension</a> in school-aged children.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Same-language captioning can improve literacy and reading growth across a broad range of reading abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-AshokaBrij_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AshokaBrij-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFF1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFF1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used for this purpose by national television broadcasters in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation now provided for India but potentially still missing for China (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-AshokaBrij_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AshokaBrij-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some Asian television programming, captioning is considered a part of the genre, and has evolved beyond simply capturing what is being said. The captions are used artistically; it is common to see the words appear one by one as they are spoken, in a multitude of fonts, colors, and sizes that capture the spirit of what is being said. Languages like Japanese also have a rich vocabulary of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">onomatopoeia</a> which is used in captioning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chinese-speaking_world">Chinese-speaking world</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chinese-speaking world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some East Asian countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Sinophone" title="Sinophone">Chinese-speaking ones</a>, subtitling is common in all taped television programs and films. In these countries, written text remains mostly uniform while regional dialects in the spoken form can be mutually unintelligible. Therefore, subtitling offers a distinct advantage to aid comprehension. With subtitles, programs in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> or any dialect can be understood by viewers unfamiliar with it. </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/HK_Magazine" title="HK Magazine">HK Magazine</a></i>, the practice to caption in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> was pioneered in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> during the 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Run_Run_Shaw" title="Run Run Shaw">Run Run Shaw</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio" title="Shaw Brothers Studio">Shaw Brothers Studio</a>. In a bid to reach the largest audience possible, Shaw had already recorded his films in Mandarin, reasoning it would be most universal <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">variety of Chinese</a>. However, this did not guarantee that the films could be understood by non-Mandarin-speaking audiences, and dubbing into different varieties was seen as too costly. The decision was thus made to include Standard Chinese subtitles in all Shaw Brothers films. As the films were made in <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British-ruled Hong Kong</a>, Shaw also decided to include English subtitles to reach English speakers in Hong Kong and allow for exports outside Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Japanese_reality_television">Japanese reality television</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japanese reality television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this section with text translated from <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E7%95%AA%E7%B5%84#テロップ" class="extiw" title="ja:バラエティ番組">the corresponding article</a> in Japanese</b>.  <i><small>(December 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E7%95%AA%E7%B5%84%23%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%97&sl=ja&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at [[:ja:バラエティ番組#テロップ]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ja|バラエティ番組#テロップ}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Subtitles" title="Talk:Subtitles">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On-screen subtitles as seen in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television</a> shows are more for decorative purpose, something that is not seen in television in Europe and the Americas. Some shows even place <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a> over those subtitles. This practice of subtitling has been spread to neighbouring countries including South Korea and Taiwan. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Television" title="Asia Television">ATV</a> in Hong Kong once practiced this style of decorative subtitles on its variety shows while it was owned by <a href="/wiki/Want_Want" title="Want Want">Want Want Holdings</a> in Taiwan (which also owns <a href="/wiki/China_Television" title="China Television">CTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chung_T%27ien_Television" title="Chung T'ien Television">CTI</a>) during 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation">Translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Subtitles" title="Special:EditPage/Subtitles">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Translation basically means conversion of one language into another language in written or spoken form. Subtitles can be used to translate dialogue from a foreign language into the native language of the audience. It is not only the quickest and cheapest method of translating content, but is also usually preferred as it is possible for the audience to hear the original dialogue and voices of the actors. </p><p>Subtitle translation may be different from the <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of written text or written language. Usually, during the process of creating subtitles for a film or television program, the picture and each sentence of the audio are analyzed by the subtitle translator; also, the subtitle translator may or may not have access to a written transcript of the dialogue. Especially in the field of commercial subtitles, the subtitle translator often interprets what is meant, rather than translating the manner in which the dialogue is stated; that is, the meaning is more important than the form—the audience does not always appreciate this, as it can be frustrating for people who are familiar with some of the spoken language; spoken language may contain verbal padding or culturally implied meanings that cannot be conveyed in the written subtitles. Also, the subtitle translator may also condense the dialogue to achieve an acceptable reading speed, whereby purpose is more important than form. </p><p>Especially in <a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">fansubs</a>, the subtitle translator may translate both form and meaning. The subtitle translator may also choose to display a note in the subtitles, usually in <a href="/wiki/Parentheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Parentheses">parentheses</a> ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/(" class="extiw" title="wikt:(">(</a>" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/)" class="extiw" title="wikt:)">)</a>"), or as a separate block of on-screen text—this allows the subtitle translator to preserve form and achieve an acceptable reading speed; that is, the subtitle translator may leave a note on the screen, even after the character has finished speaking, to both preserve form and facilitate understanding. For example, Japanese has multiple first-person pronouns (see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Japanese pronouns</a>) and each pronoun is associated with a different degree of politeness. In order to compensate during the English translation process, the subtitle translator may reformulate the sentence, add appropriate words or use notes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitling">Subtitling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Subtitling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Real-time">Real-time</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Real-time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Real-time translation subtitling usually involves an interpreter and a stenographer working concurrently, whereby the former quickly translates the dialogue while the latter types; this form of subtitling is rare. The unavoidable delay, typing errors, lack of editing, and high cost mean that real-time translation subtitling is in low demand. Allowing the interpreter to directly speak to the viewers is usually both cheaper and quicker; however, the translation is not accessible to people who are deaf and hard-of-hearing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offline_2">Offline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Offline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some subtitlers purposely provide edited subtitles or captions to match the needs of their audience, for learners of the spoken dialogue as a second or foreign language, visual learners, beginning readers who are deaf or hard of hearing and for people with learning or mental disabilities. For example, for many of its films and television programs, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> displays standard captions representing speech from the program audio, word-for-word, if the viewer selects "CC1" by using the television remote control or on-screen menu; however, they also provide edited captions to present simplified sentences at a slower rate, if the viewer selects "CC2". Programs with a diverse audience also often have captions in another language. This is common with popular Latin American <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a> in Spanish. Since CC1 and CC2 share <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Federal Communications Commission">U.S. Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) recommends translation subtitles be placed in CC3. CC4, which shares bandwidth with CC3, is also available, but programs seldom use it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitles_vs._dubbing_and_lectoring">Subtitles vs. dubbing and lectoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Subtitles vs. dubbing and lectoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two alternative methods of 'translating' films in a foreign language are <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a>, in which other actors record over the voices of the original actors in a different language, and <a href="/wiki/Voice-over_translation" title="Voice-over translation">lectoring</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voice-over</a> for fictional material where a narrator tells the audience what the actors are saying while their voices can be heard in the background. Lectoring is common for television in Russia, Poland, and a few other East European countries, while cinemas in these countries commonly show films dubbed or subtitled. </p><p>The preference for dubbing or subtitling in various countries is largely based on decisions made in the late 1920s and early 1930s. With the arrival of sound film, the film importers in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> decided to dub the foreign voices, while the rest of Europe elected to display the dialogue as translated subtitles. The choice was largely due to financial reasons (subtitling is more economical and quicker than dubbing), but during the 1930s it also became a political preference in Germany, Italy and Spain; an expedient form of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> that ensured that foreign views and ideas could be stopped from reaching the local audience, as dubbing makes it possible to create a dialogue which is totally different from the original. In larger German cities a few "special cinemas" use subtitling instead of dubbing. </p><p>Dubbing is still the norm and favored form in these four countries, but the proportion of subtitling is slowly growing, mainly to save cost and turnaround-time, but also due to a growing acceptance among younger generations, who are better readers and increasingly have a basic knowledge of English (the dominant language in film and TV) and thus prefer to hear the original dialogue. </p><p>Nevertheless, in Spain, for example, only public TV channels show subtitled foreign films, usually at late night. It is extremely rare that any Spanish TV channel shows subtitled versions of TV programs, series or documentaries. With the advent of digital land broadcast TV, it has become common practice in Spain to provide optional audio and subtitle streams that allow watching dubbed programs with the original audio and subtitles. In addition, only a small proportion of cinemas show subtitled films. Films with dialogue in <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> are always dubbed, not subtitled, when they are shown in the rest of the country. Some non-Spanish-speaking TV stations subtitle interviews in Spanish; others do not. </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries, local network television will show dubbed versions of English-language programs and movies, while cable stations (often international) more commonly broadcast subtitled material. Preference for subtitles or dubbing varies according to individual taste and reading ability, and theaters may order two prints of the most popular films, allowing moviegoers to choose between dubbing or subtitles. Animation and children's programming, however, is nearly universally dubbed, as in other regions. </p><p>Since the introduction of the DVD and, later, the Blu-ray Disc, some high budget films include the simultaneous option of <i>both</i> subtitles and dubbing. Often in such cases, the translations are made separately, rather than the subtitles being a verbatim transcript of the dubbed scenes of the film. While this allows for the smoothest possible flow of the subtitles, it can be frustrating for someone attempting to learn a foreign language. </p><p>In the traditional subtitling countries, dubbing is generally regarded as something strange and unnatural and is only used for animated films and TV programs intended for pre-school children. As animated films are "dubbed" even in their original language and ambient noise and effects are usually recorded on a separate sound track, dubbing a low quality production into a second language produces little or no noticeable effect on the viewing experience. In dubbed live-action television or film, however, viewers are often distracted by the fact that the audio does not match the actors' lip movements. Furthermore, the dubbed voices may seem detached, inappropriate for the character, or overly expressive, and some ambient sounds may not be transferred to the dubbed track, creating a less enjoyable viewing experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitling_as_a_practice">Subtitling as a practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Subtitling as a practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png/300px-Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png/450px-Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png/600px-Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> showing which audiovisual translation methods are preferred in each country. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3d46cd; color:white;"> </span> Subtitles: Countries in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> where dubbing is only used for children's programs and family films; otherwise, subtitles are solely used.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9c34; color:black;"> </span> Mixed areas: Countries in Europe occasionally using either multi-voice voice-over translations (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>) or dubbing (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>); otherwise, subtitles are solely used, with the exception of children's programs and family films.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fffba5; color:black;"> </span> Voice-over: Countries in Europe usually using <a href="/wiki/Voice-over_translation" title="Voice-over translation">voice-over translations</a> which feature one or two voices, while lowering the volume of the original soundtrack; examples are <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. This method is mainly used in television broadcasts and home media, but these countries generally also use dubbing or subtitles as well in other contexts.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ee151f; color:black;"> </span> General dubbing: Countries in Europe where dubbing is used for most foreign-language films and TV series.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b400b4; color:white;"> </span> Countries which occasionally produce their own dubbings, but generally instead use dubbing versions from neighboring countries produced in mutually intelligible languages instead (<a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99D9EA; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: The Dutch-speaking region occasionally produces its own dubbing versions (but usually uses the same ones as the Netherlands), otherwise solely subtitles. The French-speaking region of Wallonia and the German-speaking region of East Belgium use exclusively full-cast dubbing for both films and TV series.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In several countries or regions nearly all foreign language TV programs are subtitled, instead of dubbed, such as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (almost all foreign-language shows are subtitled in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, children's movies and TV shows are dubbed, mostly animated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, children's shows principally are dubbed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab Middle East and North Africa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>-language subtitling, used for foreign programming and cinema and often used when Arabic dialects are the primary medium of a film or TV program. Countries such as Lebanon, Algeria, and Morocco also often include French subtitling simultaneously.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (especially by <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (subtitles in Azeri, children's shows principally are dubbed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> from TV and cinemas.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (Belarusian subtitles are used in foreign films and television programs except for children's media)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (subtitles in Dzongkha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (Children's shows are dubbed in Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian, everything else subtitled in Bosnian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (some cinemas and cable channels use <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> subtitles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> (subtitles in Malay for programming and movies in English and vernacular languages such as Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (subtitles in Bulgarian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (subtitles in Khmer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Most Chinese language programming includes subtitles in Chinese, since many languages and dialects are spoken by the populace, but the writing system is independent of dialects)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Children's shows are dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, everything else is subtitled in Croatian. Subtitling mutually intelligible <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>-language content is typically disapproved by Croatian government bodies, with the independent regulatory Council for Electronic Media using laws that oblige media services to air foreign-language progammes with translations into Croatian to warn and threaten to revoke operating licenses to television operators who refuse to adhere to it; rare instances of such subtitling usually end up being ridiculed by the public<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (subtitles in Greek and Turkish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (Some cable television and cinemas are used in subtitles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>. Television programming directed toward children and family-friendly films are dubbed, although cinemas often offer subtitled late-evening screenings of the latter. The off-screen narration in documentaries may be dubbed, although on-screen dialogue is always subtitled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (satellite TV and cable and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a> subtitles are used in foreign films and television programs except for children's media)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, Finland is <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">bilingual</a>; in TV children's programs are dubbed and off-screen narration in documentaries is often dubbed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (Subtitles in Georgian, children's shows principally are dubbed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (only children's shows are dubbed and films are subtitled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (Dubbing in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> often happens, but subtitling is also common, since these foreign programs are often broadcast in multiple languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (Some cable television and cinemas are used in subtitles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>. Television programming directed toward children and family-friendly films are dubbed, although cinemas often offer subtitled late-evening screenings of the latter. The off-screen narration in documentaries may be dubbed, although on-screen dialogue is always subtitled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (most English channels now give subtitles of their programs in English)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, some foreign movies have subtitles in more than one language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (subtitles in Persian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (subtitles in English for non-English programs, including those in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>. Occasional subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> for programs shown on the Irish language channel: <a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (non-Hebrew television programs and films are always translated into Hebrew with subtitles. Bilingual Hebrew-Arabic or Hebrew-Russian subtitling, showing translation into both languages simultaneously, is common on public TV channels. Dubbing is restricted to programs and films aimed at children below school age. As of 2008 the closed captioning industry in Israel is on the rise since a law has been approved, stating that all Hebrew programs in <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Israel" title="Television in Israel">Israeli channels</a> must be subtitled for the hearing impaired. Moreover, in recent years it became a norm in other channels and broadcasting bodies in Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (subtitles in Kazakh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (subtitles in Swahili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (subtitles in Kyrgyz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, occasionally in Latvian-language shows or simply in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>-language channels in Russian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (subtitles in Lao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (all channels are subtitles and cinemas, children shows are dubbed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (subtitles in Cantonese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (subtitles in "<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malay(sian)</a>" for programming in English and vernacular languages such as Chinese and Tamil and foreign languages such as Hindi and Korean except certain programs dubbed into Malay such as anime, news programs in respective vernacular languages (news reports in vernacular language news programs with foreign people speaking are translated in subtitles) and certain Malay-language live action programs subtitled in English. Also appearing for certain Indonesian programming excluding live, current affairs and news programming since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All movies on 35 mm film subtitled in Malaysian and Simplified Chinese. Usually, animation and 3D movies are exempted from subtitling (though studios may choose to add subtitles at their discretion). Indian and Chinese movies usually have subtitles of more than one languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> (subtitles in Dhivehi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (subtitles in Maltese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (subtitles in Mongolian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (subtitles in Montenegrin, children's shows dubbed in Serbian; Serbian subtitles imported frequently)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (all Romanian subtitles and children are dubbed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (subtitles in Burmese, typically in Non-Burmese children's programming and anime, dubbing rarely used)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (subtitles in Nepali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (subtitles in Dutch, children's shows are dubbed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (Children's programs dubbed in Macedonian or Serbian, everything else subtitled in Macedonian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>. Television programming directed toward children and family-friendly films are dubbed, although cinemas often offer subtitled late-evening screenings of the latter. The off-screen narration in documentaries may be dubbed, although on-screen dialogue is always subtitled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (subtitles in Urdu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (some Filipino films were all subtitled in English, but all foreign television programs were dubbed in Filipino.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (almost all live-action movies in cinemas are subtitled; some movies can be found in two versions, with subtitles and dubbing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (most shows are subtitled in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, but children's shows and documentaries are usually dubbed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> for most shows, except children's programs, which started to be dubbed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Some cable television and cinemas are used subtitles in Russian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (all children's shows and teleshopping are dubbed, everything else is subtitled in Serbian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (children's shows are dubbed, everything else is subtitled in Slovak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (children's shows are dubbed, everything else is subtitled in Slovenian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in English, Chinese, Tamil and Malay, with some subtitling bilingual in either Chinese and English or Tamil and Malay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho language">Sesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (subtitles in Sinhala and Tamil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> (subtitles in Dutch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (subtitles in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. Television programming directed toward children and family-friendly films are dubbed, although cinemas often offer subtitled late-evening screenings of the latter. The off-screen narration in documentaries, although on-screen dialogue is always subtitled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (subtitles in Thai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (Mandarin subtitles appear on most shows and all news or live action broadcasts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (subtitles in Tajik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (subtitles in Turkish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> (subtitles in Turkmen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (Some cable television and cinemas are used subtitles in Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (subtitles in Uzbek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (cable and satellite TV and cinemas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (subtitles in Vietnamese)</li></ul></div> <p>It is also common that television services in minority languages subtitle their programs in the dominant language as well. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a> who subtitle in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <a href="/wiki/Yle_Fem" title="Yle Fem">Yle Fem</a> in Finland who subtitle in the majority language <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> (Belgium) films are usually dubbed, but sometimes they are played on two channels at the same time: one dubbed (on La Une) and the other subtitled (on La Deux), but this is no longer done as frequently due to low ratings. </p><p>In Australia, one <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">FTA</a> network, <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> airs its foreign-language shows subtitled in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subtitles in the same language on the same production can be in different categories: </p> <ul><li><b>Hearing impaired</b> subtitles (sometimes abbreviated as HI or <a href="#Subtitles_for_the_deaf_or_hard-of-hearing_(SDH)">SDH</a>) are intended for people who are hearing impaired, providing information about music, environmental sounds and off-screen speakers (e.g. when a doorbell rings or a gunshot is heard). In other words, they indicate the kinds and the sources of the sounds coming from the movie, and usually put this information inside brackets to demarcate it from actors' dialogues. For example: [sound of typing on a keyboard], [mysterious music], [glass breaks], [woman screaming].</li> <li><b>Narrative</b> is the most common type of subtitle in which spoken dialogue is displayed. These are most commonly used to translate a film with one spoken language and the text of a second language.</li> <li><b>Forced</b> subtitles are common on movies and only provide subtitles when the characters speak a foreign or <a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">alien language</a>, or a sign, flag, or other text in a scene is not translated in the localization and dubbing process. In some cases, foreign dialogue may be left untranslated if the movie is meant to be seen from the point of view of a particular character who does not speak the language in question. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(film)" title="Amistad (film)">Amistad</a></i> the dialogue of the Spanish slave traders is subtitled, while African languages are left untranslated.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Content</b> subtitles are a North American Secondary Industry (non-Hollywood, often low-budget) staple. They add content dictation that is missing from filmed action or dialogue. Due to the general low-budget allowances in such films, it is often more feasible to add the overlay subtitles to fill in information. They are most commonly seen on America's Maverick films as forced subtitles, and on Canada's MapleLeaf films as optional subtitles. Content subtitles also appear in the beginning of some higher-budget films (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a>) or at the end of a film (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(film)" title="Gods and Generals (film)">Gods and Generals</a>).</li> <li><b>Titles only</b> are typically used by dubbed programs and provide only the text for any untranslated on-screen text. They are most commonly forced (see above).</li> <li><b>Bonus</b> subtitles are an additional set of text blurbs that are added to DVDs. They are similar to <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Discs</a>' in-movie content or to the "info nuggets" in VH1 <a href="/wiki/Pop-up_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop-up Video">Pop-up Video</a>. Often shown in popup or balloon form, they point out background, behind-the-scenes information relative to what is appearing on screen, often indicating filming and performance mistakes in continuity or consistency.</li> <li><b>Localized</b> subtitles are a separate subtitle track that uses expanded references (i.e., "The sake [a Japanese Wine] was excellent as was the Wasabi") or can replace the standardized subtitle track with a <a href="/wiki/Language_localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Language localization">localized</a> form replacing references to local custom (i.e., from above, "The wine was excellent as was the spicy dip").</li> <li><b>Extended</b> or <b>expanded</b> subtitles combine the standard subtitle track with the localization subtitle track. Originally found only on Celestial DVDs in the early 2000s, the format has expanded to many export-intended releases from China, Japan, India, and Taiwan. The term "Expanded Subtitles" is owned by Celestial, with "Extended Subtitles" being used by other companies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subtitles exist in two forms; <b>open</b> subtitles are 'open to all' and cannot be turned off by the viewer; <b>closed</b> subtitles are designed for a certain group of viewers, and can usually be turned on or off or selected by the viewer – examples being teletext pages, U.S. Closed captions (608/708), DVB Bitmap subtitles, DVD or Blu-ray subtitles. </p><p>While distributing content, subtitles can appear in one of three types: </p> <ul><li><b>Hard</b> (also known as <b>hardsubs</b> or <b>open</b> subtitles). The subtitle text is irreversibly merged in original video frames, and so no special equipment or software is required for playback. Hence, complex transition effects and animation can be implemented, such as <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a> song lyrics using various colors, fonts, sizes, animation (like a <a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">bouncing ball</a>) etc. to follow the lyrics. However, these subtitles cannot be turned off unless the original video is also included in the distribution as they are now part of the original frame, and thus it is impossible to have several variants of subtitling, such as in multiple languages.</li> <li><b>Prerendered</b> (also known as <b>closed</b>) subtitles are separate video frames that are overlaid on the original video stream while playing. Prerendered subtitles are used on <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> (though they are contained in the same file as the video stream). It is possible to turn them off or have multiple language subtitles and switch among them, but the player has to support such subtitles to display them. Also, subtitles are usually encoded as images with minimal bitrate and number of colors; they usually lack <a href="/wiki/Spatial_anti-aliasing" title="Spatial anti-aliasing">anti-aliased</a> <a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">font rasterization</a>. Also, changing such subtitles is hard, but special <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a> software, such as <a href="/wiki/SubRip" title="SubRip">SubRip</a> exists to convert such subtitles to "soft" ones.</li> <li><b>Soft</b> (also known as <b>softsubs</b> or <b>closed</b> subtitles) are, like <i><a href="/wiki/Closed_captions" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed captions">closed captions</a></i>, separate instructions, usually a specially marked up text with <a href="/wiki/Time_stamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Time stamp">time stamps</a> to be optionally displayed during playback. It requires player support and, moreover, there are multiple incompatible (but usually reciprocally convertible) subtitle file formats, but enables greater versatility in post production. Softsubs are relatively easy to create and change, and thus are frequently used for <a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">fansubs</a>. Text rendering quality can vary depending on the player, but is generally higher than prerendered subtitles. Also, some formats introduce <a href="/wiki/Text_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Text encoding">text encoding</a> troubles for the end-user, especially if different languages are used simultaneously (for example, Latin and Asian scripts). A subtitle track with time stamp also allows for accurate time keeping after having paused the video recording, which would otherwise cause discrepancy between the duration of the video recording since the usually memorized clock time at start and real clock time. <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">Camcorders</a> may record additional <a href="/wiki/Metadata_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metadata (computing)">metadata</a> such as technical parameters (aperture, exposure value, exposure duration, photosensitivity, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In other categorization, digital video subtitles are sometimes called <b>internal</b>, if they are embedded in a single video file container along with video and audio streams, and <b>external</b> if they are distributed as separate file (that is less convenient, but it is easier to edit or change such file). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Comparison table</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Feature </th> <th>Hard </th> <th>Prerendered </th> <th>Soft </th></tr> <tr> <td>Can be turned off or on </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiple subtitle variants (for example, languages) </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Yes, though all displayed at the same time </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Editable </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Difficult, but possible </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Player requirements </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">None </td> <td style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Majority of players support DVD subtitles </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Usually requires installation of special software, unless national regulators mandate its distribution </td></tr> <tr> <td>Visual appearance, colors, font quality </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Low to high, depending on video resolution and compression </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Low </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Low to high, depending on player and subtitle file format </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transitions, karaoke and other special effects </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Highest </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Low </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Depends on player and subtitle file format, but generally poor<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Distribution </td> <td>Inside original video </td> <td>Separate low-bitrate video stream, commonly multiplexed </td> <td>Relatively small subtitle file or instructions stream, multiplexed or separate </td></tr> <tr> <td>Additional overhead </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">None, though subtitles added by re-encoding of the original video may degrade overall image quality, and the sharp edges of text may introduce <a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">artifacts</a> in surrounding video </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">High </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Low </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtitle_formats">Subtitle formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Subtitle formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_software_video_players">For software video players</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: For software video players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Sortable table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Extension </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Text styling </th> <th>Metadata </th> <th>Timings </th> <th>Timing precision </th></tr> <tr> <th>AQTitle </th> <td>.aqt </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Framings </td> <td>As <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frames</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>EBU-TT-D<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>Unlimited </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gloss Subtitle </th> <td>.gsub </td> <td>HTML, XML </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>10 milliseconds </td></tr> <tr> <th>JACOSub<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>.jss </td> <td>Text with markup </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>As frames </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MicroDVD" title="MicroDVD">MicroDVD</a> </th> <td>.sub </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Framings </td> <td>As frames </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_17" title="MPEG-4 Part 17">MPEG-4 Timed Text</a> </th> <td>.ttxt (or mixed with audio-video stream) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>1 millisecond </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MPlayer" title="MPlayer">MPSub</a> </th> <td>.sub </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Sequential time </td> <td>10 milliseconds </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ogg_Writ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogg Writ">Ogg Writ</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— (embedded in Ogg container) </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Sequential granules </td> <td>Dependent on <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Phoenix Subtitle </th> <td>.pjs </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Framings </td> <td>As frames </td></tr> <tr> <th>PowerDivX </th> <td>.psb </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>1 second </td></tr> <tr> <th>RealText<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>.rt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>10 milliseconds </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SAMI" title="SAMI">SAMI</a> </th> <td>.smi </td> <td>HTML </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Framings </td> <td>As frames </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spruce subtitle format<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>.stl </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Sequential time+frames </td> <td>Sequential time+frames </td></tr> <tr> <th>Structured Subtitle Format </th> <td>.ssf </td> <td>XML </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>1 millisecond </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SubRip" title="SubRip">SubRip</a> </th> <td>.srt </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>1 millisecond </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SubStation_Alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced SubStation Alpha">(Advanced)</a> SubStation Alpha<sup id="cite_ref-tcax/ass-specs_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcax/ass-specs-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>.ssa or .ass (advanced) </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>10 milliseconds </td></tr> <tr> <th>SubViewer </th> <td>.sub or .sbv </td> <td>Text </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>10 milliseconds </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Universal_Subtitle_Format" title="Universal Subtitle Format">Universal Subtitle Format</a> </th> <td>.usf </td> <td>XML </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>1 millisecond </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/VSFilter" class="mw-redirect" title="VSFilter">VobSub</a> </th> <td>.sub + .idx </td> <td>Image </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>1 millisecond </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a> </th> <td>.vtt </td> <td>HTML </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>1 millisecond </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/XSUB" class="mw-redirect" title="XSUB">XSUB</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— (embedded in <a href="/wiki/Divx#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divx">.divx</a> container) </td> <td>Image </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Elapsed time </td> <td>1 millisecond </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are still many more uncommon formats. Most of them are text-based and have the extension .txt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_media">For media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: For media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For cinema movies shown in a theatre: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">D-Cinema</a>: digital projection of movie in <a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Package" title="Digital Cinema Package">DCP</a> format</li></ul> <p>For movies on DVD Video: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> subtitles (related to VobSub)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> subtitles (related to PGS)</li></ul> <p>For TV broadcast: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a> Subtitles (DVB-SUB)</li> <li>Philips Overlay Graphics Text</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitext" title="Imitext">Imitext</a></li></ul> <p>Subtitles created for TV broadcast are stored in a variety of file formats. The majority of these formats are proprietary to the vendors of subtitle insertion systems. </p><p>Broadcast subtitle formats include: .ESY, .XIF, .X32, .PAC, .RAC, .CHK, .AYA, .890, .CIP, .CAP, .ULT, .USF, .CIN, .L32, .ST4, .ST7, .TIT, .STL </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/EBU" class="mw-redirect" title="EBU">EBU</a> format defined by Technical Reference 3264-E<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an 'open' format intended for subtitle exchange between broadcasters. Files in this format have the extension .stl (not to be mixed up with text "Spruce subtitle format" mentioned above, which also has extension .stl) </p><p>For internet delivery: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timed_Text_Markup_Language" title="Timed Text Markup Language">TTML</a>/<a href="/wiki/DFXP" class="mw-redirect" title="DFXP">DFXP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SMPTE-TT" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE-TT">SMPTE-TT</a>/CFF-TT (for <a href="/wiki/UltraViolet_(system)" class="mw-redirect" title="UltraViolet (system)">UltraViolet</a>-compatible players)</li> <li>EBU-TT-D</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The Timed Text format currently a "Candidate Recommendation" of the <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> (called <a href="/wiki/DFXP" class="mw-redirect" title="DFXP">DFXP</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is also proposed as an 'open' format for subtitle exchange and distribution to media players, such as Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Silverlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverlight">Silverlight</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_not_subtitling_a_foreign_language">Reasons for not subtitling a foreign language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Reasons for not subtitling a foreign language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most times a foreign language is spoken in film, subtitles are used to translate the dialogue for the viewer. However, there are occasions when foreign dialogue is left unsubtitled (and thus incomprehensible to most of the target audience). This is often done if the movie is seen predominantly from the viewpoint of a particular character who does not speak the language. Such absence of subtitles allows the audience to feel a similar sense of incomprehension and <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a> that the character feels. An example of this is seen in <i><a href="/wiki/Not_Without_My_Daughter_(film)" title="Not Without My Daughter (film)">Not Without My Daughter</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> dialogue spoken by the Iranian characters is not subtitled because the main character <a href="/wiki/Betty_Mahmoody" title="Betty Mahmoody">Betty Mahmoody</a> does not speak Persian and the audience is seeing the film from her viewpoint. </p><p>A variation of this was used in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_3" title="Max Payne 3">Max Payne 3</a></i>. Subtitles are used on all 3 the English, Spanish (only Chapter 11) and Portuguese (Chapter 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14 only) dialogues, but the latter is left untranslated<sup id="cite_ref-maxpayne3subtitles_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxpayne3subtitles-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the main character does not understand the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtitles_as_a_source_of_humor">Subtitles as a source of humor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Subtitles as a source of humor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Occasionally, movies will use subtitles as a source of humor, parody and satire. </p> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Annie_Hall" title="Annie Hall">Annie Hall</a></i>, the characters of <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> are having a conversation; their real thoughts are shown in subtitles.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Austin_Powers_in_Goldmember" title="Austin Powers in Goldmember">Austin Powers in Goldmember</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> dialogue is subtitled using white type that blends in with white objects in the background. An example is when white binders turn the subtitle "I have a huge rodent problem" into "I have a huge rod." After many cases of this, Mr. Roboto says "Why don't I just speak English?", in English. In the same film, Austin and Nigel Powers directly speak in <a href="/wiki/Cockney_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockney English">Cockney English</a> to make the content of their conversation unintelligible; subtitles appear for the first part of the conversation, but then cease and are replaced with a series of question marks.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Submarine_(film)" title="Yellow Submarine (film)">Yellow Submarine</a></i>, the Beatles use the subtitles of "<a href="/wiki/All_you_need_is_love" class="mw-redirect" title="All you need is love">All you need is love</a>" to defeat a giant glove.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Impostors" title="The Impostors">The Impostors</a></i>, one character speaks in a foreign language, while another character hides under the bed. Although the hidden character cannot understand what is being spoken, he can read the subtitles. Since the subtitles are overlaid on the film, they appear to be reversed from his point of view. His attempt to puzzle out these subtitles enhances the humor of the scene.</li> <li>The movie <i><a href="/wiki/Airplane!" title="Airplane!">Airplane!</a></i> and its sequel feature two inner-city <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> speaking in heavily accented slang, which another character refers to as if it were a foreign language: "<a href="/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Vernacular English">Jive</a>". Subtitles translate their speech, which is full of colorful expressions and mild profanity, into bland <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">standard English</a>, but the typical viewer can understand enough of what they are saying to recognize the incongruity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040528112358/http://larry.teamoverkill.com/jive/">Transcript of the dialogue</a></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Cars_2" title="Cars 2">Cars 2</a></i>, Susie Chef and Mater speak Chinese with English subtitles and Luigi, Mama Lopolino and Uncle Topolino speak Italian with English subtitles.</li> <li>In parodies of the German film <i><a href="/wiki/Downfall_(2004_film)" title="Downfall (2004 film)">Downfall</a></i>, incorrect subtitles are deliberately used, often with offensive and humorous results.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Reiner" title="Carl Reiner">Carl Reiner</a> comedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_Two_Brains" title="The Man with Two Brains">The Man with Two Brains</a></i>, after stopping Dr. Michael Hfuhruhurr (<a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a>) for speeding, a German police officer realizes that Hfuhruhurr can speak English. He asks his colleague in their squad car to turn off the subtitles, and indicates toward the bottom of the screen, commenting that "This is better — we have more room down there now".</li> <li>In the opening credits of <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i>, the Swedish subtitler switches to English and promotes his country, until the introduction is cut off and the subtitler "sacked". In the DVD version of the same film, the viewer could choose, instead of hearing aid and local languages, lines from <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_part_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, part 2">Henry IV, part 2</a></i> that vaguely resemble the lines that are actually being spoken in film, if they are "<i>people who hate the film</i>".</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Scary_Movie_4" title="Scary Movie 4">Scary Movie 4</a></i>, there is a scene where the actors speak in faux <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> (nonsensical words which mostly consist of Japanese company names), but the content of the subtitles is the "real" conversation.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Not_Another_Teen_Movie" title="Not Another Teen Movie">Not Another Teen Movie</a></i>, the nude <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange student">foreign exchange student</a> character Areola speaks lightly accented English, but her dialogue is subtitled anyway. Also, the text is spaced in such a way that a view of her bare breasts is unhindered.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Trainspotting_(film)" title="Trainspotting (film)">Trainspotting</a></i>, the leading characters have a conversation in a crowded club. To understand what is being said, the entire dialogue is subtitled.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ellis_(film_director)" title="Simon Ellis (film director)">Simon Ellis</a>' 2000 short film <i>Telling Lies</i> juxtaposes a soundtrack of a man telling lies on the telephone against subtitles which expose the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animutation" title="Animutation">Animutations</a> commonly use subtitles to present the comical <a href="/wiki/Mondegreen" title="Mondegreen">"fake lyrics"</a> (English words that sound close to what is actually being sung in the song in the non-English language). These fake lyrics are a major staple of the Animutation genre.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lock,_Stock_and_Two_Smoking_Barrels" title="Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels">Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels</a></i> contains a scene spoken entirely in <a href="/wiki/Cockney_rhyming_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockney rhyming slang">cockney rhyming slang</a> that is subtitled in standard English.</li> <li>In an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Beavers" title="The Angry Beavers">The Angry Beavers</a></i>, at one point Norbert begins to speak with such a heavy European accent that his words are subtitled on the bottom of the screen. Daggett actually touches the subtitles, shoving them out of the way.</li> <li>In the American theatrical versions of <a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(2004_film)" title="Night Watch (2004 film)"><i>Night Watch</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Day_Watch_(film)" title="Day Watch (film)">Day Watch</a></i>, Russian dialogues are translated by subtitles which are designed accordingly to the depicted events. For instance, subtitles dissolve in water like blood, tremble along with a shaking floor or get cut by sword.</li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Crank_(film)" title="Crank (film)">Crank</a></i> contains a scene where <a href="/wiki/Jason_Statham" title="Jason Statham">Jason Statham</a>'s character understands an Asian character's line of dialogue from reading the on-screen subtitle. The subtitle is even in reverse when his character reads the line. Later, an exclamation made by another Asian character is subtitled, but both the spoken words and the subtitles are in Chinese.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Fatal_Instinct" title="Fatal Instinct">Fatal Instinct</a></i>, also directed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Reiner" title="Carl Reiner">Carl Reiner</a>, one scene involving two characters talking about their murder plan in Yiddish to prevent anyone from knowing about it, only to be foiled by a man on the bench reading the on-screen subtitles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> released the film <i><a href="/wiki/Riff-Raff_(1991_film)" title="Riff-Raff (1991 film)">Riff-Raff</a></i> into American theatres with subtitles not only so people could understand the thick Scottish accents, but also to make fun of what he believes to be many Americans' need for them (mentioned in the theatrical trailer). Many of Loach's films contain traditional dialect, with some (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Price_of_Coal" title="The Price of Coal">The Price of Coal</a></i>) requiring subtitles even when shown on television in England.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Lee" title="Bobby Lee">Bobby Lee</a>'s "Tae Do", a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> of Korean dramas in a <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_TV" title="Mad TV">Mad TV</a></i> episode, the subtitles make more sense of the story than the Korean language being spoken. The subtitles are made to appear as though written by someone with a poor understanding of grammar and are often intentionally made longer than what they actually say in the drama. For example, an actor says "Sarang" ("I love you"), but the subtitle is so long that it covers the whole screen.</li> <li>In television series <i><a href="/wiki/Skithouse" title="Skithouse">Skithouse</a></i>, a journalist interviews a group of Afghan terrorists in English, but one of them gets subtitled and sees it. He gets mad because he takes as an insult that he is the only one to get subtitled.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood:_Men_in_Tights" title="Robin Hood: Men in Tights">Robin Hood: Men in Tights</a></i>, the thoughts of the overweight Broomhilde's (Megan Cavanaugh) horse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farfelkugel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farfelkugel (page does not exist)">Farfelkugel</a> are shown as subtitles when Broomhilde attempts to jump on to the saddle off a balcony, as Maid Marion had done gracefully moments earlier. As Farfelkugel shudders, the subtitles show "She must be kidding!"</li> <li>In the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Drawn_Together" title="Drawn Together">Drawn Together</a></i>, the character Ling-Ling can only be understood through English subtitles, as his dialogue is delivered in a nonexistent language referred to as "Japorean" by Abbey DiGregorio, the voice actress for the character.</li> <li>In the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Acres" title="Green Acres">Green Acres</a></i> episode "Lisa's Mudder Comes for a Visit" (season 5 episode 1), Lisa and her mother converse in Hungarian, with English subtitles. First, Lisa looks down and corrects the subtitles, "No no no, I said you hadn't changed a bit! We have a lot of trouble here with subtitles", and they change. Mother's Japanese chauffeur asks "I begga pardon – I bringa bags inna house?" that elicits a gong sound and Japanese subtitles. This is followed by Mother's <a href="/wiki/Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">Great Dane</a> barking with the subtitles "I've seen better doghouses than this" with Lisa responding "We're not interested in what the dog says", and the subtitles disappear. Later, the subtitles ask farmhand Eb if they will be needing any more subtitles for the episode.</li> <li>In the UK television series <i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_series)" title="Top Gear (2002 TV series)">Top Gear</a></i>, in episode 6 of Series 13, they purposely mistranslate the song sung by <a href="/wiki/Carla_Bruni" title="Carla Bruni">Carla Bruni</a>, having her supposedly denouncing hatred towards the trio of presenters ("but mainly <a href="/wiki/James_May" title="James May">James May</a>") for destroying what is claimed to be her own <a href="/wiki/Morris_Marina" title="Morris Marina">Morris Marina</a>.</li> <li>In Vance Joy's music video "Riptide" it shows a woman singing the lyrics to the song. At many points the lyrics which are sung "I got a lump in my throat cause you're gonna sing the words wrong"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are deliberately mis-subtitled as "I got a lump in my throat cause you gone and sank the worlds wolf".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a>'s music video for "<a href="/wiki/Smells_Like_Nirvana" title="Smells Like Nirvana">Smells Like Nirvana</a>", the second verse is subtitled as a way to mock the supposed unintelligibility of the song. One of the lines is "It's hard to bargle nawdle zouss???" (with three question marks), which has no meaning, but is explained by the following line, "With all these marbles in my mouth". While singing the latter, Yankovic indeed spits out a couple of marbles.</li></ul> <p>One unintentional source of humor in subtitles comes from illegal DVDs produced in non-English-speaking countries (especially China). These DVDs often contain poorly worded subtitle tracks, possibly produced by <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>, with humorous results. One of the better-known examples is a copy of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith" title="Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith">Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith</a></i> whose opening title was subtitled, "Star war: The backstroke of the west".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airscript" title="Airscript">Airscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camtasia" title="Camtasia">Camtasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_subtitle_editors" title="Comparison of subtitle editors">Comparison of subtitle editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_player_software#Subtitle_ability" title="Comparison of video player software">Comparison of software video players with subtitle support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_card" title="Cue card">Cue card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmaku_subtitling" title="Danmaku subtitling">Danmaku subtitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_transcripts" title="Interactive transcripts">Interactive transcripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">Intertitle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souffleur" class="mw-redirect" title="Souffleur">Souffleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtitle_editor" title="Subtitle editor">Subtitle editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">Surtitles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_language_subtitling" title="Same language subtitling">Same language subtitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telop" title="Telop">Telop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_shifting" title="Time shifting">Time shifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indonesian has a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a> situation: newscasters and public officials from the country use a "high" or formal variety which is relatively intelligible to Malaysians, popular media like soap operas (<i>sinetron</i>) however use a "low" <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawified</a> informal register which have <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility#List_of_dialects_or_varieties_sometimes_considered_separate_languages" title="Mutual intelligibility">lesser degrees of intelligibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtitles&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/6373554">Use automatic captioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFForster2018" class="citation news cs1">Forster, Peter (2018-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subtitles.love/blog/add-subtitles-to-video-automatically/">"How to Add Subtitles to Video Automatically"</a>. <i>Subtitles</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Subtitles&rft.atitle=How+to+Add+Subtitles+to+Video+Automatically&rft.date=2018-01-18&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsubtitles.love%2Fblog%2Fadd-subtitles-to-video-automatically%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.consumerreports.org/disability-rights/auto-captions-often-fall-short-on-zoom-facebook-and-others-a9742392879/">https://www.consumerreports.org/disability-rights/auto-captions-often-fall-short-on-zoom-facebook-and-others-a9742392879/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dcita-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcita_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Communications,_Information_Technology_and_the_ArtsAustralian_Caption_Centre1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Communications,_Information_Technology_and_the_Arts_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (Australia)">Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts</a>; Australian Caption Centre (1999-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070908193257/http://www.dcita.gov.au/media_broadcasting/consultation_and_submissions/captioning_standards_review/submissions_to_the_captioning_standards_review">"Submissions to the captioning standards review | Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcita.gov.au/media_broadcasting/consultation_and_submissions/captioning_standards_review/submissions_to_the_captioning_standards_review">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>)</span> on 2007-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submissions+to+the+captioning+standards+review+%26%23124%3B+Department+of+Communications%2C+Information+Technology+and+the+Arts&rft.date=1999-02-26&rft.au=Department+of+Communications%2C+Information+Technology+and+the+Arts&rft.au=Australian+Caption+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcita.gov.au%2Fmedia_broadcasting%2Fconsultation_and_submissions%2Fcaptioning_standards_review%2Fsubmissions_to_the_captioning_standards_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auscap.com.au/">AUSCAP Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981202075231/http://www.auscap.com.au/">Archived</a> 1998-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcita.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/10835/Australian_Caption_Centre.doc">Document</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041225210420/http://www.dcita.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/10835/Australian_Caption_Centre.doc">Archived</a> 2004-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060406/http://www.ncicap.org/caphist.asp">"National Captioning Institute"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncicap.org/caphist.asp">the original</a> on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Captioning+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncicap.org%2Fcaphist.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115204/http://www.captioncolorado.com/about/index.html">"Caption Colorado"</a>. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.captioncolorado.com/about/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-24</span></span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Real-time" vs. Newsroom Captioning<br /> Caption Colorado offers "real-time" closed captioning that utilizes unique technologies coupled with the talents of highly skilled captioners who use stenographic court reporting machines to transcribe the audio on the fly, as the words are spoken by the broadcasters. real-time captioning is not limited to pre-scripted materials and, therefore, covers 100% of the news, weather and sports segments of a typical local news broadcast. It will cover such things as the weather and sports segments which are typically not pre-scripted, last second breaking news or changes to the scripts, ad lib conversations of the broadcasters, emergency or other live remote broadcasts by reporters in the field. By failing to cover items such as these, newsroom style captioning (or use of the TelePrompTer for captioning) typically results in coverage of less than 30% of a local news broadcast. … 2002</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caption+Colorado&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.captioncolorado.com%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offline-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Offline_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offline_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070729005348/http://www.captioncolorado.com/products/offline.html">"Caption Colorado"</a>. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.captioncolorado.com/products/offline.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-24</span></span>. <q>Offline Captioning<br /> For non-live, or pre-recorded programs, you can choose from two presentation styles models for offline captioning or transcription needs in English or Spanish.<br /> <br /> Premiere Offline Captioning<br /> Premiere Offline Captioning is geared toward the high-end television industry, providing highly customized captioning features, such as pop-on style captions, specialized screen placement, speaker identifications, italics, special characters, and sound effects.<br /> <br /> Premiere Offline involves a five-step design and editing process, and does much more than simply display the text of a program. Premiere Offline helps the viewer follow a story line, become aware of mood and feeling, and allows them to fully enjoy the entire viewing experience. Premiere Offline is the preferred presentation style for entertainment-type programming. … 2002</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caption+Colorado&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.captioncolorado.com%2Fproducts%2Foffline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3playmedia-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3playmedia_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelberg2017" class="citation web cs1">Edelberg, Elisa (2017-06-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3playmedia.com/2017/06/19/whats-the-difference-subtitles-for-the-deaf-and-hard-of-hearing-sdh-v-closed-captions/">"Closed Captions v. 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To determine whether your converter box is equipped to generate captions in this way, you should refer to the user manual that came with the converter box. If your converter box. If your converter box is equipped to generate captions in this way, then follow the instructions that came with the converter box to turn the captioning feature on/off via your converter box or converter box remote control. When you access the closed captions in the way, you also will be able to change the way your digital captions look. The converter box will come with instructions on how to change the caption size, font, caption color, background color, and opacity. This ability to adjust your captions is something you cannot do now with an analog television and analog captions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Closed+Captioning+and+the+DTV+Transition&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtv.gov%2Fvideo%2FDTV_ASL-Part3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Digital_TV_Transition_–_Audio_and_Video2008" class="citation web cs1">The Digital TV Transition – Audio and Video (2008-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528131248/http://www.dtv.gov/video/DTV_ASL-Part3.swf">"What you need to know about the DTV Transition in American Sign Language: Part 3 – Closed Captioning – Flash Video"</a>. <i>The Digital TV Transition: What You Need to Know About DTV</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Federal Communications Commission">U.S. Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/filmnetwork/A7079510">the original</a> on August 31, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Film+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Ffilmnetwork%2FA7079510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFPm2fhB2pI"><i>Skithouse: News report from Iraq</i></a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 5 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/cFPm2fhB2pI">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skithouse%3A+News+report+from+Iraq&rft.date=2007-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcFPm2fhB2pI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020132819/http://www.metrolyrics.com/riptide-lyrics-vance-joy.html">"Vance Joy – Riptide Lyrics – MetroLyrics"</a>. <i>metrolyrics.com</i>. Archived from the original on 2019-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metrolyrics.com&rft.atitle=Vance+Joy+%E2%80%93+Riptide+Lyrics+%E2%80%93+MetroLyrics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrolyrics.com%2Friptide-lyrics-vance-joy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJ_1HMAGb4k"><i>Vance Joy – 'Riptide' Official Video</i></a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 2 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/uJ_1HMAGb4k">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vance+Joy+%E2%80%93+%27Riptide%27+Official+Video&rft.date=2013-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuJ_1HMAGb4k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubtitles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFjeremy2005" class="citation web cs1">jeremy (6 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516224348/http://www.winterson.com/2005/06/episode-iii-backstroke-of-west.html">"episode iii, the backstroke of the west"</a>. <i>winterson.com</i>. Google, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winterson.com/2005/06/episode-iii-backstroke-of-west.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413022337/http://www.esist.org/ESIST%20Subtitling%20code_files/Code%20of%20Good%20Subtitling%20Practice_en.pdf">ESIST Code of Good Subtitling Practice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173418/http://www.accurapid.com/journal/04stndrd.htm">Proposed set of subtitling standards in Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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