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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Уладзімір Мікалаевіч Ламсдорф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уладзімір Мікалаевіч Ламсдорф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_Nikolajewitsch_Lamsdorf" title="Wladimir Nikolajewitsch Lamsdorf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wladimir Nikolajewitsch Lamsdorf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Lamsdorf – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vladimir Lamsdorf" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lambsdorff" title="Vladimir Lambsdorff – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vladimir Lambsdorff" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nikolaevi%C4%8D_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Nikolaevič Lamsdorf – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vladimir Nikolaevič Lamsdorf" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81" title="فلاديمير لامسدورف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلاديمير لامسدورف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Lamsdorf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vladimir Lamsdorf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95" title="ウラジーミル・ラムスドルフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウラジーミル・ラムスドルフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Lamsdorf – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vladimir Lamsdorf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ламсдорф, Владимир Николаевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ламсдорф, Владимир Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorff" title="Vladimir Lamsdorff – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vladimir Lamsdorff" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Lamsdorf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vladimir Lamsdorf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="弗拉基米尔·拉姆斯多夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗拉基米尔·拉姆斯多夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q142580#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Russian politician (1845–1907)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Vladimir Nikolayevich Lamsdorff<br />Владимир Николаевич Ламсдорф</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambsdorf_Vladimir_(1844-1907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lambsdorf_Vladimir_%281844-1907%29.jpg/220px-Lambsdorf_Vladimir_%281844-1907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lambsdorf_Vladimir_%281844-1907%29.jpg/330px-Lambsdorf_Vladimir_%281844-1907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lambsdorf_Vladimir_%281844-1907%29.jpg/440px-Lambsdorf_Vladimir_%281844-1907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="596" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Count Vladimir N. Lamsdorf</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 January 1901 – 11 May 1906</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muravyov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1845-01-06</span>)</span>January 6, 1845<br /><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 19, 1907<span style="display:none">(1907-03-19)</span> (aged 62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">San Remo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum" title="Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum">Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Page Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Diplomat, Foreign Minister of Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">see <a href="#Awards">awards</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Count Vladimir Nikolayevich Lamsdorf</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Влади́мир Никола́евич Ла́мсдорф</span>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Wladimir Nikolajewitsch Freiherr<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von der Wenge Graf<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lambsdorff</i>; January 6 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> December 25] 1845 – March 19 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> March 6] 1907) was an Imperial Russian statesman of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> descent who served as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire">Foreign Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1900–1906, a crucial period which included the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lamsdorf&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lamsdorf was the son of a career officer in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> and attended the <a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Page Corps</a> as a youth.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with many other Russian diplomats, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum" title="Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum">Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum</a> and began his career as a government bureaucrat in 1866. At the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Congress">Berlin Congress</a> he was in the retinue of Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(Russia)" title="Chancellor (Russia)">Chancellor of the Russian Empire</a>. In 1884 the young diplomat was present at the meeting of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I of Prussia">Wilhelm I of Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef of Austria">Franz Josef of Austria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skierniewice" title="Skierniewice">Skierniewice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krom%C4%9B%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Kroměříž">Kroměříž</a>. </p><p>Gorchakov's successor, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Giers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas de Giers">Nicholas de Giers</a>, singled out Lamsdorf as his protégé and prospective successor. During the 1880s, he was a vocal supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Emperors%27_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Emperors' League">Three Emperors' League</a> but shifted his views after <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>'s resignation in 1890. In 1897 he was appointed Deputy Foreign Minister. He played a major role at the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">First Hague Peace Conference</a> of 1899. There was a fair degree of continuity in policies when he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muraviev</a> three years later in 1900. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_minister">Foreign minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lamsdorf&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foreign minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lamsdorf's main concerns revolved around the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a> and the proposed administrative reform of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> towards strengthening and protecting Russia's position in the Balkans. In late 1902 he personally visited <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to discuss the Balkan impasse with <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Pašić">Nikola Pašić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hristo_Tatarchev" title="Hristo Tatarchev">Hristo Tatarchev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agenor_Maria_Go%C5%82uchowski" title="Agenor Maria Gołuchowski">Agenor Maria Gołuchowski</a>, and their monarchs. In September 1903 he accompanied Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> to Vienna and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCrzzuschlag" title="Mürzzuschlag">Mürzzuschlag</a>. Lamsdorf was anxious to prevent the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the face of Slavic nationalism and emphatically condemned the <a href="/wiki/Ilinden-Preobrazhenie_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising</a> and other activities of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a>. He was also sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> cause, as promoted by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lamsdorf did not share the Tsar's position that Russia was destined to rule East Asia, and cooperated with Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a> and War Minister <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kuropatkin" title="Aleksey Kuropatkin">Aleksey Kuropatkin</a> to curtail the influence of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bezobrazov_Circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bezobrazov Circle (page does not exist)">Bezobrazov Circle</a> over the Tsar.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed to relinquish Russia's commercial and industrial enterprises in <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a> to obtain an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, in order to safeguard her interests in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a> and avoid complications with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>. However, he was steadily sidelined by the jingoist hard-liners from the military, especially after the appointment of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Ivanovich_Alekseyev" title="Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev">Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev</a> as Viceroy of the Far East and events continued their downward spiral towards war, with Lamsdorf seemingly resigned to its inevitability. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LWS_cartoon_about_Korean_ambassadorial_bankruptcy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/LWS_cartoon_about_Korean_ambassadorial_bankruptcy.jpg/220px-LWS_cartoon_about_Korean_ambassadorial_bankruptcy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/LWS_cartoon_about_Korean_ambassadorial_bankruptcy.jpg/330px-LWS_cartoon_about_Korean_ambassadorial_bankruptcy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/LWS_cartoon_about_Korean_ambassadorial_bankruptcy.jpg/440px-LWS_cartoon_about_Korean_ambassadorial_bankruptcy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, the Korean minister (ambassador) to Russia was left without orders or funding. Other diplomats lent him some money, and Vladimir Lamsdorf instructed that the Korean minister be funded for the duration of the conflict; in gratitude, the Korean minister "hastened to subscribe five pounds to the Russian fleet fund". <a href="/wiki/Lee_W._Stanley" title="Lee W. Stanley">Lee W. Stanley</a> portrays this scenario in two panels: on the left, the minister shows his empty pockets and declares himself "brokio" (that is, 'broke', or without money); on the right, he sits among several bags of money with his feet on the desk and offers a five-pound note to a bearded man representing Russia. Note the pen and inkwell on the desk, indicating that he has just written a cheque, and the champagne bucket on the floor indicating that he is now wealthy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main event of Lamsdorf's tenure in office was the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>. During the war, Lamsdorf was to a large degree overshadowed by the stronger personality of his close associate, Count <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a>. Together they negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a>, only to learn, upon their return to St. Petersburg, that the Tsar had secretly signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a> with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a>. It was owing to their efforts that the projected Russian-German alliance against Britain never came into effect. This earned Lamsdorf the enmity of both German government and press. If the Tsar had not listened to the arguments of Witte and Lamsdorf, "the whole history of Europe and of the world could have been different".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lamsdorf was instrumental in Russia's support of France in the <a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Moroccan Crisis of 1906</a> against Germany, which was a step towards the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When eventually relieved of his duties in 1906, Lamsdorf prided himself on having maintained a position equidistant from both Berlin and London. He compared Russia's standing in Europe to "that of a rich bride which none wanted to see fall into the arms of another".<sup id="cite_ref-White_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamsdorf's decidedly cool attitude to both British and German empires was demonstrated by his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank_incident" title="Dogger Bank incident">Dogger Bank incident</a> and the Treaty of Björkö. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lamsdorf&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lamsdorf was described by his contemporaries as a "leisurely, well-bred man of good society... with a very high forehead and a soft affable manner".<sup id="cite_ref-White_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never married and fathered no children. Rumors about his <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> were often exploited by his enemies to undermine his authority at court. A characteristic excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Suvorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Suvorin">Suvorin</a>'s diary: "The Tsar calls Lamsdorf <i>madame</i> and promotes his lover Savitsky within the ranks of the count. Lamsdorf boasts that he spent thirty years in the corridors of the Foreign Ministry. As he is a homosexual and all men are for him sluts, he thus spent thirty years in a bordello".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his resignation, Lamsdorf was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of Imperial Russia">State Council of Imperial Russia</a> but chose to spend the few remaining months of his life on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Riviera" title="Italian Riviera">Italian Riviera</a>, where he died (in <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">San Remo</a>) at the age of 62. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vladimir_Nikolaevich_Lamsdorf" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vladimir Nikolaevich Lamsdorf">Vladimir Nikolaevich Lamsdorf</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_decorations">Honours and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lamsdorf&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honours and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir" title="Order of St. Vladimir"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png/30px-Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png/45px-Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png/60px-Saint_vladimir_%28bande%29.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St Vladimir">Order of St Vladimir</a>, 2nd class</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stanislav" title="Order of St. Stanislav"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG/30px-Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG/45px-Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG/60px-Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_Ribbon.PNG 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stanislaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stanislaus">Order of St. Stanislaus</a> 1st degree</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" title="Order of St. Anna"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg/30px-Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg/45px-Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg/60px-Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Order of St. Anne</a> 1st degree</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png/30px-Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png/45px-Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png/60px-Band_to_Order_St_Alexander_Nevsky.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Order of St. Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg/30px-Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg/45px-Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg/60px-Order_of_the_White_Eagle_War_Merit_ribbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a></li></ul> <p><b>Foreign decorations</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span>Kingdom of Prussia: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Prussian_Crown" title="Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown">Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown</a> - <i>September 1901</i> - on the occasion of the visit to Germany of Tsar Nikolai II for Fleet maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Kingdom of Hungary: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Order of Saint Stephen</a> - <i>December 1902</i> - during a visit to Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lamsdorf&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKowner2006" class="citation book cs1">Kowner, Rotem (2006). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War</i>. The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4927-5"><bdi>0-8108-4927-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8108-4927-5&rft.aulast=Kowner&rft.aufirst=Rotem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVladimir+Lamsdorf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lamsdorf&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding personal names: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a></i></span> is a former title (translated as <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freifrau</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freiin</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding personal names: Until 1919, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a></i></span> was a title, translated as '<a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a>', not a first or middle name. The female form is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gräfin</i></span>. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kowner, <i> Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War</i>, p. 200-201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Isaiah. <i>Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897-1918</i>. Transaction Publishers, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0407-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0407-7">0-7658-0407-7</a>. Page 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from: Mombauer, Annika; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Deist" title="Wilhelm Deist">Deist, Wilhelm</a>. <i>The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2003. Page 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from: White, John Albert. <i>Transition to Global Rivalry: Alliance Diplomacy and the Quadruple Entente, 1895-1907</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1995. Page 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from: Alexander Poznansky. <i>Tchaikovsky's Last Days: A Documentary Study</i>. Oxford University Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816596-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816596-X">0-19-816596-X</a>. Page 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Tsar and the Kaiser". <i>The Times</i>. No. 36559. London. 13 September 1901. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+Tsar+and+the+Kaiser&rft.issue=36559&rft.pages=p.-3&rft.date=1901-09-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVladimir+Lamsdorf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Latest intelligence - Count Lamsdorff". <i>The Times</i>. No. 36965. London. 31 December 1902. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Latest+intelligence+-+Count+Lamsdorff&rft.issue=36965&rft.pages=p.-3&rft.date=1902-12-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVladimir+Lamsdorf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muraviev</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Russia">Foreign Minister of Russia</a> </b><br />1900–1906 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Mikhailovich Viskovatyi">Ivan Viskovatyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_and_Andrey_Shchelkalov" title="Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov">Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gramotin" title="Ivan Gramotin">Ivan Gramotin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Tretyakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Tretyakov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Tretyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz_Ivanov" title="Almaz Ivanov">Almaz Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Ordin-Nashchokin" title="Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin">Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artamon_Matveyev" title="Artamon Matveyev">Artamon Matveyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larion_Ivanov" title="Larion Ivanov">Larion Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Golitsyn_(born_1643)" title="Vasily Golitsyn (born 1643)">Vasily Golitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Ukraintsev" title="Yemelyan Ukraintsev">Yemelyan Ukraintsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Naryshkin" title="Lev Naryshkin">Lev Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Alexeyevich_Golovin" title="Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin">Fyodor Golovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shafirov" title="Peter Shafirov">Peter Shafirov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Golovkin" title="Gavriil Golovkin">Gavrila Golovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Osterman" title="Andrey Osterman">Andrey Osterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Cherkassky" title="Alexey Cherkassky">Aleksey Tcherkassky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov">Mikhailo Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Panin" title="Nikita Panin">Nikita Ivanovich Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Osterman" title="Ivan Osterman">Ivan Osterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bezborodko" title="Alexander Bezborodko">Alexander Bezborodko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrovich_Panin" title="Nikita Petrovich Panin">Nikita Petrovich Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kochubey" title="Viktor Kochubey">Viktor Kochubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vorontsov" title="Alexander Vorontsov">Alexander Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Adam Jerzy Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Eberhard_von_Budberg" title="Andreas Eberhard von Budberg">Andreas Eberhard von Budberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Nikolay Rumyantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Robert Nesselrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Girs" title="Nikolay Girs">Nikolay Girs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Lobanov-Rostovsky" title="Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky">Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Shishkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Shishkin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Shishkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muravyov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vladimir Lamsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shturmer" title="Boris Shturmer">Boris Shturmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pokrovsky" title="Nikolai Pokrovsky">Nikolai Pokrovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tereshchenko" title="Mikhail Tereshchenko">Mikhail Tereshchenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> and<br />the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Litvinov" title="Maxim Litvinov">Maxim Litvinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bessmertnykh_(politician)" title="Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician)">Aleksandr Bessmertnykh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pankin" title="Boris 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