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href="#Role_in_modern_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Role in modern conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_modern_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gendarmerie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gendarmerie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%83" title="درك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandarmeriya" title="Jandarmeriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jandarmeriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Жандармерыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жандармерыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Жандармэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жандармэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Жандармерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жандармерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDandarmerija" title="Žandarmerija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žandarmerija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Жандармери – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Жандармери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeria" title="Gendarmeria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gendarmeria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cetnictvo" title="Četnictvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Četnictvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarm" title="Gendarm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gendarm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gendarmerie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandarmeeria" title="Sandarmeeria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sandarmeeria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Χωροφυλακή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χωροφυλακή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmer%C3%ADa" title="Gendarmería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gendarmería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cendarmo" title="Ĝendarmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝendarmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ژاندارمری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژاندارمری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gendarmerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80_%ED%97%8C%EB%B3%91" title="국가 헌병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가 헌병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ժանդարմերիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժանդարմերիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDandarmerija" title="Žandarmerija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žandarmerija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jendarmaro" title="Jendarmaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jendarmaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeri" title="Gendarmeri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gendarmeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeria" title="Gendarmeria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gendarmeria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="ז'נדרמריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'נדרמריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Жандармерия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жандармерия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendirme" title="Cendirme – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cendirme" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDandarm%C4%93rija" title="Žandarmērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žandarmērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDandarmerija" title="Žandarmerija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žandarmerija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandamel%C3%AD" title="Zandamelí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zandamelí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeria" title="Gendarmeria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gendarmeria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csend%C5%91rs%C3%A9g" title="Csendőrség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csendőrség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Жандармерија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жандармерија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandarimaria" title="Zandarimaria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zandarimaria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87" title="امنیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="امنیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gendarmerie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gendarmerie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%86%B2%E5%85%B5" title="国家憲兵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家憲兵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeri" title="Gendarmeri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gendarmeri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeri" title="Gendarmeri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gendarmeri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandarmeriya" title="Jandarmeriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jandarmeriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBandarmeria_(policja)" title="Żandarmeria (policja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żandarmeria (policja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmaria" title="Gendarmaria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gendarmaria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandarmeria" title="Jandarmeria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jandarmeria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Жандармерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жандармерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhandarm%C3%ABria" title="Xhandarmëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhandarmëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gendarmerie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDand%C3%A1rstvo" title="Žandárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žandárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDandarmerija" title="Žandarmerija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žandarmerija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95" title="ژەندرمە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژەندرمە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Жандармерија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жандармерија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDandarmerija" title="Žandarmerija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žandarmerija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santarmi" title="Santarmi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Santarmi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeri" title="Gendarmeri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gendarmeri" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military force also tasked with law enforcement among the civilian population</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept. For bodies called "Gendarmerie", see <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gendarmerie (disambiguation)">Gendarmerie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gendarme" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gendarme (disambiguation)">Gendarme (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gendarmerie" title="Special:EditPage/Gendarmerie">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gendarmerie%22">"Gendarmerie"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gendarmerie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gendarmerie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gendarmerie%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gendarmerie%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gendarmerie%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firenze.Carabinieri01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Firenze.Carabinieri01.JPG/220px-Firenze.Carabinieri01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Firenze.Carabinieri01.JPG/330px-Firenze.Carabinieri01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Firenze.Carabinieri01.JPG/440px-Firenze.Carabinieri01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Members of Italy's <i><a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a></i> on public order duties in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topkap%C4%B1_saray%C4%B1nda_n%C3%B6bet%C3%A7i_Jandarma_Eri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Topkap%C4%B1_saray%C4%B1nda_n%C3%B6bet%C3%A7i_Jandarma_Eri.jpg/170px-Topkap%C4%B1_saray%C4%B1nda_n%C3%B6bet%C3%A7i_Jandarma_Eri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Topkap%C4%B1_saray%C4%B1nda_n%C3%B6bet%C3%A7i_Jandarma_Eri.jpg/255px-Topkap%C4%B1_saray%C4%B1nda_n%C3%B6bet%C3%A7i_Jandarma_Eri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Topkap%C4%B1_saray%C4%B1nda_n%C3%B6bet%C3%A7i_Jandarma_Eri.jpg/340px-Topkap%C4%B1_saray%C4%B1nda_n%C3%B6bet%C3%A7i_Jandarma_Eri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="3918" /></a><figcaption>A Turkish <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie General Command</a> trooper on guard at <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gendarmerie</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span></span>-/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> force with <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> duties among the civilian population. The term <i><b>gendarme</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is derived from the medieval French expression <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gens d'armes</i></span></i>, which translates to "<a href="/wiki/Man-at-arms" title="Man-at-arms">men-at-arms</a>" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">people of arms</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">Francophone nations</a>, the gendarmerie is a <a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> that is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Internal_security" title="Internal security">internal security</a> in parts of the territory (primarily in rural areas and small towns in the case of France), with additional duties as <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a> for the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Lioe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lioe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was introduced to several other Western European countries during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic conquests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-twentieth century, a number of former French <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandates</a> and colonial possessions (such as <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>) adopted a gendarmerie after independence.<sup id="cite_ref-SyrGend1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SyrGend1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Congo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar concept exists in Eastern Europe in the form of <a href="/wiki/Internal_troops" title="Internal troops">internal troops</a>, which are present in many countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and its former allied countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendarmerie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gendarme" class="extiw" title="wikt:gendarme">gendarme</a></i> is a singular extracted from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">gens d'armes</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>d‿<span class="wrap"> </span>aʁm]</a></span>), meaning "<a href="/wiki/Man-at-arms" title="Man-at-arms">men-at-arms</a>". From the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> period, the term referred to a <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">heavily armoured cavalryman of noble birth</a>, primarily serving in the French army. The word gained policing connotations only during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, when the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> was renamed to <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Gendarmerie</i></span>. </p><p>Historically, the spelling in English was <i>gendarmery</i>, but now the French spelling <i>gendarmerie</i> is more common. The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (<i>OED</i>) uses <i>gendarmery</i> as the principal spelling, whereas <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> uses <i>gendarmerie</i> as the principal spelling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title_and_status">Title and status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendarmerie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Title and status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These forces are normally titled "gendarmerie", but gendarmeries may bear other titles, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Portugal)" title="National Republican Guard (Portugal)">National Republican Guard in Portugal</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Guardia Civil</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marechaussee" title="Royal Marechaussee">Royal Marechaussee</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Ukraine" title="Internal Troops of Ukraine"><i>Internal Troops</i></a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine" title="National Guard of Ukraine"><i>National Guard</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p><p>As a result of their duties within the civilian population, gendarmeries are sometimes described as "<a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a>" rather than "<a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>" forces (especially in the English-speaking world where policing is rarely associated with military forces) although this description rarely corresponds to their official status and capabilities. Gendarmes are very rarely deployed in military situations, except in humanitarian deployments abroad. </p><p>A gendarmerie may come under the authority of a ministry of defence (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), a ministry of the interior (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) or even both ministries at once (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally there is some coordination between ministries of defence and the interior over the use of gendarmes. In addition, some gendarmeries can be part of a civilian police force, such as the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Border_Police" title="Israel Border Police">Israel Border Police</a> or "Magav", which is the gendarmerie branch of the civilian <a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israel Police</a>. </p><p>A few forces which are no longer considered military retain the title "gendarmerie" for reasons of tradition. For instance, the French language title of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> is <i>Gendarmerie royale du Canada</i> (GRC) (i.e., Royal Gendarmerie of Canada) because this force traditionally had some military-style functions (although separate from the Canadian Army), and have even been awarded <a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">battle honours</a> and has retained its status as a regiment of <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Argentine_National_Gendarmerie" title="Argentine National Gendarmerie">Argentine National Gendarmerie</a> is a military force in terms of training, identity and public perception, and was involved in combat in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>; however, it is classified as a "security force" not an "armed force", to exercise jurisdiction over the civilian population under Argentine law. </p><p>Since different countries may make different use of institutional terms such as "gendarmerie", there are cases in which the term may become confusing. For instance, in the French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons of Switzerland</a> the "gendarmeries" are the uniformed civil police (see: <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Switzerland)" title="Gendarmerie (Switzerland)">Gendarmerie (Switzerland)</a>). In Chile, the word "gendarmerie" refers for historic reasons to the prison service (the "<a href="/wiki/Chilean_Gendarmerie" title="Chilean Gendarmerie">Chilean Gendarmerie</a>"), while the actual gendarmerie force is called the "carabineros". </p><p>In some cases, a police service's military links are ambiguous and it can be unclear whether a force should be defined as a gendarmerie (e.g. Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Mexico)" title="Federal Police (Mexico)">Federal Police</a>, Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Brazil)" title="Military Police (Brazil)">Military Police</a>, or the former <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">British South Africa Police</a> until 1980). Some historical military units, such as <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Koevoet" title="Koevoet">Koevoet</a></i>, were only defined as police for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Rights_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rights-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the modern <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Russia" title="National Guard of Russia">National Guard</a> (successor of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Russia" title="Internal Troops of Russia">Internal Troops of Russia</a>) are military units with quasi-police duties but historically, different bodies within <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_Corps_of_Gendarmes" title="Special Corps of Gendarmes">Special Corps of Gendarmes</a> performed a variety of functions as an armed rural constabulary, urban riot control units, frontier guards, intelligence agents and political police. Prior to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in 1922, some policing was based on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a>— initially an armed force located in police barracks, routinely unarmed after the 1880s when most civil unrest had subsided. Some consider this a gendarmerie, although this is tendentious as the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> of the Irish Free State were also uniformly armed but not described as a gendarmerie. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, after numerous reorganizations and transfers of control between the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">PLA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">MPS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a>, a gendarmerie service, was created on 19 June 1982. The establishment of the PAP highlighted the efforts to increase the professionalization of the security apparatus, as well as the absorption of numerous PLA demobilized personnel, in the wake of growing unrest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2014, the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Mexico)" title="Federal Police (Mexico)">Federal Police</a>, a heavily armed force which has many attributes of a gendarmerie, created a new seventh branch of service called the National Gendarmerie Division. The new force would initially number 5,000 personnel and was created with the assistance of the French gendarmerie.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_and_services">Role and services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendarmerie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In comparison to civilian police forces, gendarmeries may provide a more disciplined force whose military capabilities (e.g., armoured group in France with <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_de_l%27Avant_Blind%C3%A9" title="Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé">armoured personnel carriers</a>) make them more capable of dealing with armed groups and with all types of violence. On the other hand, the necessity of a more stringent selection process for military service, especially in terms of physical prowess and health, restricts the pool of potential recruits in comparison to those from which a civilian police force could select. </p><p>The growth and expansion of gendarmerie units worldwide has been linked to an increasing reluctance by some governments to use military units typically entrusted with external defence for combating internal threats.<sup id="cite_ref-Lioe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lioe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A somewhat related phenomenon has been the formation of paramilitary units which fall under the authority of civilian police agencies. Since these are not strictly military forces, however, they are not considered gendarmerie.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the gendarmerie is in charge of rural areas and small towns (typically less than 10,000 inhabitants) which represent 95% of the territory and close to 50% of the population. Besides its territorial organization, it has crowd and riot control units (the <i><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Gendarmerie" title="Mobile Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie Mobile</a></i>, along with some corresponding units in the civilian police), counter-terrorism and hostage rescue (<a href="/wiki/GIGN" title="GIGN">GIGN</a>, again along with some corresponding units in the civilian police), maritime surveillance, police at sea and <a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">coast guard</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naval_Gendarmerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie maritime</a></i>), control and security at airports and air traffic police (<i><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_des_transports_a%C3%A9riens" class="mw-redirect" title="Gendarmerie des transports aériens">Gendarmerie des transports aériens</a></i>), official buildings guard, honorary services and protection of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the French Republic">President</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Guard">Garde Républicaine</a></i>), mountain rescue (<i>Peloton de Gendarmerie de Haute Montagne</i>) and security of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_influence">French influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendarmerie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of military organisations to police civilian populations is common to many time periods and cultures. Being a French concept, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">French Gendarmerie</a> has been the most influential model for such an organisation. </p><p>Many countries that were once under French rule and influence have a gendarmerie. Italy, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> have had gendarmeries through <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleonic</a> influence for instance but, while Italy still has the Italian equivalent known as the Carabinieri, with a second more specialized agency called Guardia di Finanza, Belgium and Austria's gendarmeries have merged with the civil police (in, respectively, 2001 and 2005). Many former French colonies, especially in Africa, also have gendarmeries. The Dutch <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marechaussee" title="Royal Marechaussee">Royal Marechaussee</a> was created by King William I to replace the French Gendarmerie after French rule ended. </p><p>The national police force of Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> is referred to in French as the Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC). However the RCMP is a mainly civilian organisation within <a href="/wiki/Public_Safety_Canada" title="Public Safety Canada">Public Safety Canada</a>. It is not part of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Department_of_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Department of National Defence">Canadian Department of National Defence</a>, but does have a <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Response_Team_(RCMP)" title="Emergency Response Team (RCMP)">paramilitary wing</a> and they have been awarded the status of a regiment of dragoons, with a military battle standard displaying their battle honours following service in World War I. Those honours include Northwest Canada, South Africa, The Great War, and the Second World War. </p><p>A common gendarmerie symbol is a flaming <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a>, first used as insignia by the French force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_modern_conflicts">Role in modern conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendarmerie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role in modern conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gendarmes play an important role re-establishing <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a> in conflict areas, a task which is suited to their purpose, training and capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-nato.int_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nato.int-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gendarmeries are widely used for <a href="/wiki/Internal_security" title="Internal security">internal security</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> operations, for instance in the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><sup id="cite_ref-nato.int_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nato.int-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes via the <a href="/wiki/European_Gendarmerie_Force" title="European Gendarmerie Force">European Gendarmerie Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendarmerie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carabinier" title="Carabinier">Carabinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constabulary" title="Constabulary">Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gendarmeries" title="List of gendarmeries">List of gendarmeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard" title="National Guard">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">Security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_police" title="Security police">Security police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendarmerie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lioe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lioe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lioe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLioe2010" class="citation book cs1">Lioe, Kim Eduard (2010). <i>Armed Forces in Law Enforcement Operations? – The German and European Perspective</i> (1989 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 52–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15433-1"><bdi>978-3-642-15433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Forces+in+Law+Enforcement+Operations%3F+%E2%80%93+The+German+and+European+Perspective&rft.pages=52-57&rft.edition=1989&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-642-15433-1&rft.aulast=Lioe&rft.aufirst=Kim+Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGendarmerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley1999" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, Clive (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gendarmesstateni00emsl"><i>Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth-Century Europe</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gendarmesstateni00emsl/page/n64">52</a>–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198207986" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198207986"><bdi>978-0198207986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendarmes+and+the+State+in+Nineteenth-Century+Europe&rft.pages=52-57&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0198207986&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgendarmesstateni00emsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGendarmerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SyrGend1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SyrGend1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeep2012" class="citation book cs1">Deep, Daniel (2012). <i>Occupying Syria Under the French Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00006-3"><bdi>978-1-107-00006-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupying+Syria+Under+the+French+Mandate%3A+Insurgency%2C+Space+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00006-3&rft.aulast=Deep&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGendarmerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Congo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkDecalo2012" class="citation book cs1">Clark, John; Decalo, Samuel (2012). <i>Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo</i>. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 44–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7989-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7989-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-7989-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=44-49&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7989-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Decalo%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGendarmerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutterbeck2013" class="citation book cs1">Lutterbeck, Derek (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208131211/https://issat.dcaf.ch/download/34418/497173/SSR_8_EN.pdf"><i>The Paradox of Gendarmeries : Between Expansion, Demilitarization and Dissolution</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9292222864" title="Special:BookSources/978-9292222864"><bdi>978-9292222864</bdi></a>. SSR Paper 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issat.dcaf.ch/download/34418/497173/SSR_8_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paradox+of+Gendarmeries+%3A+Between+Expansion%2C+Demilitarization+and+Dissolution&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Geneva+Centre+for+the+Democratic+Control+of+Armed+Forces+%28DCAF%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9292222864&rft.aulast=Lutterbeck&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissat.dcaf.ch%2Fdownload%2F34418%2F497173%2FSSR_8_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGendarmerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rights-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rights_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinaifer_Nowrojee,_Bronwen_Manby1993" class="citation book cs1">Binaifer Nowrojee, Bronwen Manby (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dividerulestates0000nowr/page/17"><i>Accountability in Namibia: Human rights and the transition to democracy</i></a> (2001 ed.). Human Rights Watch. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dividerulestates0000nowr/page/17">17–20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-117-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-117-6"><bdi>978-1-56432-117-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accountability+in+Namibia%3A+Human+rights+and+the+transition+to+democracy&rft.pages=17-20&rft.edition=2001&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-117-6&rft.au=Binaifer+Nowrojee%2C+Bronwen+Manby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdividerulestates0000nowr%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGendarmerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Economist</i>, August 23, 2014, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2016" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Kuldeep (2016). <i>Police and Counterinsurgency: The Untold Story of Tripura's COIN Campaign</i>. Sage Publications India. pp. 90–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351507475" title="Special:BookSources/978-9351507475"><bdi>978-9351507475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Police+and+Counterinsurgency%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Tripura%27s+COIN+Campaign&rft.pages=90-94&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+India&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9351507475&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Kuldeep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGendarmerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nato.int-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nato.int_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nato.int_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/kfor/structur/units/msu.html">"composition of the KFOR"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508212525/http://www.nato.int/kfor/structur/units/msu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=composition+of+the+KFOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fkfor%2Fstructur%2Funits%2Fmsu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGendarmerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Arcudi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gipri.ch/publications/cahiers/cahier2/">Forces de police et forces armées, sécurité et défense: où sont les frontières?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018144859/http://www.gipri.ch/publications/cahiers/cahier2/">Archived</a> 2016-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Cahier du GIPRI</i>, n° 2, pp. 17–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/cote-d-ivoire/actualites/cote-d-ivoire-le-groupement-tactique-de-la-gendarmerie-quitte-licorne-apres-8-ans-d-actions-determinantes">official website of the French Defence Ministry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921034046/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/cote-d-ivoire/actualites/cote-d-ivoire-le-groupement-tactique-de-la-gendarmerie-quitte-licorne-apres-8-ans-d-actions-determinantes">Archived</a> 2011-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcudiSmith2013" class="citation journal cs1">Arcudi, Giovanni; Smith, Michael E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09662839.2012.747511">"The European Gendarmerie Force: A solution in search of problems?"</a>. <i>European Security</i>. <b>22</b>: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09662839.2012.747511">10.1080/09662839.2012.747511</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Security&rft.atitle=The+European+Gendarmerie+Force%3A+A+solution+in+search+of+problems%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09662839.2012.747511&rft.aulast=Arcudi&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Smith%2C+Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09662839.2012.747511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGendarmerie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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