CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ms" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>China - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )mswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Mac","April","Mei","Jun","Julai","Ogos","September","Oktober","November","Disember"],"wgRequestId":"b0bdf2e2-8364-4d0a-898d-703c4e832bf5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"China","wgTitle":"China","wgCurRevisionId":6367210,"wgRevisionId":6367210,"wgArticleId":992581,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Laman dengan ralat rujukan","Pautan wayback templat webarchive","CS1 errors: unsupported parameter","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati","Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari Ogos 2021","Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN","Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Cina","Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes", "Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters","Halaman menggunakan kotak info negara atau kotak info bekas negara dengan parameter symbol caption atau type","Rencana dengan parameter tarikh tidak sah dalam templat","Semua rencana yang mengandungi kenyataan yang mungkin lapuk","CS1 errors: requires URL","CS1 errors: access-date without URL","Semua rencana yang mengandungi kenyataan yang mungkin lapuk dari 2009","Semua rencana yang mengandungi kenyataan yang mungkin lapuk dari 2002","Negara G20","Negara komunis","Republik Rakyat China","Republik","Negara sosialis","Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Cina","Negara satu parti"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"China","wgRelevantArticleId":992581,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ms","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ms"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q148","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles": "ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.MenuKedaiKopi","ext.gadget.mySandbox","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="China - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ms)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Suapan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Perubahan_terkini&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-China rootpage-China skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pergi ke kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Menu utama </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama">Laman Utama</a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau">Tinjau</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa">Hal semasa</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x">Rencana rawak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti">Gerbang komuniti</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Perubahan terkini</a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami">Hubungi kami</a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms">Menderma</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan">Bantuan</a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi">Kedai Kopi</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"> Cari </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Penampilan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class="">Derma</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=China" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class="">Buka akaun</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=China" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log masuk</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Alat peribadi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms">Derma</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=China" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"> Buka akaun</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=China" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log masuk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">Ketahui lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Sumbangan</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n">Perbincangan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Sejarah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Politik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Politik </button> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hubungan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Hubungan luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hak_asasi_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hak_asasi_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Hak asasi manusia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hak_asasi_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembahagian_politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembahagian_politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pembahagian politik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembahagian_politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geografi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tentera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tentera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Tentera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tentera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ekonomi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demografi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Demografi </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bandaraya_terbesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandaraya_terbesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bandaraya terbesar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandaraya_terbesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dasar_kependudukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dasar_kependudukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Dasar kependudukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dasar_kependudukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesihatan_awam_dan_alam_sekitar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesihatan_awam_dan_alam_sekitar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Kesihatan awam dan alam sekitar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesihatan_awam_dan_alam_sekitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rancangan_penerokaan_angkasa_lepas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rancangan_penerokaan_angkasa_lepas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Rancangan penerokaan angkasa lepas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rancangan_penerokaan_angkasa_lepas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Budaya </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Budaya </button> <ul id="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sukan_dan_rekreasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukan_dan_rekreasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sukan dan rekreasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukan_dan_rekreasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lain-lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lain-lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Lain-lain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lain-lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Rujukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bacaan lanjutan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Pautan luar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Pautan luar </button> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kerajaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerajaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Kerajaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerajaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Berita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sepintas_lalu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sepintas_lalu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Sepintas lalu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sepintas_lalu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direktori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direktori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Direktori </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direktori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelancongan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelancongan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.5 Pelancongan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelancongan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lain-lain_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lain-lain_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.6 Lain-lain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lain-lain_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Togol isi kandungan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">China</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 309 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-309" aria-hidden="true" > 309 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineu" title="Cineu – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cineu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8D_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Хъутей Жылэ Республикэ – Kabardia" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъутей Жылэ Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volksrepubliek China" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepublik_China" title="Volksrepublik China – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Volksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93" title="ቻይና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻይና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiina" title="Kiina – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kiina" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina_seo_Folclice_Cynewise" title="Cina seo Folclice Cynewise – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cina seo Folclice Cynewise" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Китаи – Abkhazia" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Китаи" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الصين – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular_de_China" title="Republica Popular de China – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica Popular de China" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չինաստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինաստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8publica_popul%C3%A8ra_de_China" title="Rèpublica populèra de China – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Rèpublica populèra de China" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8" title="চীন – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="República Popular China – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADna_Tetar%C3%A3_Ret%C3%A3" title="Chína Tetarã Retã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chína Tetarã Retã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markani_Republika_China" title="Markani Republika China – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Markani Republika China" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in" title="Çin – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8" title="চীন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripublik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Ripublik Rakyat Cina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ripublik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-h%C3%B4a_J%C3%AEn-b%C3%AEn_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Republik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ҡытай Халыҡ Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай Халыҡ Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кітай – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кітай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaena" title="Jaena – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jaena" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%AD%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Pobl_Sina" title="Republik Pobl Sina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Pobl Sina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хитад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina" title="República Popular de la Xina – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Popular de la Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangmasang_Republika_sa_Tsina" title="Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Китай Халăх Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китай Халăх Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Čína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayina" title="Chayina – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chayina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="الشينوا – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الشينوا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinn%C3%A1" title="Kiinná – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kiinná" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tscheine" title="Tscheine – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Tscheine" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepublik_China" title="Volksrepublik China – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6" title="ސީނުކަރަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސީނުކަރަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsii%CA%BCyishbizh%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tsiiʼyishbizhí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsiiʼyishbizhí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinska_ludowa_republika" title="Chinska ludowa republika – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chinska ludowa republika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="चीन देश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चीन देश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC" title="ཀྲུང་ཀོ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཀྲུང་ཀོ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina" title="Hiina – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Κίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Китаень Раськень Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Китаень Раськень Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="República Popular China – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88inio" title="Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinako Herri Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine" title="Chine – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciina" title="Ciina – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ciina" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_(st%C3%A2t)" title="Cine (stât) – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cine (stât)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daon-Phoblacht_na_S%C3%ADne" title="Daon-Phoblacht na Síne – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daon-Phoblacht na Síne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deynphobblaght_y_%C3%87heen" title="Deynphobblaght y Çheen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Deynphobblaght y Çheen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitay_Halk_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Kitay Halk Respublikası – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kitay Halk Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluagh-phoblachd_na_S%C3%ACne" title="Sluagh-phoblachd na Sìne – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sluagh-phoblachd na Sìne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_da_China" title="República Popular da China – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Popular da China" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Ченкехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ченкехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中華人民共和國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="چين – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چين" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8" title="ચીન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌺𐌹𐌸𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌹𐌸𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-f%C3%A0_Ng%C3%ACn-m%C3%ACn_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet" title="Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Китдин Улус Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Китдин Улус Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="중화인민공화국 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중화인민공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չինաստան – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul-Republiko_Chinia" title="Popul-Republiko Chinia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Popul-Republiko Chinia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8" title="গণচীন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গণচীন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%90%83%E1%93%87" title="ᓴᐃᓇ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓴᐃᓇ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina" title="IShayina – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina" title="IShayina – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna" title="Kína – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הרפובליקה העממית של סין – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה העממית של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Républik Rakyat Cina – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Républik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siini" title="Siini – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siini" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಚೀನಿ ಜನರ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಿ ಜನರ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldang_Republika_ning_Tsina" title="Maldang Republika ning Tsina – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Maldang Republika ning Tsina" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Къытай Халкъ Республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къытай Халкъ Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩინეთი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="چیٖن – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C3%B4_L%C3%ABdow%C3%B4_Rep%C3%B9blika" title="Chińskô Lëdowô Repùblika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Chińskô Lëdowô Repùblika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Қытай – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblek_Werin_China" title="Repoblek Werin China – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Repoblek Werin China" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubushinwa" title="Ubushinwa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubushinwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кытай – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кытай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Watu_wa_China" title="Jamhuri ya Watu wa China – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamhuri ya Watu wa China" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinia" title="Sinia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sinia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin" title="Chin – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachin" title="Lachin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lachin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%AEn" title="Çîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_Popular_Kina" title="Repuvlika Popular Kina – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Repuvlika Popular Kina" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດຈີນ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_popularis_Sinarum" title="Res publica popularis Sinarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica popularis Sinarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna" title="Ķīna – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ķīna" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna" title="Ķīna – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaina" title="Siaina – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siaina" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleksrepublik_China" title="Volleksrepublik China – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Volleksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_Liaudies_Respublika" title="Kinijos Liaudies Respublika – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinijos Liaudies Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn-a" title="Cinn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cinn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADna" title="Sína – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sína" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitai" title="Kitai – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kitai" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jungo_ke_prenu_gubyseltru" title="jungo ke prenu gubyseltru – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jungo ke prenu gubyseltru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayina" title="Cayina – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Cayina" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna" title="Kína – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kína" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Народна Република Кина – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Народна Република Кина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika_Entim-Bahoakan%27_i_Sina" title="Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8" title="ചൈന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aina" title="Ċina – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċina" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haina" title="Haina – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Haina" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩინეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الصين – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyaik_Cino" title="Republik Rakyaik Cino – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Republik Rakyaik Cino" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-hu%C3%A0_%C3%8Cng-m%C3%ACng_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хятад – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တရုတ်ပြည်သူ့သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ပြည်သူ့သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina_(matanitu)" title="Jaina (matanitu) – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jaina (matanitu)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volksrepubliek China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrippebliek_China" title="Volksrippebliek China – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Volksrippebliek China" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中華人民共和国 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中華人民共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Цийн Халкъан Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн Халкъан Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkerepublikken_Kina" title="Folkerepublikken Kina – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkerepublikken Kina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publyique_du_Peupl%27ye_d%27la_Chinne" title="Républyique du Peupl'ye d'la Chinne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Républyique du Peupl'ye d'la Chinne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populen_Republike_de_China" title="Populen Republike de China – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Populen Republike de China" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica Populara de China" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8" title="ଚୀନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚୀନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaayinaa" title="Chaayinaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaayinaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy" title="Xitoy – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ya_Too_na_Jhina" title="Republika ya Too na Jhina – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Republika ya Too na Jhina" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ခယ်ႏခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခယ်ႏခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="چين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piiplz_Ripoblik_a_Chaina" title="Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кина – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кина" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%82%84%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၶႄႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publike_popul%C3%A9re_Kine" title="Républike populére Kine – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Républike populére Kine" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin-a" title="Cin-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cin-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailiku" title="Tailiku – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Tailiku" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Volksrepubliek China" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84ska_Republika_Ludowa" title="Chińska Republika Ludowa – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chińska Republika Ludowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Κίνα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κίνα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay" title="Qıtay – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qıtay" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in" title="Çin – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinit%C5%8D" title="Tinitō – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tinitō" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Chinez%C4%83" title="Republica Populară Chineză – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Populară Chineză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Populara_da_la_China" title="Republica Populara da la China – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Republica Populara da la China" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_Runallaqta_Ripuwlika" title="Chunwa Runallaqta Ripuwlika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa Runallaqta Ripuwlika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кітайска Народна Републіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кітайска Народна Републіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Кытай Дьон Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай Дьон Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cong-kow" title="Cong-kow – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cong-kow" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="चीनदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn%C3%A4" title="Sînä – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sînä" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱪᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzina" title="Tzina – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tzina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_o_the_Fowk_o_Cheena" title="Republic o the Fowk o Cheena – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republic o the Fowk o Cheena" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikuku" title="Cikuku – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Cikuku" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulksrepublik_China" title="Foulksrepublik China – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Foulksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhina" title="Xhina – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Xhina" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1haena" title="Tšhaena – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Tšhaena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="චීනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="People's Republic of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="چين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina" title="IShayina – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShayina" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Čína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_republika_Kitajska" title="Ljudska republika Kitajska – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ljudska republika Kitajska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%EA%99%97%D0%BD%D1%94" title="Срѣдинꙗнє – Slavik Gereja" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срѣдинꙗнє" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Slavik Gereja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_Ludow%C5%8F_Republika" title="Chińskŏ Ludowŏ Republika – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chińskŏ Ludowŏ Republika" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiinaha" title="Shiinaha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shiinaha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneysa" title="Sneysa – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sneysa" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кина – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Républik Rakyat Cina – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Républik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiina" title="Kiina – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccinwa" title="Ccinwa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ccinwa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="சீனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccinwa" title="Ccinwa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ccinwa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbleche_Popolare_Cinese" title="Repubbleche Popolare Cinese – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Repubbleche Popolare Cinese" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кытай – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyukoku" title="Cyukoku – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Cyukoku" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="చైనా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caina" title="Caina – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Caina" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Trung Quốc – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93" title="ቻይና – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቻይና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ҷумҳурии Мардумии Чин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Мардумии Чин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Manmeri_Ripablik_bilong_Saina" title="Ol Manmeri Ripablik bilong Saina – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol Manmeri Ripablik bilong Saina" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B" title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" title="China (People's Republic of China) – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="China (People's Republic of China)" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ಚೀನಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಚೀನಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in" title="Çin – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyta%C3%BD" title="Hytaý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hytaý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caina" title="Caina – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caina" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кыдат – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кыдат" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Китайська Народна Республіка – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська Народна Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghvaz_Yinzminz_Gunghozgoz" title="Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_Popo%C5%82are_Cineze" title="Repùblega Popołare Cineze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega Popołare Cineze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitai" title="Kitai – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kitai" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyin%C3%A4n" title="Tsyinän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyinän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_Rahvavabariik" title="Hiina Rahvavabariik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina Rahvavabariik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine" title="Chine – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chine" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中華人民共和國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Katawhan_Republika_han_Tsina" title="Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_Popileer_bu_Siin" title="Réewum Popileer bu Siin – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum Popileer bu Siin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中华人民共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayina" title="Chayina – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chayina" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="כינע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Ol%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_Ar%C3%A1_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira àwọn Ará ilẹ̀ Ṣáínà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira àwọn Ará ilẹ̀ Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中華人民共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%AA_%C5%9Eari%C3%AA_%C3%87ini" title="Cumhuriyetê Şariê Çini – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyetê Şariê Çini" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrippebliek_China" title="Volksrippebliek China – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Volksrippebliek China" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97n%C4%97j%C4%97s_Liaud%C4%97is_Respobl%C4%97ka" title="Kėnėjės Liaudėis Respoblėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnėjės Liaudėis Respoblėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中华人民共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cino" title="Cino – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Cino" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%91%E1%A5%A5%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥥᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥥᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXR" title="CXR – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="CXR" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/China" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c">Rencana</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:China" rel="discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t">Perbincangan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Melayu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/China">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h">Lihat sejarah</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Peralatan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/China">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=history">Lihat sejarah</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/China" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pautan ke laman ini</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/China" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan berkaitan</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u">Muat naik fail</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q">Laman khas</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&oldid=6367210" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini">Pautan kekal</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini">Maklumat laman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=China&id=6367210&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini">Petik laman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChina">Dapatkan URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChina">Muat turun kod QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=China">Cipta buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=China&action=show-download-screen">Muat turun sebagai PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi boleh cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g">Butir Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6373584">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-b{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republik Rakyat China <big>ريڤوبليک رعيت چينا</big></div><div class="ib-country-names"><center>中华人民共和国<a href="#endnote_names">[a]</a> <center>Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó</center></center></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><table class="maptable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:{{{width1}}};text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera China"><img alt="Bendera China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div></div></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:auto;text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/Fail:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jata China"><img alt="Jata China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/85px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/128px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/170px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="556" /></a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">Bendera</td> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">Jata</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Para_Sukarelawan" title="Barisan Para Sukarelawan">Barisan Para Sukarelawan</a> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg/March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=da&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="da" label="dansk ‪(da)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=mk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mk" label="македонски ‪(mk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ml&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ml" label="മലയാളം ‪(ml)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="my" label="မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=sah&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sah" label="саха тыла ‪(sah)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=war&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="war" label="Winaray ‪(war)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-mo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-MO" label="中文（澳門） ‪(zh-mo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-sg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-SG" label="中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio> 《义勇军进行曲》</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fail:People%27s_Republic_of_China_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilayah kuasaan berwarna hijau gelap; Wilayah tuntutan yang tidak dikuasai berwarna hijau muda."><img alt="Wilayah kuasaan berwarna hijau gelap; Wilayah tuntutan yang tidak dikuasai berwarna hijau muda." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Wilayah kuasaan berwarna hijau gelap; Wilayah tuntutan yang tidak dikuasai berwarna hijau muda.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_negara" title="Ibu negara">Ibu negara</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (北京)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bandar terbesar</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (上海)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_rasmi" title="Bahasa rasmi">Bahasa rasmi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mandarin Baku">Mandarin Baku</a> (de facto)<a href="#cite_note-langlaw-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bahasa umum<div style="clear:both;"></div>yang diakui </th><td class="infobox-data">Rujuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa di China (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa di China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_rasmi" title="Tulisan rasmi">Tulisan rasmi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Tulisan Cina Ringkas</a><a href="#cite_note-langlaw-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_etnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumpulan etnik">Kumpulan etnik</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">92% <a href="/wiki/Cina_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Cina Han">Han</a>; 55 kaum minoriti teriktiraf <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_etnik_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok etnik di China (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai kelompok etnik</a> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; list-style: none none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">91.6% <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Han" title="Bangsa Han">Han</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.30% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Zhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Zhuang (laman tidak wujud)">Zhuang</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.86% <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.79% <a href="/wiki/Orang_Uyghur" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Uyghur">Uyghur</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.79% <a href="/wiki/Orang_Hui" title="Orang Hui">Hui</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.72% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Miao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Miao (laman tidak wujud)">Miao</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.65% <a href="/wiki/Orang_Yi" title="Orang Yi">Yi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.62% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tujia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tujia (laman tidak wujud)">Tujia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.47% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnik_Mongol_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnik Mongol di China (laman tidak wujud)">Mongol</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.44% <a href="/wiki/Orang_Tibet" title="Orang Tibet">Tibet</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.26% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buyei (laman tidak wujud)">Buyei</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.15% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Korea_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Korea di China (laman tidak wujud)">Korea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.05% lain-lain</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonim" title="Demonim">Demonim</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Cina" title="Orang Cina">Cina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politik_China" class="mw-disambig" title="Politik China">Kerajaan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marxisme-Leninisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxisme-Leninisme">Marxisme-Leninisme</a> satu parti sosialis<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="#endnote_complex">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Setiausaha_Agung_Parti_Komunis_China" title="Setiausaha Agung Parti Komunis China"> Setiausaha Agung Parti Komunis China/Presiden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (习近平 ; 習近平)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Premier_Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Premier Republik Rakyat China">Premier</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a> (李強 ; 李强)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Badan_perundangan" title="Badan perundangan">Badan perundangan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kongres_Rakyat_Kebangsaan" title="Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan">Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_China" title="Sejarah China">Penubuhan</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• RRC diisytiharkan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 Oktober 1949</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Keluasan</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Jumlah</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,640,821 km2 (3,722,342 bt2)<a href="#endnote_territory">[c]</a> or 9,671,018 km2<a href="#endnote_territory">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_keluasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut keluasan">ke-3/ke-4</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Perairan_wilayah" title="Perairan wilayah">Perairan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peratusan" title="Peratusan">%</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.8<a href="#endnote_mainland">[d]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Populasi</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Perkiraan 2010</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,338,612,968<a href="#cite_note-unpop-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anggaran_penduduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anggaran penduduk (laman tidak wujud)">pertama</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Bancian Penduduk 2000</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,242,612,226</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Kepadatan" title="Kepadatan">Kepadatan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">139.6/km2 (361.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/Kepadatan_penduduk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepadatan penduduk">ke-53</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pariti_kuasa_beli" title="Pariti kuasa beli">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2016</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Jumlah</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$21.4 trilion (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP)">ke-1</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$15,399 (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)_per_kapita" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP) per kapita">ke-78</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2016</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•  Jumlah</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$11.2 trilion (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(ukuran_dasar)" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (ukuran dasar)">ke-2</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$8123 (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(nominal)_per_kapita" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (nominal) per kapita">ke-71</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pekali_Gini" title="Pekali Gini">Gini</a> (2007)</th><td class="infobox-data">47.0<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> tinggi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">HDI</a> (2007)</th><td class="infobox-data">▲ 0.772<a href="#cite_note-HDI-6">[6]</a> tinggi · <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Senarai negara mengikut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">ke-91</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mata_wang" title="Mata wang">Mata wang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Yuan China</a> (¥) (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">CNY</a></code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zon_waktu" title="Zon waktu">Zon waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+8 (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Piawai_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu Piawai China">Waktu Piawai China</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format tarikh</th><td class="infobox-data">yyyy-mm-dd or yyyy年code: zh is deprecated m月code: zh is deprecated d日code: zh is deprecated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Common Era (laman tidak wujud)">CE</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_calendar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese calendar (laman tidak wujud)">CE-1949</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lalu_lintas_arah_kiri_dan_kanan" title="Lalu lintas arah kiri dan kanan">Arah memandu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">kanan, kecuali Hong Kong & Makau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kod panggilan</th><td class="infobox-data">86 <a href="#endnote_mainland">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kod ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:CN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:CN (laman tidak wujud)">CN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_peringkat_tinggi_kod_negara" title="Domain peringkat tinggi kod negara">DPT internet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.cn" title=".cn">.cn</a><a href="#endnote_mainland">[d]</a></td></tr><tr style="font-size:90%;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn">a. <a href="#ref_names">↑</a>  Lihat juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nama China (laman tidak wujud)">Nama-nama China</a>. b. <a href="#ref_complex">↑</a>  Ringkasan pencirian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur politik (laman tidak wujud)">struktur politik</a> sejak 1980-an tidak dapat dilakukan.<a href="#cite_note-notsimple-7">[7]</a> c. <a href="#ref_territory">↑</a>  9,598,086 km2 kecuali semua wilayah pertikaian. 9,640,821 km2 Termasuk kawasan tadbiran RRC (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksai_Chin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksai Chin (laman tidak wujud)">Aksai Chin</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Rentas_Karakoram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Rentas Karakoram (laman tidak wujud)">Kawasan Rentas Karakoram</a> yang dituntut oleh India), tidak termasuk Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> d. <a href="#ref_mainland">↑</a>  Maklumat untuk <a href="/wiki/Tanah_besar_China" title="Tanah besar China">tanah besar China</a> sahaja, tanpa merangkumi Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Makau" title="Makau">Makau</a> dan wilayah tadbiran <a href="/wiki/Republik_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik China">Republik China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>).</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#b0c4de">Republik Rakyat China</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Tulisan Cina Ringkas</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中">中</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:华">华</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:人">人</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:民">民</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:共">共</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:和">和</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:国">国</a>code: zh is deprecated </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Tulisan Cina Tradisional</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中">中</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:華">華</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:人">人</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:民">民</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:共">共</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:和">和</a><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:國">國</a>code: zh is deprecated </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transkripsi</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina_Baku" title="Bahasa Cina Baku">Bahasa Mandarin Baku</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1px"></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;">Rencana ini mengandungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Aksara_khas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Aksara khas (laman tidak wujud)">Bantuan:Aksara khas</a>. Tanpa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Aksara_khas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Aksara khas (laman tidak wujud)">pemberian sokongan</a> yang sewajarnya, anda mungkin melihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Specials_(Unicode_block)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specials (Unicode block) (laman tidak wujud)">tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> China (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina">Cina</a>: 中国), lebih dikenali dengan nama sebenar Republik Rakyat China (RRC, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina">Cina</a>: 中华人民共和国), ialah sebuah negara di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a> yang merupakan negara <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara-negara_mengikut_jumlah_penduduk" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara-negara mengikut jumlah penduduk">paling ramai penduduknya</a> di dunia dengan diduduki <a href="/wiki/Demografi_Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Demografi Republik Rakyat China">lebih 1,300 juta orang</a>, iaitu kira-kira satu perlima manusia di bumi. China diperintah oleh <a href="/wiki/Parti_Komunis_China" title="Parti Komunis China">Parti Komunis China</a> di bawah <a href="/wiki/Sistem_satu_parti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem satu parti">sistem satu parti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> dan berbidang kuasa di 22 <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah di China">wilayah (provinsi)</a>, lima <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_berautonomi_di_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan berautonomi di China">kawasan berautonomi</a>, empat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbandaran_tadbiran_langsung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbandaran tadbiran langsung (laman tidak wujud)">perbandaran tadbiran langsung</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>), dan dua <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Pentadbiran_Khas_Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas Republik Rakyat China">kawasan pentadbiran khas</a> yang berautonomi tinggi<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Makau" title="Makau">Makau</a>). Ibu negara RRC ialah <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Pada keluasan kira-kira 9.6 juta kilometer persegi (3.7 juta batu persegi), RRC ialah <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_keluasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut keluasan">negara ketiga atau keempat terluas</a> di dunia dari segi keluasan keseluruhan,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_keluasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut keluasan">negara kedua terbesar</a> dari segi keluasan daratan.<a href="#cite_note-listofcountriesoftheworld.com-13">[13]</a> Lanskapnya dipelbagaikan dari tanah <a href="/wiki/Padang_rumput_Mongolia-Manchuria" title="Padang rumput Mongolia-Manchuria">hutan steppe</a> dan gurun (<a href="/wiki/Gurun_Gobi" title="Gurun Gobi">Gobi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Taklamakan" title="Gurun Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a>) di bahagian utara yang kering bersebelahan dengan <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> di Rusia, hingga ke hutan-hutan <a href="/wiki/Subtropika" title="Subtropika">subtropika</a> di bahagian selatan yang lembap bersebelahan dengan negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. Rupa bumi di bahagian baratnya tinggi dan berceranggah, dengan banjaran-banjaran <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> yang membentuk sempadan semula jadi China dengan India dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>, berbeza sekali dengan pinggiran laut timur tanah besar China yang bertanah dan digarisi pantai sepanjang 14,500 kilometer (9,010 bt) di tepi <a href="/wiki/Laut_China_Selatan" title="Laut China Selatan">Laut China Selatan</a> di tenggara dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_China_Timur" title="Laut China Timur">Laut China Timur</a> di timur yang juga terletaknya <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tamadun_Cina" class="mw-disambig" title="Tamadun Cina">Tamadun Cina</a> purba—antara tamadun-tamadun terawal di dunia—menjadi makmur di lembangan subur <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Kuning" title="Sungai Kuning">Sungai Kuning</a> yang mengalir merentasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dataran_China_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dataran China Utara (laman tidak wujud)">Dataran China Utara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Selama lebih 4,000 tahun, sistem politik China berasaskan sistem raja turun-temurun (juga dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinasti_dalam_sejarah_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinasti dalam sejarah China (laman tidak wujud)">dinasti</a>). Dinasti pertamanya ialah <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Xia" title="Dinasti Xia">Xia</a> (kira-kira 2000 SM), tetapi pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Qin" title="Dinasti Qin">Dinasti Qin</a> barulah lahirnya negara China yang bersatu pada 221 SM. Dinasti terakhir, iaitu <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing">Dinasti Qing</a>, berakhir pada tahun 1911 dengan penubuhan <a href="/wiki/Republik_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik China">Republik China</a> (ROC) oleh pejuang nasionalis <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT). Separuh pertama abad ke-20 menyaksikan China dalam kancah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Saudara_China" title="Perang Saudara China">pecah belah dan perang saudara</a> yang membahagikan negara kepada dua paksi politik, iaitu Kuomintang dan <a href="/wiki/Parti_Komunis_China" title="Parti Komunis China">komunis</a>. Pada 1949, pertempuran besar-besaran berakhir dengan kemenangan dalam perang saudara oleh pihak komunis mengasaskan Republik Rakyat China di <a href="/wiki/Tanah_besar_China" title="Tanah besar China">tanah besar China</a>. Kerajaan Republik China pimpinan Kuomintang berundur ke <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, dengan bidang kuasanya kini terhad kepada Taiwan dan beberapa pulau terpencil. Semenjak itu, RRC sentiasa berbalah dengan RC mengenai perihal kedaulatan dan <a href="/wiki/Taraf_politik_Taiwan" title="Taraf politik Taiwan">taraf politik Taiwan</a>. Sejak pembaharuan ekonomi berasaskan pasaran diperkenalkan pada tahun 1978, China telah menjadi sebuah <a href="/wiki/G-20" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20">ekonomi utama</a> yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_negara_mengikut_kadar_pertumbuhan_KDNK_(benar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai negara mengikut kadar pertumbuhan KDNK (benar) (laman tidak wujud)">paling cepat bertumbuh</a> di dunia,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_eksport" title="Senarai negara mengikut eksport">pengeksport terbesar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_import" title="Senarai negara mengikut import">pengimport kedua terbesar</a> untuk segala barang dagangan. Pengindustrian pesat telah membenamkan kadar kemiskinannya dari 53% pada tahun 1981 kepada 8% pada tahun 2001.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Namun demikian, RRC kini berdepan dengan sebilangan masalah lain termasuk kependudukan yang semakin berusia kesan <a href="/wiki/Dasar_anak_tunggal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasar anak tunggal">dasar anak tunggal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> jurang pendapatan yang makin besar antara penduduk bandar dan luar bandar, dan <a href="/wiki/Pencemaran" title="Pencemaran">pencemaran</a> alam sekitar.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Lebih-lebih lagi, China turut dikecam atas pencabulan hak asasi manusia oleh kerajaan-kerajaan negara lain mahupun pertubuhan-pertubuhan bukan kerajaan (NGO),<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> di samping sering kali mengganggu kebebasan akhbar.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> China ialah sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuasa_besar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuasa besar (laman tidak wujud)">kuasa utama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (nominal)">ekonomi kedua terbesar</a> di dunia secara nominal (atau terbesar di dunia mengikut <a href="/wiki/Pariti_kuasa_beli" title="Pariti kuasa beli">pariti kuasa beli</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Keselamatan_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu#Ahli_tetap" title="Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">ahli tetap</a> <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Keselamatan_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a>, di samping menganggotai pertubuhan-pertubuhan berbilang pihak termasuk <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/G-20" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20">G-20</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Kerjasama_Shanghai" title="Pertubuhan Kerjasama Shanghai">Pertubuhan Kerjasama Shanghai</a>. China ialah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_yang_memiliki_senjata_nuklear" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara yang memiliki senjata nuklear">negara bersenjata nuklear</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Pengawalan_Senjata_Nuklear" title="Perjanjian Pengawalan Senjata Nuklear">teriktiraf</a> dan juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_negara_mengikut_bilangan_tentera_aktif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai negara mengikut bilangan tentera aktif (laman tidak wujud)">bala tentera tetap terbesar</a> di dunia dengan <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_perbelanjaan_ketenteraan" title="Senarai negara mengikut perbelanjaan ketenteraan">belanjawan pertahanan kedua termahal</a>. China disifatkan berpotensi menjadi kuasa terbesar oleh sesetengah ahli akademik,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> serta para penganalisa ketenteraan,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> dasar awam dan ekonomi.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="toclimit-0"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_China" title="Sejarah China">Sejarah China</a></div> Selepas <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Saudara_China" title="Perang Saudara China">Perang Saudara China</a> meletus antara <a href="/wiki/Parti_Komunis_China" title="Parti Komunis China">Parti Komunis China</a> (CCP) dan <a href="/wiki/Parti_Negara_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Negara China">Parti Negara China</a> (KMT). Perang itu berakhir dengan pengunduran KMT ke pulau Taiwan dan beberapa cebisan pulau provinsi Fujian. Pada tarikh <a href="/wiki/1_Oktober" title="1 Oktober">1 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> dengan bangganya telah mengistiharkan penubuhan negara baru komunis <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a> dengan tangisan air mata dan berkata 'Orang China telah berdiri'.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Rancangan sosioekonomi yang bergelar <a href="/wiki/Kemaraan_Raksasa" title="Kemaraan Raksasa">Kemaraan Raksasa</a> mengakibatkan seramai 36 juta rakyat terkorban.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Pada tahun 1966, Mao dan sekutunya melancarkan <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan">Revolusi Kebudayaan</a> yang berkekalan sehingga Mao meninggal dunia sepuluh tahun kemudian. Revolusi Kebudayaan yang didorong oleh pergelutan kuasa di dalam Parti Komunis serta kegerunan terhadap kuasa <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Kesatuan Soviet</a>, mengakibatkan pergolakan hebat dalam masyarakat negara China. Pada tahun 1972, di kemuncak <a href="/wiki/Perpecahan_China-Soviet" title="Perpecahan China-Soviet">perpecahan China-Soviet</a>, Mao dan <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> menyambut kunjungan <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Presiden Amerika Syarikat">Presiden</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> di <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> untuk menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan Amerika Syarikat. Pada tahun yang sama, RRC <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resolusi_2758_Perhimpunan_Agung_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resolusi 2758 Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (laman tidak wujud)">diterima menganggotai Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a> lalu mengambil alih tempat Republik China untuk keahlian negara China di PBB, serta keahlian tetap Majlis Keselamatan PBB. Setelah Mao meninggal dunia pada tahun 1976 di samping <a href="/wiki/Geng_Berempat" title="Geng Berempat">Geng Berempat</a> ditahan atas keterlampauan Revolusi Kebudayaan, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> pantas merampas kuasa dari <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> yang dilumaskan sebagai pengganti Mao. Biarpun tidak pernah mengetuai Parti atau negara itu sendiri, namun Deng sebenarnya menjadi "Pemimpin Agung China" ketika itu; pengaruhnya dalam Parti membawa kepada pembaharuan ekonomi yang mengagumkan di negara. Lama-kelamaan, Parti Komunis melonggarkan kawalan kerajaan terhadap kehidupan peribadi rakyat jelatan, maka dimansuhkannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komun_rakyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komun rakyat (laman tidak wujud)">komun-komun rakyat</a> disusuli pemberian pajakan tanah kepada para petani yang sungguh banyak meningkatkan galakan dan pengeluaran pertanian. Hasil peristiwa-peristiwa inilah China beralih dari ekonomi terancang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_campuran" title="Ekonomi campuran">ekonomi campuran</a> yang semakin terbuka persekitaran pasarannya, iaitu sistem yang diistilahkan sebagai "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialisme_pasaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosialisme pasaran (laman tidak wujud)">sosialisme pasaran</a>" oleh sesetengah pihak<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>, dan secara rasminya "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialisme_bercirikan_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosialisme bercirikan China (laman tidak wujud)">Sosialisme bercirikan China</a>" oleh kerajaan RRC. RRC menggubal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">perlembagaan</a> terkininya pada 4 Disember 1982. Pada tahun 1989, kematian seorang pegawai penyokong reformasi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Yaobang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu Yaobang (laman tidak wujud)">Hu Yaobang</a>, sedikit sebanyak mengapi-apikan <a href="/wiki/Bantahan_Dataran_Tiananmen_1989" title="Bantahan Dataran Tiananmen 1989">tunjuk perasaan besar-besaran di Dataran Tiananmen</a>, di mana para mahasiswa dan lain-lain menghabiskan berbulan-bulan untuk berkempen demi peningkatan hak <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_bersuara" title="Kebebasan bersuara">kebebasan bersuara</a>. Malangnya, mereka semua ditumpaskan pada 4 Jun apabila askar-askar dan kenderaan <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Pembebasan_Rakyat" title="Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat">Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat</a> tiba untuk membersihkan dataran secara paksa sehingga ramai nyawa yang terkorban. Kejadian ini diwar-warkan ke merata dunia lalu menarik kecaman antarabangsa serta sekatan-sekatan dikenakan terhadap kerajaan China.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Presiden <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> dan Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a>, kedua-duanya bekas datuk bandar Shanghai, menjadi pemimpin RRC pasca-Tiananmen pada 1990-an. Sepanjang sedasawarsa pentadbiran Jiang Zemin, prestasi ekonomi RRC berjaya mengeluarkan 150 juta orang petani dari kancah kemiskinan serta menampung <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">kadar pertumbuhan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadar_dalam_negara_kasar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadar dalam negara kasar (laman tidak wujud)">KDNK</a> purata tahunan sebanyak 11.2%.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Negara China secara rasminya menyertai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertubuhan_Perdagangan_Sedunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertubuhan Perdagangan Sedunia (laman tidak wujud)">Pertubuhan Perdagangan Sedunia</a> pada tahun 2001. Sungguhpun memerlukan pertumbuhan ekonomi untuk memacu pembangunan, namun kerajaan RRC mula bimbang bahawa pertumbuhan ekonomi pesat telah menjejaskan kekayaan sumber dan alam sekitar negara, apatah lagi sesetengah kelompok masyarakat tertentu tidak menikmati faedah pembangunan ekonomi negara dengan secukupnya. Hasilnya, di bawah kepimpinan Presiden <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> dan Premier <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>, RRC telah melaksanakan dasar-dasar untuk menangani hal-hal kesaksamaan agihan sumber, namun kesan positifnya masih dalam penantian.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Lebih 40 juta petani telah dipindahkan dari tanah masing-masing,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> atas nama pembangunan ekonomi antara lainnya, sehingga mengundang 87,000 kes tunjuk perasaan dan rusuhan di seluruh China pada tahun 2005.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Bagi kebanyakan penduduk bandaraya terbesar RRC, <a href="/wiki/Taraf_hidup" title="Taraf hidup">taraf hidupnya</a> menikmati peningkatan yang amat mengagumkan serta meluasnya kebebasan ke sana sini, namun kekangan politik kekal ketat dan kawasan luar bandar masih kemiskinan.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Politik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Politik_Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Politik Republik Rakyat China">Politik Republik Rakyat China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Tiananmen_Square_Visit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tiananmen_Square_Visit.jpg/220px-Tiananmen_Square_Visit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tiananmen_Square_Visit.jpg/330px-Tiananmen_Square_Visit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tiananmen_Square_Visit.jpg/440px-Tiananmen_Square_Visit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Besar_Rakyat" title="Dewan Besar Rakyat">Dewan Besar Rakyat</a>, di mana bersidangnya <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Rakyat_Kebangsaan" title="Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan">Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan</a>.</figcaption></figure> RRC dianggap oleh beberapa orang ahli <a href="/wiki/Sains_politik" title="Sains politik">sains politik</a> sebagai salah sebuah daripada lima <a href="/wiki/Negara_komunis" title="Negara komunis">negara komunis</a> terakhir (bersama <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>),<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> namun semenjak 1980-an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur politik (laman tidak wujud)">struktur politik</a> RRC sudah mustahil dicirikan dengan tepat.<a href="#cite_note-notsimple-7">[7]</a> Kerajaan RRC sering kali disifatkan sebagai negara <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme">komunis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">sosialis</a>, bahkan juga negara <a href="/wiki/Autoritarianisme" title="Autoritarianisme">autoritarian</a> dengan sekatan-sekatan ketat dalam pelbagai segi, khususnya dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penapisan_Internet_di_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penapisan Internet di Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_akhbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebebasan akhbar">akhbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_berhimpun" title="Kebebasan berhimpun">kebebasan berhimpun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_pembiakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak pembiakan (laman tidak wujud)">hak pembiakan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_beragama" title="Kebebasan beragama">kebebasan beragama</a>. Dibandingkan dengan dasar pintu tertutup yang diamalkannya sehingga pertengahan 1970-an, peliberalan RRC sebegitu rupa sehingga suasana pentadbiran kurang terbatas daripada dahulu, namun RRC masih jauh lagi dari menjadi <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_liberal" title="Demokrasi liberal">demokrasi liberal</a> yang diamalkan di kebanyakan negara Eropah atau Amerika Utara, dan Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan disifatkan sebagai sebuah badan "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pak_turut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pak turut (laman tidak wujud)">pak turut</a>".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> RRC kini dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Presiden Republik Rakyat China">Presiden</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, yang juga merupakan <a href="/wiki/Setiausaha_Agung_Parti_Komunis_China" title="Setiausaha Agung Parti Komunis China">Setiausaha Agung PKC</a>. Sejak menjadi Setiausaha Agung pada tahun 2012 dan Presiden pada tahun 2013, beliau telah memainkan peranan penting dalam dasar dan politik negara tersebut. Negara ini diperintah oleh <a href="/wiki/Parti_Komunis_China" title="Parti Komunis China">Parti Komunis China</a> (CPC) yang kuasanya dijamin oleh Perlembagaan.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Sistem politiknya amat terpencar<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> dengan proses demokrasi terhad dalaman dalam parti dan peringkat kampung setempat, namun eksperimen-eksperimen sebegini pernah dicemari korupsi. Terdapat beberapa parti politik lain dalam RRC, yang dipanggil parti demokrasi di China, dan menyertai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persidangan_Perundingan_Politik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persidangan Perundingan Politik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">Persidangan Perundingan Politik Rakyat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Rakyat_Kebangsaan" title="Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan">Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan</a>. Ada sedikit petunjuk bahawa RRC menuju peliberalan politik, yang mana pilihan raya dipertandingkan terbuka kini dianjurkan di peringkat kampung dan pekan,<a href="#cite_note-poll-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> tambahan pula badan-badan perundangan menunjukkan sikap ketegasan dari masa ke semasa. Walau apapun, Parti Komunis mengekalan kawalan berkesan terhadap pelantikan kerajaan. Dalam ketiadaan barisan pembangkang yang penuh bermakna, CPC hampir sentiasa berjaya melulskan apa yang dikehendakinya. Antara hal-hal politik yang diuruskan dalam RRC termasuk perapatan jurang pendapatan antara kaya dan miskin serta membasmi rasuah dalam barisan kepimpinan kerajaan.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Tahap sokongan terhadap tindakan kerajaan serta pengurusan negara adalah antara yang tertinggi di dunia, dengan seramai 86% orang yang meluahkan rasa puas hati dengan keadaan semasa dan ekonomi negara, mengikut tinjauan Pew Research Center pada tahun 2008<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Mengikut tinjauan bertajuk "Top 10 political figures in Mainland China and Taiwan" yang dijalankan di Hong Kong, kira-kira 1000 peserta diberi senarai 10 pemimpin politik terkemuka di Tanah Besar China dan Taiwan. Hasilnya, para pemimpin tanah besar (seperti Wen Jiabao, Zhu Rongji and Hu Jintao) menerima markah lebih tinggi berbanding pemimpin Taiwan (seperti <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lien_Chan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lien Chan (laman tidak wujud)">Lien Chan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubungan_luar">Hubungan luar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Hubungan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hubungan luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> RRC menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan kebanyakan negara-negara utama di dunia. Sweden ialah negara barat pertama yang menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan Republik Rakyat dengan 9 Mei 1950.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Pada tahun 1971, RRC mengambil alih tempat <a href="/wiki/Republik_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik China">Republik China</a> sebagai wakil tunggal China di <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a> dan juga satu daripada lima ahli tetap <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Keselamatan_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> RRC juga merupakan bekas anggota dan ketua <a href="/wiki/Pergerakan_Negara-Negara_Berkecuali" title="Pergerakan Negara-Negara Berkecuali">Pergerakan Negara-Negara Berkecuali</a>. Kebanyakan dasar luar negara RRC berasaskan konsep "kebangkitan China secara damai". Walaupun sekali-sekala berlakunya konflik dengan negara luar dalam sejarah terkininya, khususnya dengan Amerika Syarikat (cth. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_kedutaan_China_di_Belgrade_oleh_NATO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman kedutaan China di Belgrade oleh NATO (laman tidak wujud)">tindakan A.S. membedil kedutaan China</a> di <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> ketika <a href="/wiki/Perang_Kosovo" title="Perang Kosovo">Perang Kosovo</a> pada Mei 1999, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peristiwa_Pulau_Hainan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peristiwa Pulau Hainan (laman tidak wujud)">peristiwa pesawat pengintip A.S.-China</a> pada April 2001. Hubungan diplomatik dengan kebanyakan negara Barat teruk terjejas sekali ketika <a href="/wiki/Bantahan_Dataran_Tiananmen_1989" title="Bantahan Dataran Tiananmen 1989">keganasan di Dataran Tiananmen</a> pada tahun 1989, tetapi sejak itu kembali pulih. Mengikut tafsirannya mengenai <a href="/wiki/Dasar_Satu_China" title="Dasar Satu China">dasar Satu China</a>, RRC menetapkan prasyarat untuk penjalinan hubungan diplomatik, bahwa negara lain itu mengiktiraf tunturan RRC pada Taiwan serta memutuskan hubungan rasmi dengan kerajaan Republik China. Pihak RRC telah banyak kali mengecam mana-mana negara yang menunjukkan tanda-tanda cuba mendekati Taiwan secara diplomatik,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> atau menjual senjata kepada pulau itu.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Kerajaan RRC menentang kunjungan pegawai Republik China dahulu dan sekarang ke negara lain untuk mempromosikan <a href="/wiki/Kemerdekaan_Taiwan" title="Kemerdekaan Taiwan">kemerdekaan Taiwan</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a>, tidak lupa juga tokoh-tokoh lain yang turut dianggap oleh RRC sebagai pejuang pemisah, seperti <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso">Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama ke-14</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebiya_Kadeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebiya Kadeer (laman tidak wujud)">Rebiya Kadeer</a>, pemimpin <a href="/wiki/Uyghur" class="mw-disambig" title="Uyghur">Uyghur</a> dalam buangan. Misalnya, Beijing pernah membantah lawatan Kadeer ke Jepun pada Julai 2009<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teleg5943780-52">[52]</a> dan Australia sebulan kemudian, sehingga membuat aduan rasmi kepada kerajaan masing-masing.<a href="#cite_note-Teleg5943780-52">[52]</a> Pada tahun 2007, RRC membatalkan sesi berdialog dengan Jerman gara-gara tindakan <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> menyambut Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> RRC memainkan peranan yang semakin penting dalam menyeru <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perdagangan_bebas" title="Kawasan perdagangan bebas">kawasan perdagangan bebas</a> dan pakatan keselamatan di kalangan negara-negara jirannya di rantau Asia Pasifik. Pada tahun 2004, RRC menyaran rangka <a href="/wiki/Sidang_Kemuncak_Asia_Timur" title="Sidang Kemuncak Asia Timur">Sidang Kemuncak Asia Timur</a> (East Asia Summit, EAS) yang serba baru sebagai forum perbincangan hal-ehwal keselamatan serantau yang terang-terang tidak disertai oleh Amerika Syarikat.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> EAS yang disertai oleh negara-negara <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_tambah_3" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN tambah 3">ASEAN tambah 3</a>, India, Australia dan New Zealand, mengadakan sidang kemuncak sulungnya pada tahun 2005. RRC juga sebuah negara pengasas <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Kerjasama_Shanghai" title="Pertubuhan Kerjasama Shanghai">Pertubuhan Kerjasama Shanghai</a>, bersama Rusia dan republik-republik <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>. Sentimen Sinofobia (menakuti negara China atau kaum Cina) sering disemai di kalangan kelompok minoriti di China dan orang Cina yang berdiam di luar China, sehingga boleh mengakibatkan keganasan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Peristiwa_13_Mei" title="Peristiwa 13 Mei">Peristiwa 13 Mei</a> di Malaysia pada tahun 1969 dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusuhan_Jakarta_Mei_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rusuhan Jakarta Mei 1998 (laman tidak wujud)">Rusuhan Jakarta Mei 1998</a> di Indonesia yang meragut lebih 2,000 nyawa.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Kebelakangan ini, di <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> timbulnya juga sebilangan kejadian rusuhan anti-Cina.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Sentimen anti-Cina sering berakar umbi sosioeknomi.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Hubungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_China-Jepun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan China-Jepun (laman tidak wujud)">China dan Jepun</a> adakalanya terjejas oleh keengganan Jepun untuk mengakui kezaliman <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">perang</a> zaman dahulu yang memuaskan RRC; misalnya hujah-hujah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revisionisme_sejarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revisionisme sejarah (laman tidak wujud)">revisionis</a> oleh para pegawai terpenting di Jepun dan beberapa buah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontroversi_buku_teks_sejarah_Jepun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontroversi buku teks sejarah Jepun (laman tidak wujud)">buku teks sejarah Jepun</a>. Satu lagi titik ketegangan antara kedua-dua negara ialah kekerapan pegawai kerajaan Jepun menziarahi <a href="/wiki/Kuil_Yasukuni" title="Kuil Yasukuni">Kuil Yasukuni</a>. Walau bagaimanapun, hubungan China-Jepun bertambah baik sejak <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> menjadi Perdana Menteri Jepun pada tahun 2006. RRC berkongsi kedudukan dengan Rusia sebagai negara yang paling banyak negara jiran di sempadannya, tetapi juga terlibat dalam sebilangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_luar_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan luar Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">pertikaian wilayah antarabangsa</a>. Pertikaian wilayah China pernah membawa kepada perang setempat sepanjang sejarah RRC, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Perang_China-India" title="Perang China-India">Perang China-India</a> pada tahun 1962, <a href="/wiki/Konflik_sempadan_China-Soviet" title="Konflik sempadan China-Soviet">konflik sempadan China-Soviet</a> (1969), dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_China-Vietnam" title="Perang China-Vietnam">Perang China-Vietnam</a> (1979). Pada tahun 2001, RRC dan Rusia menandatangani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Persahabatan_China-Rusia_2001&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Persahabatan China-Rusia 2001 (laman tidak wujud)">Perjanjian Persahabatan China-Rusia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> yang membuka laluan kepada penyerahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_Yinlong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau Yinlong (laman tidak wujud)">Pulau Yinlong</a> dan separuh kawasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heixiazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heixiazi (laman tidak wujud)">Heixiazi</a> oleh Rusia kepada China pada tahun 2004, untuk menamatkan pertikaian sempadan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_China-Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan China-Rusia (laman tidak wujud)">China-Rusia</a> yang berpanjangan. Pertikaian wilayah lain termasuk pulau-pulau di <a href="/wiki/Laut_China_Timur" title="Laut China Timur">Laut China Timur</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_China_Selatan" title="Laut China Selatan">Selatan</a>, dan sempadan darat yang kabur atau meragukan dengan India dan <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. Walaupun menikmati pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat, namun sejak 1990-an, RRC ingin mengekalkan dasar diplomasi senyap-senyap dengan jiran-jirannya, iaitu dengan memastikan kemantapan pertumbuhan ekonomi serta menyertai pertubuhan serantau dan memupuk hubungan dua hala untuk mententeramkan perasaan curiga negara lain terhadap keupayaan tentera China yang semakin kuat. RRC telah memulakan dasar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelibatan_China_di_Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelibatan China di Afrika (laman tidak wujud)">memikat negara-negara Afrika</a> untuk berdagang dan menjalin kerjasama dua hala.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a>, agensi berita rasmi China, menyatakan terdapat tidak kurang daripada 750,000 warganegara China yang bekerja atau menetap di Afrika.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Timbulnya juga persoalan sama ada China bakal menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuasa_terbesar_berpotensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuasa terbesar berpotensi (laman tidak wujud)">kuasa terbesar baru</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-21" title="Abad ke-21">abad ke-21</a>, yang mana sesetengah pihak mengatakan kemajuan ekonomi, kekuatan tentera, bilangan penduduk yang amat ramai, dan pengaruh antarabangsa yang semakin besar, tetapi ada pihak lain yang mengatakan China bakal berdepan dengan keruntuhan ekonomi.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hak_asasi_manusia">Hak asasi manusia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Hak asasi manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hak asasi manusia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Tiananmen-Wroclaw-plDominikanski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tiananmen-Wroclaw-plDominikanski.jpg/220px-Tiananmen-Wroclaw-plDominikanski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tiananmen-Wroclaw-plDominikanski.jpg/330px-Tiananmen-Wroclaw-plDominikanski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tiananmen-Wroclaw-plDominikanski.jpg/440px-Tiananmen-Wroclaw-plDominikanski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Tugu peringatan peristiwa Tiananmen 1989, didirikan di Wroclaw, Poland, sepuluh tahun kemudian. Layanan kerajaan China terhadap kebebasan hak asasi manusia sentiada menarik kecaman pelbagai pihak.</figcaption></figure> Sungguhpun kawalan ekonomi dan sosial telah banyak dilonggarkan di China sejak 1970-an, namun <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_politik" title="Kebebasan politik">kebebasan politik</a> masih dikawal ketat oleh kerajaan pusat dan setempat. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">Perlembagaan Republik Rakyat China</a> menyatakan bahawa "hak asasi" rakyat merangkumi <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_bersuara" title="Kebebasan bersuara">kebebasan bersuara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_akhbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebebasan akhbar">kebebasan akhbar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_untuk_pembicaraan_yang_adil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak untuk pembicaraan yang adil (laman tidak wujud)">hak untuk pembicaraan yang adil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_beragama" title="Kebebasan beragama">kebebasan beragama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_mengundi_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak mengundi umum (laman tidak wujud)">hak mengundi umum</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_mengenai_harta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak mengenai harta (laman tidak wujud)">hak mengenai harta</a>. Namun demikian, peruntukan-peruntukan ini tidak menawarkan amalan perlindungan yang mencukupi dari pendakwaan jenayah oleh kerajaan.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Berpuluh juta orang yang pindah ke bandaraya besar mendapati diri mereka dilayan seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warga_kelas_kedua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warga kelas kedua (laman tidak wujud)">warga kelas kedua</a> oleh penduduk bandar China yang sering memandang rendah orang kampung.<a href="#cite_note-ruralmillions-71">[71]</a> Para petani menyuarakan rasa tidak senang hati terhadap rampasan tanah oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelas_menengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelas menengah (laman tidak wujud)">kelas menengah</a> yang kaya-raya dari bandaraya.<a href="#cite_note-ruralmillions-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diskriminasi" title="Diskriminasi">Diskriminasi</a> rasmi, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_hukou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem hukou (laman tidak wujud)">sistem hukou</a> untuk pendaftaran isi rumah diibaratkan seperti sistem <a href="/wiki/Aparteid" title="Aparteid">aparteid</a> antara kawasan bandar dan luar bandar.<a href="#cite_note-apartheid-72">[72]</a> Pada tahun 2003/2004, seseorang petani terpaksa membayar tiga kali lebih cukai walaupun pendapatannya hanya satu perenam purata pendapatan penduduk bandar.<a href="#cite_note-apartheid-72">[72]</a> Semenjak itu, kerajaan bertindak dengan mengurangkan atau memansuhkan sebilangan cukai luar bandar, di samping menawarkan khidmat sosial tambahan kepada penduduk luar bandar.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penapisan_di_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penapisan di Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">Penapisan</a> kenyataan dan maklumat politik digunakan secara rutin dan terang-terangan untuk mendiamkan apa-apa kutukan terhadap kerajaan dan Parti Komunis China selaku pemerintah.<a href="#cite_note-right-76">[76]</a> Pada tahun 2009, pihak <a href="/wiki/Wartawan_Tanpa_Sempadan" title="Wartawan Tanpa Sempadan">Wartawan Tanpa Sempadan</a> meletakkan RRC di tangga 168 (daripada 175 negara/wilayah) dalam Indeks Kebebasan Akhbar Sedunia Tahunan.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Dalam buku berjudul Media Control in China<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>, wartawan China <a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Qinglian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Qinglian (laman tidak wujud)">He Qinglian</a> mendokumenkan kawalan kerajaan terhadap Internet dan media lain in China. Kerajaan mengamalkan dasar mengehadkan kumpulan, pertubuhan dan kepercayaan yang dianggapnya sebagai boleh mengancam "kestabilan sosial", seperti <a href="/wiki/Bantahan_Dataran_Tiananmen_1989" title="Bantahan Dataran Tiananmen 1989">peristiwa Tiananmen</a> pada tahun 1989. Parti Komunis tidak selalu berjaya mengawal maklumat: sebuah sistem kawalan media yang amat kuat menghadapi kuasa pasaran yang amat kuat, rakyat jelata yang semakin terdidik, dan perubahan budaya yang menjadikan negara China lebih terbuka, khususnya terhadap isu alam sekitar.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> RRC sering kali menerima kutukan sebilangan kerajaan luar negara dan <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_bukan_kerajaan" title="Pertubuhan bukan kerajaan">pertubuhan bukan kerajaan</a> atas dakwaan pencabulan hak awam berleluasa termasuk penahanan berpanjangan tanpa pembicaraan yang dikenakan secara sistematik, pengakuan paksaan, penyeksaan, penganiayaan banduan, sekatan terhadap kebebasan rakyat untuk <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_bersuara" title="Kebebasan bersuara">bersuara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_berhimpun" title="Kebebasan berhimpun">berhimpun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_berpersatuan" title="Kebebasan berpersatuan">berpersatuan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_beragama" title="Kebebasan beragama">beragama</a>, kebebasan akhbar, dan <a href="/wiki/Hak_pekerja" title="Hak pekerja">hak pekerja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-right-76">[76]</a> China mencatat jumlah penjatuhan <a href="/wiki/Hukuman_mati" title="Hukuman mati">hukuman mati</a> terbanyak di dunia, dengan kira-kira 90% dari kesemua hukuman mati di dunia sepanjang tahun 2004.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Kerajaan RRC membalas dakwaan-dakwaan tersebut dengan berhujah bahawa tanggapan hak asasi manusia sewajarnya mengambil kira kedudukan <a href="/wiki/Pembangunan_ekonomi" title="Pembangunan ekonomi">pembangunan ekonomi</a> negara masa kini, serta memberi lebih tumpuan kepada hak sara hidup dan pembangunan rakyat di negara-negara yang lebih miskin.<a href="#cite_note-yqlgro-82">[82]</a> Peningkatan <a href="/wiki/Taraf_hidup" title="Taraf hidup">taraf hidup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celik_huruf" title="Celik huruf">kecelikan huruf</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Jangka_hayat" title="Jangka hayat">jangka hayat</a> rakyat biasa China sejak 1970-an dilihat oleh pihak kerajaan sebagai kemajuan nyata untuk hak asasi manusia.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Usaha membasmi bencana alam yang membahayakan nyawa baru-baru ini, seperti banjir <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Yangtze" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Yangtze">Sungai Yangtze</a> yang tidak henti-henti, serta kemalangan pekerjaan juga di juga digambarkan sebagai kemajuan hak asasi manusia bagi sesebuah negara yang masih keramaian penduduk miskin.<a href="#cite_note-yqlgro-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembahagian_politik">Pembahagian politik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembahagian politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembahagian politik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Pembahagian_pentadbiran_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembahagian pentadbiran China">Pembahagian pentadbiran China</a></div> Republik Rakyat China mempunyai kuasa pentadbiran terhadap lebih 22 <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah di China">wilayah</a> dan menganggap <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Taiwan,_Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Wilayah Taiwan, Republik Rakyat China">Taiwan</a> sebagai wilayahnya yang ke-23.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Juga terdapat <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_berautonomi_di_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan berautonomi di China">kawasan berautonomi</a>, setiap satunya dikhususkan satu kelompok etnik minoriti; empat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbandaran_tadbiran_langsung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbandaran tadbiran langsung (laman tidak wujud)">perbandaran</a>; dan dua <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Pentadbiran_Khas_Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas Republik Rakyat China">Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas</a> yang menikmati autonomi yang memuaskan. 22 wilayah, lima kawasan berautonomi, dan empat perbandaran bersama-sama dikenali sebagai "<a href="/wiki/Tanah_besar_China" title="Tanah besar China">tanah besar China</a>", biasanya terkecualinya Hong Kong dan Makau. <table class="navbox" style="width:100%; background:none; border:0px; text-align:left; valign:top;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:200px;"><center>Pembahagian pentadbiran RRC</center> </th> <th colspan="6"><center>Wilayah (省)</center> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:China_administrative.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/China_administrative.gif/200px-China_administrative.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/China_administrative.gif/300px-China_administrative.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/China_administrative.gif/400px-China_administrative.gif 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Untuk peta yang lebih besar, sila klik imej peta. </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> (安徽)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> (福建)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> (甘肃)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> (广东)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> (贵州)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> (海南)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> (河北)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> (黑龙江)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> (河南)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> (湖北)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> (湖南)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> (江苏)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> (江西)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> (吉林)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> (辽宁)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> (青海)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> (陕西)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> (山东)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> (山西)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> (四川)</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Taiwan,_Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Wilayah Taiwan, Republik Rakyat China">Taiwan</a> (台湾)†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> (云南)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> (浙江)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">†Taiwan dituntut oleh RRC tetapi kini ditadbir oleh <a href="/wiki/Republik_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik China">Republik China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><center>Kawasan berautonomi (自治区)</center> </th> <th colspan="2"><center>Perbandaran (直辖市)</center> </th> <th colspan="2"><center>Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas (特别行政区)</center> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> (广西壮族自治区)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_Dalam" title="Mongolia Dalam">Mongolia Dalam</a> (内蒙古自治区)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> (宁夏回族自治区)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (新疆维吾尔自治区)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Autonomi_Tibet" title="Kawasan Autonomi Tibet">Tibet</a> (西藏自治区)</li></ul> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (北京市)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> (重庆市)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (上海市)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> (天津市)</li></ul> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (香港特別行政區)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makau" title="Makau">Makau</a> (澳門特別行政區)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Geografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg/180px-China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg/270px-China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg/360px-China_100.78713E_35.63718N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Topografi China</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Longji_terrace_-_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Longji_terrace_-_03.JPG/180px-Longji_terrace_-_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Longji_terrace_-_03.JPG/270px-Longji_terrace_-_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Longji_terrace_-_03.JPG/360px-Longji_terrace_-_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teres_Padi_Longsheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teres Padi Longsheng (laman tidak wujud)">Teres Padi Longsheng</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:%E6%BC%93%E6%B1%9F%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E6%BC%93%E6%B1%9F%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4.jpg/180px-%E6%BC%93%E6%B1%9F%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E6%BC%93%E6%B1%9F%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4.jpg/270px-%E6%BC%93%E6%B1%9F%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E6%BC%93%E6%B1%9F%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4.jpg/360px-%E6%BC%93%E6%B1%9F%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="613" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Lijiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Lijiang (laman tidak wujud)">Sungai Li</a> di <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></div></div></div></div></div> Republik Rakyat China ialah negara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_negara_mengikut_keluasan_tanah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai negara mengikut keluasan tanah (laman tidak wujud)">kedua terbesar</a> di dunia dari segi keluasan tanah<a href="#cite_note-listofcountriesoftheworld.com-13">[13]</a> serta dianggap sebagai negara <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_jumlah_luas_kawasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut jumlah luas kawasan">ketiga atau keempat terbesar</a> dari segi jumlah keluasan.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Ketaktentuan saiznya berkenaan dengan (a) kesahan tuntutan China terhadap wilayah-wilayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksai_Chin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksai Chin (laman tidak wujud)">Aksai Chin</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Rentas_Karakoram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Rentas Karakoram (laman tidak wujud)">Kawasan Rentas Karakoram</a> (yang juga dituntut oleh India),<a href="#cite_note-CIA-86">[86]</a> dan (b) cara pengiraan jumlah saiz Amerika Syarikat: The World Factbook mencatat 9,826,630 km²,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> tetapi Encyclopædia Britannica mencatat 9,522,055 km².<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> China bersempadan dengan 14 negara, iaitu negara yang paling banyak negara jiran sempadannya (bersama Rusia); iaitu (arah jam dari selatan): <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, India, Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, Rusia, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a>. Tambahan pula, sempadan antara RRC dan Republik China (Taiwan) terletak di tengah <a href="/wiki/Perairan_wilayah" title="Perairan wilayah">perairan wilayah</a>. China mempunyai sempadan darat sepanjang 22,117 km, iaitu yang terpanjang di dunia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1.jpg/180px-Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1.jpg/270px-Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1.jpg/360px-Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_edit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Everest" title="Gunung Everest">Gunung Everest</a> di <a href="/wiki/Penara_Tibet" title="Penara Tibet">Tibet</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sanya_Sun_Photo_by_Dale_Preston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sanya_Sun_Photo_by_Dale_Preston.jpg/180px-Sanya_Sun_Photo_by_Dale_Preston.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sanya_Sun_Photo_by_Dale_Preston.jpg/270px-Sanya_Sun_Photo_by_Dale_Preston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sanya_Sun_Photo_by_Dale_Preston.jpg/360px-Sanya_Sun_Photo_by_Dale_Preston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Laut_China_Selatan" title="Laut China Selatan">Laut China Selatan</a> di tepi <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></div></div></div></div></div> Tanah China diserikan oleh kepelbagaian <a href="/wiki/Lanskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanskap">bentuk pemandangan</a>. Kawasan pantai timur di sepanjang pesisir <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kuning" title="Laut Kuning">Laut Kuning</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_China_Timur" title="Laut China Timur">Laut China Timur</a> diisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanar (laman tidak wujud)">dataran lanar</a> yang terbentang luas dan padat dengan penduduk, manakala di penara Mongolia Dalam di utara keliharan padang-padang rumput. China Selatan dikuasai oleh lembah berbukit-bukau dan <a href="/wiki/Banjaran_gunung" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjaran gunung">banjaran gunung</a> yang rendah. Di kawasan timurnya terletaknya <a href="/wiki/Delta_sungai" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta sungai">delta</a> untuk dua sungai utama China, iaitu <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Kuning" title="Sungai Kuning">Sungai Kuning</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Yangtze" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Yangtze">Sungai Yangtze</a> (Chang Jiang). Sungai-sungai utama lain termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Xi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Xi (laman tidak wujud)">Xi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Brahmaputra" title="Sungai Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Amur" title="Sungai Amur">Amur</a>. Di barat, terletaknya banjaran-banjaran gunung utama, khususnya <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>, dengan puncak tertinggi China di separuh timur <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Everest" title="Gunung Everest">Gunung Everest</a> pada 8,848 m, manakala <a href="/wiki/Penara" title="Penara">penara-penara</a> tinggi mencirikan kawasan gersang seperti <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Taklamakan" title="Gurun Taklamakan">Gurun Taklamakan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Gobi" title="Gurun Gobi">Gobi</a>. Salah satu masalah utama yang dihadapi China ialah kawasan gurun semakin meluas, khususnya Gurun Gobi.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Walaupu garisan pokok pengadang yang ditanam sejak 1970-an telah mengurangkan kekerapan ribut pasir, namun <a href="/wiki/Kemarau" title="Kemarau">kemarau</a> berpanjangan dan amalan pertanian yang mundur telah menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Ribut_debu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribut debu">ribut debu</a> melanda China utara setiap musim bunga, kemudian merebak ke tempat lain di Asia Timur, termasuk Korea dan Jepun. China kehilangan sejuta ekar setahun kepada <a href="/wiki/Penggurunan" title="Penggurunan">penggurunan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">Iklim</a> China banyak dikuasai oleh <a href="/wiki/Musim_kemarau" title="Musim kemarau">musim kemarau</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun">monsun</a> lembap yang menyebabkan perbezaan suhu ketara antara <a href="/wiki/Musim_sejuk" title="Musim sejuk">musim sejuk</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas">musim panas</a>. Pada musim sejuk, angin utara yang bertiup dari kawasan garis lintang tinggi menjadi sejuk dan kering; pada musim panas, angin selatan dari kawasan laut di garis lintang rendah adalah hangat dan lembap. Iklim di China berbeza dari rantau ke rantau kerana <a href="/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi">topografi</a> negara yang meluas dan kompleks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tentera">Tentera</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Tentera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tentera">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Pembebasan_Rakyat" title="Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat">Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat</a></div> Dengan 2.3 juta askar aktif, <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Pembebasan_Rakyat" title="Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat">Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat</a> (PLA) ialah tentera terbesar di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> PLA terdiri daripada tentera-tentera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentera_Darat_Pembebasan_Rakyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentera Darat Pembebasan Rakyat (laman tidak wujud)">darat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentera_Laut_Pembebasan_Rakyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentera Laut Pembebasan Rakyat (laman tidak wujud)">laut</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentera_Udara_Pembebasan_Rakyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentera Udara Pembebasan Rakyat (laman tidak wujud)">udara</a>, dan angkatan <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Pembebasan_Rakyat#Senjata_nuklear" title="Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat">nuklear</a> strategik. Perbelanjaan rasmi PLA yang diumumkan untuk tahun 2009 ialah AS$ 70 bilion, tetapi Amerika Syarikat mendakwa China tidak melaporkan perbelanjaan ketenteraan sebenarnya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agensi_Perisikan_Pertahanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agensi Perisikan Pertahanan (laman tidak wujud)">Agensi Perisikan Pertahanan</a> menganggarkan perbelanjaan sebenar tentera China pada tahun 2008 adalah sekitar AS$ 105–150 bilion.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Dengan milikan <a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklear" title="Senjata nuklear">persenjataan dan sistem serahan nuklear</a>, China dianggap sebagai sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuasa_serantau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuasa serantau (laman tidak wujud)">kuasa ketenteraan serantau</a> dan salah sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuasa_terbesar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuasa terbesar (laman tidak wujud)">kuasa terbesar yang memuncul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Namun begitu, berbeza dengan empat ahli tetap lain di <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Keselamatan_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Majlis Keselamatan</a>, keupayaan mengunjur kuasa China adalah terhad.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Oleh itu, China selama ini menjalin hubungan ketenteraan antarabangsa yang diibaratkan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rantai_Mutiara_(China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rantai Mutiara (China) (laman tidak wujud)">seutas "rantai mutiara."</a> RRC sentiasa berusaha memodenkan tenteranya, dengan membeli pesawat pejuang tercanggih dari Rusia, seperti <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30" title="Sukhoi Su-30">Sukhoi Su-30</a>, dan juga menghasilkan pesawat pejuang sendiri, khususnya <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-10" title="Chengdu J-10">J-10</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-11" title="Shenyang J-11">J-11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> China juga memperoleh dan memperbaiki sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Misil_bumi_ke_udara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misil bumi ke udara (laman tidak wujud)">misil bumi ke udara</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-300_(misil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-300 (misil) (laman tidak wujud)">S-300</a> dari Rusia yang dianggap sebagai antara sistem pemintas pesawat terhebat di dunia,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> meskipun Rusia sudah beralih ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-400_Triumf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-400 Triumf (laman tidak wujud)">S-400 Triumf</a> generasi baru yang dilaporkan China membelanjakan $500 juta untuk versi eksportnya yang diturun taraf.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Angkatan RRC yang berperisai dan bertindak pantas sentiasa dikemas kini dengan peningkatan perkakas elektronik dan keupayaan penembakan. Sesetengah kumpulan pemikir seperti Majlis Asia Eropah berhujah bahawa ketegangan antara AS dan China kerana tindakan Washington menjual senjata kepada Taipei<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> dikhuatiri bakal mencetuskan perlumbaan senjata baru di Asia yang diapi-apikan oleh motif ideologi dalam negeri, mengingatkan zaman McCarthy<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> ketika golongan haluan kanan di AS terang-terang menyokong lobi <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ekonomi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Ekonomi Republik Rakyat China">Ekonomi Republik Rakyat China</a></div> Semenjak penubuhannya pada tahun 1949 hingga akhir tahun 1978, Republik Rakyat China mengamalkan <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_terancang" title="Ekonomi terancang">ekonomi perancangan pusat</a> ala <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Soviet</a>, tanpa kelibat <a href="/wiki/Sektor_swasta" title="Sektor swasta">perniagaan swasta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a>. Untuk menggerakkan negara ke arah masyarakat <a href="/wiki/Komunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunis">komunis</a> yang moden dan berindustri, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> melancarkan rancangan <a href="/wiki/Kemaraan_Raksasa" title="Kemaraan Raksasa">Kemaraan Raksasa</a>. Berikutan kematian Mao dan akhir <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan">Revolusi Kebudayaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> bersama kepimpinan baru China mula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembaharuan_ekonomi_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembaharuan ekonomi Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">memperbaharui ekonomi</a> dan beralih kepada <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_campuran" title="Ekonomi campuran">ekonomi campuran</a> berorientasikan pasaran di bawah pemerintahan satu parti. Secara amnya, ekonomi China disifatkan sebagai ekonomi pasaran berasaskan milikan harta persendirian.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perladangan_kolektif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perladangan kolektif (laman tidak wujud)">Pengkolektifan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertanian_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertanian di China (laman tidak wujud)">pertanian</a> dimansuhkan dan tanah-tanah ladangnya diswastakan untuk meningkatkan daya pengeluaran. Kerajaan RRC menggalakkan kegiatan pelbagai perusahaan kecil-kecilan sambil melonggarkan kawalan harga serta mengundang pelaburan dari luar negara. Perdagangan asing diberi tumpuan sebagai alat pertumbuhan ekonomi utama, sehingga lahirnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zon_Ekonomi_Khas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zon Ekonomi Khas (laman tidak wujud)">Zon Ekonomi Khas</a>, mula-mula di <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> (berhampiran Hong Kong) disusuli bandaraya-bandaraya lain di China. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbadanan_milik_kerajaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbadanan milik kerajaan (laman tidak wujud)">Perusahaan milik kerajaan</a> yang tidak cekap distrukturkan semula dengan pengenalan sistem pengurusan ala barat; perusahaan mana yang kurang lumayan terpaksa ditutup sehingga menyebabkan ramai hilang pekerjaan. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Shanghai_Stock_Exchange_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange_Building.jpg/220px-Shanghai_Stock_Exchange_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange_Building.jpg/330px-Shanghai_Stock_Exchange_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange_Building.jpg/440px-Shanghai_Stock_Exchange_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Bangunan <a href="/wiki/Bursa_Saham_Shanghai" title="Bursa Saham Shanghai">Bursa Saham Shanghai</a> di daerah kewangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pudong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pudong (laman tidak wujud)">Pudong</a>, Shanghai</figcaption></figure> Semenjak bermulanya peliberalan ekonomi pada tahun 1978, ekonomi RRC yang diterajui pelaburan dan eksport<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> bertumbuh 70 kali lebih besar<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> sebagai ekonomi utama yang bertumbuh paling pesat di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Kini, China memiliki <a href="/wiki/KDNK" class="mw-redirect" title="KDNK">KDNK</a> nominal ketiga terbesar di dunia pada 33.54 trilion yuan (AS$4.91 trilion), namun pendapatan <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">per kapitanya</a> masih agak rendah pada AS$3,700, maka RRC masih ketinggalan di belakang kira-kira seratus negara.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Industri-industri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sektor_primer_kegiatan_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sektor primer kegiatan ekonomi (laman tidak wujud)">primer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sektor_sekunder_kegiatan_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sektor sekunder kegiatan ekonomi (laman tidak wujud)">sekunder</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sektor_tertier_kegiatan_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sektor tertier kegiatan ekonomi (laman tidak wujud)">tertier</a> masing-masing menyumbangkan 10.6%, 46.8%, dan 42.6% kepada keseluruhan ekonominya pada tahun 2009. RRC ialah negara keempat paling ramai pengunjung di dunia dengan 49.6 juta pelancong asing pada tahun 2006.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> RRC merupakan sebuah anggota <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertubuhan_Perdagangan_Sedunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertubuhan Perdagangan Sedunia (laman tidak wujud)">WTO</a> dan kuasa perdagangan kedua terbesar di belakang AS dengan jumlah dagangan dunia bernilai AS$2.21 trilion – AS$1.20 trilion eksport (#1) dan AS$1.01 trilion import (#2). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizab_tukaran_asing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizab tukaran asing (laman tidak wujud)">Rizab tukaran asingnya</a> telah mencecah AS$2.4 trilion, menjadikannya yang terbesar di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> RRC memiliki <a href="/wiki/Sekuriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekuriti">sekuriti</a> AS bernilai kira-kira $1.6 trilion.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> RRC ialah penerima ketiga terbesar masukan <a href="/wiki/Pelaburan_langsung_asing" title="Pelaburan langsung asing">FDI</a> dengan menarik AS$92.4 billion pada tahun 2008 sahaja,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> pada masa yang sama semakin banyak melabur di luar negara dengan keluaran FDI sebanyak AS$52.2 bilion pada tahun 2008 sahaja sebagai pelabur keluar keenam terbesar di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Kejayaan RRC banyak disumbang oleh sektor perkilangan berkos rendah, hasil gabungan buruh murah, prasarana bermutu, teknologi dan kemahiran bertahap sederhana, daya pengeluaran agak tinggi, dasar kerajaan yang menggalakkan, dan kononnya, kadar tukaran yang terkurang nilai. Kadar tukaran itu adakalanya dikatakan sebagai punga lebihan perdagangan RRC yang mengembung (AS$262.7 bilion pada tahun 2007)<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> di samping menjadi punca pertikaian utama antara RRC dan rakan-rakan perdagangan utamanya – AS, <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">EU</a>, dan Jepun – sungguhpun matawang dilepaskan dari pancangnya lalu nilainya meningkat 20% berbanding <a href="/wiki/Dolar_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Dolar Amerika Syarikat">dolar AS</a> sejak tahun 2005.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Dengan pegangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bon_perbendaharaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bon perbendaharaan (laman tidak wujud)">bon perbendaharaan</a> sebanyak AS$801.5 bilion, RRC ialah pemegang asing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutang_negara_Amerika_Syarikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutang negara Amerika Syarikat (laman tidak wujud)">hutang negara A.S.</a> yang terbesar di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:DengXiaoping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DengXiaoping.jpg/170px-DengXiaoping.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DengXiaoping.jpg/255px-DengXiaoping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DengXiaoping.jpg/340px-DengXiaoping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="1559" /></a><figcaption>Pada tahun 1978, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> memulakan pembaharuan ekonomi RRC bertengahkan pasaran.</figcaption></figure> Kerajaan masih menguasai industri "tonggak" yang strategik (seperti <a href="/wiki/Tenaga" title="Tenaga">bekalan tenaga</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Industri_berat" class="mw-redirect" title="Industri berat">perindustrian berat</a>), tetapi perusahaan swasta yang disertai 30 juta perniagaan persendirian<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> kini menjadi penyumbang 33%<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> (People's Daily Online 2005) hingga 70%<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> (BusinessWeek, 2005) KDNK pada tahun 2005, manakala anggaran OECD melebihi 50%<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> keluaran negara China, iaitu jauh meningkat dari 1% pada tahun 1978.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Bursa sahamnya di <a href="/wiki/Bursa_Saham_Shanghai" title="Bursa Saham Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (SSE) menyaksikan kegiatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawaran_awam_permulaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tawaran awam permulaan (laman tidak wujud)">IPO</a> semakin tumbuh bagai cendawan dan nilai tanda aras <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komposit_SSE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komposit SSE (laman tidak wujud)">Indeks Komposut Shanghai</a> berganda sejak 2005. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemodalan_pasaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemodalan pasaran (laman tidak wujud)">Pemodalan pasaran</a> SSE mencapai AS$3 trilion pada tahun 2007 untuk menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_bursa_saham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai bursa saham (laman tidak wujud)">bursa saham kelima terbesar di dunia</a>. China kini menduduki tempat ke-29 dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_Daya_Saing_Global&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks Daya Saing Global (laman tidak wujud)">Indeks Daya Saing Global</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> 37 syarikat China tersenarai dalam <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> tahun 2009 (termasuk 26 dari Beijing sahaja).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Melalui ukuran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemodalan_pasaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemodalan pasaran (laman tidak wujud)">pemodalan pasaran</a>, empat daripada sepuluh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_perbadanan_mengikut_permodalan_pasaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai perbadanan mengikut permodalan pasaran (laman tidak wujud)">syarikat paling bernilai</a> di dunia bertapak di China, termasuk <a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a> di tempat pertama (syarikat minyak paling bernilai di dunia), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_Industri_dan_Perdagangan_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank Industri dan Perdagangan China (laman tidak wujud)">Bank Industri dan Perdagangan China</a> di tempat ketiga (bank paling bernilai di dunia), <a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a> di tempat kelima (syarikat komunikasi paling bernilai di dunia) dan <a href="/wiki/China_Construction_Bank" title="China Construction Bank">China Construction Bank</a> di tempat ketujuh.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Walaupun masih agak miskin mengikut piawaian dunia, namun pertumbuhan pesat RRC berupaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemiskinan_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemiskinan di China (laman tidak wujud)">menarik keluar beratus juta</a> rakyatnya dari kancah kemiskinan sejak tahun 1978. Kini, kira-kira 10% penduduk China menyara hidup di bawah <a href="/wiki/Garis_kemiskinan" title="Garis kemiskinan">garis kemiskinan</a> AS$1 sehari (<a href="/wiki/Pariti_kuasa_beli" title="Pariti kuasa beli">PPP</a>) (berbanding 64% pada tahun 1978) manakala <a href="/wiki/Jangka_hayat" title="Jangka hayat">jangka hayat</a> keseluruhan meningkat mendadak hingga 73 tahun. Lebih 90% penduduknya celik huruf,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> berbanding 20% pada tahun 1950.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pengangguran" title="Pengangguran">Pengangguran</a> di bandar turun kepada 4% di China pada akhir tahun 2007 (namun pengangguran keseluruhan sebenar mungkin berada sekitar 10%).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Jumlah penduduk kelas menengahnya (pendapatan tahunan sekurang-kurangnya AS$5,000) kini mencecah 80–150 juta oleh,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> manakala bilangan individu teramat kaya yang bernilai lebih 10 juta yuan (AS$1.5 juta) dianggarkan pada 825,000 orang, menurut Laporan Hurun.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Pasaran peruncitan China bernilai 8,921 bilion yuan (AS$1,302 bilion) pada tahun 2007 dan bertumbuh 16.8% setahun.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> RRC juga merupakan pengguna barangan mewah kedua terbesar di dunia mengekori <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> dengan 27.5% kongsian sedunia.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Sungguhpun begitu, pertumbuhan RRC tidak seimbang apabila dibandingkannya kawasan geografi berbeza serta kawasan luar bandar dan bandar. Jurang pendapatan antara bandar dan luar bandar semakin lebar di RRC dengan <a href="/wiki/Pekali_Gini" title="Pekali Gini">pekali Gini</a> pada 46.9%. Usaha pembangunan terlalu ditumpukan di kawasan pantai timur sehingga kawasan-kawasan lain agak terpinggir. Kerajaan mengatasi masalah ini dengan melancarkan inisiatif pembangunan di kawasan-kawasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembangunan_Barat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembangunan Barat China (laman tidak wujud)">barat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giatkan_Semula_China_Timur_Laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giatkan Semula China Timur Laut (laman tidak wujud)">timur laut</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rancangan_Kebangkitan_China_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rancangan Kebangkitan China Tengah (laman tidak wujud)">tengah</a> China. Ekonominya juga terlalu berintensif tenaga dan tidak cekap, kerana menggunakan 20%–100% lebih tenaga berbanding negara-negara <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a> untuk kebanyakan proses industri.<a href="#cite_note-China_Quick_Facts-133">[133]</a> RRC telah menjadi pengguna tenaga kedua terbesar di belakang AS<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> tetapi bergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Arang" title="Arang">arang</a> untuk membekalkan 70% keperluan tenaganya.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Ditambah pula dengan pengawalan alam sekitar yang agak longgar, ini telah menyebabkan pencemaran air dan udda 30 bandaraya paling tercemar di dunia).<a href="#cite_note-China_Quick_Facts-133">[133]</a> Dengan itu, kerajaan berjanji untuk memperbanyakkan penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_boleh_baharu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenaga boleh baharu">tenaga boleh baharu</a> dengan sasaran 10% jumlah kegunaan tenaga menjelang tahun 2010 dan 30% menjelang tahun 2050.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Demografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Setakat 2009<a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit">[kemas kini]</a>, terdapat 1,338,612,968 orang yang tinggal di RRC. Kira-kira 21% penduduknya (145,461,833 lelaki; 128,445,739 perempuan) berusia 14 tahun ke bawah, 71% (482,439,115 lelaki; 455,960,489 perempuan) berusia 15 hingga 64 tahun, dan 8% (48,562,635 lelaki; 53,103,902 perempuan) berusia lebih 65 tahun. Kadar pertumbuhan penduduknya pada tahun 2006 ialah 0.6%.<a href="#cite_note-pop-137">[137]</a> RRC secara rasminya mengiktiraf 56 kelompok etnik berbeza. Kelompok etnik terbesar ialah <a href="/wiki/Cina_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Cina Han">Cina Han</a> yang terdiri daripada 91.9% jumlah penduduk.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Antara etnik minoriti terbesar termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Zhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Zhuang (laman tidak wujud)">Zhuang</a> (16 juta), <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> (10 juta), <a href="/wiki/Orang_Hui" title="Orang Hui">Hui</a> (9 juta), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Miao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Miao (laman tidak wujud)">Miao</a> (8 juta), <a href="/wiki/Orang_Uyghur" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Uyghur">Uyghur</a> (7 juta), <a href="/wiki/Orang_Yi" title="Orang Yi">Yi</a> (7 juta), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tujia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tujia (laman tidak wujud)">Tujia</a> (5.75 juta), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnik_Mongol_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnik Mongol di China (laman tidak wujud)">Mongol</a> (5 juta), <a href="/wiki/Orang_Tibet" title="Orang Tibet">Tibet</a> (5 juta), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buyei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buyei (laman tidak wujud)">Buyei</a> (3 juta), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Korea_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Korea di China (laman tidak wujud)">Korea</a> (2 juta).<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Sepanjang dekad 2000-an, kependudukan bandaraya di China meningkat pada kadar purata 10% setahun. Kadar pembandaran di China meningkat dari 17.4% ke 41.8% dari tahun 1978 hingga 2005, tidak pernah diduga sepesat ini sepanjang sejarah peradaban manusia.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Terdapat 150–200 juta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerja_hijarahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerja hijarahan (laman tidak wujud)">pekerja hijarahan</a> yang bertugas separuh masa di bandaraya utama untuk mencari rezeki untuk dibawa pulang ke kampung halaman secara bermusim.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Kini, Republik Rakyat China menempatkan berpuluh-puluh bandaraya utama yang setiap satunya diduduki lebih sejuta penduduk tetap, termasuk tiga <a href="/wiki/Bandaraya_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandaraya global">bandaraya global</a> iaitu Beijing, Hong Kong, dan Shanghai. Bandaraya utama di China memainkan peranan penting dalam identiti, budaya dan ekonomi kebangsaan dans serantau. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bandaraya_terbesar">Bandaraya terbesar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Bandaraya terbesar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bandaraya terbesar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Perangkaan berikut berdasarkan bancian tahun 2008, dan hanya merupakan anggaran bilangan penduduk dalam lingkungan sempadan pentadbiran bandar; jika diambil kira jumlah penduduk seluruh perbandaran (termasuk penduduk pinggir dan luar bandar) maka kedudukannya menjadi lain. The large floating populations of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult;<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> perangkaan berikut hanya mengira penduduk jangka panjang, terkecuali penduduk sementara. <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; width:97%; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="11"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_bandar_di_Repubik_Rakyat_China_mengikut_kependudukan_teras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai bandar di Repubik Rakyat China mengikut kependudukan teras (laman tidak wujud)">Pusat Perbandaran Terunggul</a> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="23"> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Lujiazui_Skyline_from_Bund.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shanghai"><img alt="Shanghai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lujiazui_Skyline_from_Bund.jpg/135px-Lujiazui_Skyline_from_Bund.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lujiazui_Skyline_from_Bund.jpg/203px-Lujiazui_Skyline_from_Bund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lujiazui_Skyline_from_Bund.jpg/270px-Lujiazui_Skyline_from_Bund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10326" data-file-height="4910" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Hong_Kong_Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hong_Kong_Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg/135px-Hong_Kong_Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hong_Kong_Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg/203px-Hong_Kong_Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hong_Kong_Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg/270px-Hong_Kong_Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="1844" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Shenzhen_night_street.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shenzhen"><img alt="Shenzhen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shenzhen_night_street.JPG/135px-Shenzhen_night_street.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shenzhen_night_street.JPG/203px-Shenzhen_night_street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shenzhen_night_street.JPG/270px-Shenzhen_night_street.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_bandar_di_Repubik_Rakyat_China_mengikut_jumlah_penduduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai bandar di Repubik Rakyat China mengikut jumlah penduduk (laman tidak wujud)">Ked.</a> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandaraya_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandaraya di China (laman tidak wujud)">Bandaraya Teras</a> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/wiki/Pembahagian_pentadbiran_di_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembahagian pentadbiran di China">Bahagian</a> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_bandar_di_Repubik_Rakyat_China_mengikut_kependudukan_teras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai bandar di Repubik Rakyat China mengikut kependudukan teras (laman tidak wujud)">Bil. Penduduk Teras</a> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_bandar_di_Repubik_Rakyat_China_mengikut_jumlah_penduduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai bandar di Repubik Rakyat China mengikut jumlah penduduk (laman tidak wujud)">Bil. Penduduk Perbandaran</a> </th> <th align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Pentadbiran_Geografi_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Pentadbiran Geografi China (laman tidak wujud)">Rantau</a> </th> <th rowspan="23"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bandaraya_terbesar_di_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Bandaraya terbesar di Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">lihat</a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Bandaraya_terbesar_di_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Bandaraya terbesar di Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">bincang</a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bandaraya_terbesar_di_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit">sunting</a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Guangzhou"><img alt="Guangzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png/135px-Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png/203px-Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png/270px-Guangzhou_dusk_11-5-2008.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="503" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Perbandaran Shanghai</a></td> <td>9,495,701</td> <td>18,542,200</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Timur" title="China Timur">Timur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Perbandaran Beijing</a></td> <td>7,296,962</td> <td>17,430,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="China Utara">Utara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR</a></td> <td>7,000,000</td> <td>7,000,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Selatan_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Selatan Tengah (laman tidak wujud)">Selatan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Perbandaran Tianjin</a></td> <td>5,066,129</td> <td>11,500,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="China Utara">Utara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Wilayah Hubei</a></td> <td>6,660,000</td> <td>9,100,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Tengah (laman tidak wujud)">Tengah Selatan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Wilayah Guangdong</a></td> <td>4,154,808</td> <td>15,000,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Selatan_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Selatan Tengah (laman tidak wujud)">Selatan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Wilayah Guangdong</a></td> <td>4,000,000</td> <td>8,615,500</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Selatan_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Selatan Tengah (laman tidak wujud)">Selatan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Wilayah Liaoning</a></td> <td>3,981,023</td> <td>7,500,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Timur_Laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Timur Laut (laman tidak wujud)">Timur Laut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Perbandaran Chongqing</a></td> <td>3,934,239</td> <td>31,442,300</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Barat_Daya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Barat Daya (laman tidak wujud)">Barat Daya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Wilayah Jiangxi</a></td> <td>3,790,000</td> <td>4,990,184</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Timur" title="China Timur">Timur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Wilayah Jiangsu</a></td> <td>2,822,117</td> <td>7,100,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Timur" title="China Timur">Timur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Wilayah Heilongjiang</a></td> <td>2,672,069</td> <td>8,499,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Timur_Laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Timur Laut (laman tidak wujud)">Timur Laut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Wilayah Shaanxi</a></td> <td>2,588,987</td> <td>10,500,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Barat_Laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Barat Laut (laman tidak wujud)">Barat Laut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">14</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Wilayah Sichuan</a></td> <td>2,341,203</td> <td>11,300,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Barat_Daya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Barat Daya (laman tidak wujud)">Barat Daya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changchun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changchun (laman tidak wujud)">Changchun</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Wilayah Jilin</a></td> <td>2,223,170</td> <td>7,400,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Timur_Laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Timur Laut (laman tidak wujud)">Timur Laut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalian (laman tidak wujud)">Dalian</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Wilayah Liaoning</a></td> <td>2,118,087</td> <td>6,200,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Timur_Laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Timur Laut (laman tidak wujud)">Timur Laut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Wilayah Zhejiang</a></td> <td>1,932,612</td> <td>7,000,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Timur" title="China Timur">Timur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinan (laman tidak wujud)">Jinan</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Wilayah Shandong</a></td> <td>1,917,204</td> <td>6,300,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Timur" title="China Timur">Timur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiyuan (laman tidak wujud)">Taiyuan</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Wilayah Shanxi</a></td> <td>1,905,403</td> <td>3,413,800</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="China Utara">Utara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Wilayah Shandong</a></td> <td>1,867,365</td> <td>8,000,000</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Timur" title="China Timur">Timur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#f5f5f5;">Anggaran 2008 - kawasan pinggir dan luar bandar dikecualikan dari kependudukan teras </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dasar_kependudukan">Dasar kependudukan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Dasar kependudukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Dasar kependudukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Dasar_anak_tunggal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasar anak tunggal">Dasar anak tunggal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:ChinaDemography.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ChinaDemography.svg/300px-ChinaDemography.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ChinaDemography.svg/450px-ChinaDemography.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ChinaDemography.svg/600px-ChinaDemography.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Bilangan penduduk China (1961 – 2006).</figcaption></figure> Dengan 1.3 bilion orang penduduk dan kebimbangan akan <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_penduduk" title="Pertumbuhan penduduk">pertumbuhan penduduknya</a>, kerajaan RRC pernah cuba melaksanakan dan mengetatkan dasar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perancangan_keluarga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perancangan keluarga (laman tidak wujud)">perancangan keluarga</a> dengan hasil baik bercampur buruk.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Dasarnya adalah memastikan <a href="/wiki/Dasar_anak_tunggal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasar anak tunggal">setiap keluarga ada seorang anak sahaja</a>, dengan pengecualian untuk minoriti etnik dan kelonggaran di kawasan luar bandar, dengan matlamat menstabilkan pertumbuhan penduduk seawal awal abad ke-21, meskipun jumlah penduduknya diunjur mencapai 1.4 bilion hingga 1.6 bilion pada tahun 2025. Dengan itu, menteri perancangan keluarga berkata China akan mengekalkan dasar anak tunggalnya sehingga seawal tahun 2020.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Dasar ini menerima tentangan hebat, khususnya dari kawasan luar bandar, atas keperluan tenaga kerja <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a> serta keutamaan kepada lelaki (yang bakal menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewaris (laman tidak wujud)">pewaris</a> lelaki) mengikut tradisi. Keluarga yang melanggar dasar ini sering berbohong kepada pihak <a href="/wiki/Banci" title="Banci">banci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-censuslie-146">[146]</a> Dasar kerajaan rasmi menentang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemandulan_wajib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemandulan wajib (laman tidak wujud)">pemandulan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Pengguguran" title="Pengguguran">pengguguran</a> secara paksa, tetapi dakwaan paksaan sebegini masih menular kerana pegawai tempatan yang berdepan dengan hukuman kerana gagal mengekang pertumbuhan penduduk, akan mengambil jalan memaksa pengguguran atau pemandulan, atau memanipulasi perangkaan banci. Keutuhan statistik penduduk RRC yang makin merosot sejak bermulanya perancangan keluarga pada akhir 1970-an telah menyukarkan penilaian keberkesanan dasar iru.<a href="#cite_note-censuslie-146">[146]</a> Anggaran ahli demografi China untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadar_jumlah_kesuburan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadar jumlah kesuburan (laman tidak wujud)">purata bilangan anak untuk seorang ibu China</a> berbeza-beza dari 1.5 hingga 2.0. Kerajaan juga agak bimbang dengan ketakseimbangan ketara dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisbah_jantina_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisbah jantina manusia (laman tidak wujud)">nisbah jantina</a> kelahiran, yang nampaknya merupakan kesan keutamaan tradisi kepada lelaki dan tekanan perancangan keluarga, sehingga penggunaan peralatan <a href="/wiki/Ultrabunyi" title="Ultrabunyi">ultrabunyi</a> dilarang untuk tujuan mencegah pengguguran berpilih jantina. Faktor-faktor lain termasuk kurang lapor kanak-kanak perempuan untuk memintasi undang-undang serta sesetengah tempat yang membenarkan anak kedua jika anak sulung bukan lelaki (tetapi tidak sebaliknya). Berdasarkan laporan Biro Statistik Negara Februari 2010, nisbah jantina bayi yang lahir di China pada tahun 2009 melaporkan 119.45 lelaki kepada 100 perempuan.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Memandangkan ketakseimbangan jantina ini semakin menjadi-jadi, para pakar menjangka arah aliran jika dibiarkan berterusan boleh mengundang ketakstabilan sosial.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kesihatan_awam_dan_alam_sekitar">Kesihatan awam dan alam sekitar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Kesihatan awam dan alam sekitar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kesihatan awam dan alam sekitar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:BeijingSmogComparison-Aug2005a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BeijingSmogComparison-Aug2005a.png/180px-BeijingSmogComparison-Aug2005a.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BeijingSmogComparison-Aug2005a.png/270px-BeijingSmogComparison-Aug2005a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BeijingSmogComparison-Aug2005a.png/360px-BeijingSmogComparison-Aug2005a.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="360" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Di China terletaknya beberapa buah bandar paling tercemar di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Bilangan kesakitan pernafasan meningkat akibat pencemaran udara berleluasa.<a href="#cite_note-FT-china-pollution-152">[152]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg/180px-Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg/270px-Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg/360px-Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbin_pandu_angin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbin pandu angin (laman tidak wujud)">Turbin pandu angin</a> di <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. Projek Dabancheng ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladang_angin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ladang angin (laman tidak wujud)">ladang angin</a> terbesar di Asia.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Kesihatan_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Kesihatan Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">Kementerian Kesihatan</a>, bersama rakan-rakan sejawatnya di biro-biro kesihatan wilayahnya, bertugas menyelia keperluan kesihatan para penduduk China.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Sejak awal 1950-an, dasar kesihatan RRC bercirikan penekanan pada <a href="/wiki/Kesihatan_awam" title="Kesihatan awam">kesihatan awam</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perubatan_pencegahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perubatan pencegahan (laman tidak wujud)">rawatan pencegahan</a>. Ketika itu, Parti Komunis memulakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempen_Kesihatan_Patriotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kempen Kesihatan Patriotik (laman tidak wujud)">Kempen Kesihatan Patriotik</a> yang bertujuan memperbaiki <a href="/wiki/Sanitasi" title="Sanitasi">sanitasi</a> dan kebersihan, di samping membasmi penyakit. Hasilnya, penyakit-penyakit seperti taun, demam kepialu, dan demam marak hampir disirnakan dari muka bumi China. Dengan pembaharuan ekonomi mulai tahun 1978, kesihatan awam Cina banyak bertambah baik kerana peningkatan nutrisi walaupun lesapnya kebanyakan perkhidmatan kesihatan percuma di desa bersama Komun Rakyat. Penjagaan kesihatan di China kebanyakannya menjadi swasta berbayar. <a href="/wiki/Jangka_hayat" title="Jangka hayat">jangka hayat ketika lahir</a> di negara ini melonjak dari 35 tahun pada tahun 1949 kepada 73.18 tahun pada tahun 2008,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> manakala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadar_kematian_bayi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadar kematian bayi (laman tidak wujud)">kadar kematian bayi</a> menurun dari 300 perseribu pada 1950-an kepada kira-kira 23 perseribu pada tahun 2006.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Kadar <a href="/wiki/Malnutrisi" title="Malnutrisi">malnutrisi</a> setakat 2002<a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit">[kemas kini]</a> berada pada 12% penduduk, mengikut sumber <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Makanan_dan_Pertanian" title="Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian">Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian</a> <a href="/wiki/PBB" class="mw-disambig" title="PBB">PBB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Biarpun banyak meningkat dari segi tahap kesihatan serta pengenalan kemudahan perubatan ala barat, namun China berdepan dengan kemunculan masalah <a href="/wiki/Kesihatan_awam" title="Kesihatan awam">kesihatan awam</a> terbaru, termasuk masalah pernafasan akibat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alam_sekitar_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alam sekitar di China (laman tidak wujud)">pencemaran udara berleluasa</a><a href="#cite_note-FT-china-pollution-152">[152]</a> bilangan <a href="/wiki/Merokok" title="Merokok">perokok</a> berjuta-juta,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> dan kemungkinan <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the People's Republic of China (laman tidak wujud)">HIV/AIDS epidemic</a> pada masa akan datang, dan <a href="/wiki/Keobesan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keobesan">keobesan</a> menjadi-jadi di kalangan pemuda bandar.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Bilangan penduduk yang begitu besar serta tempat tinggal yang saling rapat-rapat di China telah membawa kepada meletusnya wabak penyakit serius kebelakangan ini, seperti wabak <a href="/wiki/SARS" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS">SARS</a> (penyakit seakan pneumonia) pada tahun 2003 yang kini dalam keadaan amat terkawal.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Bilangan kematian berlebihan akibat pencemaran alam di China (selain merokok) dianggarkan pada 760,000 orang setahun akibat pencemaran udara dan air (termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kualiti_udara_dalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kualiti udara dalam (laman tidak wujud)">pencemaran udara dalam</a>).<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Pada tahun 2007, China mengatasi Amerika Syarikat sebagai pengeluar <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> terbesar di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Kira-kira 90% bandaraya di China sedikit sebanyak mengalami <a href="/wiki/Pencemaran_air" title="Pencemaran air">pencemaran air</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> manakala hampir 500 juta orang tidak dapat mencapai air yang selamat untuk diminum.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Laporan Bank Dunia dan akhbar New York Times mendakwa pencemaran industri, khususnya kepada udara, sebagai ancaman kesihatan terbesar di China. China telah menyediakan beberapa peraturan berkenaan alam sekitar, seperti Undang-Undang Perlindungan Alam Sekitar 1979 yang banyak mencontohi perundangan A.S., namun alam sekitarnya masih terus merosot.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Walaupun peraturannya agak ketat, namun sering diabaikan oleh masyarakat setempat yang kemaruk mengejar pembangunan ekonomi. 12 tahun selepas penguatkuasaannya, hanya sebuah bandaraya China dilihat berusaha membersihkan buangan airnya.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Kemusnahan alam merupakan salah satu akibat pengejaran kemakmuran China. Seorang pejuang alam terkenal di China, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Jun_(pencinta_alam_sekitar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Jun (pencinta alam sekitar) (laman tidak wujud)">Ma Jun</a> mengingatkan bahawa pencemaran air adalah antara ancaman paling serius yang dihadapi oleh China. Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Sumber_Air_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Sumber Air Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">Kementerian Sumber Air</a>, kira-kira 300 juta rakyat China meminum air yang tidak selamat. Ini menyebabkan krisis kekurangan bekalan air semakin mendesak, dengan kekurangan air dilaporkan di 400 daripada 600 bandaraya di negara ini.<a href="#cite_note-water-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Dengan pelaburan bernilai AS$34.6 bilion dalam teknologi bersih pada tahun 2009, China ialah pelabur utama dunia dalam teknologi tenaga boleh baharu.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> China menghasilkan lebih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbin_pandu_angin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbin pandu angin (laman tidak wujud)">turbin angin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Panel_suria" title="Panel suria">panel suria</a> setahun berbanding negara lain.<a href="#cite_note-bradsher-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rancangan_penerokaan_angkasa_lepas">Rancangan penerokaan angkasa lepas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Rancangan penerokaan angkasa lepas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rancangan penerokaan angkasa lepas">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Selepas pertikaian China-Soviet, negara China mula mendirikan program pencegahan nuklear dan sistem penghantaran angkasanya yang tersendiri. Hasil kejadian ini adalah rancangan pelancaran satelit. Ini menjadi realiti pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> dengan pelancaran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dong_Fang_Hong_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dong Fang Hong 1 (laman tidak wujud)">Dong Fang Hong 1</a>, satelit China pertama. Ini menjadikan China negara kelima secara sendirinya melancarkan satelit angkasa lepas. Program melancarkan angkasawan China pertama pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1970-an" title="1970-an">1970-an</a> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Projek_714&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Projek 714 (laman tidak wujud)">Projek 714</a> dan kapal angkasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuguang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuguang (laman tidak wujud)">Shuguang</a> tidak kesampaian kerana masalah kegelutan ekonomi dan politik. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Projek_921&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Projek 921 (laman tidak wujud)">Projek 921</a> dibenarkan dan pada tarikh 19hb November <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>, roket tidak beranak kapal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenzhou_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenzhou 1 (laman tidak wujud)">Shenzhou 1</a> dilancarkan, ujian pertama roket negara ini. Selepas tiga lagi percubaan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenzhou_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenzhou 5 (laman tidak wujud)">Shenzhou 5</a> dilancarkan pada tarikh 15hb Oktober <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> dengan roket <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawat_Lama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawat Lama (laman tidak wujud)">Kawat Lama</a> yang beranak kapal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Liwei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Liwei (laman tidak wujud)">Yang Liwei</a> digunakan, menjadikan China negara ketiga meletakkan manusia ke angkasa lepas selepas Amerika Syarikat dan Rusia. Misi kedua, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenzhou_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenzhou 6 (laman tidak wujud)">Shenzhou 6</a> dilancarkan pada tarikh 12hb Oktober <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>. Sesetengah pakar merumuskan bahawa kapal angkasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenzhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenzhou (laman tidak wujud)">Shenzhou</a> hanyalah sebagai tiruan kapal angkasa Rusia <a href="/wiki/Soyuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz">Soyuz</a> semata-mata dan mempunyai reka bentuk yang lama. Akan tetapi, para jurutera China menunjukkan bahawa ia bukan sedemikan rupa dan pada peringkat awalan <a href="/wiki/Projek_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Projek Apollo">Projek Apollo</a> reka bentuk yang serupa dicadangkan NASA. Program China ini dipersoalkan Barat dengan <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Kongres Amerika Syarikat">Kongres Amerika Syarikat</a> mengatakan Sementara satu sebab tindakan China ini adalah untuk mendapat nama, tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa ia menyumbang kearah sistem ketenteraan di angkasa lepas pada jangka waktu antara tahun 2010 ke 2020. China merupakan negara ketiga untuk melancarkan seorang ke angkasa lepas, dan tiada lagi negara yang keempat melalukannya pada waktu ini. Seminggu selepas pelancaran, negara Timur yang sepatutnya menyokong jiran sesama Asianya, India, memanggilnya 'Rangkakan Jauh Lambat China' (China's Late Creep Forward) dalam akhbar <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Akhbar itu mendakwa bahawa Beijing sengaja mahu menunjuk-nunjukkan teknologi yang telah dikenali selama empat dekad yang lalu. Lihat editorial <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=229586">ini</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112230632/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=229586">Diarkibkan</a> 2009-01-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budaya">Budaya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Budaya">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Chinese_meal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chinese_meal.jpg/180px-Chinese_meal.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chinese_meal.jpg/270px-Chinese_meal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chinese_meal.jpg/360px-Chinese_meal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hidangan China berisi <a href="/wiki/Nasi" title="Nasi">nasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udang" title="Udang">udang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terung" title="Terung">terung</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauhu_jeruk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauhu jeruk (laman tidak wujud)">tauhu tapai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goreng_kilas" title="Goreng kilas">sayur goreng kilas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daging_tiruan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daging tiruan (laman tidak wujud)">daging itik vegetarian</a> dengan daging dan <a href="/wiki/Buluh" title="Buluh">buluh</a>, di <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Demonstrating_Kung_Fu_at_Daxiangguo_Monestary,_Kaifeng,_Henan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Demonstrating_Kung_Fu_at_Daxiangguo_Monestary%2C_Kaifeng%2C_Henan.JPG/180px-Demonstrating_Kung_Fu_at_Daxiangguo_Monestary%2C_Kaifeng%2C_Henan.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Demonstrating_Kung_Fu_at_Daxiangguo_Monestary%2C_Kaifeng%2C_Henan.JPG/270px-Demonstrating_Kung_Fu_at_Daxiangguo_Monestary%2C_Kaifeng%2C_Henan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Demonstrating_Kung_Fu_at_Daxiangguo_Monestary%2C_Kaifeng%2C_Henan.JPG/360px-Demonstrating_Kung_Fu_at_Daxiangguo_Monestary%2C_Kaifeng%2C_Henan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="426" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tunjuk cara <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a> di Biara Daxiangguo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaifeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaifeng (laman tidak wujud)">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG/180px-Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG/270px-Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG/360px-Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Opera_Beijing" title="Opera Beijing">Opera Beijing</a> ialah contoh unggul kebudayaan Cina tradisional dan mendapat tempat penting dalam khazanah keseniah dunia.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG/180px-Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG/270px-Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG/360px-Sunset_of_the_Forbidden_City_2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sudut utara <a href="/wiki/Kota_Larangan" title="Kota Larangan">Kota Larangan</a> yang bercirikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_bina_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni bina China (laman tidak wujud)">gaya seni bina klasik</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Selama ratusan tahun, peluang kemajuan ekonomi dan sosial di China ditawarkan melalui prestasi baik dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peperiksaan_Diraja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peperiksaan Diraja (laman tidak wujud)">peperiksaan Diraja</a>. Penekanan sastera dalam peperiksaan mempengaruhi tanggapan awam terhadap kepekertian budaya di China, seperti kepercayaan bahawa <a href="/wiki/Seni_khat_Asia_Timur" title="Seni khat Asia Timur">seni khat</a> dan lukisan pujangga lebih tinggi nilainya berbanding tarian atau lakon pentas. Nilai-nilai tradisi China berasal dari pelbagai bentuk amalan <a href="/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme">Konfusianisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Konservatisme" title="Konservatisme">konservatisme</a>. Turut dipercayai mempengaruhi tradisi ialah jenis-jenis fahaman yang lebih bersifat <a href="/wiki/Autoritarianisme" title="Autoritarianisme">autoritarian</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rasionalisme" title="Rasionalisme">rasional</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Legalisme_(falsafah_Cina)" title="Legalisme (falsafah Cina)">Legalisme</a>. Antara falsafah-falsafah ini sering timbulnya perselisihan, seperti pengamal <a href="/wiki/Neo-Konfusianisme" title="Neo-Konfusianisme">Neo-Konfusianisme</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Individualisme" title="Individualisme">individualistik</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Song" title="Dinasti Song">Dinasti Song</a> yang percaya bahawa Legalisme menyimpang dari semangat asli Konfusianisme. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peperiksaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peperiksaan (laman tidak wujud)">Peperiksaan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Meritokrasi" title="Meritokrasi">budaya merit</a> masih diangkat tinggi nilainya di China zaman sekarang. Baru-baru ini, segelintir pengikut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfusianisme_Baru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfusianisme Baru (laman tidak wujud)">Konfusianisme Baru</a> mendokong bahawa cita-cita demokrasi dan hak asasi manusia serasi sekali dengan "nilai-nilai Asia" tradisi Confucius.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Barisan kepimpinan terawal RRC dilahirkan dalam masyarakat lama, tetapi dipengaruhi oleh <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_4_Mei" title="Gerakan 4 Mei">Gerakan 4 Mei</a> dan cita-cita pembaharuan. Mereka ingin mengubah sesetengah aspek tradisi kebudayaan Cina, seperti pegangan tanah luar bandar, seksisme, dan pendidikan Konfusius; sambil mengekalkan yang lain, seperti struktur keluarga dan taat setia kepada negara. Ramai pemerhati percaya bahawa zaman yang menyusuli tahun 1949 merupakan kesinambungan sejarah <a href="/wiki/Dinasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinasti">dinasti</a> China tradisi, tetapi dibalas dengan pihak lain yang mengatakan pemerintahan Parti Komunis telah menggoyahkan asas-asas kebudayaan Cina, khususnya menerusi pergerakan politik seperti <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan">Revolusi Kebudayaan</a>, yang mana kebanyakan aspek kebudayaan tradisional dihapuskan kerana dilabelkan sebagai 'regresif dan berbahaya' atau 'sisa-sisa feudalisme' oleh kerajaan ketika itu. Tambahan pula, mereka berhujah bahawa banyak aspek penting akhlak dan kebudayaan tradisi Cina, seperti ajaran <a href="/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme">Konfusianisme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesenian_Cina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesenian Cina (laman tidak wujud)">kesenian</a>, sastera, dan lakon pentas seperti <a href="/wiki/Opera_Beijing" title="Opera Beijing">opera Beijing</a>, diubah suai agar selaras dengan dasar dan dakyah kerajaan ketika itu. Kini, kerajaan China telah menerima kebanyakan besar budaya Cina tradisional sebagai penting dalam masyarakat China, dengan memujinya sebagai pencapaian penting dalam <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tamadun China</a> serta menekannya sebagai daya utama identiti kebangsaan China. Semenjak berakhirnya Revolusi Kebudayaan, pelbagai bentuk kesenian, sastera, muzik, filem, fesyen dan seni bina tradisi Cina bangkit kembali dengan penuh semangat,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> sementara seni rakyat dan aneka ragam khususnya telah menikmati penghormatan baru, lalu mencetuskan minat di dalam dan luar negara.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Budaya Cina dan Barat dihubungkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Laluan_Sutera" title="Laluan Sutera">Laluan Sutera</a>. Hasil penemuan artifak dari sejarah Laluan Sutera, dan juga sejarah semula jadi <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Gobi" title="Gurun Gobi">gurun Gobi</a>, dipamerkan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzium_Laluan_Sutera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzium Laluan Sutera (laman tidak wujud)">Muzium Laluan Sutera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukan_dan_rekreasi">Sukan dan rekreasi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Sukan dan rekreasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sukan dan rekreasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wangfujingbasketball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wangfujingbasketball.jpg/220px-Wangfujingbasketball.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wangfujingbasketball.jpg/330px-Wangfujingbasketball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wangfujingbasketball.jpg/440px-Wangfujingbasketball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Permainan <a href="/wiki/Bola_keranjang" title="Bola keranjang">bola keranjang</a> di sebuah kawasan perumahan di Beijing pada waktu malam.</figcaption></figure> China bermegah dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukan_di_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukan di Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">budaya bersukan terlama</a> di dunia dengan ribuan tahun lamanya. Sebenarnya, ada bukti bahawa sejenis sukan seakan <a href="/wiki/Bola_sepak" title="Bola sepak">bola sepak</a> pernah digiatkan di China pada zaman silam.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Selain bola sepak,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> antara sukan-sukan kegemaran ramai di negara termasuk sukan bela diri, ping pong, badminton, renang, bola keranjang dan snuker. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permainan_papan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permainan papan (laman tidak wujud)">Permainan papan</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(permainan_papan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Go (permainan papan) (laman tidak wujud)">Weiqi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">Xiangqi</a>, dan baru-baru ini <a href="/wiki/Catur" title="Catur">catur</a> ala Barat, juga menjadi kegemaran sehingga dianjurkannya pertandingan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesihatan_jasmani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesihatan jasmani (laman tidak wujud)">Kesihatan jasmani</a> banyak ditekankan dalam budaya China, dengan bersenam pada waktu pagi sebagai kemestian. Warga emas juga sering kelihatan berlatih <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">qigong</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_chi_chuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai chi chuan (laman tidak wujud)">tai chi chuan</a> di taman, begitu juga pelajar sekolah meregangkan badan beramai-ramai di kawasan sekolah. Muda-mudi gemar sekali bola keranjang, khususnya di kawasan bandar yang ruang dan padang rumputnya terhad. <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> menjadi ikutan muda-mudi China, dengan <a href="/wiki/Yao_Ming" title="Yao Ming">Yao Ming</a> sebagai idola pujaan ramai.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Beijing juga memiliki sejarah terbilang sebagai tuan rumah temasya sukan terbesar seperti <a href="/wiki/Sukan_Asia_1990" title="Sukan Asia 1990">Sukan Asia 1990</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sukan_Olimpik_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukan Olimpik 2008">Sukan Olimpik 2008</a>. Di sebalik kemodenan negara, sukan tradisional masih dihidupkan. Perlumbaan <a href="/wiki/Perahu_naga" title="Perahu naga">perahu naga</a> diadakan sempena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perayaan_Duanwu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perayaan Duanwu (laman tidak wujud)">Perayaan Duanwu</a> pada awal bulan Mei. Di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_Dalam" title="Mongolia Dalam">Mongolia Dalam</a>, sukan-sukan seperti <a href="/wiki/Gusti_Mongolia" title="Gusti Mongolia">gusti bergaya Mongolia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lumba_kuda" title="Lumba kuda">lumba kuda</a> menjadi kegemaran ramai. Di <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Autonomi_Tibet" title="Kawasan Autonomi Tibet">Tibet</a>, sukan <a href="/wiki/Memanah" title="Memanah">memanah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ekuestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekuestrian">ekuestrian</a> merupakan antara acara-acara perayaan tradisional.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Pasukan atlit China menduduki tempat teratas dari segi kiraan pingat emas di <a href="/wiki/Sukan_Olimpik_Musim_Panas_2008" title="Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 2008">Sukan Olimpik</a> yang diadakan di Beijing dari 8 hingga 24 Ogos 2008.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lain-lain">Lain-lain</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Lain-lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lain-lain">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6350819">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px;padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal China </a></li></ul> <ul><li>Rencana <a href="/wiki/China_(kawasan)" title="China (kawasan)">China</a> tentang <a href="/wiki/Tamadun" title="Tamadun">tamadunnya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang China (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-Undang China</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-Undang Republik Rakyat China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_perhubungan_di_tanah_besar_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem perhubungan di tanah besar China (laman tidak wujud)">Sistem perhubungan di tanah besar China</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_perhubungan_di_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem perhubungan di Hong Kong (laman tidak wujud)">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_perhubungan_di_Makau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem perhubungan di Makau (laman tidak wujud)">Makau</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_perhubungan_di_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem perhubungan di Taiwan (laman tidak wujud)">Sistem perhubungan di Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_tanah_besar_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan tanah besar China (laman tidak wujud)">Pendidikan tanah besar China</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan Hong Kong (laman tidak wujud)">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_Makau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan Makau (laman tidak wujud)">Makau</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan Taiwan (laman tidak wujud)">Pendidikan Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perperiksaaan_Awam_Kemasukan_Kolej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perperiksaaan Awam Kemasukan Kolej (laman tidak wujud)">Perperiksaaan Awam Kemasukan Kolej</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alam_sekitar_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alam sekitar China (laman tidak wujud)">Alam sekitar China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnik_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnik di China (laman tidak wujud)">Etnik di China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polis_Republik_Rakyat_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polis Republik Rakyat China (laman tidak wujud)">Polis Republik Rakyat China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landasan_keretapi_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landasan keretapi di China (laman tidak wujud)">Landasan keretapi di China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sains_dan_teknologi_di_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sains dan teknologi di China (laman tidak wujud)">Sains dan teknologi di China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengangkutan_di_tanah_besar_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengangkutan di tanah besar China (laman tidak wujud)">Pengangkutan di tanah besar China</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengangkutan_di_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengangkutan di Hong Kong (laman tidak wujud)">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengangkutan_di_Makau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengangkutan di Makau (laman tidak wujud)">Makau</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengangkutan_di_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengangkutan di Taiwan (laman tidak wujud)">Pengangkutan di Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_ketenteraan_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah ketenteraan China (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah ketenteraan China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_pertempuran_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai pertempuran China (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai pertempuran China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-langlaw-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-langlaw_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-langlaw_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm">"Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2013-07-24. Dicapai pada 2019-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+the+Standard+Spoken+and+Written+Chinese+Language+%28Order+of+the+President+No.37%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Flaws%2F2005-09%2F19%2Fcontent_64906.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011073205/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">"CIA - The World Factbook -- China"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">yang asal</a> pada 2016-10-11. Dicapai pada 2010-03-15. <q>Government type: Communist state</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook+--+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs2009" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm">"China (10/09)"</a>. Background Notes. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of State (laman tidak wujud)">United States Department of State</a>. Dicapai pada 2010-03-15. <q>Government Type: Communist party-led state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Background+Notes&rft.atitle=China+%2810%2F09%29&rft.date=2009-10&rft.au=Bureau+of+East+Asian+and+Pacific+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F18902.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unpop-4"><a href="#cite_ref-unpop_4-0">^</a> (2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">China – People</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cia.gov.++Dicapai">https://www.cia.gov.++Dicapai</a> pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=2010-01-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010-01-01 (laman tidak wujud)">2010-01-01</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011073205/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2016-10-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">CIA World Factbook</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625144901/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2014-06-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedudukan_Gini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedudukan Gini (laman tidak wujud)">kedudukan Gini</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-6"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_6-0">^</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf">Human Development Report 2009</a>]. PBB. Diterima pada 5 Oktober 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-notsimple-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-notsimple_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-notsimple_7-1">b</a> Boum, Aomar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_6/goodmanonoivol6.htm">Journal of Political Ecology: Case Studies in History and Society</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709023444/http://www.chinadaily.net/china/2008-01/24/content_6418067.htm">"GDP expands 11.4 percent, fastest in 13 years"</a>. Chinadaily.net. 2008-01-24. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.net/china/2008-01/24/content_6418067.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2008-07-09. Dicapai pada 2009-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+expands+11.4+percent%2C+fastest+in+13+years&rft.pub=Chinadaily.net&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.net%2Fchina%2F2008-01%2F24%2Fcontent_6418067.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2001" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Greg (2001). "Executive Summary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=S9rP0A2q14UC&lpg=PA4&ots=LH0GtACK-m&dq=single-party%20%22people's%20republic%20of%20china%22&lr=&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=%22single-party%20state%22&f=false">China's golden shield: Corporations and the development of surveillance technology in the People's Republic of China</a>. Rights & Democracy. m/s. 5. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9782922084429" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9782922084429"><bdi>9782922084429</bdi></a>. Dicapai pada 2009-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Executive+Summary&rft.btitle=China%27s+golden+shield%3A+Corporations+and+the+development+of+surveillance+technology+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Rights+%26+Democracy&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782922084429&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS9rP0A2q14UC%26lpg%3DPA4%26ots%3DLH0GtACK-m%26dq%3Dsingle-party%2520%2522people%27s%2520republic%2520of%2520china%2522%26lr%3D%26pg%3DPA5%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522single-party%2520state%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration">"Sino-British Joint Declaration"</a>. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sino-British+Joint+Declaration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FSino-British_Joint_Declaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html">"Constitution of the People's Republic of China"</a>. People's Daily Online. Dicapai pada 2009-11-23. <q>Article 138. The capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2Fconstitution%2Fconstitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Kedudukan RRC dan Amerika Syarikat menjadi pertikaian kerana melibatkan kawasan Aksai Chin dan Rentas Karakoram yang dituntut oleh India sebagai penentu bezanya. Lihat <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_keluasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut keluasan">Senarai negara mengikut keluasan</a> untuk maklumat lanjut. </li> <li id="cite_note-listofcountriesoftheworld.com-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-listofcountriesoftheworld.com_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-listofcountriesoftheworld.com_13-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.listofcountriesoftheworld.com/area-land.html">Countries of the world ordered by land area</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/China2004/106396.htm">"Rivers and Lakes"</a>. China.org.cn. Dicapai pada 2009-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rivers+and+Lakes&rft.pub=China.org.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2FChina2004%2F106396.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm">"Country profile: China"</a>. BBC News. 2009-07-01. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+profile%3A+China&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1287798.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:20634060~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382,00.html">Fighting Poverty: Findings and Lessons from China’s Success</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922130002/http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:20634060~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382,00.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2013-09-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (World Bank). Diterima pada 10 Ogos 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Jim Landers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/nationworld/stories/081108dnmetagingchina.43a6e47.html">China's rapidly aging population may strain its economy</a>, 2008-08-11. Accessed 2008-10-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/world/asia/29china.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Beijing’s Olympic Quest: Turn Smoggy Sky Blue – New York Times</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6247119.stm">"Asia-Pacific | China fails environment targets"</a>. BBC News. 2007-01-10. Dicapai pada 2009-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Asia-Pacific+%26%23124%3B+China+fails+environment+targets&rft.date=2007-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6247119.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/china/page.do?id=1011134">"China Human Rights"</a>. Amnestyusa.org. 2008-04-01. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Amnestyusa.org&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnestyusa.org%2Fchina%2Fpage.do%3Fid%3D1011134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/en-rapport57-China.html">"Reporters Sans Frontières"</a>. Rsf.org. 2009-04-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706174320/http://www.rsf.org/en-rapport57-China.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2009-07-06. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reporters+Sans+Fronti%C3%A8res&rft.pub=Rsf.org&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Fen-rapport57-China.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMuldavin2006" class="citation web cs1">Muldavin, Joshua (2006-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=851&prog=zch">"From Rural Transformation to Global Integration: The Environmental and Social Impacts of China's Rise to Superpower"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Dicapai pada 2010-01-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Rural+Transformation+to+Global+Integration%3A+The+Environmental+and+Social+Impacts+of+China%27s+Rise+to+Superpower&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2006-02-09&rft.aulast=Muldavin&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegieendowment.org%2Fevents%2Findex.cfm%3Ffa%3DeventDetail%26id%3D851%26prog%3Dzch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREF(Lt_Colonel,_USAF)_Uckert1995" class="citation journal cs1">(Lt Colonel, USAF) Uckert, Merri B. (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115145821/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc/uckertmb.pdf">"China as an Economic and Military Superpower: A Dangerous Combination?"</a> (PDF). Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air War College, Air University: 33. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc/uckertmb.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2013-01-15. Dicapai pada 2019-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+as+an+Economic+and+Military+Superpower%3A+A+Dangerous+Combination%3F&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1995-04&rft.aulast=%28Lt+Colonel%2C+USAF%29+Uckert&rft.aufirst=Merri+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Fawc%2Fuckertmb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBergstenGillLardyMitchell2006" class="citation book cs1">Bergsten, C. Fred; Gill, Bates; Lardy, Nicholas R.; Mitchell, Derek (2006-04-17). China: The Balance Sheet: What the World Needs to Know about the Emerging Superpower (ed. Illustrated Hardcover). PublicAffairs. m/s. 224. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781586484644" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781586484644"><bdi>9781586484644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+The+Balance+Sheet%3A+What+the+World+Needs+to+Know+about+the+Emerging+Superpower&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=Illustrated+Hardcover&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2006-04-17&rft.isbn=9781586484644&rft.aulast=Bergsten&rft.aufirst=C.+Fred&rft.au=Gill%2C+Bates&rft.au=Lardy%2C+Nicholas+R.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/mao490921.htm">The Chinese people have stood up</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218071231/http://www.international.ucla.edu/eas/documents/mao490921.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2009-02-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UCLA Center for East Asian Studies. Diterima pada 16 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427002130/http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328">"A hunger for truth: A new book banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine"</a>. en.chinaelections.org. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328">yang asal</a> pada 2009-04-27. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+hunger+for+truth%3A+A+new+book+banned+on+the+mainland%2C+is+becoming+the+definitive+account+of+the+Great+Famine&rft.pub=en.chinaelections.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinaelections.org%2Fnewsinfo.asp%3Fnewsid%3D18328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hart-Landsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Hart-Landsberg (laman tidak wujud)">Hart-Landsberg, Martin</a>; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Burkett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Burkett (laman tidak wujud)">Burkett, Paul</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/chinaandsocialism.htm">"China and Socialism. Market Reforms and Class Struggle"</a>. Diterima pada 30 Oktober 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Youngs, R. The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2002. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780199249794" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-924979-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Carroll, J. M. A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780742534223" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7425-3422-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-07/11/content_244499.htm">Nation bucks trend of global poverty</a> (11 Julai 2003). China Daily </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/english/200003/01/eng20000301X115.html">China's Average Economic Growth in 90s Ranked 1st in World</a> (1 Mac 2000). People's Daily Online. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4913622.stm">China worried over pace of growth</a>. BBC. Diterima pada 16 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3166_0_3_0">China: Migrants, Students, Taiwan</a>. Migration News. January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701588.html">In Face of Rural Unrest, China Rolls Out Reforms</a>. The Washington Post. 28 Januari 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/etc/transcript.html">"Frontline: The Tank Man transcript"</a>. Frontline. PBS. 2006-04-11. Dicapai pada 2008-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Frontline%3A+The+Tank+Man+transcript&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Ftankman%2Fetc%2Ftranscript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/11/inordinate_fear.html">"Randall Hoven, 7 November 2007 American Thinker"</a>. Americanthinker.com. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Randall+Hoven%2C+7+November+2007+American+Thinker&rft.pub=Americanthinker.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanthinker.com%2F2007%2F11%2Finordinate_fear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Cienciala, Anna (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/communistnationssince1917/intro.html">The Rise and Fall of Communist Nations 1917–1994</a>. Diterima pada 16 Oktober 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Espinosa, Juan Carlos; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040218120958/http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/asce/cuba9/espinosa.pdf">Civil Society in Cuba: The logic of emergence in comparative perspective</a>. Diterima pada 16 Oktober 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/government/html/7.stm">"BBC, Country Report: China"</a>. BBC News. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC%2C+Country+Report%3A+China&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fchina_politics%2Fgovernment%2Fhtml%2F7.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html">"Constitution of the People's Republic of China"</a>. English.people.com.cn. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=English.people.com.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2Fconstitution%2Fconstitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/14482/communist_party_of_china.html">CFR.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-poll-42"><a href="#cite_ref-poll_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-12/08/content_288018.htm">"Beijingers Get Greater Poll Choices"</a>. China Daily. 2003. Dicapai pada 2007-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beijingers+Get+Greater+Poll+Choices&rft.pub=China+Daily&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fen%2Fdoc%2F2003-12%2F08%2Fcontent_288018.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Lohmar, Bryan; and Somwaru, Agapi; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib775/aib775n.pdf">Does China’s Land-Tenure System Discourage Structural Adjustment?</a>, 1 Mei 2006. USDA Economic Research Service. Dicapai pada 3 Mei 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindfully.org/WTO/China-Wealth-Gap11may02.htm">China sounds alarm over fast-growing gap between rich and poor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213233658/http://mindfully.org/WTO/China-Wealth-Gap11may02.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-02-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Diterima pada 16 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewresearch.org/pubs/906/china-economy">PEWresearch.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release361.html">University of Hong Kong releases the latest ratings of the top 10 political figures in Mainland China and Taiwan as well as people's appraisal of past Chinese leaders</a>. 4 April 2006. Dicapai pada 3 Mei 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101130027/http://www.chinaembassy.se/eng/zrgx/t100751.htm">"China and Sweden"</a>. Chinaembassy.se. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaembassy.se/eng/zrgx/t100751.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2008-01-01. Dicapai pada 2009-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+and+Sweden&rft.pub=Chinaembassy.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaembassy.se%2Feng%2Fzrgx%2Ft100751.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Chang, Eddy (22 Ogos 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/08/22/2003199768">Perseverance will pay off at the UN</a>, The Taipei Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iNP2McsYhIeRMgrn036WkQdrN3LQ">"Taiwan's Ma to stopover in US: report"</a>. AFP. 11 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711134925/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iNP2McsYhIeRMgrn036WkQdrN3LQ">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2011-07-11. Dicapai pada 2019-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+Ma+to+stopover+in+US%3A+report&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iNP2McsYhIeRMgrn036WkQdrN3LQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMacartney,_Jane2010" class="citation news cs1">Macartney, Jane (2010-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7010435.ece">"China says US arms sales to Taiwan could threaten wider relations"</a>. The Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=China+says+US+arms+sales+to+Taiwan+could+threaten+wider+relations&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.au=Macartney%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle7010435.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8171791.stm">"Uighur Kadeer arrives in Tokyo"</a>. BBC News. 28 Julai 2009. Dicapai pada 29 Januari 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uighur+Kadeer+arrives+in+Tokyo&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8171791.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teleg5943780-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teleg5943780_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teleg5943780_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/5943780/Australia-defies-China-to-host-Uighur-leader-Rebiya-Kadeer.html">"Australia defies China to host Uighur leader Rebiya Kadeer"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 31 Julai 2009. Dicapai pada 29 Januari 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Australia+defies+China+to+host+Uighur+leader+Rebiya+Kadeer&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Faustraliaandthepacific%2Faustralia%2F5943780%2FAustralia-defies-China-to-host-Uighur-leader-Rebiya-Kadeer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_Malcolm2010" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Malcolm (8 Januari 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/6952556/China-cancels-UK-human-rights-summit-after-Akmal-Shaikh-execution.html">"China cancels UK human rights summit after Akmal Shaikh execution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+cancels+UK+human+rights+summit+after+Akmal+Shaikh+execution&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.au=Moore%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F6952556%2FChina-cancels-UK-human-rights-summit-after-Akmal-Shaikh-execution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Dillon, Dana; and Tkacik, John, Jr.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policyreview.org/134/dillon.html">China’s Quest for Asia</a>, Policy Review, Disember 2005 dan Januari 2006, Isu No. 134. Diterima pada 22 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4323219">Malaysia's race rules</a>. The Economist Newspaper Limited (25 Ogos 2005). Perlu mendaftar masuk. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.afrik.com/article16008.html">Algeria: Xenophobia against Chinese on the rise in Africa</a>. Afrik.com. 5 Ogos 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25524906-2703,00.html">Looters shot dead amid chaos of Papua New Guinea's anti-Chinese riots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709164436/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/looters-shot-dead-amid-chaos-of-papua-new-guineas-anti-chinese-riots/story-e6frg6no-1225715006615">Diarkibkan</a> 2013-07-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Australian. 23 Mei 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.economist.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=14207132">Overseas and under siege</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput">pautan mati kekal</a>]. The Economist. 11 Ogos 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-03/21/content_548330.htm">Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation</a> (21 Mac 2006). Diterima pada 16 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> McLaughlin, Abraham; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0330/p01s01-woaf.html">A rising China counters US clout in Africa</a>, The Christian Science Monitor, 30 Mac 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Lyman, Princeton N.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/8436/">China’s Rising Role in Africa</a>, Council of Foreign Relations, 21 Julai 2005. Diterima pada 26 Jun 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Politzer, Malia; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690">China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration</a>. Migration Information Source. Ogos 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2008" class="citation news cs1">Khanna, Parag (2008-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/magazine/27world-t.html?_r=1&ref=magazine&oref=slogin">"Waving Goodbye to Hegemony"</a>. New York Times. Dicapai pada 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Waving+Goodbye+to+Hegemony&rft.date=2008-01-27&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Parag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F01%2F27%2Fmagazine%2F27world-t.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dmagazine%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=848">"China as a global power"</a>. University of Southern California US-China Institute. 2007-11-13. Dicapai pada 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+as+a+global+power&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California+US-China+Institute&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina.usc.edu%2FShowArticle.aspx%3FarticleID%3D848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton,_Philip_Delves2004" class="citation web cs1">Broughton, Philip Delves (2004-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/4591,opinion,chinas-bad-loans-will-ruin-us-all">"The Dragon's catastrophic potential"</a>. The First Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513021318/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/4591,opinion,chinas-bad-loans-will-ruin-us-all">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2008-05-13. Dicapai pada 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dragon%E2%80%99s+catastrophic+potential&rft.pub=The+First+Post&rft.date=2004-01-23&rft.au=Broughton%2C+Philip+Delves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefirstpost.co.uk%2F4591%2Copinion%2Cchinas-bad-loans-will-ruin-us-all&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2007" class="citation web cs1">Sanders, Sol (2007-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2007/s6_29.asp">"China's utterly distorted economy is a train wreck waiting to happen"</a>. World Tribune. Dicapai pada 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+utterly+distorted+economy+is+a+train+wreck+waiting+to+happen&rft.pub=World+Tribune&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Sol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtribune.com%2Fworldtribune%2FWTARC%2F2007%2Fs6_29.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Ian (2004-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090329103928/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/FA23Dj01.html">"China-US: Double bubbles in danger of colliding"</a>. Asia Times. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/FA23Dj01.html">yang asal</a> pada 2009-03-29. Dicapai pada 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China-US%3A+Double+bubbles+in+danger+of+colliding&rft.pub=Asia+Times&rft.date=2004-01-23&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FGlobal_Economy%2FFA23Dj01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2009/china">"Human Rights Watch, World Report 2009"</a>. Hrw.org. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch%2C+World+Report+2009&rft.pub=Hrw.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fworld-report-2009%2Fchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Will the Boat Sink the Water?: The Life of China's Peasants / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Guidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Guidi (laman tidak wujud)">Chen Guidi</a> dan Wu Chuntao (2006) <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1586483587" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-58648-358-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Empire of Lies: The Truth About China in the Twenty-First Century / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Sorman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Sorman (laman tidak wujud)">Guy Sorman</a> (2008) <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1594032165" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-59403-216-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruralmillions-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruralmillions_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruralmillions_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWingfield2006" class="citation web cs1">Wingfield, Rupert (2006-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4782194.stm">"China's rural millions left behind"</a>. BBC News. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%E2%80%99s+rural+millions+left+behind&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2006-03-07&rft.aulast=Wingfield&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4782194.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apartheid-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apartheid_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apartheid_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLuard2005" class="citation web cs1">Luard, Tim (2005-11-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4424944.stm">"China rethinks peasant apartheid"</a>. BBC News. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+rethinks+peasant+apartheid&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft.aulast=Luard&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4424944.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2005/dec/30/world/fg-agtax30">LAtimes.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090906153758/http://hsph.harvard.edu/ihsp/publications/pdf/RuralPolicy06.pdf">"Harvard.eu"</a> (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsph.harvard.edu/ihsp/publications/pdf/RuralPolicy06.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2009-09-06. Dicapai pada 2009-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvard.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsph.harvard.edu%2Fihsp%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FRuralPolicy06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6174847.stm">News.BBC.co.uk</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-right-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-right_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-right_76-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/sdc/hr_facts.html">China Human Rights Fact Sheet</a> (March 1995). Retrieved 16 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/en-classement1001-2009.html">"Press Freedom Index 2009"</a>. Rsf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119050826/http://www.rsf.org/en-classement1001-2009.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2009-11-19. Dicapai pada 1 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2009&rft.pub=Rsf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Fen-classement1001-2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrichina.org/public/contents/article?revision%5fid=29582&item%5fid=29576">Media Control in China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313020226/http://hrichina.org/public/contents/article?revision%5fid=29582&item%5fid=29576">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-03-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> terbitan Human Rights in China, New York (2004). Edisi semakan 2006 terbitan Liming Cultural Enterprises of Taiwan </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/chplca.htm">1998 Laporan Kedutaan AS di Beijing: "The Fading of Environmental Secrecy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808112658/http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/chplca.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-08-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dicapai pada 4 Februari 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/ngo3.htm">1997 Laporan Kedutaan AS di Beijing: "Environmental NGOs in China: Green is Good, But Don't Openly Oppose the Party"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203850/http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/ngo3.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-09-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Diterima pada 4 Februari 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0405-07.htm">Commonsdreams.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925131136/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0405-07.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-09-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 5 April 2005. Dicapai pada 23 Jun 2006. Rencana terbitan semula The Independent/UK. </li> <li id="cite_note-yqlgro-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yqlgro_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yqlgro_82-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.gov.cn/official/2005-07/28/content_18115.htm">"China's Progress in Human Rights"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202209/http://english.gov.cn/official/2005-07/28/content_18115.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2014-07-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Julai 2005. Dicapai pada 18 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/first%20beginning/t56058.htm">"China's reform and opening-up promotes human rights, says premier"</a>. 11 Disember 2003. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States. Diterima pada 28 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Gwillim Law (2 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/ucn.html">Provinces of China</a>. Diterima pada 15 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030731063238/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1018965313021">"The People's Republic of China"</a> (7 September 2005). Foreign & Commonwealth Office </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-86"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_86-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html">Field Listing – Disputes – international</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215411/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-05-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2005/Table03.pdf">"Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density"</a> (PDF). Demographic Yearbook 2005. UN Statistics Division. Dicapai pada 2008-03-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demographic+Yearbook+2005&rft.atitle=Population+by+Sex%2C+Rate+of+Population+Increase%2C+Surface+Area+and+Density&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2FDYB2005%2FTable03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120729115512/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9111233/United-States">"United States"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-07-29. Dicapai pada 2008-03-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9111233%2FUnited-States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Sempadan China dengan Pakistan berada di wilayah pertikaian <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Kawasan di bawah pentadbiran Pakistan dituntut oleh India. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4915690.stm">"Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm"</a>. BBC News. Diterima pada 17 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-gathering-sandstorm-encroaching-desert-missing-water-399653.html">The gathering sandstorm: Encroaching desert, missing water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424052106/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-gathering-sandstorm-encroaching-desert-missing-water-399653.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-04-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Independent. 9 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2005/august-2005/china-seeks-to-allay-us-fears-as-summit-nears/">China Seeks to Allay U.S. Fears as Summit Nears</a> (2006). Diterima pada 15 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Ini pun jauh kecil berbanding perbelanjaan AS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pdfs/China_Military_Power_Report_2009.pdf">U.S. Department of Defense</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Nolt, James H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/china/BA27Ad01.html">Analysis: The China-Taiwan military balance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001085044/http://www.atimes.com/china/BA27Ad01.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2018-10-01 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Asia Times. Diterima pada 15 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2680.html">AsianResearch.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/j10b.asp">Sinodefence.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/hongqi9.asp">SinoDefence: Surface-to-air Missile System</a> (2006). Diterima pada 7 Julai 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1">"HQ-19 (S-400) (China) – Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems". Janes.com. 2008-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HQ-19+%28S-400%29+%28China%29+%E2%80%93+Jane%27s+Strategic+Weapon+Systems&rft.pub=Janes.com&rft.date=2008-12-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2010" class="citation news cs1">AFP (2 Februari 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg">"China: US spat over Taiwan could hit co-operation"</a>. Agence France Presse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206214100/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2010-02-06. Dicapai pada 2019-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%3A+US+spat+over+Taiwan+could+hit+co-operation&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAEC2010" class="citation news cs1">AEC (31 Januari 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianeuropean.org/-McCarthyism_in_Asia_.html">"The New 'China Lobby': Return of the McCarthyite Hard-Right"</a>. Asian European Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+New+%E2%80%98China+Lobby%E2%80%99%3A+Return+of+the+McCarthyite+Hard-Right&rft.date=2010-01-31&rft.au=AEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianeuropean.org%2F-McCarthyism_in_Asia_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~yqian/how%20far%20across%20the%20river.pdf">"Berkeley.edu"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905073959/http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~yqian/how%20far%20across%20the%20river.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2006-09-05. Dicapai pada 2006-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berkeley.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felsa.berkeley.edu%2F~yqian%2Fhow%2520far%2520across%2520the%2520river.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.eastday.com/e/ICS/u1a4035916.html">"China is already a market economy – Long Yongtu, Secretary General of Boao Forum for Asia"</a>. English.eastday.com. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+is+already+a+market+economy+%E2%80%93+Long+Yongtu%2C+Secretary+General+of+Boao+Forum+for+Asia&rft.pub=English.eastday.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.eastday.com%2Fe%2FICS%2Fu1a4035916.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-11/21/content_7228346.htm">China must be cautious in raising consumption</a> China Daily. Diterima pada 8 Februari 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/business/story/0,28124,24913760-5017997,00.html">China jumps to world's No 3 economy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713075545/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/business/story/0,28124,24913760-5017997,00.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2009-07-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Australian. Diterima pada 21 Januari 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinability.com/GDP.htm">GDP growth 1952–2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130716180612/http://www.chinability.com/GDP.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2013-07-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinability.com/index.html">Chinability</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317061101/http://www.chinability.com/index.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2018-03-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Diterima pada 2008-10-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.net/bizchina/2010-01/21/content_9354887.htm">ChinaDaily.net</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a>. Diterima pada 20 Januari 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726015601/http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/unwto_barom07_2_en.pdf">"Microsoft Word - UNWTO Barom07 2 en.doc"</a> (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/unwto_barom07_2_en.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2011-07-26. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Word+-+UNWTO+Barom07+2+en.doc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funwto.org%2Ffacts%2Feng%2Fpdf%2Fbarometer%2Funwto_barom07_2_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=alZgI4B1lt3s">China’s Foreign-Exchange Reserves Surge, Exceeding $2 Trillion </a> Bloomberg (15 Julai 2009). Diterima pada 12 Ogos 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSPEK16627420090820">China must keep buying US Treasuries for now-paper</a>. Reuters. 19 Ogos 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-01/15/content_7402154.htm">China's FDI up 23.6% in 2008</a> China Daily (15 Januari 2009). Diterima pada 22 Februari 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-08/03/content_8507784.htm">On China's rapid growth in outward FDI</a> China Daily (3 Ogos 2009). Diterima pada 22 Februari 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-01/11/content_6387775.htm">2007 trade surplus hits new record – $262.2B</a> ChinaDaily.com.cn (11 Januari 2008). Diterima pada 26 Julai 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/gyzg/t213645.htm">China widens yuan, non-dollar trading range to 3%</a> (23 September 2005). Diterima pada 15 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2009/07/29/news/economy/china_america_lender_respect.fortune/index.htm">Washington learns to treat China with care</a>. CNNMoney.com. 29 Julai 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE58M25U20090923">"Factbox: U.S.-China Interdependence Outweighs Trade Spat"</a>. Reuters. 2009-09-23. Dicapai pada 2009-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Factbox%3A+U.S.-China+Interdependence+Outweighs+Trade+Spat&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FnewsOne%2FidUSTRE58M25U20090923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.org.au/issue_analysis/IA95/ia95.html">Putting Democracy in China on Hold</a> John Lee, The Center for Independent Studies. Diterima pada 26 Julai 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200507/13/eng20050713_195876.html">People.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_34/b3948478.htm">Businessweek.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060408082624/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/3/36174313.pdf">"OECD.org"</a> (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/3/36174313.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2006-04-08. Dicapai pada 2006-04-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OECD.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F16%2F3%2F36174313.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_34/b3948478.htm">"China Is a Private-Sector Economy"</a>. BussinessWeek. 2005-08-22. Dicapai pada 2007-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Is+a+Private-Sector+Economy&rft.pub=BussinessWeek&rft.date=2005-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F05_34%2Fb3948478.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullreport.pdf">The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010</a> World Economic Forum. Diterima pada 24 September 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/countries/Australia.html">Global 500</a> CNN Money.com. Diterima pada 27 Julai 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520171402/http://media.ft.com/cms/27fa616e-6c76-11de-a6e6-00144feabdc0.pdf">Global 500 2009</a> Financial Times.com. Diterima pada 12 Ogos 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011073205/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">"CIA – The World Fact Book"</a>. Cia.gov. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">yang asal</a> pada 2016-10-11. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Fact+Book&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Plafker, Ted, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128094342/http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/02/12/rchina.t.php">China's Long — but Uneven — March to Literacy</a> International Herald Tribune </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90884/6342385.html">Urban unemployment declines to 4% in China</a> People's Daily Online (22 Januari 2008). Diterima pada 27 Julai 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euromonitor.com/Chinas_middle_class_reaches_80_million">China’s middle class reaches 80 million</a> Euromonitor International (25 Julai 2007). Diterima pada 26 Julai 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/05/china/middle-class/leslie-chang-text/1">China's Middle Class</a> Leslie T. Chang, National Geographic.com (May 2008). Diterima pada 26 July 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13063298">Burgeoning bourgeoisie</a> The Economist (12 Feb 2009). Diterima pada 5 Mei 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurun.net/listreleaseen344.aspx">One Person in Every 1700 in China has at least 10 Million Yuan</a> Hurun Report (14 April 2009). Diterima pada March 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/monthlydata/t20080313_402467812.htm">Total Retail Sales of Consumer Goods (2007.12)</a> National Bureau of Statistics of China (13 March 2008). Diterima pada 21 November 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2010-03/03/content_9536600.htm">Super Rich have Craze for luxury goods</a> China Daily (3 Mac 2010). Diterima pada 4 Mac 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-China_Quick_Facts-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China_Quick_Facts_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Quick_Facts_133-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/CHINAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20680895~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:318950,00.html">China Quick Facts</a> The World Bank. Diterima pada 26 Julai 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120729120619/www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/China/Background.html">China – Background</a> Energy Information Administration – U.S. government official statistics. Diterima pada 26 Julai 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoworld.com/home/articles2.cfm?tid=450">China's Coal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617043523/http://www.ecoworld.com/home/articles2.cfm?tid=450">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-06-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Gordon Feller, ECOworld. Diterima pada 26 Julai 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS39879+12-Mar-2008+BW20080312">China have set a Renewable Energy Target of 10% of Electric Power Capacity by 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725162207/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS39879+12-Mar-2008+BW20080312">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-07-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Thomson Reuters (11 Mac 2008). Diterima pada 26 Julai 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-137"><a href="#cite_ref-pop_137-0">^</a> Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>pop</code></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">CIA factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011073205/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2016-10-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (29 Mac 2006). Diterima pada 16 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Stein, Justin J (Spring 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~jpia/pdf2003/Ch%208%20Xinjiang-Stein-JPIA%202003.pdf">Taking the Deliberative in China</a>. Retrieved 16 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Zhou Qun, Lin Yanhua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.cn/news/2005/2005-11-18/14441.html">China's urbanization encounters "urban disease"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928140930/http://www.chinanews.cn/news/2005/2005-11-18/14441.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-09-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chinanews.cn, 11 November 2005. Diterima pada 21 April 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHarney2008" class="citation news cs1">Harney, Alexandra (2008-02-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/01/china.migrants/index.html">"Migrants are China's 'factories without smoke'"</a>. CNN.com. Dicapai pada 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Migrants+are+China%27s+%27factories+without+smoke%27&rft.date=2008-02-03&rft.aulast=Harney&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F02%2F01%2Fchina.migrants%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTschang2009" class="citation web cs1">Tschang, Chi-Chu (2009-02-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2009/gb2009024_357998.htm">"A Tough New Year for China's Migrant Workers"</a>. Business Week. Dicapai pada 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tough+New+Year+for+China%27s+Migrant+Workers&rft.pub=Business+Week&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft.aulast=Tschang&rft.aufirst=Chi-Chu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fglobalbiz%2Fcontent%2Ffeb2009%2Fgb2009024_357998.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Francesco Sisci, "China's floating population a headache for census", The Straits Times, 22 September 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/11/1171">"The New England Journal of Medicine, September 2005"</a>. Content.nejm.org. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMhpr051833">10.1056/NEJMhpr051833</a>. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine%2C+September+2005&rft.pub=Content.nejm.org&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMhpr051833&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F353%2F11%2F1171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/10/china.onechild/index.html">"China to keep one-child policy - CNN.com"</a>. Edition.cnn.com. 2008-03-10. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+to+keep+one-child+policy+-+CNN.com&rft.pub=Edition.cnn.com&rft.date=2008-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F03%2F10%2Fchina.onechild%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-censuslie-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censuslie_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-censuslie_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204125/http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/fertl2b.htm">"USembassy-china.org.cn"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/fertl2b.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2007-09-27. Dicapai pada 2019-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USembassy-china.org.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usembassy-china.org.cn%2Fsandt%2Ffertl2b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2010-04/03/c_13236130.htm">"Experts: Gender discrimination creates China's sex ratio imbalance"</a>. english.news.cn. 2010-04-03. Dicapai pada 2010-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experts%3A+Gender+discrimination+creates+China%27s+sex+ratio+imbalance&rft.date=2010-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish2010%2Findepth%2F2010-04%2F03%2Fc_13236130.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLoyd2007" class="citation news cs1">Loyd, Beth (2007-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=2790469">"China Fears Lopsided Sex Ratio Could Spark Crisis By 2020, There Will Be 30 Million More Men than Women – Making it Hard for a Guy to Find a Bride"</a>. ABC News. Dicapai pada 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Fears+Lopsided+Sex+Ratio+Could+Spark+Crisis+By+2020%2C+There+Will+Be+30+Million+More+Men+than+Women+%E2%80%93+Making+it+Hard+for+a+Guy+to+Find+a+Bride&rft.date=2007-01-12&rft.aulast=Loyd&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fstory%3Fid%3D2790469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6962650.stm">"China warned on gender imbalance"</a>. BBC News. 2007-08-24. Dicapai pada 2009-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+warned+on+gender+imbalance&rft.date=2007-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6962650.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6254763.stm">"Chinese facing shortage of wives"</a>. BBC News. 2007-01-12. Dicapai pada 2009-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+facing+shortage+of+wives&rft.date=2007-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6254763.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/CHINAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20680895~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:318950,00.html">"The World Bank – China Quick Facts"</a>. Web.worldbank.org. 2009-01-16. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Bank+%E2%80%93+China+Quick+Facts&rft.pub=Web.worldbank.org&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FCOUNTRIES%2FEASTASIAPACIFICEXT%2FCHINAEXTN%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20680895~pagePK%3A141137~piPK%3A141127~theSitePK%3A318950%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT-china-pollution-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FT-china-pollution_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FT-china-pollution_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor,_Richard2007" class="citation web cs1">McGregor, Richard (2007-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/8f40e248-28c7-11dc-af78-000b5df10621.html">"750,000 a year killed by Chinese pollution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. Dicapai pada 2007-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=750%2C000+a+year+killed+by+Chinese+pollution&rft.pub=Financial+Times&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.au=McGregor%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F8f40e248-28c7-11dc-af78-000b5df10621.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casy.org/Chindoc/mohprofile.htm">China AIDS Survey at Yahoo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614192847/http://www.casy.org/Chindoc/mohprofile.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-06-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Diterima pada 18 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalgeografia.it/temi/Population%20Growth%20in%20China.pdf">"Population Growth in China : The Basic Characteristics of China’s Demographic Transition" by Maristella Bergaglio</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">"China"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011073205/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2016-10-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook, 2008-05-16 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-156"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_156-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">CIA World Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011073205/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2016-10-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 20 April 2006. Dicapai pada 3 Mei 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/19012.htm">China’s Infant Mortality Rate Down</a>. 11 September 2001. CHINA.ORG.CN. Dicapai pada 3 Mei 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/cpr-e.stm">"Nutrition country profiles: China summary"</a>. Dicapai pada 2007-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nutrition+country+profiles%3A+China+summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fag%2Fagn%2Fnutrition%2Fcpr-e.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/~pine/Phil110/chinasmoking.html">"Smoking 'will kill one third of young Chinese men'"</a>. 16 Ogos 2001. Honolulu Community College. Diterima pada 17 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/dispatches/09.23.health/">"Serving the people?"</a>. 1999. Bruce Kennedy. CNN. Diterima pada 17 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/english/200008/04/eng20000804_47271.html">"Obesity Sickening China's Young Hearts"</a> 4 Ogos 2000. People's Daily. Diterima pada 17 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_05_18a/en/index.html">"China’s latest SARS outbreak has been contained, but biosafety concerns remain"</a>. 18 Mei 2004. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Diterima pada 17 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6265098.stm">China 'buried smog death finding'</a>". BBC News. July 3, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/jun/19/china.usnews">China overtakes US as world's biggest CO2 emitter</a>". Guardian.co.uk. June 19, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-06/07/content_449451.htm">China says water pollution so severe that cities could lack safe supplies</a>". China Daily 2005-06-07. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.html">As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes</a>". The New York Times. 26 Ogos 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMa_Xiaoying2002" class="citation book cs1">Ma Xiaoying (2002) [2000]. Environmental Regulation in China. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Regulation+in+China&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Ma+Xiaoying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|origmonth=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Sinkule, Barbara J., Implementing Environmental Policy in China, Praeger Publishers, 1995, <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/027594980X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-275-94980-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-water-169"><a href="#cite_ref-water_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMa,_Jun,_Li,_Naomi2006" class="citation web cs1">Ma, Jun, Li, Naomi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/392-Tackling-China-s-water-crisis-online">"Tackling China's Water Crisis Online"</a>. www.chinadialogue.net. Dicapai pada 2007-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tackling+China%27s+Water+Crisis+Online&rft.pub=www.chinadialogue.net&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Ma%2C+Jun%2C+Li%2C+Naomi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadialogue.net%2Farticle%2Fshow%2Fsingle%2Fen%2F392-Tackling-China-s-water-crisis-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200412/23/eng20041223_168329.html">"300 million Chinese drinking unsafe water"</a>. People's Daily Online. 2004-12-23. Dicapai pada 2009-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=300+million+Chinese+drinking+unsafe+water&rft.date=2004-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F200412%2F23%2Feng20041223_168329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2010/03/25/25climatewire-china-leads-major-countries-with-346-billion-15729.html?pagewanted=1">China Leads Major Countries With $34.6 Billion Invested in Clean Technology</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8587319.stm">China steams ahead on clean energy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bradsher-173"><a href="#cite_ref-bradsher_173-0">^</a> Bradsher, Keith, 30 Januari 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/business/energy-environment/31renew.html">China leads global race to make clean energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cnta.gov.cn">"Tour Guidebook: Beijing"</a>. China National Tourism Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tour+Guidebook%3A+Beijing&rft.pub=China+National+Tourism+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnta.gov.cn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Bary, Theodore de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccba/cear/issues/fall97/graphics/special/debary/debary.htm">"Constructive Engagement with Asian Values"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050311041507/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccba/cear/issues/fall97/graphics/special/debary/debary.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-03-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Columbia University. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121213120044/lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0133)">"China: Traditional arts". Library of Congress – Country Studies.</a> Dicapai pada 26 Disember 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-258942/China">"China: Cultural life: The arts". Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> Dicapai pada 26 Disember 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121213073529/lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cn0138)">"China: Folk and Variety Arts". Library of Congress – Country Studies.</a> Dicapai pada 26 Disember 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroutemuseum.com">"Silk Route Museum"</a>. Silk Route Museum. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Route+Museum&rft.pub=Silk+Route+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroutemuseum.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesilkroadfund.org/downloads/SRM_Tour_Promo.pdf">"Tourism Guide 2009"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131229120005/http://www.thesilkroadfund.org/downloads/SRM_Tour_Promo.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2013-12-29. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+Guide+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesilkroadfund.org%2Fdownloads%2FSRM_Tour_Promo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesilkroadfund.org/silk.pdf">"First Annual Silk Road Museum International Arts Competition 2009"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115200536/http://www.thesilkroadfund.org/silk.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2013-01-15. Dicapai pada 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Annual+Silk+Road+Museum+International+Arts+Competition+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesilkroadfund.org%2Fsilk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://athleticscholarships.net/history-of-soccer.htm">Origins of the Great Game</a>. 2000. Athleticscholarships.net. Diterima pada 23 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=370457&cc=5901">ESPN Soccernet</a>. 2002. ESPN Soccernet. Diterima pada 26 Januari 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBeech2003" class="citation news cs1">Beech, Hannah (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030422082606/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2003/heroes/yao_ming.html">"Yao Ming"</a>. Asian Heroes. Time Magazine. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/asia/2003/heroes/yao_ming.html">yang asal</a> pada 2003-04-22. Dicapai pada 2007-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Heroes&rft.atitle=Yao+Ming&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Beech&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fasia%2F2003%2Fheroes%2Fyao_ming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Qinfa, Ye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa032301a.htm">Sports History of China</a>. About.com. Diterima pada 21 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080906080904/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/INF/GL/95A/GL0000000.shtml">Beijing2008.cn</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjutan">Bacaan lanjutan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Bacaan lanjutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bacaan lanjutan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5773711">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist" style=""> <div style="column-count:2; column-gap:10px; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-gap:10px; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-gap:10px;" align="left"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMeng2011" class="citation book cs1">Meng, Fanhua (2011). Phenomenon of Chinese Culture at the Turn of the 21st century. Singapore: Silkroad Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-981-4332-35-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-981-4332-35-4"><bdi>978-981-4332-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phenomenon+of+Chinese+Culture+at+the+Turn+of+the+21st+century&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Silkroad+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4332-35-4&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Fanhua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Farah, Paolo (2006). "Five Years of China’s WTO Membership: EU and US Perspectives on China’s Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". Legal Issues of Economic Integration. Kluwer Law International. Volume 33, Number 3. pp. 263–304. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=916768">Abstract</a>.</li> <li>Heilig, Gerhard K. (2006/2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm">China Bibliography – Online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Jacques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Jacques (laman tidak wujud)">Jacques, Martin</a> (2009).<a href="/w/index.php?title=When_China_Rules_the_World:_The_End_of_the_Western_World_and_the_Birth_of_a_New_Global_Order&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order (laman tidak wujud)">When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order</a>. Penguin Books. Revised edition (28 August 2012). <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781594201851" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781594201851</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSang_Ye2006" class="citation book cs1">Sang Ye (2006). China Candid: The People on the People's Republic. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-520-24514-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-520-24514-8"><bdi>0-520-24514-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Candid%3A+The+People+on+the+People%27s+Republic&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-520-24514-8&rft.au=Sang+Ye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSelden1979" class="citation book cs1">Selden, Mark (1979). The People's Republic of China: Documentary History of Revolutionary Change. New York: Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-85345-532-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-85345-532-5"><bdi>0-85345-532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Republic+of+China%3A+Documentary+History+of+Revolutionary+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-85345-532-5&rft.aulast=Selden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerajaan">Kerajaan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Kerajaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kerajaan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/index.htm">China.org.cn</a> Laman Web Rasmi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn">www.gov.cn</a> Portal Kerajaan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berita">Berita</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Berita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Berita">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/home/index.html">China Daily</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaonline.com/">China Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.eastday.com/">Eastday</a> beroperasi daripada Shanghai</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.HavenWorks.com/world/china">HavenWorks - China News</a> tajuk utama berita</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/">People's Daily Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/">South China Morning Post</a> beroperasi daripada Hong Kong</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://202.84.17.11/en/index.htm">Xinhua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204085335/http://202.84.17.11/en/index.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2012-02-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> agensi berita kerajaan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906064530/http://news.yahoo.com/fc/World/China">Yahoo! News- Full Coverage: China</a> tajuk utama berita</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sepintas_lalu">Sepintas lalu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Sepintas lalu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sepintas lalu">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm">BBC News - Country Profile: China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/asia_pacific/2004/china/default.stm">BBC News - In Depth: Changing China</a> liputan berterusan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/eyeonchina/">CNN.com Specials - Eye on China</a> liputan berterusan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html">CIA World Factbook - China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626030415/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-06-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/china/0,7368,467721,00.html">Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: China</a> liputan berterusan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120523233204/lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html">Library of Congress - Country Study: China</a> data pada bulan Julai 1987</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/">PBS Frontline - China in the Red</a> documentari daripada 1998 sehingga ke 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040612215604/http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/chn-summary-eng">Amnesty International Report 2004</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direktori">Direktori</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Direktori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Direktori">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/China/">Open Directory Project - China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309133817/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/China">Diarkibkan</a> 2017-03-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> katagori direktori</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/China/">Yahoo! - China</a> katagori direktori</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelancongan">Pelancongan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Pelancongan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pelancongan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikikembara memiliki panduan pelancongan bagi <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/China#Q148" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:China">China</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mondophoto.net/asia/china/china.html">Mondophoto.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102205003/http://www.mondophoto.net/asia/china/china.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-11-02 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - 4200 foto Domain Awam China</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploremychina.com/index-indonesian.html">Menjelajah Republik Rakyat Cina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-travel-guide.de">China Travel Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arrestedworld.com/beaches-in-china/">Pantai China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arrestedworld.com/category/china/">China Travel Guide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lain-lain_2">Lain-lain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Lain-lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lain-lain">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinadigitaltimes.net/">China Digital Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.notspecial.org/">The Opposite End of China (Xinjiang, China Blog)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/147/">Censorship in China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwansecurity.org/IS/2004/IS-Garibaldi-0704.htm">Chinese Threat to American Leadership in Space</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217100725/http://taiwansecurity.org/IS/2004/IS-Garibaldi-0704.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2012-02-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Analysis by Gabriele Garibaldi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arachina.com/">China International Travel Service OF Guilin - JP </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/">China History Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaorbit.com">ChinaOrbit.com</a> maklumat am</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/12/international/asia/12CHIN.html?tntemail1">Chinese politics</a>: Akhbar New York Times bertarikh 12hb Jun 2003 (log masuk diperlukan)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816071719/http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/">Go Taikonauts!</a> Laman web dedikasi rakyat China terhadap program angkasa lepasnya.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinaoggi.com/china-map/">Interactive Map of China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympicwatch.org/">OlympicWatch.org</a> hak asasi manusia di China dan Sukan Olimpik Beijing 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031017003659/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/shenzhou_china_archive.html">Space.com</a> rencana mengenai penerokaan angkasa lepas oleh China</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341">The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power</a> bertarikh 11hb Feburari 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041013061909/http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2004/countryratings/china.htm">Freedom House's 2004 country report on China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/EastAsian/">The East Asian Collection</a> University of Wisconsin Koleksi Digital - arkib warisan Asia Timur abad ke 20-an. Terdapat Koleksi Holmes Welch oleh Holmes Welch, penyelidik sejarah dan agama China. Imej terdapat gambar-gambar pencerobohan Jepun dan Pertikaian China-Jepun.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danwei.org/">Media, dan cara hidup di bandar-bandar China.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html">CIA World Factbook 2002/2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626030415/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-06-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm">Nota: China Laman Web Perwakilan Amerika Syarikat di China</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_dan_wilayah_di_Asia_Timur" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Negara_dan_wilayah_di_Asia_Timur" title="Templat:Negara dan wilayah di Asia Timur"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Negara_dan_wilayah_di_Asia_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Negara dan wilayah di Asia Timur (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Negara_dan_wilayah_di_Asia_Timur&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_dan_wilayah_di_Asia_Timur" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara">Negara</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilayah_(subdivisyen_negara)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilayah (subdivisyen negara) (laman tidak wujud)">wilayah</a> di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <table align="center" style="background:transparent; padding-left:2.5em; text-align:left;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a> </td> <td style="width:14.5em;" rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republik_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik China">Republik China</a>1 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a> </td> <td style="width:8.5em;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5em; text-align:right; padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Pentadbiran_Khas_Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas Republik Rakyat China">SAR</a> </td> <td style="width:15.5em; font-size:80%;" rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/16px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/24px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/32px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Makau" title="Makau">Makau</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kadangkala termasuk:  <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Timur_Jauh_Rusia" title="Timur Jauh Rusia">Timur Jauh Rusia</a> <div style="background:lavender; font-size:100%;">1 Biasanya dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">"Pulau Formosa" atau "Taiwan"</a>; lihat <a href="/wiki/Status_politik_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Status politik Taiwan">Status politik Taiwan</a>.</div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_Komunis_pada_masa_ini" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Negara_Komunis" title="Templat:Negara Komunis"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";background:#ccf;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Negara_Komunis" title="Perbincangan templat:Negara Komunis"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";background:#ccf;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Negara_Komunis&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";background:#ccf;;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_Komunis_pada_masa_ini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Negara_Komunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara Komunis">Negara Komunis</a> pada masa ini</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a>      <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>      <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a>      <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>      <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senarai_negara_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_benua_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Asia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Asia" title="Perbincangan templat:Asia"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Asia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senarai_negara_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_benua_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_Asia" title="Senarai negara dan wilayah tanggungan di Asia">Senarai negara dan wilayah tanggungan</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><table class="wikitable" style="margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Southeast_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="551" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a> · <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Barat" title="Asia Barat">Asia Barat</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Western_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Western_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="683" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emiriah_Arab_Bersatu" title="Emiriah Arab Bersatu">Emiriah Arab Bersatu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> · <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> · <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lubnan" title="Lubnan">Lubnan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Negara_Palestin" title="Negara Palestin">Palestin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Utara" title="Asia Utara">Utara</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:Central_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:North_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-North_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Timur" title="Asia Timur">Asia Timur</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:East_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/50px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>3 · <a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau">Macau</a>3 · <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="15%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Selatan" title="Asia Selatan">Asia Selatan</a> <a href="/wiki/Fail:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/50px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/75px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/100px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> </td> <td width="35%" align="center"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> · <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> · <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td width="15%" align="center">Wilayah tanggungan dan negeri dengan pengiktirafan terhad </td> <td width="35%" align="center">Wilayah tanggungan : <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_dan_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri dan Dhekelia">Akrotiri dan Dhekelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Lautan_Hindi_British" title="Wilayah Lautan Hindi British">Wilayah Lautan Hindi British</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cocos_(Keeling)" title="Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)">Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Krismas" title="Pulau Krismas">Pulau Krismas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>) Negeri dengan pengiktirafan terhad : <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Cyprus_Utara" title="Republik Turki Cyprus Utara">Cyprus Utara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Selatan" title="Ossetia Selatan">Ossetia Selatan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republik_China_di_Taiwan" title="Republik China di Taiwan">Republik China (Taiwan)</a> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_yang_merentasi_melebihi_satu_benua" title="Senarai negara yang merentasi melebihi satu benua">Sebahagiannya</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (negeri <a href="/wiki/Papua_Barat" title="Papua Barat">Papua Barat</a>).  2 <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_yang_merentasi_melebihi_satu_benua" title="Senarai negara yang merentasi melebihi satu benua">Sebahagiannya</a> di benua <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a>.  3 Merupakan <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Pentadbiran_Khas_Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas Republik Rakyat China">Kawasan Pentadbiran Khas</a> di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China&oldid=6367210">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China&oldid=6367210</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_errors:_requires_URL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: requires URL (laman tidak wujud)">CS1 errors: requires URL</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_errors:_access-date_without_URL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: access-date without URL (laman tidak wujud)">CS1 errors: access-date without URL</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Semua_rencana_yang_mengandungi_kenyataan_yang_mungkin_lapuk_dari_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Semua rencana yang mengandungi kenyataan yang mungkin lapuk dari 2009 (laman tidak wujud)">Semua rencana yang mengandungi kenyataan yang mungkin lapuk dari 2009</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Semua_rencana_yang_mengandungi_kenyataan_yang_mungkin_lapuk_dari_2002&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Semua rencana yang mengandungi kenyataan yang mungkin lapuk dari 2002 (laman tidak wujud)">Semua rencana yang mengandungi kenyataan yang mungkin lapuk dari 2002</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_G20" title="Kategori:Negara G20">Negara G20</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_komunis" title="Kategori:Negara komunis">Negara komunis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Kategori:Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Republik" title="Kategori:Republik">Republik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_sosialis" title="Kategori:Negara sosialis">Negara sosialis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_dan_wilayah_berbahasa_Cina" title="Kategori:Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Cina">Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Cina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Negara_satu_parti" title="Kategori:Negara satu parti">Negara satu parti</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_dengan_ralat_rujukan" title="Kategori:Laman dengan ralat rujukan">Laman dengan ralat rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pautan_wayback_templat_webarchive" title="Kategori:Pautan wayback templat webarchive">Pautan wayback templat webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati" title="Kategori:Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati">Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_dari_Ogos_2021" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari Ogos 2021">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari Ogos 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_kekal" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_menggunakan_pautan_ajaib_ISBN" title="Kategori:Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN">Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_yang_mengandungi_teks_bahasa_Cina" title="Kategori:Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Cina">Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Cina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Lang_and_lang-xx_using_deprecated_ISO_639_codes" title="Kategori:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes">Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pages_using_infobox_country_with_unknown_parameters" title="Kategori:Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters">Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_menggunakan_kotak_info_negara_atau_kotak_info_bekas_negara_dengan_parameter_symbol_caption_atau_type" title="Kategori:Halaman menggunakan kotak info negara atau kotak info bekas negara dengan parameter symbol caption atau type">Halaman menggunakan kotak info negara atau kotak info bekas negara dengan parameter symbol caption atau type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_parameter_tarikh_tidak_sah_dalam_templat" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan parameter tarikh tidak sah dalam templat">Rencana dengan parameter tarikh tidak sah dalam templat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_yang_mengandungi_kenyataan_yang_mungkin_lapuk" title="Kategori:Semua rencana yang mengandungi kenyataan yang mungkin lapuk">Semua rencana yang mengandungi kenyataan yang mungkin lapuk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 07:04, 10 November 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terma Penggunaan</a> untuk butiran lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Dasar privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Perihal Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penafian_umum">Penafian</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kod Tatakelakuan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pembangun</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ms.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Kenyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Paparan mudah alih</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4fxvw","wgBackendResponseTime":261,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.288","walltime":"1.752","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11547,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":273240,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16320,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":313052,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1395.707 1 -total"," 32.00% 446.650 1 Templat:Infobox_country"," 30.64% 427.689 3 Templat:Infobox"," 29.38% 410.106 1 Templat:Reflist"," 15.08% 210.458 47 Templat:Cite_web"," 10.79% 150.535 3 Templat:Navbox"," 9.20% 128.386 3 Templat:Lang"," 7.95% 111.015 1 Templat:Asia_Timur"," 5.36% 74.819 3 Templat:ISO_3166_code"," 3.57% 49.882 5 Templat:Utama"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.602","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26761352,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6c869c4f4d-5cthg","timestamp":"20241121084337","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"China","url":"https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q148","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q148","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Yayasan Wikimedia Bhd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-12-23T14:42:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T07:04:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fa\/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg","headline":"negara di Asia Timur"}</script> </body> </html>