CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Russian Revolution of 1905 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7ac7dd5a-1986-4f72-bc9b-b629afc79961","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Russian_Revolution_of_1905","wgTitle":"Russian Revolution of 1905","wgCurRevisionId":1276144270,"wgRevisionId":1276144270,"wgArticleId":48738,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Russian-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed", "Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from December 2016","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Articles needing additional references from November 2024","All articles needing additional references","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Communism in Russia","Russian Revolution of 1905","1905 in the Russian Empire","Conflicts in 1905","1905 in Finland","1900s in Estonia","1905 in Latvia","Political history of Finland","Political history of Estonia","Political history of Latvia","20th-century revolutions","Naval battles involving Romania","Naval battles involving the Russian Empire","Revolutions in the Russian Empire","Rebellions against the Russian Empire","Socialist revolutions","Labour disputes in the Russian Empire"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Russian_Revolution_of_1905","wgRelevantArticleId":48738,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q184928","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="825"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="550"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg/640px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="440"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Russian Revolution of 1905 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Russian_Revolution_of_1905 rootpage-Russian_Revolution_of_1905 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Russian+Revolution+of+1905" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Russian+Revolution+of+1905" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Russian+Revolution+of+1905" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Russian+Revolution+of+1905" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agrarian_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agrarian_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Agrarian problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agrarian_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nationality problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Labour problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educated_class_as_a_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educated_class_as_a_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Educated class as a problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educated_class_as_a_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise of the opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Start_of_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Start of the revolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Start_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Start of the revolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Start_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Government response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height_of_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Height of the revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_of_Duma_and_appointment_of_Stolypin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_Duma_and_appointment_of_Stolypin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_Duma_and_appointment_of_Stolypin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_Manifesto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_Manifesto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>October Manifesto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_Manifesto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Constitution_of_1906" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Constitution_of_1906"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Russian Constitution of 1906</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Constitution_of_1906-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_political_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_political_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rise of political violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_political_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Repression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ivanovo_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ivanovo_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ivanovo Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ivanovo_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Cultural portrayal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian Revolution of 1905</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiese_Rewolusie_(1905)" title="Russiese Rewolusie (1905) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russiese Rewolusie (1905)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_1905" title="الثورة الروسية 1905 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة الروسية 1905" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_rusa_de_1905" title="Revolución rusa de 1905 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución rusa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiyada_1905%E2%80%931907-ci_ill%C9%99r_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Rusiyada 1905–1907-ci illər inqilabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiyada 1905–1907-ci illər inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B5-%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B7-%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="روسیه ده ۱۹۰۵-۱۹۰۷-جی ایللر اینقیلابی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه ده ۱۹۰۵-۱۹۰۷-جی ایللر اینقیلابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_1905%E2%80%941907_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96" title="Рэвалюцыя 1905—1907 гадоў у Расіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэвалюцыя 1905—1907 гадоў у Расіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1905)" title="Революция в Русия (1905) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Революция в Русия (1905)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_russa_de_1905" title="Revolució russa de 1905 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució russa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905-07_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="1905-07 çулсенчи революцийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1905-07 çулсенчи революцийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_revoluce_(1905)" title="Ruská revoluce (1905) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská revoluce (1905)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Russiske_Revolution_1905" title="Den Russiske Revolution 1905 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Russiske Revolution 1905" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Revolution_1905" title="Russische Revolution 1905 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Revolution 1905" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905._aasta_revolutsioon" title="1905. aasta revolutsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1905. aasta revolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1905" title="Ρωσική επανάσταση του 1905 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσική επανάσταση του 1905" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_rusa_de_1905" title="Revolución rusa de 1905 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución rusa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia_revolucio_de_1905" title="Rusia revolucio de 1905 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusia revolucio de 1905" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905eko_Errusiako_Iraultza" title="1905eko Errusiako Iraultza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1905eko Errusiako Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B5_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="انقلاب ۱۹۰۵ روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب ۱۹۰۵ روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_russe_de_1905" title="Révolution russe de 1905 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution russe de 1905" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3id_1905-1907_sa_R%C3%BAis" title="Réabhlóid 1905-1907 sa Rúis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réabhlóid 1905-1907 sa Rúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Rusa_de_1905" title="Revolución Rusa de 1905 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución Rusa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85_(1905%EB%85%84)" title="러시아 혁명 (1905년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 혁명 (1905년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1905-1907)" title="Ռուսական հեղափոխություն (1905-1907) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսական հեղափոխություն (1905-1907)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="१९०५ की रूसी क्रांति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९०५ की रूसी क्रांति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_revolucija_1905._godine" title="Ruska revolucija 1905. godine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska revolucija 1905. godine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_revoluciono_di_1905" title="Rusa revoluciono di 1905 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rusa revoluciono di 1905" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Rusia_1905" title="Revolusi Rusia 1905 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Rusia 1905" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_russa_del_1905" title="Rivoluzione russa del 1905 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione russa del 1905" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%AA_1905" title="מהפכת 1905 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהפכת 1905" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(1905)" title="რუსეთის რევოლუცია (1905) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის რევოლუცია (1905)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Бірінші орыс төңкерісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бірінші орыс төңкерісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B_1905%E2%80%931907-%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орусиядагы 1905–1907-жылдардагы революция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орусиядагы 1905–1907-жылдардагы революция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905._gada_revol%C5%ABcija" title="1905. gada revolūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1905. gada revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%931907_m._Rusijos_revoliucija" title="1905–1907 m. Rusijos revoliucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1905–1907 m. Rusijos revoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905-%C3%B6s_orosz_forradalom" title="1905-ös orosz forradalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1905-ös orosz forradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutie_van_1905" title="Revolutie van 1905 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Revolutie van 1905" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सन् १९०५-१९०७ को प्रथम रुसी पुँजीजीवी प्रजातन्त्रवादी क्रान्ति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सन् १९०५-१९०७ को प्रथम रुसी पुँजीजीवी प्रजातन्त्रवादी क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="ロシア第一革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア第一革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%941907_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C" title="1905—1907 шерашкара революци Россехь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1905—1907 шерашкара революци Россехь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905-revolusjonen" title="1905-revolusjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1905-revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucion_russa_de_1905" title="Revolucion russa de 1905 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revolucion russa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_(1905)" title="ਰੂਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ (1905) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ (1905)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%AF_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B5_%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="د روسیې د ۱۹۰۵ زکال انقلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د روسیې د ۱۹۰۵ زکال انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_1905_roku" title="Rewolucja 1905 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja 1905 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Russa_de_1905" title="Revolução Russa de 1905 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Russa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_rus%C4%83_din_1905" title="Revoluția rusă din 1905 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția rusă din 1905" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1905%E2%80%941907_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Революция 1905—1907 годов в России – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Революция 1905—1907 годов в России" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russian Revolution of 1905" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_revolucija_(1905)" title="Ruska revolucija (1905) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruska revolucija (1905)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_1905." title="Руска револуција 1905. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руска револуција 1905." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_revolucija_1905." title="Ruska revolucija 1905. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruska revolucija 1905." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_vuoden_1905_vallankumous" title="Venäjän vuoden 1905 vallankumous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän vuoden 1905 vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska_revolutionen_1905" title="Ryska revolutionen 1905 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska revolutionen 1905" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himagsikang_Ruso_ng_1905" title="Himagsikang Ruso ng 1905 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himagsikang Ruso ng 1905" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF,_1905" title="உருசியப் புரட்சி, 1905 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியப் புரட்சி, 1905" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Беренче Россия инкыйлабы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Беренче Россия инкыйлабы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8.%E2%80%8B_1905" title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1905 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1905" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_Devrimi_(1905)" title="Rus Devrimi (1905) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rus Devrimi (1905)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_1905%E2%80%941907" title="Революція 1905—1907 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Революція 1905—1907" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_Nga_(1905)" title="Cách mạng Nga (1905) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cách mạng Nga (1905)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1905年俄国革命 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1905年俄国革命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184928#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Russian_Revolution_of_1905" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&oldid=1276144270" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&id=1276144270&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRussian_Revolution_of_1905"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRussian_Revolution_of_1905"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russian_Revolution_of_1905" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184928" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political and social unrest in the Russian Empire</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Russian Revolution of 1905</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Revolution,_1905_Q81555.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg/260px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg/390px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg/520px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br />Barricades during the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1905" title="Moscow uprising of 1905">Moscow uprising of 1905</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>22 January 1905 – <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_June_1907" title="Coup of June 1907">16 June 1907</a><br />(2 years, 4 months and 25 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li>Democratization of government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> retains the throne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">Constitution enacted</a></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Duma (Russian Empire)">State Duma</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><br /><b>Supported by:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry_assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentry assembly">Gentry assembly</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionaries</a><br /><b>Supported by:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Saint Petersburg Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Duma" title="Moscow City Duma">Moscow City Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chita_Republic" title="Chita Republic">Chita Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Party of Socialist Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagal_(Finnish_resistance_movement)" title="Kagal (Finnish resistance movement)">Kagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Liberation" title="Union of Liberation">Union of Liberation</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/23px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/35px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/45px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov" title="Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov">Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Gapon" title="Georgy Gapon">Georgy Gapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>3,611 killed or wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Micheal_2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micheal_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>15,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Micheal_2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micheal_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>20,000 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Micheal_2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micheal_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>38,000 captured<sup id="cite_ref-Micheal_2017_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micheal_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>1 battleship surrendered to Romania</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 17,000 civilian killed by revolutionaries<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk202377_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk202377-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1905_Russian_Revolution4845" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_1905_Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Campaignbox 1905 Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_1905_Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Campaignbox 1905 Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_1905_Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox 1905 Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1905_Russian_Revolution4845" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution"><span class="wrap">1905 Russian Revolution</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_insurrection" title="Łódź insurrection">Łódź</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_in_Latvia_(1905%E2%80%931907)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolution in Latvia (1905–1907) (page does not exist)">Latvia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1905_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Революция 1905 года в Латвии">ru</a>; <a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905._gada_revol%C5%ABcija_Latvij%C4%81" class="extiw" title="lv:1905. gada revolūcija Latvijā">lv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_in_Riga_(1905%E2%80%931907)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolution in Riga (1905–1907) (page does not exist)">Riga</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1905%E2%80%941907_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Революция 1905—1907 годов в Риге">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolution_in_Verkhneudinsk_(1905)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolution in Verkhneudinsk (1905) (page does not exist)">Verkhneudinsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1905_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Революция 1905 года в Верхнеудинске">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#Mutiny" title="Russian battleship Potemkin"><i>Potemkin</i> mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Peasants%27_uprising_of_1905%E2%80%931906" title="Russian Peasants' uprising of 1905–1906">Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevastopol Uprising">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladivostok_uprisings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladivostok uprisings (page does not exist)">Vladivostok</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Владивостокские восстания">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Kronstadt_Mutiny" title="1905 Kronstadt Mutiny">1st Kronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uprising_in_Tikhoretskaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uprising in Tikhoretskaya (page does not exist)">Tikhoretskaya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание на Тихорецкой">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1905" title="Moscow uprising of 1905">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorlovka_armed_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorlovka armed uprising (page does not exist)">Gorlovka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Горловское вооружённое восстание">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuliavka_Republic" title="Shuliavka Republic">Shuliavka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=December_Uprising_in_Motovilikha_(1905)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="December Uprising in Motovilikha (1905) (page does not exist)">Motovilikha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5_(1905)" class="extiw" title="ru:Декабрьское восстание в Мотовилихе (1905)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronstadt_Uprising_(1906)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronstadt Uprising (1906) (page does not exist)">2nd Kronstadt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1906)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кронштадтское восстание (1906)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveaborg_rebellion" title="Sveaborg rebellion">Sveaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_June_1907" title="Coup of June 1907">Coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Russian Revolution of 1905</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>First Russian Revolution</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> which began on 22 January 1905 and led to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">Russian Constitution of 1906</a>, the country's first. The revolution was characterized by mass political and social unrest including worker <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a>, peasant revolts, and military <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutinies</a> directed against Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">autocracy</a>, who were forced to establish the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> legislative assembly and grant certain rights, though both were later undermined. </p><p>In the years leading up to the revolution, impoverished peasants had become increasingly angered by repression from their <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlords</a> and the continuation of semi-feudal relations. Further discontent grew due to mounting Russian losses in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, poor conditions for workers, and urban unemployment. On 22 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 9 January] 1905, known as "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday</a>", a peaceful procession of workers was fired on by guards outside the tsar's <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>. Widespread demonstrations and strikes spread all over the empire and were brutally repressed by the tsar's troops. In June, sailors on the battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin" title="Russian battleship Potemkin"><i>Potemkin</i></a> undertook a famous <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>, and in October, a strike by railway workers turned into a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> in Saint Petersburg and Moscow. The striking urban workers established councils, including the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies</a>, in order to debate their course of action. The influence of revolutionary parties, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labor Party</a>, quickly escalated. Reactionary <a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a> began attacks on intellectuals, revolutionaries, and Jews. </p><p>In response, the tsar issued the "<a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a>", a pledge to create a legislative assembly, halt censorship and violations of freedom of association, and expand the franchise. The constitution, drafted by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a> and enacted on 6 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 23 April] 1906, did not bring an end to the turmoil, as revolutionaries continued to rally for a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a>. The movement for reform fragmented into conservative <a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Octobrist</a> and liberal <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadet</a> factions, and the left split into moderates content with the reforms and those who desired a full overthrow of the tsar. The revolution slowly fizzled out in the face of harsh repression as troops returned after the end of Russo-Japanese War in September 1905. Despite popular participation, the Duma was unable to issue laws of its own and often came into conflict with the tsar, who in July 1906 dissolved the first Duma and appointed as prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Pyotr Stolypin</a>, who set about restoring autocratic rule. In June 1907, the second Duma was dissolved and an electoral reform which favored the propertied classes <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_June_1907" title="Coup of June 1907">was decreed</a>. </p><p>Many historians contend that the Revolution of 1905 set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, which saw the monarchy abolished, the tsar executed, and a socialist state established. Calls for the peasantry and workers to take power by force were present in the 1905 revolution, but many of the revolutionaries who were in a potential position to lead were either in exile or in prison while it took place. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> later famously described the Revolution of 1905 as the "<a href="/wiki/Dress_rehearsal" title="Dress rehearsal">dress rehearsal</a>" without which the "victory of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917 would have been impossible".<sup id="cite_ref-Ascher1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ascher1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many factors contributed to unrest across the Russian Empire of 1905. Newly emancipated peasants earned too little and were not allowed to sell or mortgage their allotted land. Ethnic and national minorities resented the policy of "Russification" of the Empire: this represented discrimination and repression against national minorities, such as banning them from voting, serving in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Guard (Russia)">Imperial Guard</a> or Navy, and limiting their attendance in schools. A nascent industrial working class resented the government for doing too little to protect them, as it banned strikes and organizing into <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a>. University students developed a new consciousness after discipline was relaxed in the institutions, and as increasingly radical ideas gained attention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Significantly, this was a period of disaffection in the Russian military. Soldiers returning from a bloody and disgraceful <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">defeat with Japan</a> found inadequate factory pay, shortages, and general disarray, and organized in protest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subdivisions_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897_(uyezd_level).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Subdivisions_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897_%28uyezd_level%29.svg/220px-Subdivisions_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897_%28uyezd_level%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Subdivisions_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897_%28uyezd_level%29.svg/330px-Subdivisions_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897_%28uyezd_level%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Subdivisions_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897_%28uyezd_level%29.svg/440px-Subdivisions_of_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897_%28uyezd_level%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4648" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1897 (<a href="/wiki/Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyezd">uyezd</a> level)</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the Russian economy was tied to European finances, the contraction of Western money markets in 1899–1900 plunged Russian industry into a deep and prolonged crisis; it outlasted the dip in European industrial production. This setback aggravated social unrest during the five years preceding the Revolution of 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-skocpol_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skocpol-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tsarist government did recognise some of these problems, albeit shortsightedly. The Minister of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve" title="Vyacheslav von Plehve">Vyacheslav von Plehve</a> had said in 1903 that, after the agrarian problem, the most serious issues plaguing the country were those of the Jews, the schools, and the workers, in that order.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any residual popular loyalty to Tsar Nicholas II was lost on <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">22 January 1905</a>, when his soldiers fired upon a crowd of protesting workers, led by <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Gapon" title="Georgy Gapon">Georgy Gapon</a>, who were marching to present a petition at the Winter Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes199021,_25_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes199021,_25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agrarian_problem">Agrarian problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Agrarian problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every year, thousands of nobles in debt mortgaged their estates to the noble land bank or sold them to municipalities, merchants, or peasants. By the time of the revolution, the nobility had sold off one-third of its land and mortgaged another third. The peasants had been freed by the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipation reform of 1861</a>, but their lives were generally quite limited. The government hoped to develop the peasants as a politically conservative, land-holding class by enacting laws to enable them to buy land from nobility by paying small installments over many decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such land, known as "allotment land", would not be owned by individual peasants but by the community of peasants; individual peasants would have rights to strips of land to be assigned to them under the <a href="/wiki/Open_field_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open field system">open field system</a>. A peasant could not sell or mortgage this land, so in practice he could not renounce his rights to his land, and he would be required to pay his share of redemption dues to the village commune.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_19_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan was intended to prevent peasants from becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>. However, the peasants were not given enough land to provide for their needs:<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Their earnings were often so small that they could neither buy the food they needed nor keep up the payment of taxes and redemption dues they owed the government for their land allotments. By 1903 their total arrears in payments of taxes and dues was 118 million rubles.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The situation worsened as masses of hungry peasants roamed the countryside looking for work and sometimes walked hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometers</a> to find it. Desperate peasants proved capable of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> in 1902, thousands of them, ignoring restraints and authority, burst out in a rebellious fury that led to extensive destruction of property and looting of noble homes before troops could be brought to subdue and punish them."<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These violent outbreaks caught the attention of the government, so it created many committees to investigate the causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_20-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committees concluded that no part of the countryside was prosperous; some parts, especially the fertile areas known as the "<a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">black-soil region</a>", were in decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_21_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although cultivated acreage had increased in the last half century, the increase had not been proportionate to the growth of the peasant population, which had doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_21_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "There was general agreement at the turn of the century that Russia faced a grave and intensifying agrarian crisis due mainly to rural overpopulation with an annual excess of fifteen to eighteen live births over deaths per 1,000 inhabitants."<sup id="cite_ref-pipes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pipes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigations revealed many difficulties but the committees could not find solutions that were both sensible and "acceptable" to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_21_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality_problem">Nationality problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nationality problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_ethnic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Russia_ethnic.JPG/220px-Russia_ethnic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Russia_ethnic.JPG/330px-Russia_ethnic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Russia_ethnic.JPG/440px-Russia_ethnic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>French ethnic map of European Russia from 1898. In accordance with official <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">"All-Russian"</a> ideology of the time, the group labelled "Russians" includes not only what are considered <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> today (here called "Great Russians"), but also <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> ("White Russians") and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> ("Little Russians").</figcaption></figure> <p>Russia was a multi-ethnic empire. Nineteenth-century Russians saw cultures and religions in a clear hierarchy. Non-Russian cultures were tolerated in the empire but were not necessarily respected.<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_2004,_472_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks_2004,_472-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culturally, Europe was favored over Asia, as was <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> over other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_2004,_472_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks_2004,_472-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For generations, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a> had been considered a special problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_21_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews constituted only about 4% of the population but were <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">concentrated in the western borderlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conroy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conroy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other minorities in Russia, the Jews lived "miserable and circumscribed lives, forbidden to settle or acquire land outside the cities and towns, legally limited in attendance at secondary school and higher schools, virtually barred from legal professions, denied the right to vote for municipal councilors, and excluded from services in the Navy or the Guards".<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_22_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government's treatment of Jews, although considered a separate issue, was similar to its policies in dealing with all national and religious minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_22_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Theodore Weeks notes: "Russian administrators, who never succeeded in coming up with a legal definition of '<a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Pole</a>', despite the decades of restrictions on that ethnic group, regularly spoke of individuals 'of Polish descent' or, alternatively, 'of Russian descent', making identity a function of birth."<sup id="cite_ref-weeks_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weeks-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy only succeeded in producing or aggravating feelings of disloyalty. There was growing impatience with their inferior status and resentment against "<a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_22_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russification is cultural assimilation definable as "a process culminating in the disappearance of a given group as a recognizably distinct element within a larger society".<sup id="cite_ref-Staliūnas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staliūnas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the imposition of a uniform Russian culture throughout the empire, the government's pursuit of Russification, especially during the second half of the nineteenth century, had political motives. After the emancipation of the <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a> in 1861, the Russian state was compelled to take into account public opinion, but the government failed to gain the public's support.<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_2004,_475_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks_2004,_475-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another motive for Russification policies was the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">Polish uprising of 1863</a>. Unlike other minority nationalities, the Poles, in the eyes of the Tsar, were a direct threat to the empire's stability. After the rebellion was crushed, the government implemented policies to reduce Polish cultural influences.<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_2004,_475_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks_2004,_475-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1870s the government began to distrust German elements on the western border. The Russian government felt that the unification of Germany would upset the power balance among the great powers of Europe and that Germany would use its strength against Russia. The government thought that the borders would be defended better if the borderland were more "Russian" in character.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culmination of cultural diversity created a cumbersome nationality problem that plagued the Russian government in the years leading up to the revolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_problem">Labour problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Labour problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic situation in Russia before the revolution presented a grim picture. The government had experimented with <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> capitalist policies, but this strategy largely failed to gain traction within the Russian economy until the 1890s. Meanwhile, "agricultural productivity stagnated, while international prices for <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> dropped, and Russia's foreign debt and need for imports grew. War and military preparations continued to consume government revenues. At the same time, the peasant taxpayers' ability to pay was strained to the utmost, leading to widespread <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1891%E2%80%931892" title="Russian famine of 1891–1892">famine in 1891</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1890s, under Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a>, a crash governmental program was proposed to promote industrialization. His policies included heavy government expenditures for <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Russia" title="History of rail transport in Russia">railroad building</a> and operations, subsidies and supporting services for private industrialists, high protective <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> for Russian industries (especially heavy industry), an increase in exports, currency stabilization, and encouragement of foreign investments.<sup id="cite_ref-Skocpol_1979,_91_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skocpol_1979,_91-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His plan was successful and during the 1890s "Russian industrial growth averaged 8 percent per year. Railroad mileage grew from a very substantial base by 40 percent between 1892 and 1902."<sup id="cite_ref-Skocpol_1979,_91_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skocpol_1979,_91-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, Witte's success in implementing this program helped spur the 1905 revolution and eventually the <a href="/wiki/1917_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1917 revolution">1917 revolution</a> because it exacerbated <a href="/wiki/Social_tension" class="mw-redirect" title="Social tension">social tensions</a>. "Besides dangerously concentrating a proletariat, a professional and a rebellious student body in centers of political power, industrialization infuriated both these new forces and the traditional rural classes."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government policy of financing <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a> through taxing peasants forced millions of peasants to work in towns. The "peasant worker" saw his labor in the factory as the means to consolidate his family's economic position in the village and played a role in determining the social consciousness of the urban proletariat. The new concentrations and flows of peasants spread urban ideas to the countryside, breaking down isolation of peasants on communes.<sup id="cite_ref-perrie_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perrie-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrial workers began to feel dissatisfaction with the Tsarist government despite the protective labour laws the government decreed. Some of those laws included the prohibition of children under 12 from working, with the exception of night work in <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> factories. Employment of children aged 12 to 15 was prohibited on Sundays and holidays. Workers had to be paid in cash at least once a month, and limits were placed on the size and bases of fines for tardy workers. Employers were prohibited from charging workers for the cost of lighting of the shops and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_22_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these labour protections, the workers believed that the laws were not enough to free them from unfair and inhumane practices. At the start of the 20th century, Russian industrial workers worked on average 11-hours per day (10 hours on Saturday), factory conditions were perceived as grueling and often unsafe, and attempts at independent unions were often not accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many workers were forced to work beyond the maximum of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours per day. Others were still subject to arbitrary and excessive fines for <a href="/wiki/Tardiness" title="Tardiness">tardiness</a>, mistakes in their work, or absence.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_23_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian industrial workers were also the lowest-wage workers in Europe. Although the cost of living in Russia was low, "the average worker's 16 <a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">rubles</a> per month could not buy the equal of what the French worker's 110 <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">francs</a> would buy for him."<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_23_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the same labour laws prohibited the organisation of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and strikes. Dissatisfaction turned into despair for many impoverished workers, which made them more sympathetic to radical ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_23_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These discontented, radicalized workers became key to the revolution by participating in illegal strikes and revolutionary protests. </p><p>The government responded by arresting labour agitators and enacting more "paternalistic" legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_24_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduced in 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Zubatov" title="Sergei Zubatov">Sergei Zubatov</a>, head of the Moscow security department, "police socialism" planned to have workers form workers' societies with police approval to "provide healthful, fraternal activities and opportunities for cooperative self-help together with 'protection' against influences that might have inimical effect on loyalty to job or country".<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_24_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these groups organised in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Nikolaev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkov</a>, but these groups and the idea of police socialism failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_24_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1900 to 1903, the period of industrial depression caused many firm bankruptcies and a reduction in the employment rate. Employees were restive: they would join legal organisations but turn the organisations toward an end that the organisations' sponsors did not intend. Workers used legitimate means to organise strikes or to draw support for striking workers outside these groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_24_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strike that began in 1902 by workers in the railroad shops in <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a> created such a response that by the next summer, 225,000 in various industries in southern Russia and <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> were on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_25_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_25-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were not the first illegal strikes in the country's history but their aims, and the political awareness and support among workers and non-workers, made them more troubling to the government than earlier strikes. The government responded by closing all legal organisations by the end of 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_25_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_25-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educated_class_as_a_problem">Educated class as a problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Educated class as a problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S01260,_St._Petersburg,_Milit%C3%A4r_vor_Winterpalast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S01260%2C_St._Petersburg%2C_Milit%C3%A4r_vor_Winterpalast.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S01260%2C_St._Petersburg%2C_Milit%C3%A4r_vor_Winterpalast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S01260%2C_St._Petersburg%2C_Milit%C3%A4r_vor_Winterpalast.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S01260%2C_St._Petersburg%2C_Milit%C3%A4r_vor_Winterpalast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S01260%2C_St._Petersburg%2C_Milit%C3%A4r_vor_Winterpalast.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S01260%2C_St._Petersburg%2C_Milit%C3%A4r_vor_Winterpalast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Troops in St. Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <p>The Minister of the Interior, Plehve, designated schools as a pressing problem for the government, but he did not realize it was only a symptom of antigovernment feelings among the educated class. Students of universities, other schools of higher learning, and occasionally of secondary schools and theological seminaries were part of this group.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_25_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_25-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Student radicalism began around the time <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander II">Tsar Alexander II</a> came to power. Alexander abolished serfdom and enacted fundamental reforms in the legal and administrative structure of the Russian empire, which were revolutionary for their time.<sup id="cite_ref-morrissey_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrissey-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lifted many restrictions on universities and abolished obligatory uniforms and military discipline. This ushered in a new freedom in the content and reading lists of academic courses.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_22_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrissey_1998,_22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, that created student subcultures, as youth were willing to live in poverty in order to receive an education.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As universities expanded, there was a rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journals</a>, and an organisation of <a href="/wiki/Public_lecture" title="Public lecture">public lectures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional societies">professional societies</a>. The 1860s was a time when the emergence of a new public sphere was created in social life and professional groups. This created the idea of their right to have an independent opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_22_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrissey_1998,_22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government was alarmed by these communities, and in 1861 tightened restrictions on admission and prohibited student organisations; these restrictions resulted in the first ever student demonstration, held in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, which led to a two-year closure of the university.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_22_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrissey_1998,_22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consequent conflict with the state was an important factor in the chronic student protests over subsequent decades. The atmosphere of the early 1860s gave rise to political engagement by students outside universities that became a tenet of student radicalism by the 1870s. Student radicals described "the special duty and mission of the student as such to spread the new word of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>. Students were called upon to extend their freedoms into society, to repay the privilege of learning by serving the people, and to become in <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ogarev" title="Nikolay Ogarev">Nikolai Ogarev</a>'s phrase 'apostles of knowledge'."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (December 2016)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_23_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrissey_1998,_23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next two decades, universities produced a significant share of Russia's revolutionaries. Prosecution records from the 1860s and 1870s show that more than half of all political offences were committed by students despite being a minute proportion of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_23_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrissey_1998,_23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The tactics of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> students proved to be remarkably effective, far beyond what any of the students would have dreamed. Sensing that neither the university administrations nor the government possessed the will or authority to enforce regulations, radicals simply went ahead with their plans to turn the schools into centres of political activity for students and non-students alike."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (December 2016)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ascher,_Abraham._1994._The_Revolution_of_1905:_Russia_in_Disarray_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ascher,_Abraham._1994._The_Revolution_of_1905:_Russia_in_Disarray-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They took up problems that were unrelated to their "proper employment", and displayed defiance and radicalism by boycotting examinations, rioting, arranging marches in sympathy with strikers and <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, circulating <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitions</a>, and writing anti-government <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_25_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_25-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This disturbed the government, but it believed the cause was lack of training in <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. Therefore, the curriculum was "toughened up" to emphasize <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> in secondary schools, but defiance continued.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_26_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_26-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Expulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">forced military service</a> also did not stop students. "In fact, when the official decision to overhaul the whole educational system was finally made, in 1904, and to that end <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Glazov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Glazov (page does not exist)">Vladimir Glazov</a>, head of General Staff Academy, was selected as Minister of Education, the students had grown bolder and more resistant than ever."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (December 2016)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_26_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcave_1970,_26-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_the_opposition">Rise of the opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rise of the opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events of 1905 came after <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">progressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">academic</a> agitation for more political democracy and limits to Tsarist rule in Russia, and an increase in strikes by workers against employers for radical economic demands and union recognition, (especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">southern Russia</a>). As an example, Trotsky who would assume a central role in the 1905 revolution,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would write several proclamations urging for improved <a href="/wiki/Labour_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour rights">economic conditions</a>, political rights and the use of <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist regime</a> on behalf of workers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (June 2021)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> socialists view this as a period when the rising revolutionary movement was met with rising <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> movements. As <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> stated in 1906 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Strike,_the_Political_Party_and_the_Trade_Unions" title="The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions">The Mass Strike</a></i>, when collective strike activity was met with what is perceived as repression from an autocratic state, economic and political demands grew into and reinforced each other.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian progressives formed the Union of <a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">Zemstvo</a> Constitutionalists in 1903 and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Liberation" title="Union of Liberation">Union of Liberation</a> in 1904, which called for a constitutional monarchy. Russian socialists formed two major groups: the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> (founded in 1902), which followed the <a href="/wiki/Narodnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnik">Russian populist</a> tradition, and the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> (founded in 1898).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1904 liberals started a series of banquets (modeled on the <i><a href="/wiki/Campagne_des_banquets" title="Campagne des banquets">campagne des banquets</a></i> leading up to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>), nominally celebrating the 40th anniversary of the liberal court statutes, but actually an attempt to circumvent laws against political gatherings. The banquets resulted in calls for political reforms and a constitution. In November 1904 a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemsky_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemsky Congress (page does not exist)">Zemsky Congress</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_1904_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Земский съезд 1904 года">ru</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Земский съезд</span>)—a gathering of zemstvo delegates representing all levels of Russian society—called for a constitution, civil liberties and a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. On 13 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 30 November] 1904, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Duma" title="Moscow City Duma">Moscow City Duma</a> passed a resolution demanding the establishment of an elected national legislature, full <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>. Similar resolutions and appeals from other city dumas and zemstvo councils followed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> made a move to meet many of these demands, appointing liberal <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Dmitrievich_Sviatopolk-Mirsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky">Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky</a> as Minister of the Interior after the July 1904 assassination of <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve" title="Vyacheslav von Plehve">Vyacheslav von Plehve</a>. On 25 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 12 December] 1904, the Emperor issued a manifesto promising the broadening of the zemstvo system and more authority for local municipal councils, insurance for industrial workers, the emancipation of <a href="/wiki/Inorodtsy" title="Inorodtsy">Inorodtsy</a> and the abolition of censorship. The crucial demand—that for a representative national legislature—was missing in the manifesto.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Worker strikes in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> broke out in March 1902. Strikes on the railways, originating from pay disputes, took on other issues and drew in other industries, culminating in a general strike at <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a> in November 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daily meetings of 15,000 to 20,000 heard openly revolutionary appeals for the first time, before a massacre defeated the strikes. But reaction to the massacres brought political demands to purely economic ones. Luxemburg described the situation in 1903 by saying: "the whole of South Russia in May, June and July was aflame",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> (where separate wage struggles culminated in a citywide general strike) and <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, where commercial workers gained a reduction in the working day, and were joined by factory workers. In 1904, massive strike waves broke out in Odessa in the spring, in Kiev in July, and in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> in December. This all set the stage for the strikes in St. Petersburg in December 1904 to January 1905 seen<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the first step in the 1905 revolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years</th> <th>Average annual strikes<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1862–1869</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870–1884</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885–1894</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895–1905</td> <td>176 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Another contributing factor behind the revolution was the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday</a> massacre of protesters that took place in January 1905 in St. Petersburg sparked a spate of civil unrest in the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Rice199086–88Service2000167Read200575Rappaport2010117–120Lih201187_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Rice199086–88Service2000167Read200575Rappaport2010117–120Lih201187-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin urged Bolsheviks to take a greater role in the events, encouraging violent insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444–45Pipes1990362–363Rice199088–89_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444–45Pipes1990362–363Rice199088–89-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, he adopted SR slogans regarding "armed insurrection", "mass terror", and "the expropriation of gentry land", resulting in Menshevik accusations that he had deviated from orthodox Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000170–171_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000170–171-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, he insisted that the Bolsheviks split completely with the Mensheviks; many Bolsheviks refused, and both groups attended the <a href="/wiki/Third_RSDLP_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Third RSDLP Congress">Third RSDLP Congress</a>, held in London in April 1905 at the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_Church" title="Brotherhood Church">Brotherhood Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990363–364Rice199089–90Service2000168–170Read200578Rappaport2010124_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990363–364Rice199089–90Service2000168–170Read200578Rappaport2010124-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin presented many of his ideas in the pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Tactics_of_Social_Democracy_in_the_Democratic_Revolution" title="Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution">Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution</a></i>, published in August 1905. Here, he predicted that Russia's liberal bourgeoisie would be sated by a transition to <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and thus betray the revolution; instead he argued that the proletariat would have to build an alliance with the peasantry to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish the "provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196460Pipes1990367Rice199090–91Service2000179Read200579Rappaport2010131_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196460Pipes1990367Rice199090–91Service2000179Read200579Rappaport2010131-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Start_of_the_revolution">Start of the revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Start of the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Revolution,_1905_Q81561.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81561.jpg/220px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81561.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81561.jpg/330px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81561.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81561.jpg/440px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81561.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Artistic impression of <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday</a> in St. Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1904, a strike occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Plant" title="Kirov Plant">Putilov plant</a> (a railway and artillery supplier) in St. Petersburg. Sympathy strikes in other parts of the city raised the number of strikers to 150,000 workers in 382 factories.<sup id="cite_ref-Salisbury,_Harrison_E._1981_125_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salisbury,_Harrison_E._1981_125-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 21 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 January] 1905, the city had no electricity and newspaper distribution was halted. All public areas were declared closed. </p><p>Controversial Orthodox priest <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Gapon" title="Georgy Gapon">Georgy Gapon</a>, who headed a police-sponsored workers' association, led a huge workers' procession to the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> to deliver a petition<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Tsar</a> on Sunday, 22 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 9 January] 1905. The troops guarding the Palace were ordered to tell the demonstrators not to pass a certain point, according to <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a>, and at some point, troops opened fire on the demonstrators, causing between 200 (according to Witte) and 1,000 deaths. The event became known as <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday</a>, and is considered by many scholars as the start of the active phase of the revolution. </p><p>The events in St. Petersburg provoked public indignation and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly throughout the industrial centers of the Russian Empire. Polish socialists—both the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">PPS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania">SDKPiL</a>—called for a general strike. By the end of January 1905, over 400,000 workers in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Russian Poland</a> were on strike (see <a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)</a>). Half of European Russia's industrial workers went on strike in 1905, and 93.2% in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Blobaum_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blobaum-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also strikes in Finland and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a> coast. In <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, 130 protesters were killed on 26 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 13 January] 1905, and in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> a few days later over 100 strikers were shot on the streets. By February, there were strikes in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and by April, in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a> and beyond. In March, all higher academic institutions were forcibly closed for the remainder of the year, adding radical students to the striking workers. A strike by railway workers on 21 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 October] 1905 quickly developed into a general strike in Saint Petersburg and Moscow. This prompted the setting up of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Saint Petersburg Soviet</a> of Workers' Delegates, an admixture of <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> headed by Khrustalev-Nossar and despite the <a href="/wiki/Iskra" title="Iskra">Iskra</a> split would see the likes of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Julius Martov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a> spar with <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, who felt a strong connection to the Bolsheviki, had not given up a compromise but spearheaded strike action in over 200 factories.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 26 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 13 October] 1905, over 2 million workers were on strike and there were almost no active railways in all of Russia. Growing inter-ethnic confrontation throughout the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> resulted in <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%931907" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907">Armenian–Tatar massacres</a>, heavily damaging the cities and the Baku <a href="/wiki/Oilfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilfield">oilfields</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Revolution,_1905_Q81546.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81546.jpg/220px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81546.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81546.jpg/330px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81546.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81546.jpg/440px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81546.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Artistic impression of the mutiny by the crew of the battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin" title="Russian battleship Potemkin"><i>Potemkin</i></a> against the ship's officers on 14 June 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>With the unsuccessful and bloody <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1904–1905) there was unrest in army reserve units. On 2 January 1905, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou District">Port Arthur</a> was lost; in February 1905, the Russian army was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mukden" title="Battle of Mukden">Mukden</a>, losing almost 80,000 men. On 27–28 May 1905, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Tsushima</a>. Witte was dispatched to make peace, negotiating the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a> (signed 5 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 23 August] 1905). In 1905, there were naval mutinies at <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevastopol Uprising">Sevastopol Uprising</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, peaking in June with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin#The_mutiny" title="Russian battleship Potemkin">mutiny aboard the battleship <i>Potemkin</i></a>. The mutineers eventually surrendered the battleship to Romanian authorities on 8 July in exchange for asylum, then the Romanians returned her to Imperial Russian authorities on the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources claim over 2,000 sailors died in the suppression.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutinies were disorganised and quickly crushed. Despite these mutinies, the armed forces were largely apolitical and remained mostly loyal, if dissatisfied—and were widely used by the government to control the 1905 unrest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Revolution,_1905_Q81553.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81553.jpg/220px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81553.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81553.jpg/330px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81553.jpg/440px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>A barricade erected by revolutionaries in Moscow during <a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1905" title="Moscow uprising of 1905">Moscow uprising of 1905</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nationalist groups had been angered by the <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> undertaken since <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>. The Poles, Finns, and the Baltic provinces all sought autonomy, and also freedom to use their national languages and promote their own culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevin_O'Connor_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevin_O'Connor-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> groups were also active, founding the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Muslims_of_Russia" title="Union of the Muslims of Russia">Union of the Muslims of Russia</a> in August 1905. Certain groups took the opportunity to settle differences with each other rather than the government. Some nationalists undertook <a href="/wiki/Anti-jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-jewish">anti-Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">pogroms</a>, possibly with government aid, and in total over 3,000 Jews were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2003_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2003-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of prisoners throughout the Russian Empire, which had peaked at 116,376 in 1893, fell by over a third to a record low of 75,009 in January 1905, chiefly because of several mass amnesties granted by the Tsar;<sup id="cite_ref-wheat2002_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheat2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the historian S G Wheatcroft has wondered what role these released criminals played in the 1905–06 social unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-wheat2002_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheat2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_response">Government response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 January 1905, the Tsar appointed <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov" title="Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov">Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov</a> as governor in St Petersburg and dismissed the Minister of the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Sviatopolk-Mirsky" title="Pyotr Sviatopolk-Mirsky">Pyotr Sviatopolk-Mirsky</a>, on 18 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 5 February] 1905. He appointed a government commission "to enquire without delay into the causes of discontent among the workers in the city of St Petersburg and its suburbs"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in view of the strike movement. The commission was headed by Senator Nikolay Shidlovsky, a member of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of Imperial Russia">State Council</a>, and included officials, chiefs of government factories, and private factory owners. It was also meant to have included workers' delegates elected according to a two-stage system. Elections of the workers delegates were, however, blocked by the socialists who wanted to divert the workers from the elections to the armed struggle. On 5 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 February] 1905, the commission was dissolved without having started work. Following the assassination of his uncle, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich</a>, on 17 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 4 February] 1905, the Tsar made new concessions. On 2 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 February] 1905 he published the <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bulygin" title="Alexander Bulygin">Bulygin Rescript</a></i>, which promised the formation of a consultative assembly, <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Language_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Language rights">language rights</a> for the Polish minority) and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. On 24 and 25 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 11 and 12 May] 1905, about 300 Zemstvo and municipal representatives held three meetings in Moscow, which passed a resolution, asking for popular representation at the national level. On 6 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 24 May] 1905, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> had received a Zemstvo deputation. Responding to speeches by Prince <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaevich_Trubetskoy" title="Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy">Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy</a> and Mr Fyodrov, the Tsar confirmed his promise to convene an assembly of people's representatives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Height_of_the_revolution">Height of the revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Height of the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/250px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/375px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/500px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Soviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg</a> in 1905, Trotsky in the center. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> were an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Workers_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers council">workers council</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a> agreed on 2 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 February] to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State Duma of the Russian Empire">State Duma of the Russian Empire</a> but with consultative powers only. When its slight powers and limits on the electorate were revealed, unrest redoubled. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Saint Petersburg Soviet</a> was formed and called for a general strike in October, refusal to pay taxes, and the en masse withdrawal of bank deposits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June and July 1905, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Peasants%27_uprising_of_1905%E2%80%936" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Peasants' uprising of 1905–6">there were many peasant uprisings</a> in which peasants seized land and tools.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes2003_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes2003-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disturbances in the Russian-controlled <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> culminated in June 1905 in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_insurrection_(1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Łódź insurrection (1905)">Łódź insurrection</a>. Surprisingly, only one <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlord</a> was recorded as killed.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far more violence was inflicted on peasants outside the commune: 50 deaths were recorded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Anti-tsarist protests displaced onto Jewish communities in the October <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom#1905_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">1905 Kishinev pogrom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Revolution,_in_Sormovo,_Nizhny_Novgorod_1905_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_in_Sormovo%2C_Nizhny_Novgorod_1905_2.jpg/220px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_in_Sormovo%2C_Nizhny_Novgorod_1905_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_in_Sormovo%2C_Nizhny_Novgorod_1905_2.jpg/330px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_in_Sormovo%2C_Nizhny_Novgorod_1905_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_in_Sormovo%2C_Nizhny_Novgorod_1905_2.jpg/440px-The_Russian_Revolution%2C_in_Sormovo%2C_Nizhny_Novgorod_1905_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Barricades in <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, during the December uprising of 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a> and Alexis Obolenskii, was presented to the Tsar on 14 October  [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1 October]. It closely followed the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in September, granting basic <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, allowing the formation of political parties, extending the franchise towards <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, and establishing the Duma as the central legislative body.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Tsar waited and argued for three days, but finally signed the manifesto on 30 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 17 October] 1905, citing his desire to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> and his realisation that there was insufficient military force available to pursue alternative options. He regretted signing the document, saying that he felt "sick with shame at this betrayal of the dynasty ... the betrayal was complete".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the manifesto was proclaimed, there were spontaneous demonstrations of support in all the major cities. The strikes in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and elsewhere officially ended or quickly collapsed. A political <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> was also offered. The concessions came hand-in-hand with renewed, and brutal, action against the unrest. There was also a backlash from the conservative elements of society, with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">right-wing attacks</a> on strikers, left-wingers, and Jews.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the Russian liberals were satisfied by the <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a> and prepared for upcoming Duma elections, radical socialists and revolutionaries denounced the elections and called for an armed uprising to destroy the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiflis_railway_strike_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tiflis_railway_strike_1905.jpg/220px-Tiflis_railway_strike_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tiflis_railway_strike_1905.jpg/330px-Tiflis_railway_strike_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tiflis_railway_strike_1905.jpg/440px-Tiflis_railway_strike_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3117" data-file-height="2182" /></a><figcaption>A locomotive overturned by striking workers at the main railway depot in <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a> in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the November uprising of 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, headed by retired naval Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Schmidt" title="Pyotr Schmidt">Pyotr Schmidt</a>, was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, worker strikes, peasant unrest and military <a href="/wiki/Mutinies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutinies">mutinies</a>, and was only suppressed after a fierce battle. The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Baikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Baikal">Trans-Baikal</a> railroad fell into the hands of striker committees and demobilised soldiers returning from <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Russo%E2%80%93Japanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo–Japanese War">Russo–Japanese War</a>. The Tsar had to send a special detachment of loyal troops along the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> to restore order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 5 and 7 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 22 and 24 November], there was a general strike by Russian workers. The government sent troops on 7 December, and a bitter street-by-street fight began. A week later, the <a href="/wiki/Semyonovsky_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyonovsky Regiment">Semyonovsky Regiment</a> was deployed, and used artillery to break up demonstrations and to shell workers' districts. On 18 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 5 December], with around a thousand people dead and parts of the city in ruins, the workers surrendered. After <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Uprising of 1905">a final spasm in Moscow</a>, the uprisings ended in December 1905. According to figures presented in the Duma by Professor <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Kovalevsky" title="Maksim Kovalevsky">Maksim Kovalevsky</a>, by April 1906, more than 14,000 people had been executed and 75,000 imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Brian Taylor states the number of deaths in the 1905 revolution was in the "thousands" and notes one source that puts the figure at over 13,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2003_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2003-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Special:EditPage/Russian Revolution of 1905">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Russian+Revolution+of+1905%22">"Russian Revolution of 1905"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Russian+Revolution+of+1905%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Russian+Revolution+of+1905%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Russian+Revolution+of+1905%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Russian+Revolution+of+1905%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Russian+Revolution+of+1905%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repin_17October.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repin_17October.jpg/220px-Repin_17October.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repin_17October.jpg/330px-Repin_17October.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repin_17October.jpg/440px-Repin_17October.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8197" data-file-height="4440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>, <i>17 October 1905.</i> Russians celebrating the granting of the <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a> by Nicholas II, which led to the granting of the 1906 Constitution.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Revolution of 1905, the Tsar made last attempts to save his regime, and offered reforms similar to most rulers when pressured by a revolutionary movement. The military remained loyal throughout the Revolution of 1905, as shown by their shooting of revolutionaries when ordered by the Tsar, making overthrow difficult. These reforms were outlined in a precursor to the Constitution of 1906 known as the <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a> which created the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Duma">Imperial Duma</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">Russian Constitution of 1906</a>, also known as the Fundamental Laws, set up a multiparty system and a limited constitutional monarchy. The revolutionaries were quelled and satisfied with the reforms, but it was not enough to prevent the <a href="/wiki/1917_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1917 revolution">1917 revolution</a> that would later topple the Tsar's regime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_Duma_and_appointment_of_Stolypin">Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There had been earlier attempts in establishing a Russian Duma before the October Manifesto, but these attempts faced dogged resistance. One attempt in July 1905, called the Bulygin Duma, tried to reduce the assembly into a consultative body. It also proposed limiting voting rights to those with a higher property qualification, excluding industrial workers. Both sides—the opposition and the conservatives—were not pleased with the results.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another attempt in August 1905 was almost successful, but that too died when Nicholas insisted on the Duma's functions be relegated to an advisory position.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The October Manifesto, aside from granting the population the freedom of speech and assembly, proclaimed that no law would be passed without examination and approval by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Duma">Imperial Duma</a>. The Manifesto also extended the suffrage to universal proportions, allowing for greater participation in the Duma, though the electoral law on 11 December still excluded women.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the tsar retained the power of veto.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Propositions for restrictions to the Duma's legislative powers remained persistent. A decree on 20 February 1906 transformed the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of Imperial Russia">State Council</a>, the advisory body, into a second chamber with legislative powers "equal to those of the Duma".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did this transformation violate the Manifesto, but the Council became a buffer zone between the tsar and Duma, slowing whatever progress the latter could achieve. Even three days before the Duma's first session, on 24 April 1906, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">Fundamental Laws</a> further limited the assembly's movement by giving the tsar the sole power to appoint/dismiss ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding insult was the indication that the Tsar alone had control over many facets of political reins—all without the Duma's expressed permission. The trap seemed perfectly set for the unsuspecting Duma: by the time the assembly convened in 27 April, it quickly found itself unable to do much without violating the Fundamental Laws. Defeated and frustrated, the majority of the assembly voted no confidence and handed in their resignations after a few weeks on 13 May.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_II_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_I_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_II_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_I_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_II_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_I_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_II_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_I_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>Speech by Emperor Nicholas II on the opening of the <a href="/wiki/First_State_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="First State Duma">First State Duma</a> of the Russian Empire, 27 April 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>The attacks on the Duma were not confined to its legislative powers. By the time the Duma opened, it was missing crucial support from its populace, thanks in no small part to the government's return to Pre-Manifesto levels of suppression. The Soviets were forced to lay low for a long time, while the <a href="/wiki/Zemstvos" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemstvos">zemstvos</a> turned against the Duma when the issue of land appropriation came up. The issue of land appropriation was the most contentious of the Duma's appeals. The Duma proposed that the government distribute its treasury, "monastic and imperial lands", and seize private estates as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duma, in fact, was preparing to alienate some of its more affluent supporters, a decision that left the assembly without the necessary political power to be efficient.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nicholas II remained wary of having to share power with reform-minded bureaucrats. When the pendulum in 1906 elections swung to the left, Nicholas immediately ordered the Duma's dissolution just after 73 days.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping to further squeeze the life out of the assembly, he appointed a tougher prime minister in <a href="/wiki/Petr_Stolypin" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Stolypin">Petr Stolypin</a> as the liberal Witte's replacement. Much to Nicholas's chagrin, Stolypin attempted to bring about acts of reform (land reform), while retaining measures favorable to the regime (stepping up the number of executions of revolutionaries). After the revolution subsided, he was able to bring economic growth back to Russia's industries, a period which lasted until 1914. But Stolypin's efforts did nothing to prevent the collapse of the monarchy, nor seemed to satisfy the conservatives. Stolypin died from a bullet wound, fired by a revolutionary, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bogrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Bogrov">Dmitry Bogrov</a>, on 5 September 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_Manifesto">October Manifesto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: October Manifesto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even after Bloody Sunday and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Nicholas II had been slow to offer a meaningful solution to the social and political crisis. At this point, he became more concerned with his personal affairs such as the illness of his son, whose struggle with <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia" title="Haemophilia">haemophilia</a> was overseen by <a href="/wiki/Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasputin">Rasputin</a>. Nicholas also refused to believe that the population was demanding changes in the autocratic regime, seeing "public opinion" as mainly the "intelligentsia"<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Sixsmith_p._171_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Sixsmith_p._171-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and believing himself to be the patronly 'father figure' to the Russian people. <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a>, the minister of Russia, frustratedly argued with the Tsar that an immediate implementation of reforms was needed to retain order in the country. It was only after the Revolution started picking up steam that Nicholas was forced to make concessions by writing the October Manifesto.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Issued on 17 October 1905, the Manifesto stated that the government would grant the population reforms such as the right to vote and to convene in assemblies. Its main provisions were: </p> <ol><li>The granting of the population "inviolable personal rights" including freedom of conscience, speech, and assemblage</li> <li>Giving the population who were previously cut off from doing so participation in the newly formed Duma</li> <li>Ensuring that no law would be passed without the consent of the Imperial Duma.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Sixsmith_p._171_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Sixsmith_p._171-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Despite what seemed to be a moment for celebration for Russia's population and the reformists, the Manifesto was rife with problems. Aside from the absence of the word "constitution", one issue with the manifesto was its timing. By October 1905, Nicholas was already dealing with a revolution. Another problem surfaced in the conscience of Nicholas himself: Witte said in 1911 that the manifesto was written only to get the pressure off the monarch's back, that it was not a "voluntary act".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the writers hoped that the Manifesto would sow discord into "the camp of the autocracy's enemies" and bring order back to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One immediate effect it did have, for a while, was the start of the Days of Freedom, a six-week period from 17 October to early December. This period witnessed an unprecedented level of freedom on all publications—revolutionary papers, brochures, etc.—even though the tsar officially retained the power to censor provocative material. This opportunity allowed the press to address the tsar, and government officials, in a harsh, critical tone previously unheard of. The freedom of speech also opened the floodgates for meetings and organised political parties. In Moscow alone, over 400 meetings took place in the first four weeks. Some of the political parties that came out of these meetings were the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democrats">Constitutional Democrats</a> (Kadets), <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Social Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionaries">Socialist Revolutionaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octobrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Octobrists">Octobrists</a>, and the far-rightist <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People" title="Union of the Russian People">Union of the Russian People</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among all the groups that benefited most from the Days of Freedoms were the labour unions. In fact, the Days of Freedom witnessed unionisation in the history of the Russian Empire at its apex. At least 67 unions were established in Moscow, as well as 58 in St. Petersburg; the majority of both combined were formed in November 1905 alone. For the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a>, it was a watershed period of time: nearly 50 of the unions in St. Petersburg came under Soviet control, while in Moscow, the Soviets had around 80,000 members. This large sector of power allowed the Soviets enough clout to form their own militias. In St. Petersburg alone, the Soviets claimed around 6,000 armed members with the purpose of protecting the meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps empowered in their newfound window of opportunity, the St. Petersburg Soviets, along with other socialist parties, called for armed struggles against the Tsarist government, a war call that no doubt alarmed the government. Not only were the workers motivated, but the Days of Freedom also had an earthquake-like effect on the peasant collective as well. Seeing an opening in the autocracy's waning authority thanks to the Manifesto, the peasants, with a political organisation, took to the streets in revolt. In response, the government exerted its forces in campaigns to subdue and repress both the peasants and the workers. Consequences were now in full force: with a pretext in their hands, the government spent the month of December 1905 regaining the level of authority once lost to <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ironically, the writers of the October Manifesto were caught off guard by the surge in revolts. One of the main reasons for writing the October Manifesto bordered on the government's "fear of the revolutionary movement".<sup id="cite_ref-G.M._Kropotkin_pages_23_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G.M._Kropotkin_pages_23-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, many officials believed this fear was practically the sole reason for the Manifesto's creation in the first place. Among those more scared was <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov" title="Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov">Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov</a>, governor general of <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> and deputy minister of the interior. Trepov urged Nicholas II to stick to the principles in the Manifesto, for "every retreat ... would be hazardous to the dynasty".<sup id="cite_ref-G.M._Kropotkin_pages_23_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G.M._Kropotkin_pages_23-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Constitution_of_1906">Russian Constitution of 1906</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Russian Constitution of 1906"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">Russian Constitution of 1906</a> was published on the eve of the convocation of the First Duma. The new Fundamental Law was enacted to institute promises of the October Manifesto as well as add new reforms. The Tsar was confirmed as absolute leader, with complete control of the executive, foreign policy, church, and the armed forces. The structure of the Duma was changed, becoming a lower chamber below the Council of Ministers, and was half-elected, half-appointed by the Tsar. Legislations had to be approved by the Duma, the council, and the Tsar to become law. The Fundamental State Laws were the "culmination of the whole sequence of events set in motion in October 1905 and which consolidated the new <i>status quo</i>". The introduction of The Russian Constitution of 1906 was not simply an institution of the October Manifesto. The introduction of the constitution states (and thus emphasizes) the following: </p> <ul><li>The Russian State is one and indivisible.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, while comprising an inseparable part of the Russian State, is governed in its internal affairs by special decrees based on special legislation.</li> <li>The Russian language is the common language of the state, and its use is compulsory in the army, the navy and all state and public institutions. The use of local (regional) languages and dialects in state and public institutions are determined by special legislation.</li></ul> <p>The Constitution did not mention any of the provisions of the October Manifesto. While it did enact the provisions laid out previously, its sole purpose seems again to be the propaganda for the monarchy and to simply not fall back on prior promises. The provisions and the new constitutional monarchy did not satisfy Russians and Lenin. The Constitution lasted until the fall of the empire in 1917.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_political_violence">Rise of political violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rise of political violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The years 1906 and 1907 saw a decline of mass movements, strikes and protests, and a rise of overt political violence. Combat groups such as the <a href="/wiki/SR_Combat_Organization" title="SR Combat Organization">SR Combat Organization</a> carried out many assassinations targeting civil servants and police, and robberies. Between 1906 and 1909, revolutionaries killed 7,293 people, of whom 2,640 were officials, and wounded 8,061.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable victims included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bobrikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Bobrikov">Nikolai Bobrikov</a> – <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Finland" title="Governor-General of Finland">Governor-General of Finland</a>. Killed 17 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 4 June] 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> (attack on 16 June).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve" title="Vyacheslav von Plehve">Vyacheslav von Plehve</a> – Minister of Interior. Killed 28 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 15 July] 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia</a> – Killed 17 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 4 February] 1905 in Moscow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliel_Soisalon-Soininen" title="Eliel Soisalon-Soininen">Eliel Soisalon-Soininen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Justice" title="Chancellor of Justice">Procurator of Justice</a> of Finland. Killed 19 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6 February] 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sakharov" title="Viktor Sakharov">Viktor Sakharov</a> – former war minister. Killed 5 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 22 November] 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Pavlovich_Chukhnin" title="Grigoriy Pavlovich Chukhnin">Admiral Chukhnin</a> – the commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Killed 11 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 28 June] 1906 in <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Ignatyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Ignatyev">Aleksey Ignatyev</a> – Killed 22 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 9 December] 1906 in <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repression">Repression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Repression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The years of revolution were marked by a dramatic rise in the numbers of death sentences and executions. Different figures on the number of executions were compared by Senator <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tagantsev" title="Nikolai Tagantsev">Nikolai Tagantsev</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are listed in the table. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="4">Number of executions by different accounts </th></tr> <tr> <td>Report by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> Police Department to the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State Duma of the Russian Empire">State Duma</a> on 19 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6 February] 1909 </td> <td>Report by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War (Russia)">Ministry of War</a> Military Justice department </td> <td>By <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gruzenberg" title="Oscar Gruzenberg">Oscar Gruzenberg</a> </td> <td>Report by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borovitinov" title="Mikhail Borovitinov">Mikhail Borovitinov</a>, assistant head of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Ministry of Justice of the Russian Empire">Ministry of Justice</a> Chief Prison Administration, at the International Prison Congress in Washington, 1910. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905</td> <td>10</td> <td>19</td> <td>26</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906</td> <td>144</td> <td>236</td> <td>225</td> <td>144 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907</td> <td>456</td> <td>627</td> <td>624</td> <td>1,139 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908</td> <td>825</td> <td>1,330</td> <td>1,349</td> <td>825 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>1,435 + 683<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> = 2,118</td> <td>2,212</td> <td>2,235</td> <td>2,128 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Number of executions </th></tr> <tr> <td>1909</td> <td>537 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td>129 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td>352 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912</td> <td>123 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1913</td> <td>25 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These numbers reflect only executions of civilians,<sup id="cite_ref-dwardmac.pitzer.edu_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwardmac.pitzer.edu-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and do not include a large number of <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> by punitive army detachments and executions of military mutineers.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, an anarchist, noted that official statistics excluded executions conducted during punitive expeditions, especially in Siberia, Caucasus and the Baltic provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-dwardmac.pitzer.edu_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwardmac.pitzer.edu-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1906 some 4,509 political prisoners were incarcerated in Russian Poland, 20 percent of the empire's total.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ivanovo_Soviet">Ivanovo Soviet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ivanovo Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo Voznesensk</a> was known as the 'Russian Manchester' for its textile mills.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, its local revolutionaries were overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a>. It was the first Bolshevik branch in which workers outnumbered intellectuals. </p> <ul><li>11 May 1905: The 'Group', the revolutionary leadership, called for the workers at all the textile mills to strike.</li> <li>12 May: The strike begins. Strike leaders meet in the local woods.</li> <li>13 May: 40,000 workers assemble before the Administration Building to give Svirskii, the regional factory inspector, a list of demands.</li> <li>14 May: Workers' delegates are elected. Svirskii had suggested they do so, as he wanted people to negotiate with.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mass meeting is held in Administration Square. Svirskii tells them the mill owners will not meet their demands but will negotiate with elected mill delegates, who will be immune to prosecution, according to the governor.</li> <li>15 May: Svirskii tells the strikers they can negotiate only about each factory in turn, but they can hold elections wherever. The strikers elect delegates to represent each mill while they are still out in the streets. Later the delegates elect a chairman.</li> <li>17 May: The meetings are moved to the bank of the Talka River, on suggestion by the police chief.</li> <li>27 May: The delegates' meeting house is closed.</li> <li>3 June: <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> break up a workers' meeting, arresting over 20 men. Workers start sabotaging telephone wires and burn down a mill.</li> <li>9 June: The police chief resigns.</li> <li>12 June: All prisoners are released. Most mill owners flee to Moscow. Neither side gives in.</li> <li>27 June: Workers agree to stop striking 1 July.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poland">Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomnik_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pomnik_1905.jpg/175px-Pomnik_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pomnik_1905.jpg/263px-Pomnik_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pomnik_1905.jpg/350px-Pomnik_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> monument to the 1905 insurrection</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)</a></div> <p>The 1905–1907 revolution was at the time the largest wave of strikes and widest emancipatory movement Poland had ever seen, and it would remain so until the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, 93.2% of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>'s industrial workers went on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Blobaum_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blobaum-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phase of the revolution consisted primarily of mass strikes, rallies, demonstrations—later this evolved into street skirmishes with the police and army as well as bomb assassinations and robberies of transports carrying money to tsarist financial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Interia_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interia-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the major events of that period was the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_insurrection_(1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Łódź insurrection (1905)">insurrection in Łódź in June 1905</a>, but unrest happened in many other areas too. <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> was also an active centre of resistance, particularly in terms of strikes, whereas further south the <i>Republika Ostrowiecka</i> and <i>Republika Zagłębiowska</i> were proclaimed (tsarist control was later restored in these areas when martial law was introduced).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until November 1905, Poland was at the vanguard of the revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire despite the vast military numbers thrown against it; even when the upheaval began its downfall, larger strikes happened more often in Poland than they did in other parts of the Empire in the years 1906–1907.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its reach, violence, radicalism, and effects, some Polish historians even consider the events of the 1905 revolution in Poland a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish uprisings">fourth Polish uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Interia_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interia-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> described Poland as "one of the most explosive centres of the revolutionary movement" which "in 1905 marched at the head of the Russian Revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-rory_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rory-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finland">Finland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg/175px-Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg/263px-Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg/350px-Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Jakobstad" title="Jakobstad">Jakobstad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democrats</a> organised the <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> of 1905 (30 October – 6 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 17–24 October]). The <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Red Guards</a> were formed, led by captain <a href="/wiki/Johan_Kock" title="Johan Kock">Johan Kock</a>. During the general strike, the <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Declaration" title="Red Declaration">Red Declaration</a></i>, written by Finnish politician and journalist <a href="/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_M%C3%A4kelin" title="Yrjö Mäkelin">Yrjö Mäkelin</a>, was published in <i><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>,</i> demanding dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Finland" title="Senate of Finland">Senate of Finland</a>, universal suffrage, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">political freedoms</a>, and abolition of censorship. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Mechelin" title="Leo Mechelin">Leo Mechelin</a>, leader of the constitutionalists, crafted the <i>November Manifesto</i>: the revolution resulted in the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Finland" title="Diet of Finland">Diet of Finland</a> and of the four <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estates</a>, and to the creation of the modern <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a>. It also resulted in a temporary halt to the <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Russification policy</a> that Russia had started in 1899. </p><p>On 30 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 17 July] 1906, Russian artillerymen and military engineers <a href="/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveaborg Rebellion">rose in revolt</a> in the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Sveaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveaborg">Sveaborg</a> (later called <a href="/wiki/Suomenlinna" title="Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a>), Helsinki. The Finnish Red Guards supported the <a href="/wiki/Sveaborg_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveaborg Rebellion">Sveaborg Rebellion</a> with a general strike, but the mutiny was quelled within 60 hours by loyal troops and ships of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estonia">Estonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Governorate of Estonia</a>, Estonians called for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">assembly</a>, for universal suffrage, and for national autonomy. On 29 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 16 October], the Russian army opened fire in a meeting on a street market in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> in which about 8 000–10 000 people participated, killing 94 and injuring over 200. The October Manifesto was supported in Estonia and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian flag">Estonian flag</a> was displayed publicly for the first time. <a href="/wiki/Jaan_T%C3%B5nisson" title="Jaan Tõnisson">Jaan Tõnisson</a> used the new political freedoms to widen the rights of Estonians by establishing the first Estonian political party – <i>National Progress Party</i>. </p><p>Another, more radical political organisation, the <i>Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Union</i> was founded as well. The moderate supporters of Tõnisson and the more radical supporters of <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Teemant" title="Jaan Teemant">Jaan Teemant</a> could not agree about how to continue with the revolution, and only agreed that both wanted to limit the rights of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> and to end Russification. The radical views were publicly welcomed and in December 1905, martial law was declared in Tallinn. A total of 160 manors were looted, resulting in ca. 400 workers and peasants being killed by the army. Estonian gains from the revolution were minimal, but the tense stability that prevailed between 1905 and 1917 allowed Estonians to advance the aspiration of national statehood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latvia">Latvia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Struggling_Soldiers_memorial_in_Riga_(8228844765).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Two_Struggling_Soldiers_memorial_in_Riga_%288228844765%29.jpg/150px-Two_Struggling_Soldiers_memorial_in_Riga_%288228844765%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Two_Struggling_Soldiers_memorial_in_Riga_%288228844765%29.jpg/225px-Two_Struggling_Soldiers_memorial_in_Riga_%288228844765%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Two_Struggling_Soldiers_memorial_in_Riga_%288228844765%29.jpg/300px-Two_Struggling_Soldiers_memorial_in_Riga_%288228844765%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="3383" /></a><figcaption>Bloody Sunday Monument in Riga on the <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the shooting of demonstrators in St. Petersburg, a wide-scale general strike began in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. On 26 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 13 January], Russian army troops opened fire on demonstrators killing 73 and injuring 200 people. During the middle of 1905, the focus of revolutionary events moved to the countryside with mass meetings and demonstrations. 470 new parish administrative bodies were elected in 94% of the parishes in Latvia. The Congress of Parish Representatives was held in Riga in November. In autumn 1905, armed conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> nobility and the Latvian peasants began in the rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Livonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Courland">Courland</a>. In Courland, the peasants seized or surrounded several towns. In Livonia, the fighters controlled the Rūjiena-Pärnu railway line.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martial law was declared in Courland in August 1905, and in Livonia in late November. Special punitive expeditions were dispatched in mid-December to suppress the movement. They executed 1170 people without trial or investigation and burned 300 peasant homes. Thousands were exiled to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Many Latvian intellectuals only escaped by fleeing to Western Europe or US. In 1906, the revolutionary movement gradually subsided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_portrayal">Cultural portrayal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Artists <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Serov" title="Valentin Serov">Valentin Serov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bilibin" title="Ivan Bilibin">Ivan Bilibin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Dobuzhinsky" title="Mstislav Dobuzhinsky">Mstislav Dobuzhinsky</a> published their works dedicated to the 1905 Revolution in the satirical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Zhupel" title="Zhupel">Zhupel</a></i>.</li> <li>Novels <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_(novel)" title="Mother (novel)">Mother</a></i> (1907) by <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Dove" title="The Silver Dove">The Silver Dove</a></i> (1909) by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a> were written under the impression of the 1905 Revolution. The same authors depicted it in their later works: Andrei Bely in his <i><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_(novel)" title="Petersburg (novel)">Petersburg</a></i> (1913/1922) and Maxim Gorky in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Klim_Samgin" title="The Life of Klim Samgin">The Life of Klim Samgin</a></i> (1927–1931).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> (1925), <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> originally intended this film to be a pro-<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> narrative of the 1905 Russian Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seton-74_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seton-74-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leyda_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leyda-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel)" title="Doctor Zhivago (novel)"><i>Doctor Zhivago</i></a>, a 1957 novel by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> which takes place from the years between 1902 and World War II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._11_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich)</a>, subtitled <i>The Year 1905</i>, written in 1957.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouletabille_chez_le_Tsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouletabille chez le Tsar">Rouletabille chez le Tsar</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Night" title="The Secret of the Night">The Secret of the Night</a> was the third novel of Gaston Leroux's popular Rouletabille detective series set in 1905 during the revolution and drew upon Leroux's own experience reporting on the event as a journalist for France's Le Matin magazine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War#The_Revolution_of_1905" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § The Revolution of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_(book)" title="1905 (book)">1905 (Trotsky book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shub" title="David Shub">David Shub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Революция 1905 года</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Первая Русская Революция</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Micheal_2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Micheal_2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Micheal_2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Micheal_2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Micheal_2017_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA340"><i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i></a>. McFarland. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476625850" title="Special:BookSources/9781476625850"><bdi>9781476625850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781476625850&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNzCDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk202377-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorisyuk202377_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorisyuk2023">Borisyuk 2023</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ascher1994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ascher1994_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscher1994" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Abraham (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9J9Dt6EQHs8C&pg=PA1"><i>The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2327-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2327-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-2327-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1905%3A+Russia+in+Disarray&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2327-5&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9J9Dt6EQHs8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skocpol-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-skocpol_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkocpol1979" class="citation book cs1">Skocpol, Theda (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statessocialrevo0000skoc"><i>States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statessocialrevo0000skoc/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22439-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22439-0"><bdi>978-0-521-22439-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States+and+Social+Revolutions%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+France%2C+Russia+and+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22439-0&rft.aulast=Skocpol&rft.aufirst=Theda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatessocialrevo0000skoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave 1990, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes199021,_25-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes199021,_25_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, pp. 21, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcave_1970,_19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_19_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_19_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave 1970, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcave_1970,_20-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_20_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave 1970, 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcave_1970,_21-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_21_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_21_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_21_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_21_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave 1970, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pipes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pipes_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1996" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1996). <i>A Concise History of the Russian Revolution</i>. New York: Vintage. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks_2004,_472-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_2004,_472_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_2004,_472_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weeks 2004, 472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conroy-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conroy_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConroy2006" class="citation book cs1">Conroy, Mary (2006). "Civil Society in Late Imperial Russia". In Henry, Laura; Sundstrom, Lisa; Evans Jr., Albert (eds.). <i>Russian Civil Society: A Critical Assessment</i>. New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+Society+in+Late+Imperial+Russia&rft.btitle=Russian+Civil+Society%3A+A+Critical+Assessment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcave_1970,_22-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_22_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_22_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_22_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_22_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave 1970, 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weeks-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weeks_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2004" class="citation journal cs1">Weeks, Theodore (December 2004). "Russification: Word and Practice 1863–1914". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>148</b>: 473.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Russification%3A+Word+and+Practice+1863%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=148&rft.pages=473&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staliūnas-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Staliūnas_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaliūnas2007" class="citation journal cs1">Staliūnas, Darius (2007). "Between Russification and Divide and Rule: Russian Nationality Policy in the Western Borderlands in Mid-19th Century". <i>Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas</i>. Neue Folge. <b>55</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrb%C3%BCcher+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+Osteuropas&rft.atitle=Between+Russification+and+Divide+and+Rule%3A+Russian+Nationality+Policy+in+the+Western+Borderlands+in+Mid-19th+Century&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Stali%C5%ABnas&rft.aufirst=Darius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks_2004,_475-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_2004,_475_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_2004,_475_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weeks 2004, 475</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weeks 2004, 475–476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skocpol 1979, 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skocpol_1979,_91-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skocpol_1979,_91_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skocpol_1979,_91_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Skocpol 1979, 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skocpol 1979, 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perrie-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perrie_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrie1972" class="citation journal cs1">Perrie, Maureen (November 1972). "The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905–1907: Its Social Composition and Revolutionary Significance". <i>Past and Present</i> (57): <span class="nowrap">124–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F57.1.123">10.1093/past/57.1.123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Peasant+Movement+of+1905%E2%80%931907%3A+Its+Social+Composition+and+Revolutionary+Significance&rft.issue=57&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=1972-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F57.1.123&rft.aulast=Perrie&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Simkin (ed), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUS1905.htm%20">1905 Russian Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504044801/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUS1905.htm">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Spartacus Educational, undated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcave_1970,_23-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_23_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_23_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_23_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave 1970, 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcave_1970,_24-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_24_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_24_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_24_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_24_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave 1970, 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcave_1970,_25-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_25_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_25_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_25_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_25_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave 1970, 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morrissey-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morrissey_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrissey1998" class="citation book cs1">Morrissey, Susan (1998). <i>Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heralds+of+Revolution%3A+Russian+Students+and+the+Mythologies+of+Radicalism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Morrissey&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrissey_1998,_22-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_22_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_22_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_22_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrissey 1998, 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrissey 1998, 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrissey_1998,_23-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_23_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrissey_1998,_23_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrissey 1998, 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ascher,_Abraham._1994._The_Revolution_of_1905:_Russia_in_Disarray-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ascher,_Abraham._1994._The_Revolution_of_1905:_Russia_in_Disarray_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscher1994" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Abraham (1994). <i>The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1905%3A+Russia+in+Disarray&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcave_1970,_26-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_26_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcave_1970,_26_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave 1970, 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A prolific writer and a spellbinding orator, he was a central figure in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution of 1917, the organizer and leader of the Red Army in the Russian Civil War, the heir apparent to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, and the arch enemy and then vanquished foe of Joseph Stalin in the succession struggle after Lenin's death".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatenaude2017" class="citation book cs1">Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017). <i>"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-21041-6"><bdi>978-1-108-21041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Trotsky+and+Trotskyism%22+in+The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism%3A+Volume+1%2C+World+Revolution+and+Socialism+in+One+Country+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-21041-6&rft.aulast=Patenaude&rft.aufirst=Betrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He emerged from the revolution having acquired an enormous degree of popularity, whereas neither Lenin nor Martov had effectively gained any at all"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunacharsky1968" class="citation book cs1">Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ptRoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Revolutionary Silhouettes</i></a>. Hill and Wang. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Silhouettes&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Lunacharsky&rft.aufirst=Anatoly+Vasilievich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DptRoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher2005" class="citation book cs1">Thatcher, Ian D. (27 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cU3yFMLm1voC&dq=trotsky+1905+st+petersburg+soviet&pg=PT39"><i>Trotsky</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57214-4"><bdi>978-1-134-57214-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-57214-4&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcU3yFMLm1voC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2B1905%2Bst%2Bpetersburg%2Bsoviet%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosa Luxemburg, <i>The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions</i>, 1906 [English translation <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lavin" title="Patrick Lavin">Patrick Lavin</a>, 1925]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1906/mass-strike/ch04.htm">Chapter 4, "The Interaction of the Political and the Economic Struggle."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaidoAlessio2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gaido, Daniel; Alessio, Constanza Bosch (27 November 2015). "Vera Zasulich's Critique of Neo-Populism". <i>Historical Materialism</i>. <b>23</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1569206X-12341441">10.1163/1569206X-12341441</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F85843">11336/85843</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Materialism&rft.atitle=Vera+Zasulich%E2%80%99s+Critique+of+Neo-Populism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F85843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1569206X-12341441&rft.aulast=Gaido&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Alessio%2C+Constanza+Bosch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynn1992" class="citation book cs1">Wynn, Charters (1992). "The Revolutionary Surge: 1903 to October 1905". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jYABAAAQBAJ"><i>Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870–1905</i></a>. Volume 131 of Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 2014). p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400862894" title="Special:BookSources/9781400862894"><bdi>9781400862894</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>The beginning of the revolutionary upsurge could be dated back a little earlier, to the Rostov-on-Don general strike in November 1902 [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revolutionary+Surge%3A+1903+to+October+1905&rft.btitle=Workers%2C+Strikes%2C+and+Pogroms%3A+The+Donbass-Dnepr+Bend+in+Late+Imperial+Russia%2C+1870%E2%80%931905&rft.place=Princeton&rft.series=Volume+131+of+Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781400862894&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.aufirst=Charters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jYABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Rosa Luxemburg, <i>The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions</i>, 1906 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1906/mass-strike/ch03.htm">Chapter 3, "Development of the Mass Strike Movement in Russia"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham Ascher, <i>The Revolution of 1905: A Short History</i>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Rice199086–88Service2000167Read200575Rappaport2010117–120Lih201187-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444Rice199086–88Service2000167Read200575Rappaport2010117–120Lih201187_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, pp. 86–88; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, p. 167; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport 2010</a>, pp. 117–120; <a href="#CITEREFLih2011">Lih 2011</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196444–45Pipes1990362–363Rice199088–89-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196444–45Pipes1990362–363Rice199088–89_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, pp. 44–45; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, pp. 362–363; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2000170–171-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2000170–171_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1990363–364Rice199089–90Service2000168–170Read200578Rappaport2010124-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1990363–364Rice199089–90Service2000168–170Read200578Rappaport2010124_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, pp. 363–364; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, pp. 89–90; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, pp. 168–170; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport 2010</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196460Pipes1990367Rice199090–91Service2000179Read200579Rappaport2010131-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196460Pipes1990367Rice199090–91Service2000179Read200579Rappaport2010131_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1964">Fischer 1964</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1990">Pipes 1990</a>, p. 367; <a href="#CITEREFRice1990">Rice 1990</a>, pp. 90–91; <a href="#CITEREFService2000">Service 2000</a>, p. 179; <a href="#CITEREFRead2005">Read 2005</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFRappaport2010">Rappaport 2010</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salisbury,_Harrison_E._1981_125-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salisbury,_Harrison_E._1981_125_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury,_Harrison_E.1981" class="citation book cs1">Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981). <i>Black Night White Snow</i>. Da Capo Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80154-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80154-9"><bdi>978-0-306-80154-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Night+White+Snow&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80154-9&rft.au=Salisbury%2C+Harrison+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This petition asked for "an eight-hour day, a minimum daily wage of one ruble (fifty cents), a repudiation of bungling bureaucrats, and a democratically elected Constituend Assembly to introduce representative government into the empire." R.R. Palmer, <i>A History of the Modern World</i>, second edition, Alfred A. Knopf (New York) 1960, p. 715</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blobaum-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blobaum_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blobaum_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Blobaum, <i>Feliks Dzierzynski and the SDKPiL: A Study of the Origins of Polish Communism</i>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Voline (2004). <i>Unknown Revolution</i>, Chapter 2: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/voline/89.html">The Birth of the "Soviets"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal Bascomb, <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Mutiny:_Eleven_Fateful_Days_on_the_Battleship_Potemkin" title="Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin">Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin</a></i>, pp. 286–299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bascomb, N (2007). <i>Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin</i>. Boston: <i><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kevin_O'Connor-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kevin_O'Connor_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Connor_(historian)" title="Kevin O'Connor (historian)">Kevin O'Connor</a>, <i>The History of the Baltic States</i>, Greenwood Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32355-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32355-0">0-313-32355-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3b5nU4bnw4C&dq=Russification+Poland-Lithuania&pg=RA1-PA58">Google Print, p. 58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor2003-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taylor2003_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylor2003_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, BD (2003). <i>Politics and the Russian Army: Civil-Military Relations, 1689–2000</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wheat2002-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wheat2002_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wheat2002_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheatcroft, SG (2002). <i>Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <i>The Pre-Revolutionary Period</i>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenRose2018" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Rowan; Rose, Denny (28 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-PEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167"><i>History of Europe</i></a>. UK: ED-Tech Pres. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781839472787" title="Special:BookSources/9781839472787"><bdi>9781839472787</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Europe&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=ED-Tech+Pres&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.isbn=9781839472787&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft.au=Rose%2C+Denny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-PEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnes2003-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barnes2003_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Barnes, R. Paul Evans, Peris Jones-Evans (2003). <i>GCSE History for WJEC Specification A</i>. Heinemann. p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pipes, <i>The Russian Revolution</i>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtuberead.com/the-russian-revolution-1905">"Radical socialists and revolutionaries denounce Duma elections, call for armed uprising against - YTread"</a>. <i>youtuberead.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=youtuberead.com&rft.atitle=Radical+socialists+and+revolutionaries+denounce+Duma+elections%2C+call+for+armed+uprising+against+-+YTread&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutuberead.com%2Fthe-russian-revolution-1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larned, J. N. (1910). <i>History for ready reference</i>, Vol VII, p. 574. Springfield, Massachusetts: The C. A. Nicholson Co., Publishers. (The original source for this information, according to the book, was Professor Maksim Kovalevsky, who presented these figures in the Duma on 2 May 1906, "in the presence of M. Stolypin, who did not contest it".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohrabi1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sohrabi, Nader (May 1995). "Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia, 1905–1908". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>100</b> (6). The University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">1424–</span>1425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F230667">10.1086/230667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2782676">2782676</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144939087">144939087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Historicizing+Revolutions%3A+Constitutional+Revolutions+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+Iran%2C+Russia%2C+1905%E2%80%931908&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1424-%3C%2Fspan%3E1425&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144939087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2782676%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F230667&rft.aulast=Sohrabi&rft.aufirst=Nader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSixsmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Sixsmith, Martin (31 December 2013). <i>Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East</i>. New York: The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-0501-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-0501-2"><bdi>978-1-4683-0501-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+1%2C000+Year+Chronicle+of+the+Wild+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press%2C+Peter+Mayer+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013-12-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4683-0501-2&rft.aulast=Sixsmith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader Sohrabi, <i>Historicizing Revolutions</i>, p. 1425</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader Sohrabi, <i>Historicizing Revolutions</i>, p. 1426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader Sohrabi, <i>Historicizing Revolutions</i>, p. 1427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Sixsmith, <i>Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East</i>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Sixsmith, <i>Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East</i>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Sixsmith_p._171-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Sixsmith_p._171_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Sixsmith_p._171_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Sixsmith, <i>Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East</i>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kropotkin, G. M. (Spring 2008). "The Ruling Bureaucracy and the 'New Order' of Russian Statehood After the Manifesto of 17 October 1905". <i>Russian Studies in History</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2FRSH1061-1983460401">10.2753/RSH1061-1983460401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154943318">154943318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Studies+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Ruling+Bureaucracy+and+the+%27New+Order%27+of+Russian+Statehood+After+the+Manifesto+of+17+October+1905&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2FRSH1061-1983460401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154943318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. M. Kropotkin, <i>The Ruling Bureaucracy and the "New Order" of Russian Statehood</i>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader Sohrabi, <i>Historicizing Revolutions</i>, p. 1407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader Sohrabi, <i>Historicizing Revolutions</i>, pp. 1407–1408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader Sohrabi, <i>Historicizing Revolutions</i>, p. 1409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G.M._Kropotkin_pages_23-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G.M._Kropotkin_pages_23_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G.M._Kropotkin_pages_23_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. M. Kropotkin, <i>The Ruling Bureaucracy and the "New Order" of Russian Statehood</i>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galina Mikhaĭlovna Ivanova, Carol Apollonio Flath and Donald J. Raleigh, <i>Labour camp socialism: the Gulag in the Soviet totalitarian system</i> (2000), p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712021455/http://www.law.edu.ru/script/cntSource.asp?cntID=100066404">"Article Death penalty in Russia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.edu.ru/script/cntSource.asp?cntID=100066404">the original</a> on 12 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+Death+penalty+in+Russia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.edu.ru%2Fscript%2FcntSource.asp%3FcntID%3D100066404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">683 executions by sentences of Field Courts Martial, acting from 1 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 19 August] 1906, to 3 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 April] 1907 were listed separately and not subdivided by year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwardmac.pitzer.edu-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dwardmac.pitzer.edu_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dwardmac.pitzer.edu_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/kropotkin/terror/chapter3.html">"Executions"</a>. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executions&rft.pub=Dwardmac.pitzer.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwardmac.pitzer.edu%2FANARCHIST_ARCHIVES%2Fkropotkin%2Fterror%2Fchapter3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712021455/http://www.law.edu.ru/script/cntSource.asp?cntID=100066404">"Death penalty in Russia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.edu.ru/script/cntSource.asp?cntID=100066404">the original</a> on 12 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+penalty+in+Russia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.edu.ru%2Fscript%2FcntSource.asp%3FcntID%3D100066404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Blobaum: <i>Feliks Dzierzynsky and the SDKPiL: A study of the Origins of Polish Communism,</i> p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ivanovo-Russia">Ivanovo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solomon Schwarz, <i>The Russian Revolution of 1905,</i> pp. 135–137, 335–338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTych2018" class="citation book cs1">Tych, Feliks (2018). "Przedmowa". In Wielgosz, Przemysław (ed.). <i>O rewolucji: 1905, 1917</i>. Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788365304599" title="Special:BookSources/9788365304599"><bdi>9788365304599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Przedmowa&rft.btitle=O+rewolucji%3A+1905%2C+1917&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Instytut+Wydawniczy+%E2%80%9EKsi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Prasa%E2%80%9D&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788365304599&rft.aulast=Tych&rft.aufirst=Feliks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interia-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interia_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interia_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid=99535">Rewolucja 1905–07 Na Ziemiach Polskich</a>, Encyklopedia Interia, retrieved on 8 April 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.interia.pl/historia/news-republika-zaglebiowska,nId,1988989">"Republika Zagłębiowska"</a>. <i>encyklopedia.interia.pl</i>. Interia Encyklopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyklopedia.interia.pl&rft.atitle=Republika+Zag%C5%82%C4%99biowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.interia.pl%2Fhistoria%2Fnews-republika-zaglebiowska%2CnId%2C1988989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTych2018" class="citation book cs1">Tych, Feliks (2018). "Przedmowa". In Wielgosz, Przemysław (ed.). <i>O rewolucji: 1905, 1917</i>. Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788365304599" title="Special:BookSources/9788365304599"><bdi>9788365304599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Przedmowa&rft.btitle=O+rewolucji%3A+1905%2C+1917&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Instytut+Wydawniczy+%E2%80%9EKsi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Prasa%E2%80%9D&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788365304599&rft.aulast=Tych&rft.aufirst=Feliks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rory-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rory_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastle2013" class="citation web cs1">Castle, Rory (16 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.praktykateoretyczna.pl/artykuly/rory-castle-you-alone-will-make-our-familys-name-famous-rosa-luxemburg-her-family-and-the-origins-of-her-polish-jewish-identity/">"Rosa Luxemburg, Her Family and the Origins of her Polish-Jewish Identity"</a>. <i>praktykateoretyczna.pl</i>. Praktyka Teoretyczna<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=praktykateoretyczna.pl&rft.atitle=Rosa+Luxemburg%2C+Her+Family+and+the+Origins+of+her+Polish-Jewish+Identity&rft.date=2013-06-16&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.praktykateoretyczna.pl%2Fartykuly%2Frory-castle-you-alone-will-make-our-familys-name-famous-rosa-luxemburg-her-family-and-the-origins-of-her-polish-jewish-identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleiereIlgvars_ButulisAntonijs_ZundaAivars_Stranga2006" class="citation book cs1">Bleiere, Daina; Ilgvars Butulis; Antonijs Zunda; Aivars Stranga; Inesis Feldmanis (2006). <i>History of Latvia : the 20th century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jumava_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jumava (publisher) (page does not exist)">Jumava</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-38-038-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-38-038-4"><bdi>978-9984-38-038-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70240317">70240317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Latvia+%3A+the+20th+century.&rft.place=Riga&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Jumava&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70240317&rft.isbn=978-9984-38-038-4&rft.aulast=Bleiere&rft.aufirst=Daina&rft.au=Ilgvars+Butulis&rft.au=Antonijs+Zunda&rft.au=Aivars+Stranga&rft.au=Inesis+Feldmanis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКлейманЛевина" class="citation book cs1">Клейман, Наум И.; Левина, К. Б. (eds.). <i>Броненосец "Потемкин."</i>. Шедевры советского кино. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86+%22%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD.%22&rft.series=%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.pages=24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seton-74-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seton-74_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie_Seton1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Seton" title="Marie Seton">Marie Seton</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sergeimeisenstei00seto#page/74/mode/2up"><i>Sergei M. Eisenstein: a biography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sergei+M.+Eisenstein%3A+a+biography&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Marie+Seton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsergeimeisenstei00seto%23page%2F74%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leyda-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leyda_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Leyda1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Leyda" title="Jay Leyda">Jay Leyda</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kinohistoryofrus00jayl#page/193/mode/2up/"><i>Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kino%3A+A+History+of+the+Russian+and+Soviet+Film&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Jay+Leyda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkinohistoryofrus00jayl%23page%2F193%2Fmode%2F2up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorisyuk2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borisyuk, Andrei (2023). <bdi lang="ru">История России, которую приказали забыть. Николай II и его время; [5-е издание]</bdi> [<i>The history of Russia, which was ordered to be forgotten. Nicholas II and his time</i>] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Вече. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4484-3841-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4484-3841-7"><bdi>978-5-4484-3841-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+II+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F%3B+%5B5-%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%5D&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-4484-3841-7&rft.aulast=Borisyuk&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Abraham Ascher; <i>The Revolution of 1905, vol. 1: Russia in Disarray</i>; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1988; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804714363" title="Special:BookSources/0804714363">0804714363</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804714365" title="Special:BookSources/9780804714365">9780804714365</a>.</li> <li>Abraham Ascher; <i>The Revolution of 1905, vol. 2: Authority Restored</i>; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1994</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolovyov2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Solovyov, K. (2023). <bdi lang="ru">Союз 17 октября. Политический класс России: взлет и падение</bdi> [<i>Union on October 17th. Russia's Political Class: Rise and Fall</i>] (in Russian). Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4448-2149-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4448-2149-7"><bdi>978-5-4448-2149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7+17+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.pub=Novoe+literaturnoe+obozrenie&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-4448-2149-7&rft.aulast=Solovyov&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Abraham Ascher; <i>The Revolution of 1905: A Short History</i>; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2004</li> <li>Donald C. Rawson; <i>Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905</i>; Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995</li> <li>François-Xavier Coquin; <i>1905, La Révolution russe manquée</i>; Editions Complexe, Paris, 1999</li> <li>François-Xavier Coquin and Céline Gervais-Francelle (Editors); <i>1905 : La première révolution russe (Actes du colloque sur la révolution de 1905)</i>, Publications de la Sorbonne et Institut d'Études Slaves, Paris, 1986</li> <li>John Bushnell; <i>Mutiny amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905–1906</i>; Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Geifman" title="Anna Geifman">Anna Geifman</a>. <i>Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Glatter" title="Pete Glatter">Pete Glatter</a> ed., <i>The Russian Revolution of 1905: Change Through Struggle</i>, Revolutionary History Vol 9 No 1 (Editorial: Pete Glatter; Introduction; The Road to Bloody Sunday (Introduced by Pete Glatter); A Revolution Takes Shape (Introduced by Pete Glatter); The Decisive Days (Introduced by Pete Glatter and Philip Ruff); Rosa Luxemburg and the 1905 Revolution (Introduced by Mark Thomas); Mike Haynes, Patterns of Conflict in the 1905 Revolution)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPete_Glatter2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pete Glatter (17 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isj.org.uk/1905-the-consciousness-factor/">"1905 The consciousness factor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a></i> (108).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=1905+The+consciousness+factor&rft.issue=108&rft.date=2005-10-17&rft.au=Pete+Glatter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisj.org.uk%2F1905-the-consciousness-factor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scott Ury, <i>Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry</i>, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-804763-83-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-804763-83-7">978-0-804763-83-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fischer" title="Louis Fischer">Fischer, Louis</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofleninfischer"><i>The Life of Lenin</i></a>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Lenin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofleninfischer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1990" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Christopher (1990). <i>Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-31814-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-31814-8"><bdi>978-0-304-31814-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+Portrait+of+a+Professional+Revolutionary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-304-31814-8&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio00pipe_0"><i>The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919</i></a></span>. London: Collins Harvill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73660-8"><bdi>978-0-679-73660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+1899%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins+Harvill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-679-73660-8&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianrevolutio00pipe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2005" class="citation book cs1">Read, Christopher (2005). <i>Lenin: A Revolutionary Life</i>. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20649-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20649-5"><bdi>978-0-415-20649-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Historical+Biographies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20649-5&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Rappaport" title="Helen Rappaport">Rappaport, Helen</a> (2010). <i>Conspirator: Lenin in Exile</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01395-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01395-1"><bdi>978-0-465-01395-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspirator%3A+Lenin+in+Exile&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01395-1&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLih2011" class="citation book cs1">Lih, Lars T. (2011). <i>Lenin</i>. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-793-0"><bdi>978-1-86189-793-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin&rft.place=London&rft.series=Critical+Lives&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-793-0&rft.aulast=Lih&rft.aufirst=Lars+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Lenin:_A_Biography" title="Lenin: A Biography"><i>Lenin: A Biography</i></a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72625-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72625-9"><bdi>978-0-333-72625-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-72625-9&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Revolution+of+1905" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russian_Revolution_of_1905" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/1905/index.htm">1905 Russian Revolution Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marxists.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists.org">marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus00.htm">Russian Chronology 1904–1914, including the Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205081453/http://cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Rus/Rus00.htm">Archived</a> 5 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1906/mass-strike/index.htm">The Mass Strike</a> by Rosa Luxemburg, 1906.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1907/1905/index.htm">The Year 1905</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiareform00pareiala">Russia and reform (1907)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pares" title="Bernard Pares">Bernard Pares</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anarchism.pageabode.com/anarcho/1905">1905</a> An article on the events of 1905 from an anarchist perspective (Anarcho-Syndicalist Review, no. 42/3, Winter 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209174033/hansagymn.parnu.ee/LeaLips/10klass/loeng15.ppt">Estonia during the Russian Revolution of 1905</a> (in Estonian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616092621/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/russiangraphic.html">Russian Graphic Art and the Revolution of 1905.</a> From the collection of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rewolucja1905.pl/">Revolution of 1905 in Poland</a> (in Polish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.Sovietarchives.com/">The Soviet Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184928#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184928#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184928#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85125806">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935662w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935662w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ruská revoluce (1905-1907 : Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138783&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560859905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\R\E\Revolutionof1905">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&oldid=1276144270">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&oldid=1276144270</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Russia" title="Category:Communism in Russia">Communism in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Category:Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1905_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:1905 in the Russian Empire">1905 in the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1905" title="Category:Conflicts in 1905">Conflicts in 1905</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1905_in_Finland" title="Category:1905 in Finland">1905 in Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900s_in_Estonia" title="Category:1900s in Estonia">1900s in Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1905_in_Latvia" title="Category:1905 in Latvia">1905 in Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Finland" title="Category:Political history of Finland">Political history of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Estonia" title="Category:Political history of Estonia">Political history of Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Latvia" title="Category:Political history of Latvia">Political history of Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_revolutions" title="Category:20th-century revolutions">20th-century revolutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_Romania" title="Category:Naval battles involving Romania">Naval battles involving Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Russian Empire">Naval battles involving the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Revolutions in the Russian Empire">Revolutions in the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_against_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Rebellions against the Russian Empire">Rebellions against the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_revolutions" title="Category:Socialist revolutions">Socialist revolutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Labour_disputes_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Labour disputes in the Russian Empire">Labour disputes in the Russian Empire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)">Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2019">Use dmy dates from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_words,_phrases_or_quotes_attributed" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed">All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_words,_phrases_or_quotes_attributed_from_December_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from December 2016">Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2024">Articles needing additional references from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 03:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1905&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian Revolution of 1905</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>61 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-jtzk5","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.296","walltime":"1.552","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11870,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":197766,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25200,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":201785,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1350.679 1 -total"," 23.70% 320.073 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.04% 243.620 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 17.94% 242.341 29 Template:Cite_book"," 13.10% 176.981 18 Template:Cn"," 12.60% 170.144 22 Template:Fix"," 8.53% 115.202 1 Template:Campaignbox_1905_Russian_Revolution"," 8.50% 114.866 2 Template:Efn"," 8.39% 113.374 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 8.33% 112.518 3 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.778","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18459396,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllenRose2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAscher1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBleiereIlgvars_ButulisAntonijs_ZundaAivars_Stranga2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorisyuk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastle2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConroy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaidoAlessio2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJay_Leyda1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKropotkin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLih2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunacharsky1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarie_Seton1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrissey1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatenaude2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrie1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPete_Glatter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRappaport2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalisbury,_Harrison_E.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSixsmith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkocpol1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohrabi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolovyov2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaliūnas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThatcher2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTych2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynn1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFКлейманЛевина\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years, months, and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Attribution needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox 1905 Russian Revolution\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Cn\"] = 18,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 3,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OldStyleDate\"] = 34,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Refimprove\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-vj7zg","timestamp":"20250217035141","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Russian Revolution of 1905","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Revolution_of_1905","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184928","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184928","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-11T19:41:02Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T03:51:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4a\/The_Russian_Revolution%2C_1905_Q81555.jpg","headline":"wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire"}</script> </body> </html>