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class="mw-page-title-main">Ezra Taft Benson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="عزرا تافت بنزون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عزرا تافت بنزون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ezra Taft Benson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ezra Taft Benson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ازرا تفت بنسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازرا تفت بنسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ezra Taft Benson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%A6%88%EB%9D%BC_%ED%83%9C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B2%A4%EC%8A%A8" title="에즈라 태프트 벤슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에즈라 태프트 벤슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ezra Taft Benson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ezra Taft Benson" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="عزرا تافت بنسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عزرا تافت بنسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="エズラ・タフト・ベンソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エズラ・タフト・ベンソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ezra Taft Benson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ezra Taft Benson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ezra Taft Benson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ezra Taft Benson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the religious leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1811–1869) and great-grandfather of Ezra Taft Benson, see <a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Benson" title="Ezra T. Benson">Ezra T. Benson</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">Ezra Taft Benson</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezra_Taft_Benson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ezra_Taft_Benson.jpg/220px-Ezra_Taft_Benson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ezra_Taft_Benson.jpg/330px-Ezra_Taft_Benson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ezra_Taft_Benson.jpg/440px-Ezra_Taft_Benson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender; line-height: normal; padding: 0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">November 10, 1985 – May 30, 1994</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">Spencer W. Kimball</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Howard W. Hunter</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender; line-height: normal; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">December 30, 1973 – November 10, 1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">Spencer W. Kimball</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marion_G._Romney" title="Marion G. Romney">Marion G. Romney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">End reason</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Became President of the Church</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender; line-height: normal; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">October 7, 1943 – November 10, 1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Called by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">Heber J. Grant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">End reason</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Became President of the Church</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender; line-height: normal; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">Apostle</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">October 7, 1943 – May 30, 1994</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Called by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Heber J. Grant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reason</th><td class="infobox-data">Deaths of <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Q._Cannon" title="Sylvester Q. Cannon">Sylvester Q. Cannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudger_Clawson" title="Rudger Clawson">Rudger Clawson</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reorganization<br /><span class="nowrap">at end of term</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_R._Holland" title="Jeffrey R. Holland">Jeffrey R. Holland</a> ordained</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">15th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;"><span class="nowrap">In office</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">January 21, 1953 – January 20, 1961</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Charles F. Brannan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Ezra Taft Benson<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-08-04</span>)</span>August 4, 1899<br /><a href="/wiki/Whitney,_Idaho" title="Whitney, Idaho">Whitney, Idaho</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 30, 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-05-30)</span> (aged 94)<br /><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Stake_Academy" title="Oneida Stake Academy">Oneida Stake Academy</a> <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University" title="Utah State University">Utah State University, Logan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_Benson" title="Flora Benson">Flora Amussen</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1926; <abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1992)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Reed_Benson" title="Reed Benson">Reed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezra_Taft_Benson_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Signature of Ezra Taft Benson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ezra_Taft_Benson_signature.jpg/220px-Ezra_Taft_Benson_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Ezra_Taft_Benson_signature.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #aaaaaa; 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Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">13th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">president</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death in 1994. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezra_Taft_Benson_1926.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young man in a cowboy hat, casual jacket, and shirt and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ezra_Taft_Benson_1926.png/169px-Ezra_Taft_Benson_1926.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ezra_Taft_Benson_1926.png/253px-Ezra_Taft_Benson_1926.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ezra_Taft_Benson_1926.png/337px-Ezra_Taft_Benson_1926.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Benson at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>Born on a farm in <a href="/wiki/Whitney,_Idaho" title="Whitney, Idaho">Whitney, Idaho</a>, Benson was the oldest of eleven children. He was the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Benson" title="Ezra T. Benson">Ezra T. Benson</a>, who was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a> in 1846. When he was 12 years old, his father was called as a <a href="/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">missionary</a> to the midwestern United States, leaving his expectant mother alone with seven children. Benson took much of the responsibility for running the family farm and in the words of his sister, "He took the place of father for nearly two years."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benson began his academic career at the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Stake_Academy" title="Oneida Stake Academy">Oneida Stake Academy</a> in Preston, Idaho and graduated in 1918. He then attended Utah State Agricultural College (USAC, modern <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University" title="Utah State University">Utah State University</a>), where he first met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Flora_Smith_Amussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora Smith Amussen">Flora Smith Amussen</a>. Benson alternated quarters at USAC and worked on the family farm.<sup id="cite_ref-ensign_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensign-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benson served an <a href="/wiki/Missionary#American_missionaries" title="Missionary">LDS Church mission</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> from 1921 to 1923. It was while serving as a missionary, particularly an experience in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, that caused Benson to realize how central the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> was to the message of the church and in converting people to it.<sup id="cite_ref-ensign_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensign-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to local antagonism and threats of violence, LDS Church leaders sent <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">apostle</a> <a href="/wiki/David_O._McKay" title="David O. McKay">David O. McKay</a> to personally oversee the <a href="/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)" title="Mission (LDS Church)">mission</a>. McKay was impressed with Benson and appointed him as president of the Newcastle <a href="/wiki/Conference_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference (LDS Church)">Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his mission, Benson studied at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> and finished his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> there in 1926. That year he married Flora Smith Amussen, shortly after her return from a mission in Hawaii. They had six children together. Benson received a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">master of science</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">agricultural economics</a> in 1927 from <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several years later, he did preliminary work on a doctorate at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a>, but never completed it. </p><p>Just after receiving his master's degree, Benson returned to Whitney to run the family farm. He later became the county agriculture extension agent for <a href="/wiki/Oneida_County,_Idaho" title="Oneida County, Idaho">Oneida County, Idaho</a>. He later was promoted to the supervisor of all county agents and moved to <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a> in 1930. Benson encouraged crop rotation, improved grains, fertilizers, pest controls, and establishment of farmer's cooperatives to market farm commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Boise, Benson also worked in the central state extension office connected with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Idaho" title="University of Idaho">University of Idaho</a> Extension Service. He also founded a farmers cooperative. Benson was superintendent of the Boise <a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">Stake</a> <a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Mutual_Improvement_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association">Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association</a> and later a counselor in the <a href="/wiki/Stake_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake presidency">stake presidency</a>. Benson was a critic of national agricultural policies implemented in the 1930s under <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. In particular, he objected to farm subsidies, and efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Administration</a> to raise prices by paying farmers to destroy crops and kill livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, he became <a href="/wiki/Stake_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake president">president</a> of the Boise Idaho <a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">Stake</a>. Later that year, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, to become Executive Secretary of the National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, overseeing around five thousand farm cooperatives which represented two million farmers throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benson became the first president of a new church stake in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-pusey1956_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pusey1956-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apostle">Apostle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Apostle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elder_Ezra_Taft_Benson_breaking_ground_for_the_Language_Training_Mission,_1974.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An older man in a shirt and tie sits in a bulldozer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Elder_Ezra_Taft_Benson_breaking_ground_for_the_Language_Training_Mission%2C_1974.png/223px-Elder_Ezra_Taft_Benson_breaking_ground_for_the_Language_Training_Mission%2C_1974.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Elder_Ezra_Taft_Benson_breaking_ground_for_the_Language_Training_Mission%2C_1974.png/335px-Elder_Ezra_Taft_Benson_breaking_ground_for_the_Language_Training_Mission%2C_1974.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Elder_Ezra_Taft_Benson_breaking_ground_for_the_Language_Training_Mission%2C_1974.png/446px-Elder_Ezra_Taft_Benson_breaking_ground_for_the_Language_Training_Mission%2C_1974.png 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Benson breaking ground on the Language Training Mission on July 18, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1943, Benson went to Salt Lake City to ask church leaders for advice on whether to accept a new job. They unexpectedly told him that he would join the church leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-pusey1956_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pusey1956-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 7, 1943, both Benson and <a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">Spencer W. Kimball</a> (1895–1985) became members of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, filling two vacancies created by the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">apostles</a> that summer. Because Kimball was ordained first, he was given seniority over Benson in the Quorum. Upon Kimball's death in 1985, Benson became the church's next president. </p><p>In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a> sent Benson to Europe to oversee the church's relief efforts after World War II. He spent eleven months there, traveling 61,000 miles and supervising two thousand tons of relief supplies, including to Germany and Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recalling this experience, he wrote to his wife, "I'm so grateful you and the children can be spared the views of the terrible ravages of war. I fear I'll never be able to erase them from my memory."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apostle <a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">Gordon B. Hinckley</a> noted of Benson's experience in Europe, "I am confident that it was out of what he saw of the bitter fruit of dictatorship that he developed his strong feelings, almost hatred, for communism and socialism."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 25, 1950, Benson was <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy#Modern_teachings_of_the_church" title="Mormonism and polygamy">married vicariously</a> to his never married and recently deceased cousin, Eva Amanda Benson, with his wife standing in as proxy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergera2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergera2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 16, 1980, he dedicated the newly renamed Ezra Taft Benson Building at <a href="/wiki/Ricks_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricks College">Ricks College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benson's <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Presidents_of_the_Church" title="Teachings of Presidents of the Church">teachings as an apostle</a> were the 2015 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday <a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a> classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezra_Taft_Benson_-_USDA_portrait.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ezra_Taft_Benson_-_USDA_portrait.gif/170px-Ezra_Taft_Benson_-_USDA_portrait.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Ezra_Taft_Benson_-_USDA_portrait.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Benson while secretary of agriculture</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1948, Republican presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> approached Benson before the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">election that year</a> about becoming the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a>. Although Benson had supported his distant cousin <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> over <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> for the 1952 Republican nomination and did not know Eisenhower, after his election Eisenhower nevertheless appointed Benson as Secretary of Agriculture. Benson accepted with the permission and encouragement of church president David O. McKay; Benson therefore served simultaneously in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">United States Cabinet</a> and in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-pusey1956_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pusey1956-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the first clergy member to be a cabinet secretary since <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> in 1852, which created some controversy as crossing a boundary between church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Christian_Churches" title="American Council of Christian Churches">American Council of Churches</a> opposed Benson for being a member of what they felt was a "pagan religion...hostile to the Biblical evangelical Christian faith."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of assuming office, the Department of Agriculture had 78,000 employees and an annual budget of $2.1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benson opposed the system of government price supports and aid to farmers which he was entrusted by Eisenhower to administer, arguing that it amounted to unacceptable <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. Furthermore, farming in the United States was increasingly becoming large scale agribusiness at the expense of the small farmer, and Benson was opposed to outsized portions of these government subsidies being apportioned to these large companies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was once pelted with eggs by a group of South Dakota farmers over his efforts to reduce price controls. Another time, 21 congressmen from the Midwest stormed his office requesting he not lift price controls on hogs, which he refused to do, and later noted that the prices rose on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-Dart_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dart-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, he served in his cabinet position for all eight years of Eisenhower's presidency. He was selected as the administrator-designate of the Emergency Food Agency, part of a secret group that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Ten">Eisenhower Ten</a>. The group was created by Eisenhower in 1958 to serve in the event of a national emergency. </p><p>As Benson's term came to an end in 1961, farm commodity prices had risen 10% from the previous year, and Benson's popularity increased.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> (JBS) made an effort to nominate Benson as a presidential candidate, with segregationist Senator <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> as vice president, for which Benson sought and obtained approval from LDS Church president <a href="/wiki/David_O._McKay" title="David O. McKay">David O. McKay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several months later, Benson flew to Alabama to meet with segregationist Alabama Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, who asked Benson to become his vice presidential running mate for the presidency. This time McKay refused Benson's request, even after Wallace himself wrote to McKay.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benson's interest in politics could be seen in the subjects he chose for his biannual addresses at <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">general conference</a>. Three-quarters of Benson's 20 sermons at general conference during the 1960s were on a political theme.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Benson gave hundreds of other talks discussing Communism and how to combat it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Robert A. Taft, Benson supported a <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interventionist">non-interventionist</a> foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1989, Benson received the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Citizens_Medal" title="Presidential Citizens Medal">Presidential Citizens Medal</a> from U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-communism_efforts">Anti-communism efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anti-communism efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benson was an outspoken opponent of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and socialism, and a strong supporter, but not an official member, of the JBS, which he praised as "the most effective non-church organization in our fight against creeping socialism and Godless Communism."<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorker_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benson requested permission of church president McKay to join the JBS and sit on its board, but the request was denied.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benson was a close friend with the JBS founder, <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a>, exchanging dozens of letters, and many hours in person discussing politics.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> came in September 1959 to the US, Benson opposed his visit.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1950s to the 1980s, his public support of anti-communism often put him at odds with other leaders of the LDS Church.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, Benson made a proposition to <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> president <a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Wilkinson" title="Ernest L. Wilkinson">Ernest L. Wilkinson</a> that his son, <a href="/wiki/Reed_Benson" title="Reed Benson">Reed Benson</a>, be used as a spy to "find out who the orthodox teachers were and report to his father." Wilkinson declined the offer, stating "neither <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee" title="Harold B. Lee">Brother Lee</a> nor I want espionage of that character."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 1960s and 1970s, members and advocates of the Birch Society did conduct espionage at BYU.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1961 general conference, Benson said, "No true Latter-day Saint and no true American can be a socialist or a communist or support programs leading in that direction."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, and similar statements by Benson in the December <i><a href="/wiki/Church_News" title="Church News">Church News</a></i> led <a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Brown" title="Hugh B. Brown">Hugh B. Brown</a>, a politically liberal member of the church's First Presidency, to begin publicly and privately pushing back against Benson. In the April 1962 general conference, Brown said, "The degree of a man's aversion to communism may not always be measured by the noise he makes in going about and calling everyone a communist who disagrees with his personal political bias. ... There is no excuse for members of this Church, especially men who hold the priesthood, to be opposing one another over communism."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1962, Benson formally endorsed the JBS, as his son, Reed, accepted a leadership role in the society.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed Benson had been using LDS Church meetinghouses for JBS meetings, a move that angered both Brown and first counselor <a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Moyle" title="Henry D. Moyle">Henry D. Moyle</a>, who believed it violated the LDS Church's policy of political neutrality. Brown wrote in a letter shortly after the endorsement that he was "disgusted" and if Ezra Taft Benson continued his JBS activities that "some disciplinary action should be taken."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1963, the First Presidency issued a statement, "We deplore the presumption of some politicians, especially officers, coordinators and members of the John Birch Society, who undertake to align the Church or its leadership with their political views." Three days later, Benson spoke at a JBS-endorsed political rally, reported by several newspapers as purposefully ignoring the First Presidency statement, and embarrassing to the LDS Church.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1963, the JBS asked its members to "write to President McKay," with the suggested verbiage to praise "the great service Ezra Taft Benson and his son, Reed (our Utah Coordinator), are rendering to this battle, with the hope that they will be encouraged to continue."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month, Benson gave a copy of his book, <i>The Red Carpet: A Forthright Evaluation of the Rising Tide of Socialism – the Royal Road to Communism,</i> to newly called apostle <a href="/wiki/N._Eldon_Tanner" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Eldon Tanner">N. Eldon Tanner</a>, who was a Democrat, and had been a Canadian politician in the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, the First Presidency sent Benson to Europe to preside over the missionary work there. Some, including the <i>New York Times</i>, interpreted this move as an "exile" after Benson's virtual endorsement of the JBS in general conference. McKay publicly denied that the assignment was an exile or a rebuke, but other church leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_Smith" title="Joseph Fielding Smith">Joseph Fielding Smith</a>, indicated that a purpose in sending Benson to Europe was to break his ties with the JBS.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benson published a 1966 pamphlet entitled "Civil Rights, Tool of Communist Deception".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar vein, during a 1972 general conference, Benson recommended that all church members read <a href="/wiki/Gary_Allen" title="Gary Allen">Gary Allen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a> tract "None Dare Call It a Conspiracy".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SPLC11_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPLC11-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Ralph_R._Harding" title="Ralph R. Harding">Ralph R. Harding</a>, during a speech in Congress, accused Benson of being "a spokesperson for the radical right" and using his apostleship to give the impression that the church "approve[d] of" the JBS. Eisenhower endorsed Harding's criticism of Benson.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_movement">Civil rights movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Benson viewed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> as having been infiltrated with communists, who were using the movement to steer the United States towards communist policies. In his October 1967 conference address, Benson summed up his oft-repeated views, </p><blockquote><p>"Now there is nothing wrong with civil rights; it is what's being done in the name of civil rights that is alarming. There is no doubt the so-called civil rights movement as it exists today is used as a Communist program for revolution in America just as agrarian reform was used by the Communists to take over China and Cuba."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1967, Benson asked McKay for permission to speak on "how the Communists are using the Negros to ... foment trouble in the United States". While McKay allowed Benson to speak on this subject, other church apostles were opposed to Benson's positions. (McKay did occasionally take action to limit Benson's use of the church to promote the JBS, such as when he deleted a couple of paragraphs from Benson's 1965 conference address after a complaint from Brown.) When Joseph Fielding Smith became church president in 1970, Benson was no longer given permission to promote his political opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1967, Benson gave a talk discussing his views on the civil rights movement at the anti-Communist/segregationist leadership school of <a href="/wiki/Billy_James_Hargis" title="Billy James Hargis">Billy James Hargis</a>, who published it in his <i>Christian Crusade</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benson approved this talk to be used as the foreword to the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Hammer" title="The Black Hammer">The Black Hammer: A Study of Black Power, Red Influence and White Alternatives</a></i>, which the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> has classified as "racist".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book features a decapitated and bleeding African-American head, being used at the end of a hammer in the Communist <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">hammer and sickle</a>, illustrating the book's theme that the civil rights movement was being used as a tool by communists. Historian <a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">D. Michael Quinn</a> speculates that the endorsement of this book by Benson may have been an attempt to curry favor with segregationist George Wallace, who several months later asked Benson to be his vice presidential running mate for his <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">1968 campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_presidency">Church presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Church presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benson succeeded Kimball as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a> in 1973, and as church president in 1985. Benson retained Gordon B. Hinckley, who had been Kimball's second counselor, as his first counselor and chose <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson" title="Thomas S. Monson">Thomas S. Monson</a> as his second counselor. Despite speculation, Benson did not discuss politics during his tenure as president, and instead focused on spiritual messages.<sup id="cite_ref-Dart_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dart-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his early years as church president, Benson brought a renewed emphasis to the distribution and reading of the Book of Mormon, reaffirming this LDS scripture's importance as "the keystone of [the LDS] religion." After his challenge to the membership to "flood the earth with the Book of Mormon", the church sold a record six million copies that year to its membership for distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also remembered for a <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">general conference</a> sermon condemning <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Beware_of_Pride_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beware_of_Pride-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which relied heavily upon <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mere_Christianity" title="Mere Christianity">Mere Christianity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the priesthood session of the church's April 1988 General Conference, Benson specifically addressed the single adult men of the church, encouraging them to examine their direction in life and align themselves with the priorities of Christian discipleship, including marriage and family responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-To_the_Single_Adult_Brethren_of_the_Church_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-To_the_Single_Adult_Brethren_of_the_Church-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scouting">Scouting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scouting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benson was a lifelong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a>. He started in 1918 as assistant Scoutmaster. On May 23, 1949, he was elected a member of the National Executive Board of the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>. He received the three highest national awards in the Boy Scouts of America – the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Beaver">Silver Beaver</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Antelope">Silver Antelope</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Buffalo">Silver Buffalo</a> – as well as world Scouting's international award, the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Wolf">Bronze Wolf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-President_of_the_Church_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-President_of_the_Church-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_problems_and_death">Health problems and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Health problems and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benson suffered poor health in the last years of his life from the effects of blood clots in the brain, dementia, strokes, and heart attacks, and was rarely seen publicly in his final years. He was ultimately rendered unable to speak due to the strokes he suffered. One of Benson's last appearances during which he spoke was at his 90th birthday celebration in 1989. Benson made his final public appearance at the funeral of his wife Flora in 1992. He was hospitalized in 1993 with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. </p><p>Benson died on May 30, 1994, of <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> apartment, at age 94. Funeral services were held June 4, 1994, in the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tabernacle" title="Salt Lake Tabernacle">Salt Lake Tabernacle</a> and were conducted by Hinckley. Benson was buried near his birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Whitney,_Idaho" title="Whitney, Idaho">Whitney, Idaho</a>, at the Whitney City Cemetery. Following Benson's funeral, <a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Howard W. Hunter</a> succeeded him as church president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReed_A._Benson.1960" class="citation book cs1">Reed A. Benson., ed. (1960). <i>So Shall Ye Reap: Selected Addresses of Ezra Taft Benson</i>. Deseret Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007E7BME">B0007E7BME</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Shall+Ye+Reap%3A+Selected+Addresses+of+Ezra+Taft+Benson&rft.pub=Deseret+Book+Company&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007E7BME%23id-name%3DASIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Red Carpet</i>. Bookcraft. 1962. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007F4WJI">B0007F4WJI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Carpet&rft.pub=Bookcraft&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007F4WJI%23id-name%3DASIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Title of Liberty</i>. compiled by Mark A. Benson. Deseret Book. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Title+of+Liberty&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWes_Andrews_and_Clyde_Dalton1967" class="citation book cs1">Wes Andrews and Clyde Dalton (1967). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Hammer:_A_Study_of_Black_Power,_Red_Influence_and_White_Alternatives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Hammer: A Study of Black Power, Red Influence and White Alternatives">The Black Hammer: A Study of Black Power, Red Influence and White Alternatives</a></i>. Foreword by Ezra Taft Benson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Hammer%3A+A+Study+of+Black+Power%2C+Red+Influence+and+White+Alternatives&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Wes+Andrews+and+Clyde+Dalton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>An Enemy Hath Done This</i>. Bookcraft. 1969. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88494-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88494-184-1"><bdi>0-88494-184-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Enemy+Hath+Done+This&rft.pub=Bookcraft&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-88494-184-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Civil Rights, Tool of Communist Deception</i>. Deseret Book. 1969. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007FRU42">B0007FRU42</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights%2C+Tool+of+Communist+Deception&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007FRU42%23id-name%3DASIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godfamilycountry00bens"><i>God, Family, Country: Our Three Great Loyalties</i></a></span>. Deseret Book. 1974. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006CF3MC">B0006CF3MC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Family%2C+Country%3A+Our+Three+Great+Loyalties&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006CF3MC%23id-name%3DASIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodfamilycountry00bens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Cross Fire: The Eight Years With Eisenhower</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. 1976. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-8422-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-8422-3"><bdi>0-8371-8422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+Fire%3A+The+Eight+Years+With+Eisenhower&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8371-8422-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>This Nation Shall Endure</i>. Deseret Book. 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87747-658-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87747-658-6"><bdi>0-87747-658-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Nation+Shall+Endure&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87747-658-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Come Unto Christ</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Book">Deseret Book</a>. 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87747-997-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87747-997-6"><bdi>0-87747-997-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Come+Unto+Christ&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87747-997-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Constitution: A Heavenly Banner</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Book">Deseret Book</a>. 1986. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-216-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-216-2"><bdi>0-87579-216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution%3A+A+Heavenly+Banner&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87579-216-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Teachings of Ezra Taft Benson</i>. Bookcraft. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88494-639-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88494-639-8"><bdi>0-88494-639-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teachings+of+Ezra+Taft+Benson&rft.pub=Bookcraft&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-88494-639-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Witness and a Warning: A Modern-Day Prophet Testifies of the Book of Mormon</i>. Deseret Book. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-153-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-153-0"><bdi>0-87579-153-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Witness+and+a+Warning%3A+A+Modern-Day+Prophet+Testifies+of+the+Book+of+Mormon&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-87579-153-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentezrataf00bens"><i>Ezra Taft Benson Remembers The Joys of Christmas</i></a></span>. Deseret Book. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00072PW5E">B00072PW5E</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezra+Taft+Benson+Remembers+The+Joys+of+Christmas&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00072PW5E%23id-name%3DASIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentezrataf00bens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Labor of Love: The 1946 European Mission of Ezra Taft Benson</i>. Deseret Book. 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-275-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-275-8"><bdi>0-87579-275-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Labor+of+Love%3A+The+1946+European+Mission+of+Ezra+Taft+Benson&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87579-275-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Come, Listen to a Prophet's Voice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Book">Deseret Book</a>. 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-351-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-351-7"><bdi>0-87579-351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Come%2C+Listen+to+a+Prophet%27s+Voice&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87579-351-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Missionaries to Match Our Message</i>. Bookcraft. 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88494-779-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88494-779-3"><bdi>0-88494-779-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionaries+to+Match+Our+Message&rft.pub=Bookcraft&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-88494-779-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Elect Women of God</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bookcraft" title="Bookcraft">Bookcraft</a>. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88494-838-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88494-838-2"><bdi>0-88494-838-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elect+Women+of+God&rft.pub=Bookcraft&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88494-838-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Sermons and Writings of President Ezra Taft Benson</i>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermons+and+Writings+of+President+Ezra+Taft+Benson&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Presidents_of_the_Church:_Ezra_Taft_Benson" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Ezra Taft Benson"><i>Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Ezra Taft Benson</i></a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+Presidents+of+the+Church%3A+Ezra+Taft+Benson&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_honors">Posthumous honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Posthumous honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Idaho Hall of Fame, inducted 1997<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ezra Taft Benson Building at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, dedicated by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">Gordon B. Hinckley</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/26px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/39px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/53px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scouting" title="Portal:Scouting">Scouting portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/48px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/64px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Benson" title="Michael T. Benson">Michael T. Benson</a> (grandson and educational administrator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Benson_(cartoonist)" title="Steve Benson (cartoonist)">Steve Benson</a> (grandson and Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_B._Madsen" title="Mark B. Madsen">Mark B. Madsen</a> (grandson and Utah state senator)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benson and Spencer W. Kimball were ordained on the same date to fill the vacancies in the Quorum of the Twelve resulting from the deaths of <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Q._Cannon" title="Sylvester Q. Cannon">Sylvester Q. Cannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudger_Clawson" title="Rudger Clawson">Rudger Clawson</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/manual/teachings-of-presidents-of-the-church-ezra-taft-benson/the-life-and-ministry-of-ezra-taft-benson">"The Life and Ministry of Ezra Taft Benson"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Ministry+of+Ezra+Taft+Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Feng%2Fmanual%2Fteachings-of-presidents-of-the-church-ezra-taft-benson%2Fthe-life-and-ministry-of-ezra-taft-benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ensign-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ensign_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ensign_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1994/07/president-ezra-taft-benson-a-sure-voice-of-faith">"President Ezra Taft Benson: A Sure Voice of Faith"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, July 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst, N. G., & Foster, C. L. (2011). The Mormon quest for the presidency: from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman. Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. page 134-135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/presidents-of-the-church-student-manual/ezra-taft-benson-thirteenth-president-of-the-church">"Ezra Taft Benson: Thirteenth President of the Church"</a>. <i>Presidents of the Church Student Manual</i>. Intellectual Reserve, Inc. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidents+of+the+Church+Student+Manual&rft.atitle=Ezra+Taft+Benson%3A+Thirteenth+President+of+the+Church&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Fpresidents-of-the-church-student-manual%2Fezra-taft-benson-thirteenth-president-of-the-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isualum.org/s/565/17/interior.aspx?pgid=2533&gid=1">"Alumni Achievement"</a>. <i>Iowa State University Alumni</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iowa+State+University+Alumni&rft.atitle=Alumni+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isualum.org%2Fs%2F565%2F17%2Finterior.aspx%3Fpgid%3D2533%26gid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst, N. G., & Foster, C. L. (2011). The Mormon quest for the presidency: from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman. Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. page 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst, N. G., & Foster, C. L. (2011). The Mormon quest for the presidency: from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman. Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, M. L. (2019). Thunder from the right: Ezra Taft Benson in Mormonism and politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. See also: "Ezra Taft Benson Biographical Sketch" [1966], Box 26 Folder 2, William J. Grede Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, Wisconsin; and Benson, <i>So Shall Ye Reap,</i> 333–342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pusey1956-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pusey1956_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pusey1956_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pusey1956_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPusey,_Merlo_J.1956" class="citation book cs1">Pusey, Merlo J. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/eisenhowerthepre002645mbp#page/n77/mode/2up"><i>Eisenhower, the President</i></a>. Macmillan. pp. 67–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower%2C+the+President&rft.pages=67-69&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Pusey%2C+Merlo+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Feisenhowerthepre002645mbp%23page%2Fn77%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, M. L. (2019). Thunder from the right: Ezra Taft Benson in Mormonism and politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Labor of Love: The 1946 European Mission of Ezra Taft Benson</i> (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1989 pg. 188-189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon B. Hinckley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1994/07/farewell-to-a-prophet?lang=eng">"Farewell to a Prophet"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, July 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergera2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergera2008_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergera2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bergera, Gary James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.41.4.0055">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Weak-Kneed Republicans and Socialist Democrats": Ezra Taft Benson as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, 1953–61, Part 2"</a>. <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 55–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.41.4.0055">10.5406/dialjmormthou.41.4.0055</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/dialjmormthou.41.4.0055">10.5406/dialjmormthou.41.4.0055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171617786">171617786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=%22Weak-Kneed+Republicans+and+Socialist+Democrats%22%3A+Ezra+Taft+Benson+as+U.S.+Secretary+of+Agriculture%2C+1953%E2%80%9361%2C+Part+2&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=55-95&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171617786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.41.4.0055%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.41.4.0055&rft.aulast=Bergera&rft.aufirst=Gary+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5406%252Fdialjmormthou.41.4.0055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser2003" class="citation web cs1">Moser, Steve (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527160241/https://content.byui.edu/file/18087cb9-1eb2-41e6-a11f-30f3216c0cb6/1/CampusBuildingHistories.pdf">"History of Buildings at BYU-Idaho"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University-Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigham Young University-Idaho">Brigham Young University-Idaho</a> Public Relations. pp. 12–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.byui.edu/file/18087cb9-1eb2-41e6-a11f-30f3216c0cb6/1/CampusBuildingHistories.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Buildings+at+BYU-Idaho&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+University-Idaho+Public+Relations&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.byui.edu%2Ffile%2F18087cb9-1eb2-41e6-a11f-30f3216c0cb6%2F1%2FCampusBuildingHistories.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byui.edu/buildings/ezra-taft-benson">"Ezra Taft Benson Building"</a>. <i>Byui.edu</i>. September 27, 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Byui.edu&rft.atitle=Ezra+Taft+Benson+Building&rft.date=1977-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byui.edu%2Fbuildings%2Fezra-taft-benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst, N. G., & Foster, C. L. (2011). The Mormon quest for the presidency: from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman. Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. page 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst, N. G., & Foster, C. L. (2011). The Mormon quest for the presidency: from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman. Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst, N. G., & Foster, C. L. (2011). The Mormon quest for the presidency: from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman. Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. page 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst, N. G., & Foster, C. L. (2011). The Mormon quest for the presidency: from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman. Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. page 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dart-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dart_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dart_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDart1994" class="citation web cs1">Dart, John (May 31, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-05-31-mn-64245-story.html">"Ezra Taft Benson, Leader of Mormons, Dies at 94 : Religion: The church's president- prophet also served in Eisenhower's Cabinet as secretary of agriculture and was once known for his conservative politics"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ezra+Taft+Benson%2C+Leader+of+Mormons%2C+Dies+at+94+%3A+Religion%3A+The+church%27s+president-+prophet+also+served+in+Eisenhower%27s+Cabinet+as+secretary+of+agriculture+and+was+once+known+for+his+conservative+politics.&rft.date=1994-05-31&rft.aulast=Dart&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-05-31-mn-64245-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst, N. G., & Foster, C. L. (2011). The Mormon quest for the presidency: from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney and Jon Huntsman. Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, M. L. (2019). <i>Thunder from the right: Ezra Taft Benson in Mormonism and politics</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, M. L., & Bringhurst, N. G. (2015). The Mormon Church and Blacks: a documentary history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dew, Ezra Taft Benson, 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDew" class="citation book cs1">Dew, Sheri. <i>Ezra Taft Benson</i>. pp. 366–367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezra+Taft+Benson&rft.pages=366-367&rft.aulast=Dew&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_M._Gibbons" title="Francis M. Gibbons">Gibbons, F. M.</a> (1996). <i>Ezra Taft Benson: statesman, patriot, prophet of God</i>. Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book Co. p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latterdayconservative.com/ezra-taft-benson/united-states-foreign-policy/">"United States Foreign Policy – Ezra Taft Benson"</a>. March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Foreign+Policy+%E2%80%93+Ezra+Taft+Benson&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latterdayconservative.com%2Fezra-taft-benson%2Funited-states-foreign-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYorker-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewYorker_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/18/101018fa_fact_wilentz?printable=true">"Confounding Fathers: The Tea Party's Cold War Roots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. October 18, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, M. L. (2019). <i>Thunder from the right: Ezra Taft Benson in Mormonism and politics</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. see McKay Journal, August 9, 1963, Box 54, Folder 1, and March 5, 1964, Box 56, Folder 2, in Davod O. McKay Papers, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah, and Ezra Taft Benson to William J. Grede, April 19, 1967, Box 26, Folder 2, William J. Grede Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, Wisc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDew1987" class="citation book cs1">Dew, Sheri L. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ezrataftbensonbi00dews/page/338"><i>Ezra Taft Benson A Biography</i></a></span>. Deseret Book Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ezrataftbensonbi00dews/page/338">338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-110-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-110-7"><bdi>0-87579-110-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezra+Taft+Benson+A+Biography&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Deseret+Book+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-87579-110-7&rft.aulast=Dew&rft.aufirst=Sheri+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fezrataftbensonbi00dews%2Fpage%2F338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. M.</a> (2017). <i>The Mormon hierarchy: extensions of power</i>. Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books in association with Smith Research Associates. e-book location 3077 of 29417</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernest L. Wilkinson diary, 29 Nov. 1960. Gary James Bergera and Ronald Priddis, <i>Brigham Young University: A House of Faith</i> (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1985), 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quinn, D. M. (2017). <i>The Mormon hierarchy: extensions of power</i>. Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books in association with Smith Research Associates. e-book location 3157 of 29417</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ezra Taft Benson, "The American Heritage of Freedom: A Plan of God," <i><a href="/wiki/Improvement_Era" title="Improvement Era">Improvement Era</a></i> 64 (Dec. 1961):955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh B. Brown, "Honor the Priesthood," <i><a href="/wiki/Improvement_Era" title="Improvement Era">Improvement Era</a></i> 65 (June 1962):450 In a letter to Harley Ross Hammond, 15 Apr. 1962, Brown wrote of the address, <blockquote><p>"While we do not think it wise to name names in our statements of Church policy, the cries which come from certain sources would indicate that somebody was hit by some of our statements and that was what we hoped would be the result."</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, M. L. (2019). Thunder from the right: Ezra Taft Benson in Mormonism and politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. "Reed A. Benson Takes Post In Birch Society," <i>Deseret News</i>, 27 Oct. 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh B. Brown to Gustive O. Larson, 11 Nov. 1962. Eugene Campbell papers, Lee Library, and fd1, box 51, of Poll papers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drew Pearson "Benson Embarrasses His Church" <i>Washington Post</i>, 22 Jan. 1963, B-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Church Embarrassed over Ezra Taft Benson Stand," <i>Ogden Standard-Examiner,</i> 22 Jan. 1963, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ezra Taft Benson Addresses Rally," <i>Deseret News,</i> 7 Jan. 1963, A-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">' <i>The John Birch Society Bulletin,</i> Feb. 1963, 28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Homer Durham et al., <i>N. Eldon Tanner: His Life and Service</i> Salt Lake Cirty: Deseret Book Co., 1982, 57–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, Michael D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mormonchronicle.com/img/Ezra-Taft-Benson-and-Mormon-Political-Conflicts.pdf">"Ezra Taft Benson and Mormon Political Conflicts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Ezra+Taft+Benson+and+Mormon+Political+Conflicts&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormonchronicle.com%2Fimg%2FEzra-Taft-Benson-and-Mormon-Political-Conflicts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory A. Prince and William Robert Wright. <i><a href="/wiki/David_O._McKay_and_the_Rise_of_Modern_Mormonism" title="David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism">David O. 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Michael Quinn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/dialogue/id/18592">"Ezra Taft Benson and Mormon Political Conflicts"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021171822/http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/dialogue/id/18592">Archived</a> October 21, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i> <b>26</b>(2):1–87 (Summer 1992) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/dialogue/id/18433">p. 72</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021204055/http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/dialogue/id/18433">Archived</a> October 21, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPLC11-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPLC11_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zaitchik" title="Alexander Zaitchik">Alexander Zaitchik</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2011/spring/fringe-mormon-group-makes-myths-with-glenn-becks-help">"Fringe Mormon Group Makes Myths with Glenn Beck's Help"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> Intelligence Report</i>, Spring 2011, Issue Number: 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mormonchronicle.com/img/Ezra-Taft-Benson-and-Mormon-Political-Conflicts.pdf">"Ezra Taft Benson and Mormon Political Conflicts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Ezra+Taft+Benson+and+Mormon+Political+Conflicts&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormonchronicle.com%2Fimg%2FEzra-Taft-Benson-and-Mormon-Political-Conflicts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conferencereport1967sa/page/n37/mode/2up">"Conference reports of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"</a>. 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Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books in association with Smith Research Associates. e-book location 4026 of 29417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehlin2010" class="citation web cs1">Dehlin, John (May 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mormonstories.org/daymon-smith-on-correlation-the-corporate-lds-church-and-mammon/">"LDS Anthropologist Daymon Smith on Post-Manifesto Polygamy, Correlation, the Corporate LDS Church, and Mammon"</a>. <i>Mormon Stories</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mormon+Stories&rft.atitle=LDS+Anthropologist+Daymon+Smith+on+Post-Manifesto+Polygamy%2C+Correlation%2C+the+Corporate+LDS+Church%2C+and+Mammon&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.aulast=Dehlin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmormonstories.org%2Fdaymon-smith-on-correlation-the-corporate-lds-church-and-mammon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beware_of_Pride-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beware_of_Pride_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/1989/04/beware-of-pride">"Beware of Pride"</a>. LDS Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beware+of+Pride&rft.pub=LDS+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fgeneral-conference%2F1989%2F04%2Fbeware-of-pride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evan Stephenson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V30N04_55.pdf">"The Last Battle: C. S. Lewis and Mormonism"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>, vol. 30, no. 4 (Winter 1997), pp. 43–69 at 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-To_the_Single_Adult_Brethren_of_the_Church-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-To_the_Single_Adult_Brethren_of_the_Church_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/1988/04/to-the-single-adult-brethren-of-the-church?lang=eng">"To the Single Adult Brethren of the Church"</a>. LDS Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+the+Single+Adult+Brethren+of+the+Church&rft.pub=LDS+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fgeneral-conference%2F1988%2F04%2Fto-the-single-adult-brethren-of-the-church%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-President_of_the_Church-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-President_of_the_Church_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch_Educational_System2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldsces.org/inst_manuals/pres-sm/pres-ch-13-15.htm#13">"Chapter 13: Ezra Taft Benson, Thirteenth President of the Church"</a>. <i>Presidents of the Church: Student Manual</i>. <a href="/wiki/LDS_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="LDS Church">LDS Church</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Ezra+Taft+Benson%2C+Thirteenth+President+of+the+Church&rft.btitle=Presidents+of+the+Church%3A+Student+Manual&rft.pub=LDS+Church&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Church+Educational+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldsces.org%2Finst_manuals%2Fpres-sm%2Fpres-ch-13-15.htm%2313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119094336/http://idahoshalloffame.org/franklin.html">"Franklin County – Idahoans on loan to the world"</a>. <i>Idahoshalloffame.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Idahoshalloffame.org&rft.atitle=Franklin+County+%E2%80%93+Idahoans+on+loan+to+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidahoshalloffame.org%2Ffranklin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzra+Taft+Benson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"President Hinckley Visits, Counsels Church Members", <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, January 1996, p. 76.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Taft_Benson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bergera, Gary James. "'Weak-Kneed Republicans and Socialist Democrats': Ezra Taft Benson as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, 1953–61, Part 2," <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought,</i> 41 (Winter 2008), 55–95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/dialjmormthou.41.4.0055">online</a></li> <li>Fox, Jeffrey C. "A typology of LDS sociopolitical worldviews." <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i> 42.2 (2003): 279–289. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1387843">online</a></li> <li>Godfrey Kenneth W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925064127/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/b/BENSON_EZRA.shtml">"Benson, Ezra Taft,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/"><i>Utah History Encyclopedia</i> (1994).</a> University of Utah Press, ISBN 9780874804256. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/b/BENSON_EZRA.shtml">the original</a> on September 25, 2023 and retrieved on March 30, 2024.</li> <li>Quinn, D. Michael. "Ezra Taft Benson and Mormon Political Conflicts." <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</i> 26.2 (1993): 1–87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45228582">online</a></li> <li>Schapsmeier, Edward L., and Frederick H. Schapsmeier. "Eisenhower and Ezra Taft Benson: farm policy in the 1950s." <i>Agricultural History</i> 44.4 (1970): 369–378. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3741521">online</a></li> <li>Schapsmeier, Edward L., and Frederick H. Schapsmeier. "Religion and reform: a case study of Henry A. Wallace and Ezra Taft Benson." <i>Journal of Church and State</i> 21.3 (1979): 525–535. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23915941">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Petersen" title="Mark E. Petersen">Mark E. Petersen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1986/01/president-ezra-taft-benson?lang=eng">"President Ezra Taft Benson"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, January 1986 <ul><li>Searle, Don L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1985/12/president-ezra-taft-benson-ordained-thirteenth-president-of-the-church?lang=eng">"President Ezra Taft Benson Ordained Thirteenth President of the Church"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, December 1985</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1994/07/funeral-of-president-ezra-taft-benson-4-june-1994?lang=eng">"Funeral of President Ezra Taft Benson 4 June 1994"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, July 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_K._Packer" title="Boyd K. Packer">Boyd K. Packer</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1994/07/we-honor-now-his-journey">"We Honor Now His Journey"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, July 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson" title="Thomas S. Monson">Thomas S. Monson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1994/07/president-ezra-taft-benson-a-giant-among-men?lang=eng">"President Ezra Taft Benson – A Giant among Men"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, July 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">Gordon B. Hinckley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1994/07/farewell-to-a-prophet">"Farewell to a Prophet"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, July 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Howard W. 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Eisenhower Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Oral_Histories/Oral_Histories.html">Ezra Taft Benson Oral History finding aid, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114020019/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Oral_Histories/Oral_Histories.html">Archived</a> January 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6272672">Ezra Taft Benson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709150022/http://www.ldsces.org/inst_manuals/pres-sm/pres-ch-13-15.htm">A biography of Ezra Taft Benson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.withoutend.org/ezra-taft-benson-chronology-august-4-1899-april-10-1952">Chronology of the life of Ezra Taft Benson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latterdayconservative.com/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=73">Ezra Taft Benson's comments on freedom and the U.S. Constitution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeios.com/ourrepublic/Authors.aspx?AuthorId=14">Ezra Taft Benson's comments on freedom, the U.S. Constitution and the Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204111133/http://www.awakeandarise.org/Benson.htm">Some Speeches (audio) of Ezra Taft Benson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824081933/http://www.awakeandarise.org/media/benson/Benson_Kruschev.mp3">audio excerpt from "Our Immediate Responsibility." Devotional Address at Brigham Young University. c. 1968</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/S.html">Papers of Miller F. Shurtleff, assistant to Ezra Taft Benson, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.95984">"Longines Chronoscope with Ezra Taft Benson"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">Spencer W. Kimball</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President of the Church</a> </b><br />November 10, 1985 – May 30, 1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Howard W. Hunter</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a> </b><br />December 30, 1973 – November 10, 1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marion_G._Romney" title="Marion G. Romney">Marion G. Romney</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a> </b><br />October 7, 1943 – November 10, 1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Petersen" title="Mark E. Petersen">Mark E. Petersen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Charles F. Brannan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">U.S. Secretary of Agriculture</a><br /><small>Served under: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></small> </b><br />1953–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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Kimball">Kimball</a> (1973–85)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benson</a> (1985–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">Hinckley</a> (1995–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson" title="Thomas S. Monson">Monson</a> (2008–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Nelson</a> (2018–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDSpresq12" title="Template:LDSpresq12"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDSpresq12" title="Template talk:LDSpresq12"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDSpresq12" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDSpresq12"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a> of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Marsh" title="Thomas B. Marsh">Marsh</a> (1835–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">B. Young Sr.</a> (1839–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde" title="Orson Hyde">Hyde</a> (1847–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John Taylor (Mormon)">Taylor</a> (1875–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Woodruff</a> (1880–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Snow" title="Lorenzo Snow">Snow</a> (1889–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Richards_(Mormon_apostle)" title="Franklin D. Richards (Mormon apostle)">F.D. Richards</a> (1898–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_Jr." title="Brigham Young Jr.">B. Young Jr.</a> (1899–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">J.F. Smith Sr.</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_Jr." title="Brigham Young Jr.">B. Young Jr.</a> (1901–03)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_M._Lyman" title="Francis M. Lyman">Lyman</a> (1903–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">Grant</a> (1916–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_H._Lund" title="Anthon H. Lund">Lund</a> (1918–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudger_Clawson" title="Rudger Clawson">Clawson</a> (1921–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Smith" title="George Albert Smith">G.A. Smith</a> (1943–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Richards" title="George F. Richards">G.F. Richards</a> (1945–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_O._McKay" title="David O. McKay">McKay</a> (1950–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_Smith" title="Joseph Fielding Smith">J.F. Smith Jr.</a> (1951–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee" title="Harold B. Lee">Lee</a> (1970–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">Kimball</a> (1972–73)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benson</a> (1973–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_G._Romney" title="Marion G. Romney">Romney</a> (1985–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1988–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">Hinckley</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson" title="Thomas S. Monson">Monson</a> (1995–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_K._Packer" title="Boyd K. Packer">Packer</a> (2008–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Nelson</a> (2015–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallin_H._Oaks" title="Dallin H. Oaks">Oaks</a> (2018–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apostles_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDSApostles" title="Template:LDSApostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDSApostles" title="Template talk:LDSApostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDSApostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDSApostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apostles_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">Apostles</a> of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">J. Smith</a> (1829–44)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Cowdery</a> (1829–38)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whitmer" title="David Whitmer">Whitmer</a> (1829–38)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)">Harris</a> (unknown–1837)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Marsh" title="Thomas B. Marsh">Marsh</a> (1835–39)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Patten" title="David W. Patten">Patten</a> (1835–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">B. Young Sr.</a> (1835–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">H. C. Kimball</a> (1835–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde" title="Orson Hyde">Hyde</a> (1835–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._McLellin" title="William E. McLellin">McLellin</a> (1835–38)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Pratt" title="Parley P. Pratt">P. P. Pratt</a> (1835–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Johnson_(Mormon)" title="Luke Johnson (Mormon)">Luke Johnson</a> (1835–37)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="William Smith (Latter Day Saints)">Wm. Smith</a> (1835–45)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Pratt" title="Orson Pratt">O. Pratt</a> (1835–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Boynton" title="John F. Boynton">Boynton</a> (1835–37)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_E._Johnson" title="Lyman E. Johnson">L. E. Johnson</a> (1835–38)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Page" title="John E. Page">Page</a> (1838–46)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John Taylor (Mormon)">J. Taylor</a> (1838–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">W. Woodruff</a> (1839–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Smith" title="George A. Smith">G. A. Smith</a> (1839–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Richards" title="Willard Richards">W. Richards</a> (1840–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Wight" title="Lyman Wight">Wight</a> (1841–48)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">H. Smith</a> (1841–44)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Lyman" title="Amasa Lyman">A. M. Lyman</a> (1842–67)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Benson" title="Ezra T. Benson">Benson</a> (1846–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Rich" title="Charles C. Rich">Rich</a> (1849–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Snow" title="Lorenzo Snow">L. Snow</a> (1849–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Snow" title="Erastus Snow">E. Snow</a> (1849–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Richards_(Mormon_apostle)" title="Franklin D. Richards (Mormon apostle)">F. D. Richards</a> (1849–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_M._Grant" title="Jedediah M. Grant">J. M. Grant</a> (1854–56)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Wells" title="Daniel H. Wells">Wells</a> (1857–91)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willard_Young" title="John Willard Young">J. W. Young</a> (1855–1924)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Cannon" title="George Q. Cannon">G. Q. Cannon</a> (1860–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Angell_Young" title="Joseph Angell Young">J. A. Young</a> (1864–75)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_Jr." title="Brigham Young Jr.">B. Young Jr.</a> (1864–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">J. F. Smith Sr.</a> (1866–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Carrington" title="Albert Carrington">Carrington</a> (1870–85)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Thatcher" title="Moses Thatcher">Thatcher</a> (1879–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_M._Lyman" title="Francis M. Lyman">F. M. Lyman</a> (1880–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Smith" title="John Henry Smith">J. H. Smith</a> (1880–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Teasdale" title="George Teasdale">Teasdale</a> (1882–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">H. J. Grant</a> (1882–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John W. Taylor (Mormon)">J. W. Taylor</a> (1884–1911)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriner_W._Merrill" title="Marriner W. Merrill">M. W. Merrill</a> (1889–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_H._Lund" title="Anthon H. Lund">Lund</a> (1889–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_H._Cannon" title="Abraham H. Cannon">A. H. Cannon</a> (1889–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_F._Cowley" title="Matthias F. Cowley">M. F. Cowley</a> (1897–1911)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_O._Woodruff" title="Abraham O. Woodruff">A. O. Woodruff</a> (1897–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudger_Clawson" title="Rudger Clawson">Clawson</a> (1898–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a> (1900–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_M._Smith" title="Hyrum M. Smith">H. M. Smith</a> (1901–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Smith" title="George Albert Smith">G. A. Smith</a> (1903–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Penrose" title="Charles W. Penrose">Penrose</a> (1904–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Richards" title="George F. Richards">G. F. Richards</a> (1906–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_F._Whitney" title="Orson F. Whitney">Whitney</a> (1906–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_O._McKay" title="David O. McKay">McKay</a> (1906–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_W._Ivins" title="Anthony W. Ivins">Ivins</a> (1907–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_Smith" title="Joseph Fielding Smith">J. F. Smith Jr.</a> (1910–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">Talmage</a> (1911–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Richards" title="Stephen L Richards">S. L. Richards</a> (1917–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Lyman" title="Richard R. Lyman">R. R. Lyman</a> (1918–43)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_63-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_J._Ballard" title="Melvin J. Ballard">M. J. Ballard</a> (1919–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Widtsoe" title="John A. Widtsoe">Widtsoe</a> (1921–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Merrill" title="Joseph F. Merrill">J. F. Merrill</a> (1931–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Callis" title="Charles A. Callis">Callis</a> (1933–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark" title="J. Reuben Clark">Clark</a> (1934–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_A._Hinckley" title="Alonzo A. Hinckley">A. A. Hinckley</a> (1934–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Bowen" title="Albert E. Bowen">Bowen</a> (1937–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Q._Cannon" title="Sylvester Q. Cannon">S. Q. Cannon</a> (1938–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee" title="Harold B. Lee">Lee</a> (1941–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">S. W. Kimball</a> (1943–85)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benson</a> (1943–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Petersen" title="Mark E. Petersen">Petersen</a> (1944–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cowley" title="Matthew Cowley">M. Cowley</a> (1945–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Moyle" title="Henry D. Moyle">Moyle</a> (1947–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbert_L._Stapley" title="Delbert L. Stapley">Stapley</a> (1950–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_G._Romney" title="Marion G. Romney">Romney</a> (1951–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeGrand_Richards" title="LeGrand Richards">L. Richards</a> (1952–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_S._Bennion" title="Adam S. Bennion">Bennion</a> (1953–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Evans" title="Richard L. Evans">Evans</a> (1953–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Morris" title="George Q. Morris">Morris</a> (1954–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Brown" title="Hugh B. Brown">Brown</a> (1958–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1959–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">G. B. Hinckley</a> (1961–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Eldon_Tanner" title="Nathan Eldon Tanner">Tanner</a> (1962–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson" title="Thomas S. Monson">Monson</a> (1963–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_R._Dyer" title="Alvin R. Dyer">Dyer</a> (1967–77)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_62-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_K._Packer" title="Boyd K. Packer">Packer</a> (1970–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_J._Ashton" title="Marvin J. Ashton">Ashton</a> (1971–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" title="Bruce R. McConkie">McConkie</a> (1972–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Tom_Perry" title="L. Tom Perry">Perry</a> (1974–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Haight" title="David B. Haight">Haight</a> (1976–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Faust" title="James E. Faust">Faust</a> (1978–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_A._Maxwell" title="Neal A. Maxwell">Maxwell</a> (1981–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Nelson</a> (1984–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallin_H._Oaks" title="Dallin H. Oaks">Oaks</a> (1984–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Russell_Ballard" title="M. Russell Ballard">M. R. Ballard</a> (1985–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Wirthlin" title="Joseph B. Wirthlin">Wirthlin</a> (1986–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Scott" title="Richard G. Scott">Scott</a> (1988–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Hales" title="Robert D. Hales">Hales</a> (1994–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_R._Holland" title="Jeffrey R. Holland">Holland</a> (1994–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Eyring" title="Henry B. Eyring">Eyring</a> (1995–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_F._Uchtdorf" title="Dieter F. Uchtdorf">Uchtdorf</a> (2004–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Bednar" title="David A. Bednar">Bednar</a> (2004–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_L._Cook" title="Quentin L. Cook">Cook</a> (2007–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Todd_Christofferson" title="D. Todd Christofferson">Christofferson</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_L._Andersen" title="Neil L. Andersen">Andersen</a> (2009–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_A._Rasband" title="Ronald A. Rasband">Rasband</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_E._Stevenson" title="Gary E. Stevenson">Stevenson</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_G._Renlund" title="Dale G. Renlund">Renlund</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_W._Gong" title="Gerrit W. Gong">Gong</a> (2018–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulisses_Soares" title="Ulisses Soares">Soares</a> (2018–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kearon" title="Patrick Kearon">Kearon</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Notes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-not12-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_62-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-excommunication-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_63-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Term ended by excommunication.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Term ended by resignation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Term ended by removal of apostleship; was later excommunicated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Term ended by suspension of priesthood.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecAg" title="Template:USSecAg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecAg" title="Template talk:USSecAg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecAg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecAg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States secretaries of agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jay_Coleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Jay Coleman">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_McLain_Rusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah McLain Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Meredith" title="Edwin T. Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">H. C. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mason_Gore" title="Howard Mason Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marion_Jardine" title="William Marion Jardine">Jardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">H. A. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Wickard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Brannan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Butz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Knebel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Albert Knebel">Knebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bergland" title="Robert Bergland">Bergland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rusling_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rusling Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Edmund_Lyng" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Edmund Lyng">Lyng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rell_Madigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Rell Madigan">Madigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Espy" title="Mike Espy">Espy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Glickman" title="Dan Glickman">Glickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Veneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Johanns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Schafer" title="Ed Schafer">Schafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Vilsack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Perdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Vilsack</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(1953–1961)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eisenhower_cabinet" title="Template:Eisenhower cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eisenhower_cabinet" title="Template talk:Eisenhower cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eisenhower_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eisenhower cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(1953–1961)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg/100px-Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg/150px-Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg/200px-Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2863" data-file-height="3558" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Christian Herter</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">George M. Humphrey</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Robert B. Anderson</a> (1957–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Charles Erwin Wilson</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">Neil H. McElroy</a> (1957–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Thomas S. Gates Jr.</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Herbert Brownell Jr.</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1957–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Arthur Summerfield</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McKay" title="Douglas McKay">Douglas McKay</a> (1953–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_A._Seaton" title="Fred A. Seaton">Fred A. Seaton</a> (1956–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ezra Taft Benson</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Weeks" title="Sinclair Weeks">Sinclair Weeks</a> (1953–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Mueller" title="Frederick H. Mueller">Frederick H. Mueller</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Patrick_Durkin" title="Martin Patrick Durkin">Martin Patrick Durkin</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Mitchell" title="James P. Mitchell">James P. Mitchell</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_B._Folsom" title="Marion B. Folsom">Marion B. Folsom</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Flemming" title="Arthur Flemming">Arthur Flemming</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hughes" title="Rowland Hughes">Rowland Hughes</a> (1954–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Brundage" title="Percival Brundage">Percival Brundage</a> (1956–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> (1953–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jeremiah_Wadsworth" title="James Jeremiah Wadsworth">James Jeremiah Wadsworth</a> (1960–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Security_Agency" title="Mutual Security Agency">Director of the Mutual Security Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Flemming" title="Arthur Flemming">Arthur Flemming</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gordon Gray</a> (1957–1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Civil_Defense_Administration" title="Federal Civil Defense Administration">Administrator of the Federal Civil Defense Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val_Peterson" title="Val Peterson">Val Peterson</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Hoegh" title="Leo Hoegh">Leo Hoegh</a> (1957–1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_and_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization">Director of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Hoegh" title="Leo Hoegh">Leo Hoegh</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Adams" title="Sherman Adams">Sherman Adams</a> (1953–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Persons" title="Wilton Persons">Wilton Persons</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Deputy_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Deputy Chief of Staff">White House Deputy Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Persons" title="Wilton Persons">Wilton Persons</a> (1953–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_D._Morgan" title="Gerald D. Morgan">Gerald D. Morgan</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Cabinet_Secretary" title="White House Cabinet Secretary">White House Cabinet Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_M._Rabb" title="Maxwell M. Rabb">Maxwell M. Rabb</a> (1954–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keith_Gray" title="Robert Keith Gray">Robert Keith Gray</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386097#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386097#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386097#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119483513">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Benson, Ezra Taft"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50008042">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131222473">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810695847605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462911505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000041018">Finland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580699">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66t0tg5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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