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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Evoluzione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evoluzione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Evoluzione</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evoluzione-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Evoluzione</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evoluzione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Le_origini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_origini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Le origini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_origini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascesa_e_caduta_delle_«iene-cane»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascesa_e_caduta_delle_«iene-cane»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ascesa e caduta delle «iene-cane»</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascesa_e_caduta_delle_«iene-cane»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_iene_spaccaossa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_iene_spaccaossa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Le iene spaccaossa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_iene_spaccaossa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'ascesa_delle_iene_moderne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'ascesa_delle_iene_moderne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>L'ascesa delle iene moderne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'ascesa_delle_iene_moderne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generi_di_Ienidi_(estinti_e_attuali)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generi_di_Ienidi_(estinti_e_attuali)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Generi di Ienidi (estinti e attuali)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Generi_di_Ienidi_(estinti_e_attuali)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Generi di Ienidi (estinti e attuali)</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Generi_di_Ienidi_(estinti_e_attuali)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filogenesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filogenesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Filogenesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filogenesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descrizione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descrizione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Descrizione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descrizione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapporti_con_l'uomo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapporti_con_l'uomo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rapporti con l'uomo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rapporti_con_l'uomo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Rapporti con l'uomo</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rapporti_con_l'uomo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folklore,_mitologia_e_letteratura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore,_mitologia_e_letteratura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Folklore, mitologia e letteratura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore,_mitologia_e_letteratura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacchi_all'uomo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacchi_all'uomo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Attacchi all'uomo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacchi_all'uomo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_iene_come_fonte_di_cibo_e_farmaci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_iene_come_fonte_di_cibo_e_farmaci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Le iene come fonte di cibo e farmaci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_iene_come_fonte_di_cibo_e_farmaci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyaenidae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 126 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%ABna" title="Hiëna - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hiëna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A4nen" title="Hyänen - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hyänen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A5%E1%89%A5" title="ዥብ - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዥብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="ضبع - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضبع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="ضبع - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ضبع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digdatol_(Hyaenidae)" title="Digdatol (Hyaenidae) - kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Digdatol (Hyaenidae)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftarlar" title="Kaftarlar - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kaftarlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کافتارلار - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کافتارلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena - balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hyena" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hyena" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гіенавыя - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіенавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гіенавыя - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіенавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хиенови - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хиенови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suruku" title="Suruku - bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Suruku" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="হায়েনা - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হায়েনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijena" title="Hijena - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hijena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hienes" title="Hienes - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hienes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کەمتیار - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەمتیار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenovit%C3%AD" title="Hyenovití - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hyenovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udfil" title="Udfil - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Udfil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A6ner" title="Hyæner - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hyæner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A4nen" title="Hyänen - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hyänen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%8Bui" title="Aŋui - dinca" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Aŋui" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keftar" title="Keftar - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Keftar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ύαινα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύαινα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hyena" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hienedoj" title="Hienedoj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hienedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BC%C3%A4%C3%A4nlased" title="Hüäänlased - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüäänlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiena" title="Hiena - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کفتار - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کفتار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyeenat" title="Hyeenat - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyeenat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena - figiano" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Hyena" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C3%A0n%C7%94_hla" title="Ajànǔ hla - fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Ajànǔ hla" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A4%C3%A4nen" title="Hyäänen - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hyäänen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A9ana" title="Hiéana - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hiéana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A9nidos" title="Hiénidos - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hiénidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="तरस - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तरस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(dabba)" title="Kura (dabba) - hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kura (dabba)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צבועיים - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבועיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE" title="लकड़बग्घा - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लकड़बग्घा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijene" title="Hijene - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hijene" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A9naf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Hiénafélék - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hiénafélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բորենիներ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բորենիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բորենիներ - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բորենիներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiena" title="Hiena - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hiena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Аптараш - ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Аптараш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieno" title="Hieno - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hieno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BDena" title="Hýena - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hýena" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8A" title="ハイエナ - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイエナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hyena" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აფთრისებრნი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფთრისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifis" title="Ifis - cabilo" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ifis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1murum" title="A̱murum - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱murum" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қорқаулар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қорқаулар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC" title="ಕತ್ತೆಕಿರುಬ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕತ್ತೆಕಿರುಬ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%82%98" title="하이에나 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이에나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keftar" title="Keftar - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keftar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usvil" title="Usvil - cornico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Usvil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Көк жал сымалдуулар - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көк жал сымалдуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iena" title="Iena - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%87" title="ໝາແຜງ - lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາແຜງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieniniai" title="Hieniniai - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hieniniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C4%93nu_dzimta" title="Hiēnu dzimta - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hiēnu dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiena" title="Hiena - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hiena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хиена - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хиена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="കഴുതപ്പുലി - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കഴുതപ്പുലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="तरस - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तरस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuk" title="Dubuk - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dubuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဟိုင်အီးနား - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုင်အီးနား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کفتال - mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کفتال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="हुँडार - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हुँडार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena%27s" title="Hyena's - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hyena's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenar" title="Hyenar - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hyenar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenefamilien" title="Hyenefamilien - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hyenefamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiri" title="Phiri - sotho del nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Phiri" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho del nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9%C3%A9h_%C5%82%C3%A9%C3%A9ch%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Tééh łééchąąʼí - navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tééh łééchąąʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Гиенæтæ - ossetico" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гиенæтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hienowate" title="Hienowate - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hienowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ہائینا - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiena" title="Hiena - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hiena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hien%C4%83" title="Hienă - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hienă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гиены - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hyena" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="چراخ - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چراخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijene" title="Hijene - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hijene" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifis" title="Ifis - tashelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ifis" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaena" title="Hyaena - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hyaena" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenovit%C3%A9" title="Hyenovité - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hyenovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijene" title="Hijene - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hijene" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere,_Mhuka" title="Bere, Mhuka - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bere, Mhuka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraabe" title="Waraabe - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waraabe" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiena" title="Hiena - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hiena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Хијене - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хијене" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiri" title="Phiri - sotho del sud" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Phiri" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenor" title="Hyenor - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hyenor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisi" title="Fisi - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="கழுதைப்புலி - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கழுதைப்புலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="దుమ్ములగొండి - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దుమ్ములగొండి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ไฮยีนา - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮยีนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiri" title="Phiri - tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Phiri" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1rtlangiller" title="Sırtlangiller - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sırtlangiller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сыртлан - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сыртлан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtlan" title="Sirtlan - uiguro" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Sirtlan" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Гієнові - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гієнові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%AF%DA%91%D8%A8%DA%BE%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="لگڑبھگا - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لگڑبھگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtlonlar" title="Sirtlonlar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sirtlonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_c%E1%BA%A9u" title="Linh cẩu - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Linh cẩu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena%27s" title="Hyena's - fiammingo occidentale" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hyena's" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="fiammingo occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyinnes" title="Hiyinnes - vallone" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hiyinnes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" title="Hyaenidae - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hyaenidae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukki" title="Bukki - wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bukki" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%A3%E7%8B%97%E7%A7%91" title="鬣狗科 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鬣狗科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ckok%C3%B2" title="Ìkokò - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìkokò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%A3%E7%8B%97%E7%A7%91" title="鬣狗科 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鬣狗科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiena" title="Haiena - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Haiena" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%A3%E7%8B%97" title="鬣狗 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鬣狗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impisi" title="Impisi - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Impisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42046#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hyaenidae"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Hyaenidae" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Hyaenidae" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&oldid=143387922" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Hyaenidae&id=143387922&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHyaenidae"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHyaenidae"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hyaenidae"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hyaenidae&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iena" hreflang="it"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42046" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Reindirizzamento da <strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iena&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Iena">Iena</a></strong>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130658281">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote.nota-disambigua{clear:both;margin-top:0;padding:.05em .5em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – "Iena" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Iena_(disambigua)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iena (disambigua)">Iena (disambigua)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130658281" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988" /> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – "Iene" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Le_iene" class="mw-disambig" title="Le iene">Le iene</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r143074810">.mw-parser-output .sinottico{background-color:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;border-spacing:0;clear:right;float:right;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em;margin:0 0 1em 1.5em;width:280px}.mw-parser-output .sinottico caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child),.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child){background-color:#f3f3f3;border-right:1px solid #e5e5e8;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr:not(:last-child)>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr:not(:last-child)>th,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>th{border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child),.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child){padding:.25em .4em}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>td>hr:only-child{margin:0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sinottico ul{margin:0 0 0 1em;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata{border-spacing:0;margin:0 -.4em;width:calc(100% + calc(.4em*2))}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata:last-child{margin-bottom:-.2em}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata:last-child>tbody>tr:last-child>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata:last-child>tbody>tr:last-child>th{border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_divisione+.sinottico_divisione>th,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testata+.sinottico_divisione>th{border-top:2px solid #f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_divisione th{background-color:#eeeeee;padding:.15em .4em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_piede{text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#EFEFEF}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_piede2{background-color:white;font-size:xx-small;padding-bottom:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_sottotitolo{font-size:80%}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testata th{background-color:#dedede;font-size:116%;padding:.2em .4em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testo_centrale{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto" style="width:230px"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; color: black;"><div class="noprint" style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:70%;"><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Come leggere il tassobox"><img alt="Come leggere il tassobox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/16px-Information-silk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/24px-Information-silk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Information-silk.svg/32px-Information-silk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" usemap="#ImageMap_37fb70b5d7ceee19" /></span><map name="ImageMap_37fb70b5d7ceee19"><area href="/wiki/Progetto:Forme_di_vita/Come_leggere_il_tassobox" shape="rect" coords="0,0,50,50" alt="Progetto:Forme di vita/Come leggere il tassobox" title="Progetto:Forme di vita/Come leggere il tassobox" /></map><figcaption>Come leggere il tassobox</figcaption></figure></div>Ienidi</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_hyena_(Crocuta_crocuta).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg/220px-Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg/330px-Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg/440px-Spotted_hyena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3220" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Iena maculata (<i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">Crocuta crocuta</a></i>)</td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; color: black;">Intervallo geologico</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding-bottom:2px;"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> inferiore - oggi</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,214,123); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambriano" title="Precambriano">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambriano" title="Cambriano">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordoviciano" title="Ordoviciano">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.926153846154px; width:8.1907692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Siluriano" title="Siluriano">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devoniano" title="Devoniano">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carbonifero" title="Carbonifero">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.816307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Permiano" title="Permiano">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.65015384615px; width:17.217538461538px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassico" title="Triassico">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Giurassico" title="Giurassico">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretacico" title="Cretacico">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene"><small>Pg</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:213.20523076923px; width:5.7947692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Classificazione_scientifica" title="Classificazione scientifica">Classificazione scientifica</a></th></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dominio_(biologia)" title="Dominio (biologia)">Dominio</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal; width:50%"><a href="/wiki/Regno_(biologia)" title="Regno (biologia)">Regno</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Phylum</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Classe_(tassonomia)" title="Classe (tassonomia)">Classe</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ordine_(tassonomia)" title="Ordine (tassonomia)">Ordine</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Sottordine" title="Sottordine">Sottordine</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Famiglia_(tassonomia)" title="Famiglia (tassonomia)">Famiglia</a></th><td>Hyaenidae<br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1821</span> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Genere_(tassonomia)" title="Genere (tassonomia)">Generi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyaena" title="Hyaena">Hyaena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parahyaena_brunnea" title="Parahyaena brunnea">Parahyaena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles_cristata" title="Proteles cristata">Proteles</a></i></li></ul> </div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: pink; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Areale" title="Areale">Areale</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaenidae_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hyaenidae_range.png/220px-Hyaenidae_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hyaenidae_range.png/330px-Hyaenidae_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hyaenidae_range.png/440px-Hyaenidae_range.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aardwolf_Skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aardwolf_Skeleton.jpg/250px-Aardwolf_Skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aardwolf_Skeleton.jpg/330px-Aardwolf_Skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aardwolf_Skeleton.jpg/500px-Aardwolf_Skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Scheletro di un protele, il più piccolo rappresentante della famiglia degli Ienidi (da un museo osteologico).</figcaption></figure> <p>Gli <b>Ienidi</b> (<b>Hyaenidae</b>, dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">greco</a> ὕαινα, <i>hýaina</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) sono una <a href="/wiki/Famiglia_(tassonomia)" title="Famiglia (tassonomia)">famiglia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia">mammiferi</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivori</a> <a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">feliformi</a>. Con appena quattro specie attuali (a loro volta classificate in quattro <a href="/wiki/Genere_(tassonomia)" title="Genere (tassonomia)">generi</a> monospecifici), sono una delle più piccole famiglie dell'ordine dei Carnivori, nonché dell'intera classe dei Mammiferi<sup id="cite_ref-MoW1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoW1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nonostante il loro basso grado di diversità, le iene costituiscono una componente fondamentale della maggior parte degli ecosistemi <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">africani</a><sup id="cite_ref-miv_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miv-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sebbene dal punto di vista <a href="/wiki/Filogenesi" title="Filogenesi">filogenetico</a> siano più strettamente imparentate con i <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felidi</a> e i <a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">viverridi</a>, e appartengano pertanto al sottordine dei feliformi, da quello comportamentale e <a href="/wiki/Morfologia_(biologia)" title="Morfologia (biologia)">morfologico</a> le iene sono più simili ai <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canidi</a>, con i quali condividono alcuni aspetti di <a href="/wiki/Convergenza_evolutiva" title="Convergenza evolutiva">convergenza evolutiva</a>: sia le iene che i canidi non sono creature <a href="/wiki/Arboricolo" title="Arboricolo">arboricole</a>, bensì veloci predatori che catturano le loro prede utilizzando i denti piuttosto che gli artigli. Entrambi i gruppi di animali divorano rapidamente le prede uccise e possono anche conservarle e le loro zampe callose e dotate di grandi artigli smussati e non retrattili sono perfette per correre e cambiare rapidamente direzione. Tuttavia, alcune abitudini delle iene, come la pulizia del corpo, la marcatura del territorio, il comportamento defecatorio, l'accoppiamento e le cure parentali, sono quelle proprie degli altri feliformi<sup id="cite_ref-k274_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k274-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le <a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">iene maculate</a> possono uccidere fino al 95% delle prede di cui si nutrono<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, mentre le <a href="/wiki/Hyaena_hyaena" title="Hyaena hyaena">iene striate</a> sono per lo più spazzine<sup id="cite_ref-p72_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p72-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Generalmente, nonostante la loro reputazione nella cultura popolare di creature codarde, le iene riescono ad allontanare anche predatori più grandi, come i leoni, dalle loro prede<sup id="cite_ref-p72_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p72-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hanno abitudini prevalentemente notturne, ma talvolta si avventurano fuori dalle loro tane nelle prime ore del mattino. Ad eccezione della iena maculata, creatura estremamente sociale, le iene conducono generalmente un'esistenza solitaria, sebbene possano vivere in gruppi familiari o radunarsi in prossimità di una preda uccisa<sup id="cite_ref-r343_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r343-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le iene comparvero per la prima volta in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> durante il <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> a partire da antenati simili ai viverridi, e si diversificarono in due gruppi distinti: uno formato da agili creature dalla struttura leggera, simili a cani, e uno costituito da robuste spaccaossa. Anche se in un primo momento, intorno a 15 milioni di anni fa, furono le agili «iene-cane» a prosperare (tanto che una <a href="/wiki/Specie" title="Specie">specie</a> riuscì a colonizzare il Nord America), esse si estinsero a seguito di un cambiamento climatico in concomitanza con l'arrivo in Eurasia dei canidi. Di queste «iene-cane» sopravvive oggi il solo <a href="/wiki/Proteles_cristata" title="Proteles cristata">protele</a> insettivoro, mentre le iene «spaccaossa» (gruppo al quale appartengono le tre specie <a href="/wiki/Neontologia" title="Neontologia">attuali</a>, le iene maculate, <a href="/wiki/Parahyaena_brunnea" title="Parahyaena brunnea">brune</a> e striate) divennero i <i>leader</i> indiscussi degli spazzini di Eurasia e Africa<sup id="cite_ref-mac119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le iene sono protagoniste del folklore e della mitologia delle culture umane che vivono nelle zone in cui questi animali sono presenti. Vengono comunemente considerate creature spaventose e degne di disprezzo. Presso alcune culture, si ritiene che influenzino gli spiriti delle persone, disseppelliscano i cadaveri e razzino bestiame e bambini<sup id="cite_ref-m96_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m96-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Altre culture le associano alla stregoneria e utilizzano pertanto parti del loro corpo nella <a href="/wiki/Medicina_popolare" title="Medicina popolare">medicina tradizionale</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evoluzione">Evoluzione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Evoluzione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Evoluzione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_origini">Le origini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Le origini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Le origini"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le iene ebbero origine nelle giungle dell'Eurasia del <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, 22 milioni di anni fa, quando la maggior parte delle prime specie di feliformi erano ancora prevalentemente <a href="/wiki/Arboricolo" title="Arboricolo">arboricole</a>. Le prime iene ancestrali erano probabilmente simili alla moderna <a href="/wiki/Hemigalus_derbyanus" title="Hemigalus derbyanus">civetta delle palme fasciata</a>; una delle più antiche specie di iena descritte, <i><a href="/wiki/Plioviverrops" title="Plioviverrops">Plioviverrops</a></i>, era un'agile creatura simile ad una civetta che abitava in Eurasia 20-22 milioni di anni fa, identificabile come ienide grazie alla struttura dell'<a href="/wiki/Orecchio_medio" title="Orecchio medio">orecchio medio</a> e della dentatura. La linea evolutiva di <i>Plioviverrops</i> prosperò e dette origine a discendenti dalle zampe più lunghe e dalle mascelle più appuntite, direzione che nello stesso periodo stavano prendendo in <a href="/wiki/America_settentrionale" title="America settentrionale">America settentrionale</a> i canidi<sup id="cite_ref-mac119_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascesa_e_caduta_delle_«iene-cane»"><span id="Ascesa_e_caduta_delle_.C2.ABiene-cane.C2.BB"></span>Ascesa e caduta delle «iene-cane»</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Ascesa e caduta delle «iene-cane»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ascesa e caduta delle «iene-cane»"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ictitherium_viverrinum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ictitherium_viverrinum.JPG/250px-Ictitherium_viverrinum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ictitherium_viverrinum.JPG/330px-Ictitherium_viverrinum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ictitherium_viverrinum.JPG/500px-Ictitherium_viverrinum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>Cranio di <i>Ictitherium viverrinum</i>, una delle varie specie di «iene-cane» (<a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>I discendenti di <i>Plioviverrops</i> raggiunsero il culmine 15 milioni di anni fa, con più di 30 specie finora identificate. Diversamente dalla maggior parte delle specie di iena moderne, frantumatrici di ossa specializzate, queste «iene-cane» erano creature dal corpo snello simili ad un lupo; una di queste era <i><a href="/wiki/Ictitherium" title="Ictitherium">Ictitherium</a> viverrinum</i>, simile ad uno <a href="/wiki/Sciacallo" title="Sciacallo">sciacallo</a>. Le «iene-cane» erano molto numerose: in alcuni siti fossili del Miocene i resti di <i>Ictitherium</i> e di altri suoi simili superano quelli di tutti gli altri carnivori messi insieme. Il declino delle «iene-cane» ebbe inizio 5-7 milioni di anni fa, durante un periodo di grandi cambiamenti climatici, e fu esacerbato quando i <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canidi</a> attraversarono il <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">ponte di terra di Bering</a> raggiungendo l'Eurasia. Una specie, <i><a href="/wiki/Chasmaporthetes" title="Chasmaporthetes">Chasmaporthetes ossifragus</a></i>, riuscì ad attraversare il ponte di terra in senso contrario, divenendo così l'unica specie di iena ad aver raggiunto il Nord America. Esso riuscì a sopravvivere qui per un certo periodo di tempo abbandonando la nicchia di corridore sulle lunghe distanze o di spaccaossa, monopolizzate dai canidi, e diventando uno <i>sprinter</i> simile al <a href="/wiki/Acinonyx_jubatus" title="Acinonyx jubatus">ghepardo</a>. Intorno a 1,5 milioni di anni fa la maggior parte delle «iene-cane» si era ormai estinta<sup id="cite_ref-mac119_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_iene_spaccaossa">Le iene spaccaossa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Le iene spaccaossa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Le iene spaccaossa"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A partire da 10-12 milioni di anni fa, la famiglia delle iene si era suddivisa in due gruppi distinti: le iene-cane e le iene spaccaossa. L'arrivo delle iene spaccaossa ancestrali coincise con il declino di una famiglia simile, quella dei <a href="/wiki/Percrocutidae" title="Percrocutidae">Percrocutidi</a>. Esse riuscirono a sopravvivere ai cambiamenti climatici e all'arrivo dei canidi, che avevano spazzato vie le iene-cane, anche se non riuscirono mai a raggiungere il Nord America, dove la loro nicchia era già stata occupata dai canidi della sottofamiglia dei <a href="/wiki/Borophaginae" title="Borophaginae">Borofagini</a>. Cinque milioni di anni fa le iene spaccaossa erano divenute gli spazzini dominanti dell'Eurasia, che si nutrivano prevalentemente delle carcasse dei grandi erbivori uccisi dai <a href="/wiki/Machairodontinae" title="Machairodontinae">felini dai denti a sciabola</a>. Un genere, <i><a href="/wiki/Pachycrocuta" title="Pachycrocuta">Pachycrocuta</a></i>, era un mega-saprofago di 200 kg in grado di frantumare anche le ossa degli <a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">elefanti</a>. Con il declino dei megaerbivori alla fine dell'ultima era glaciale, <i>Pachycrocuta</i> venne rimpiazzata dalla più piccola <i>Crocuta</i><sup id="cite_ref-mac119_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'ascesa_delle_iene_moderne"><span id="L.27ascesa_delle_iene_moderne"></span>L'ascesa delle iene moderne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione L'ascesa delle iene moderne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: L'ascesa delle iene moderne"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stripedspottedhyenas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Stripedspottedhyenas.jpg/250px-Stripedspottedhyenas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Stripedspottedhyenas.jpg/330px-Stripedspottedhyenas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Stripedspottedhyenas.jpg/500px-Stripedspottedhyenas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Scheletri di <a href="/wiki/Hyaena_hyaena" title="Hyaena hyaena">iena striata</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">iena maculata</a>, entrambe iene «spaccaossa»</figcaption></figure> <p>Le quattro specie di iena attuali sono il protele, la iena maculata, la iena striata e la iena bruna. </p><p>La linea evolutiva del <a href="/wiki/Proteles_cristata" title="Proteles cristata">protele</a> (<i>Proteles cristata</i>) si può far risalire direttamente al <i>Plioviverrops</i> di 15 milioni di anni fa; esso è l'unico sopravvissuto della linea evolutiva delle iene-cane. Il suo successo è in parte attribuito alla dieta insettivora, grazie alla quale non ha dovuto affrontare la concorrenza dei canidi arrivati dal Nord America. La sua impareggiabile capacità di digerire i <a href="/wiki/Terpeni" title="Terpeni">terpeni</a> secreti dalle <a href="/wiki/Isoptera" title="Isoptera">termiti</a> soldato è probabilmente una modifica del forte sistema digestivo dei suoi antenati utilizzato per digerire carogne in putrefazione<sup id="cite_ref-mac119_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Hyaena_hyaena" title="Hyaena hyaena">iena striata</a> (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>) potrebbe essere una discendente della <i>H. namaquensis</i>, vissuta in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> nel <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>. I più antichi fossili di iena striata, comuni in Africa, risalgono al <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> medio e addirittura al <a href="/wiki/Villafranchiano" title="Villafranchiano">Villafranchiano</a>. Dal momento che questi sono del tutto assenti dalla regione del <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterraneo" title="Mar Mediterraneo">Mediterraneo</a>, è probabile che la specie abbia invaso l'Eurasia in un'epoca successiva, diffondendosi fuori dall'Africa solamente dopo l'estinzione delle <a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">iene maculate</a> in Asia alla fine dell'<a href="/wiki/Era_glaciale" title="Era glaciale">era glaciale</a>. La iena striata visse per un certo periodo del Pleistocene anche in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, dove era particolarmente diffusa in <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. I suoi resti sono stati rinvenuti anche a <a href="/wiki/Montmaurin" title="Montmaurin">Montmaurin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hollabrunn" title="Hollabrunn">Hollabrunn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, nella grotta di Furninha in <a href="/wiki/Portogallo" title="Portogallo">Portogallo</a> e nelle grotte di Genista a <a href="/wiki/Gibilterra" title="Gibilterra">Gibilterra</a>. La forma europea era simile nell'aspetto alle popolazioni moderne, ma aveva dimensioni maggiori, paragonabili a quelle della <a href="/wiki/Parahyaena_brunnea" title="Parahyaena brunnea">iena bruna</a> (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-k66_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k66-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La linea evolutiva della <a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">iena maculata</a> (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i>) si separò da quella delle iene striate e brune 10 milioni di anni fa<sup id="cite_ref-m1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La diretta antenata della specie attuale è la <i>Crocuta sivalensis</i>, vissuta in India durante il Villafranchiano<sup id="cite_ref-k69_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k69-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le iene maculate ancestrali svilupparono probabilmente abitudini sociali in risposta all'aumentata pressione dei rivali sulle carogne, spingendole ad operare in squadra. Dietro i premolari usati per frantumare svilupparono dei robusti <a href="/wiki/Carnassiali" title="Carnassiali">carnassiali</a>, ma tuttavia smisero di aspettare di nutrirsi di prede già morte e, oltre ad essere saprofaghe, divennero delle cacciatrici che operano in branco. Cominciarono ad occupare <a href="/wiki/Territorio_(biologia)" title="Territorio (biologia)">territori</a> sempre più vasti, spinte dal fatto che le loro prede avevano spesso abitudini migratorie e lunghi inseguimenti all'interno di un territorio ristretto avrebbero fatto sì che esse invadessero il territorio di un altro clan<sup id="cite_ref-mac119_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le iene maculate iniziarono a disperdersi dalla loro terra di origine durante il Pleistocene medio e colonizzarono rapidamente un'area molto vasta, che dall'Europa arrivava fino all'Africa meridionale e alla <a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a><sup id="cite_ref-k69_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k69-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Con la riduzione delle praterie 12.500 anni fa, in Europa diminuirono fortemente gli <i>habitat</i> di pianura prediletti dalle iene maculate a vantaggio delle foreste miste. Le iene maculate, in queste circostanze, potrebbero essere state soppiantate dai <a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus" title="Canis lupus">lupi</a> e dagli esseri umani, che erano tanto a loro agio nelle foreste quanto nelle zone aperte - e negli altopiani come nelle pianure. Le popolazioni di iena maculata iniziarono a diminuire intorno a 20.000 anni fa, scomparendo completamente dall'<a href="/wiki/Europa_occidentale" title="Europa occidentale">Europa occidentale</a> tra 11 e 14.000 anni fa, e persino prima in alcune zone<sup id="cite_ref-hyenawolf_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyenawolf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generi_di_Ienidi_(estinti_e_attuali)"><span id="Generi_di_Ienidi_.28estinti_e_attuali.29"></span>Generi di Ienidi (estinti e attuali)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Generi di Ienidi (estinti e attuali)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Generi di Ienidi (estinti e attuali)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocuta_crocuta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Crocuta_crocuta.jpg/220px-Crocuta_crocuta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Crocuta_crocuta.jpg/330px-Crocuta_crocuta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Crocuta_crocuta.jpg/440px-Crocuta_crocuta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">iena maculata</a>, della sottofamiglia Hyaeninae</figcaption></figure> <p>L'elenco sottostante segue la <i>Classification of Mammals</i> di McKenna e Bell (1997) per quanto riguarda i generi preistorici<sup id="cite_ref-McKenna_&_Bell_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenna_&_Bell-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e Wozencraft in <i><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World</a></i> di Wilson e Reeder (2005) per i generi attuali<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Diversamente dalla classificazione di McKenna e Bell, non vi compaiono i percrocutidi come sottofamiglia, in quanto membri della famiglia separata <a href="/wiki/Percrocutidae" title="Percrocutidae">Percrocutidae</a> (sebbene considerato generalmente <i>sister-taxa</i> di Hyaenidae<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Inoltre, la iena bruna attuale e i suoi stretti parenti estinti non vengono inclusi nel genere <i>Pachycrocuta</i>, ma in <i>Hyaena</i>, e Protelinae (i protele) non vengono trattati come una sottofamiglia distinta, ma sono compresi in Hyaeninae. </p> <ul><li><b>Famiglia Hyaenidae</b> <ul><li><ul><li>† <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongxinictis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongxinictis (la pagina non esiste)">Tongxinictis</a></i> (Miocene medio dell'Asia)</li></ul></li> <li>† <b>Sottofamiglia Ictitheriinae</b> <ul><li>† <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpestides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpestides (la pagina non esiste)">Herpestides</a></i> (Miocene inferiore di Africa ed Eurasia)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Plioviverrops" title="Plioviverrops">Plioviverrops</a></i> (comprende <i>Jordanictis</i>, <i>Protoviverrops</i> e <i>Mesoviverrops</i>; Miocene inferiore-Pliocene inferiore dell'Europa, Miocene superiore dell'Asia)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Ictitherium" title="Ictitherium">Ictitherium</a></i> (= <i>Galeotherium</i>; comprende <i>Lepthyaena</i>, <i>Sinictitherium</i> e <i>Paraictitherium</i>; Miocene medio dell'Africa, Miocene superiore-Pliocene inferiore dell'Eurasia)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Thalassictis" title="Thalassictis">Thalassictis</a></i> (comprende <i>Palhyaena</i>, <i>Miohyaena</i>, <i>Hyaenictitherium</i> e <i>Hyaenalopex</i>; Miocene medio-inferiore dell'Asia, Miocene superiore di Africa ed Europa)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyaenotherium (la pagina non esiste)">Hyaenotherium</a></i> (Miocene superiore-Pliocene inferiore dell'Eurasia)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miohyaenotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miohyaenotherium (la pagina non esiste)">Miohyaenotherium</a></i> (Miocene superiore dell'Europa)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Lycyaena" title="Lycyaena">Lycyaena</a></i> (Miocene superiore dell'Eurasia)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Tungurictis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungurictis">Tungurictis</a></i> (Miocene medio di Africa ed Eurasia)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Protictitherium" title="Protictitherium">Protictitherium</a></i> (Miocene medio di Africa e Asia, Miocene medio-superiore dell'Europa)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Sottofamiglia Hyaeninae</b> <ul><li>† <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palinhyaena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palinhyaena (la pagina non esiste)">Palinhyaena</a></i> (Miocene superiore dell'Asia)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Ikelohyaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikelohyaena">Ikelohyaena</a></i> (Pliocene inferiore dell'Africa)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyaena_hyaena" title="Hyaena hyaena">Hyaena</a></i> (= <i>Euhyaena</i>, = <i>Parahyaena</i>; comprende la <a href="/wiki/Hyaena_hyaena" title="Hyaena hyaena">iena striata</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Parahyaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Parahyaena">iena bruna</a>, <i>Pliohyaena</i>, <i>Pliocrocuta</i> e <i>Anomalopithecus</i>; Pliocene inferiore [o Miocene medio?]-Olocene dell'Africa, Pliocene superiore [o Miocene superiore?]-Pleistocene superiore dell'Europa, Pliocene superiore-Olocene dell'Asia)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Hyaenictis" title="Hyaenictis">Hyaenictis</a></i> (Miocene superiore dell'Asia?, Miocene superiore dell'Europa, Pliocene inferiore [Pleistocene inferiore?] dell'Africa)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leecyaena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leecyaena (la pagina non esiste)">Leecyaena</a></i> (Miocene superiore e/o Pliocene inferiore dell'Asia)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Chasmaporthetes" title="Chasmaporthetes">Chasmaporthetes</a></i> (= <i>Ailuriaena</i>; comprende <i>Lycaenops</i> ed <i>Euryboas</i>; Miocene superiore-Pleistocene inferiore dell'Eurasia, Pliocene inferiore-Pliocene superiore o Pleistocene inferiore dell'Africa, Pliocene superiore-Pleistocene inferiore del Nord America)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Pachycrocuta" title="Pachycrocuta">Pachycrocuta</a></i> (Pliocene e Pleistocene di Eurasia e Africa)</li> <li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Adcrocuta" title="Adcrocuta">Adcrocuta</a></i> (Miocene superiore dell'Eurasia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">Crocuta</a></i> (= <i>Crocotta</i>; comprende <i>Eucrocuta</i>; <a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">iena maculata</a> e <a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea" title="Crocuta crocuta spelaea">iena delle caverne</a>; Pliocene superiore-Olocene dell'Africa, Pliocene superiore-Pleistocene superiore dell'Eurasia)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Sottofamiglia Protelinae</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles_cristata" title="Proteles cristata">Proteles</a></i> (= <i>Geocyon</i>; <a href="/wiki/Proteles_cristata" title="Proteles cristata">protele</a>; Pleistocene-Olocene dell'Africa)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filogenesi">Filogenesi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Filogenesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Filogenesi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il cladogramma seguente illustra le relazioni filogenetiche tra gli ienidi estinti e attuali sulla base delle analisi morfologiche effettuate da Werdelin e Solounias (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-Werdelin1991_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werdelin1991-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%; line-height:85%;background-color:#eeeeff"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Antenato ipotetico </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade" style="background-color:#ccffcc;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Protictitherium" title="Protictitherium">Protictitherium crassum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Protictitherium" cingulatum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Protictitherium" intermedium</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Protictitherium" llopisi</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Protictitherium" punicum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Protictitherium" title="Protictitherium">"Protictitherium" gaillardi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="background-color:#eeeeff;">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="background-color:#eeeeff;"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="background-color:#ccffcc;"><i><a href="/wiki/Plioviverrops" title="Plioviverrops">Plioviverrops</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="background-color:#ccffcc;"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Plioviverrops gervaisi</i> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style="font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;color:darkgreen;text-align:right;">    Civet/mongoose-like insectivore-omnivores </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Plioviverrops gaudryi</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r108207381">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Plioviverrops guerini</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Plioviverrops orbignyi</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="background-color:#ccffcc;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="background-color:#ddeeff;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="background-color:#ddeeff;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r108207381" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Proteles_cristata" title="Proteles cristata">Proteles cristata</a></b></i> (protele) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_life_of_animals_(Colored_Plate_4)_(proteles_cristatus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg/50px-The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg/75px-The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg/100px-The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="408" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Proteles amplidentus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="background-color:#ddeeff;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Tongxinictis primordialis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Tungurictis spocki</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade" style="background-color:#ddddff;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictitherium" title="Ictitherium">Ictitherium</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ictitherium" title="Ictitherium">Ictitherium viverrinum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ictitherium tauricum</i> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style="font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;color:darkcyan;text-align:right;">    Jackal-like hyaenas </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ictitherium ibericum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ictitherium kurteni</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r108207381" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ictitherium intuberculatum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ictitherium pannonicum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Thalassictis" title="Thalassictis">Thalassictis robusta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Thalassictis" certa</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Thalassictis" montadai</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Thalassictis" proava</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Thalassictis" sarmatica</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Thalassictis" spelaea</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyaenotherium (la pagina non esiste)">Hyaenotherium wongii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Miohyaenotherium bessarabicum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Hyaenictitherium" pilgrimi</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Hyaenictitherium" parvum</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Hyaenictitherium" namaquensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="background-color:#ccccff;">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="background-color:#ccccff;"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r108207381" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Lycyaena chaeretis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Lycyaena dubia</i> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style="font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;color:darkblue;text-align:right;">    Cursorial hunting hyaenas </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Lycyaena macrostoma</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Lycyaena crusafonti</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r108207381" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Hyaenictis graeca</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Hyaenictis almerai</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Hyaenictis</i> sp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Chasmaporthetes" title="Chasmaporthetes">Chasmaporthetes</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Chasmaporthetes exitelus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Chasmaporthetes borissiaki</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Chasmaporthetes lunensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r108207381" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Chasmaporthetes ossifragus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Chasmaporthetes</i> sp. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r108207381" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Chasmaporthetes nitidula</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Chasmaporthetes australis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(running hyaenas) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="background-color:#ccccff;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="background-color:#ddccff"><i><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="background-color:#ddccff"> <table class="clade"> <caption style="font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;color:darkred;text-align:right;padding:5px 20px 0px 0px;">Bone-cracking hyaenas     </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Palinhyaena reperta</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ikelohyaena abronia</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Belbus beaumonti</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Hyaenid "sp. E" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Leecyaena lycyaenoides</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Leecyaena" bosei</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="background-color:#eeccff;">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="background-color:#eeccff;"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Parahyaena_brunnea" title="Parahyaena brunnea">Parahyaena brunnea</a></b></i> (iena bruna) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaena_fusca_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hyaena_fusca_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Hyaena_fusca_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hyaena_fusca_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Hyaena_fusca_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hyaena_hyaena" title="Hyaena hyaena">Hyaena hyaena</a></b></i> (iena striata) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="740" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Pliocrocuta perrieri</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pachycrocuta" title="Pachycrocuta">Pachycrocuta brevirostris</a></i> (iena gigante) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>"Pachycrocuta"</i> bellax </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Adcrocuta" title="Adcrocuta">Adcrocuta eximia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r108207381" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">Crocuta crocuta</a></b></i> (iena maculata) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Crocuta sivalensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Crocuta dietrichi</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="background-color:#eeccff;">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="background-color:#ddccff">(bone-cracking<br />hyaenas) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="background-color:#eeeeff;">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Un'analisi molecolare più recente ha dato relazioni filogenetiche leggermente differenti tra le quattro specie di iena attuali (Koepfli <i>et al.</i>, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Koepfli2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koepfli2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%; line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Hyaenidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles_cristata" title="Proteles cristata">Proteles cristata</a></i> (protele) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_life_of_animals_(Colored_Plate_4)_(proteles_cristatus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg/60px-The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg/90px-The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg/120px-The_life_of_animals_%28Colored_Plate_4%29_%28proteles_cristatus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="408" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta" title="Crocuta crocuta">Crocuta crocuta</a></i> (iena maculata) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/250px-Hyaena_maculata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r108207381" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parahyaena_brunnea" title="Parahyaena brunnea">Parahyaena brunnea</a></i> (iena bruna) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaena_fusca_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hyaena_fusca_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Hyaena_fusca_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hyaena_fusca_%28white_background%29.jpg/250px-Hyaena_fusca_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hyaena_hyaena" title="Hyaena hyaena">Hyaena hyaena</a></i> (iena striata) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/250px-Hyaena_striata_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="740" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descrizione">Descrizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Descrizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Descrizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StripedHyenaSkull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/StripedHyenaSkull.jpg/220px-StripedHyenaSkull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/StripedHyenaSkull.jpg/330px-StripedHyenaSkull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/StripedHyenaSkull.jpg/440px-StripedHyenaSkull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Cranio di iena striata. Si notino le grandi dimensioni di carnassiali e premolari, in grado di frantumare le ossa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aardwolfskull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aardwolfskull.jpg/250px-Aardwolfskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Aardwolfskull.jpg/330px-Aardwolfskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Aardwolfskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Cranio di protele. Si noti la riduzione di molari e carnassiali, inutili per una dieta insettivora.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le iene hanno il torso relativamente corto e una struttura piuttosto massiccia e simile a quella del lupo, ma hanno quarti posteriori più bassi, garrese più alto e dorso inclinato in modo evidente verso il posteriore. Le zampe anteriori sono alte, mentre quelle posteriori sono molto corte; il collo è breve e robusto. Il cranio somiglia a prima vista a quello dei grandi canidi, ma è molto più grande e pesante, con parte facciale più breve. Le iene sono <a href="/wiki/Digitigradi" title="Digitigradi">digitigrade</a>: hanno zampe anteriori e posteriori dotate di quattro dita ciascuna, con cuscinetti plantari sporgenti<sup id="cite_ref-h3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Come i canidi, le iene hanno artigli corti, smussati e non retrattili<sup id="cite_ref-p62_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p62-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La loro <a href="/wiki/Pelliccia" title="Pelliccia">pelliccia</a> è rada e ispida, con sottopelo poco sviluppato o assente. La maggior parte delle specie presenta una folta criniera di lunghi peli che scende dal garrese o dalla testa<sup id="cite_ref-h3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ad eccezione della iena maculata, tutti gli ienidi presentano un mantello striato, probabilmente ereditato dai loro antenati viverridi<sup id="cite_ref-mac119_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le orecchie sono grandi e dotate di una semplice cresta basale; la borsa marginale è assente<sup id="cite_ref-p62_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p62-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La <a href="/wiki/Colonna_vertebrale" title="Colonna vertebrale">colonna vertebrale</a>, compresa la <a href="/wiki/Vertebra_cervicale" title="Vertebra cervicale">regione cervicale</a>, ha una mobilità limitata. Le iene sono prive di <i><a href="/wiki/Osso_penico" title="Osso penico">baculum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-h4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Diversamente dai canidi, presentano un paio di costole in più e la loro lingua è ruvida come quella dei felidi e dei viverridi<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In quasi tutte le specie i maschi sono più grandi delle femmine<sup id="cite_ref-m21_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m21-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ma la iena maculata fa eccezione: presso questa specie sono le femmine ad essere più grandi e ad occupare una gerarchia di dominanza più alta dei maschi. Inoltre, a differenza di altre iene, i <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-pene" title="Pseudo-pene">genitali esterni</a> delle femmine di iena maculata ricordano da vicino quelli del maschio<sup id="cite_ref-k210_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k210-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Dentizione_umana" title="Dentizione umana">dentatura</a> è simile a quella dei <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canidi</a>, ma è più specializzata per il consumo di sostanze coriacee e la frantumazione delle ossa. I <a href="/wiki/Carnassiali" title="Carnassiali">carnassiali</a>, specialmente quelli superiori, sono molto potenti e si sono spostati più indietro così da esercitare maggiore pressione sulle mascelle. Anche gli altri denti, tranne i <a href="/wiki/Molare" title="Molare">molari</a> superiori sottosviluppati, sono molto potenti e dotati di basi larghe e margini taglienti. I <a href="/wiki/Canino_(anatomia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canino (anatomia)">canini</a> sono brevi, ma spessi e robusti<sup id="cite_ref-h4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Labiolingualmente, le loro <a href="/wiki/Mandibola" title="Mandibola">mandibole</a> sono molto più forti in prossimità dei denti canini di quelle dei canidi: questo perché le iene frantumano le ossa sia con i denti anteriori che con i premolari, a differenza dei canidi, che lo fanno con i loro molari post-carnassiali<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La forza delle loro mascelle è tale che in casi documentati sia iene striate che maculate sono riuscite ad uccidere dei cani con un singolo morso al collo senza lacerare la pelle<sup id="cite_ref-johnson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hamilton_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La iena maculata è famosa per la forza del suo morso in proporzione alle sue dimensioni, ma un certo numero di altri animali (tra cui il <a href="/wiki/Sarcophilus_harrisii" title="Sarcophilus harrisii">diavolo della Tasmania</a>) sono proporzionalmente più forti<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wroe2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wroe2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il protele ha denti posteriori notevolmente ridotti, talvolta addirittura assenti negli adulti, ma presenta la stessa formula dentaria delle altre tre specie<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La <a href="/wiki/Formula_dentaria" title="Formula dentaria">formula dentaria</a> per tutte le specie di iena è: I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/3, M 1/1. </p><p>Sebbene le iene siano prive di ghiandole odorifere <a href="/wiki/Perineo" title="Perineo">perineali</a>, possiedono una grossa sacca di pelle nuda situata attorno all'apertura anale; in essa si aprono grandi ghiandole anali poste al di sopra dell'<a href="/wiki/Ano" title="Ano">ano</a>. Tra le aperture delle ghiandole anali e sopra di esse sono presenti diverse <a href="/wiki/Ghiandola_sebacea" title="Ghiandola sebacea">ghiandole sebacee</a><sup id="cite_ref-p62_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p62-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Queste ghiandole producono una secrezione bianca e cremosa che le iene sfregano sugli steli d'erba. L'odore di questa secrezione è molto pungente: odora di <a href="/wiki/Sapone" title="Sapone">sapone</a> a basso costo bollito o bruciato e sottovento può essere rilevato dall'uomo anche a distanza di alcuni metri<sup id="cite_ref-k222_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k222-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le secrezioni vengono utilizzate principalmente nella <a href="/wiki/Marcatura_del_territorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcatura del territorio">marcatura del territorio</a>, ma sia il protele<sup id="cite_ref-mac119_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> che la iena striata<sup id="cite_ref-h38_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h38-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possono <a href="/wiki/Minzione" title="Minzione">spruzzarle</a> quando vengono attaccati. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biologia">Biologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Biologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Biologia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2667_Spotted_Hyena_Cubs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2667_Spotted_Hyena_Cubs.JPG/220px-2667_Spotted_Hyena_Cubs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2667_Spotted_Hyena_Cubs.JPG/330px-2667_Spotted_Hyena_Cubs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2667_Spotted_Hyena_Cubs.JPG/440px-2667_Spotted_Hyena_Cubs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Cuccioli di iena maculata nei pressi della tana.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parahyaena_brunnea_puppy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Parahyaena_brunnea_puppy.jpg/250px-Parahyaena_brunnea_puppy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Parahyaena_brunnea_puppy.jpg/330px-Parahyaena_brunnea_puppy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Parahyaena_brunnea_puppy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Cucciolo di iena bruna.</figcaption></figure> <p>Come i felidi e i viverridi, le iene dedicano molto tempo alla pulizia del corpo e il loro modo di leccarsi i genitali è molto simile a quello di un gatto (sedute sui quarti posteriori con le zampe divaricate, di cui una tenuta verticalmente verso l'alto). Tuttavia, diversamente da altri feliformi, non si «lavano» la faccia. Defecano alla stessa maniera degli altri Carnivori, ma non sollevano mai la zampa come i canidi quando urinano, in quanto presso di loro la minzione non ha funzione territoriale. Al contrario, le iene <a href="/wiki/Marcatura_del_territorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcatura del territorio">marcano il territorio</a> usando le ghiandole anali, caratteristica che si riscontra anche nei <a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">viverridi</a> e nei <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">mustelidi</a>, ma non nei canidi e nei <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felidi</a><sup id="cite_ref-k271_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k271-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Quando vengono attaccate dai leoni o dai cani, le iene striate<sup id="cite_ref-p72_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p72-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e quelle brune<sup id="cite_ref-mills60_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills60-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> si <a href="/wiki/Tanatosi" title="Tanatosi">fingono morte</a>, mentre le iene maculate si difendono ferocemente<sup id="cite_ref-hamilton_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La iena maculata è una specie molto vocale che produce una serie di suoni diversi, costituiti da grida, grugniti, gemiti, muggiti, risatine, strilli, ringhi, risate e lamenti<sup id="cite_ref-k220_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k220-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La iena striata è relativamente silenziosa, in quanto le sue vocalizzazioni si limitano ad una sorta di risata sguaiata e ad ululati<sup id="cite_ref-p73_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p73-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Spotted_Hyaena_(Crocuta_crocuta)_(W1CDR0000381_BD12).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Spotted_Hyaena_(Crocuta_crocuta)_(W1CDR0000381_BD12).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_%28W1CDR0000381_BD12%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_%28W1CDR0000381_BD12%29.ogg/Spotted_Hyaena_%28Crocuta_crocuta%29_%28W1CDR0000381_BD12%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Il richiamo di una iena maculata nella riserva di Umfolosi (Sudafrica).</figcaption></figure> <p><span id="Mating"></span> L'<a href="/wiki/Accoppiamento_(zoologia)" title="Accoppiamento (zoologia)">accoppiamento</a> comporta una serie di brevi copule seguite da altrettanto brevi intervalli, diversamente da quanto avviene nei canidi, nei quali è presente generalmente una singola copula prolungata<sup id="cite_ref-k271_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k271-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. I cuccioli di iena maculata nascono quasi completamente sviluppati, con gli occhi aperti e gli incisivi e i canini già emersi, ma privi del disegno a macchie proprio degli adulti<sup id="cite_ref-k247_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k247-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Al contrario, i cuccioli di iena striata nascono indossando già la colorazione degli adulti, ma hanno gli occhi chiusi e le orecchie piccole<sup id="cite_ref-r350_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r350-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le iene non <a href="/wiki/Rigurgito" title="Rigurgito">rigurgitano</a> il cibo per nutrire i piccoli e i maschi di iena maculata non hanno alcun ruolo nelle cure parentali<sup id="cite_ref-k271_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k271-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, diversamente dai maschi di iena striata<sup id="cite_ref-h40_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h40-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hayena.jpg/250px-Hayena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hayena.jpg/330px-Hayena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hayena.jpg/500px-Hayena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Una iena striata mentre divora il suo pasto in cattività.</figcaption></figure> <p>La iena striata è prevalentemente saprofaga, anche se occasionalmente attacca e uccide qualsiasi animale indifeso che è in grado di sopraffare<sup id="cite_ref-p72_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p72-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e integra la sua dieta con la frutta<sup id="cite_ref-h31_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h31-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La iena maculata, sebbene sia occasionalmente saprofaga, è un'attiva cacciatrice in branco di <a href="/wiki/Ungulati" title="Ungulati">ungulati</a> di dimensioni medio-grandi, che cattura in un modo simile a quello operato dai canidi, sfiancandoli con lunghi inseguimenti e smembrandoli. Il protele è principalmente un insettivoro specializzato in un'alimentazione a base di <a href="/wiki/Isoptera" title="Isoptera">termiti</a> dei generi <i>Trinervitermes</i> e <i>Hodotermes</i>, che cattura leccandole con la lingua lunga e larga. Un protele può mangiare anche 300.000 <i>Trinervitermes</i> in una singola sortita<sup id="cite_ref-mac119_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rapporti_con_l'uomo"><span id="Rapporti_con_l.27uomo"></span>Rapporti con l'uomo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Rapporti con l'uomo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Rapporti con l'uomo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore,_mitologia_e_letteratura"><span id="Folklore.2C_mitologia_e_letteratura"></span>Folklore, mitologia e letteratura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Folklore, mitologia e letteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Folklore, mitologia e letteratura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20,000_Year_Old_Cave_Paintings_Hyena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/20%2C000_Year_Old_Cave_Paintings_Hyena.png/250px-20%2C000_Year_Old_Cave_Paintings_Hyena.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/20%2C000_Year_Old_Cave_Paintings_Hyena.png/330px-20%2C000_Year_Old_Cave_Paintings_Hyena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/20%2C000_Year_Old_Cave_Paintings_Hyena.png/500px-20%2C000_Year_Old_Cave_Paintings_Hyena.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea" title="Crocuta crocuta spelaea">Iena delle caverne</a> (<i>Crocuta crocuta spelaea</i>) dipinta nella <a href="/wiki/Grotta_Chauvet" title="Grotta Chauvet">grotta Chauvet</a>, scoperta nel 1994</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyenamosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hyenamosaic.jpg/220px-Hyenamosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Hyenamosaic.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Una iena striata raffigurata nel <a href="/wiki/Mosaico_del_Nilo" title="Mosaico del Nilo">mosaico del Nilo di Palestrina</a>. Accanto all'animale vi è la scritta greca ΚΡΟΚΟΤΤΑC (<i>krokóttas</i>, iena).</figcaption></figure> <p>Il ruolo ricoperto dalla iena maculata nel folklore e nella mitologia varia a seconda del gruppo etnico da cui provengono i racconti. Spesso è difficile sapere se le iene presenti in tali storie siano proprio iene maculate, soprattutto nell'Africa occidentale, in quanto iene maculate e striate vengono indicate spesso con lo stesso nome. Nei racconti dell'Africa occidentale le iene maculate sono a volte raffigurate come perfidi <a href="/wiki/Musulmano" title="Musulmano">musulmani</a> che sfidano le credenze <a href="/wiki/Animismo" title="Animismo">animiste</a> locali che persistono tuttora presso i Beng della <a href="/wiki/Costa_d%27Avorio" title="Costa d'Avorio">Costa d'Avorio</a>. In Africa orientale la mitologia dei Tabwa ritrae la iena maculata come una creatura solare che portò per prima il sole a riscaldare la fredda terra, mentre nel folklore dell'Africa occidentale la iena è considerata generalmente simbolo di immoralità, abitudini sporche, ribaltamento delle normali attività e altri tratti negativi. In Tanzania si crede che le <a href="/wiki/Stregoneria" title="Stregoneria">streghe</a> utilizzino iene maculate come cavalcature<sup id="cite_ref-magic_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sempre in Tanzania, nella <a href="/wiki/Regione_di_Mtwara" title="Regione di Mtwara">regione di Mtwara</a>, si crede che un bambino che nasce di notte mentre una iena fa udire il suo lamento diventerà probabilmente un ladro. Nella stessa zona si ritiene che le feci di iena permettano ai bambini di camminare in tenera età, quindi non è raro vedere qui bambini con sterco di iena avvolto nei loro vestiti<sup id="cite_ref-m97_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m97-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. I Kaguru della <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> e i Kujamaat del sud del <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> considerano le iene come animali immangiabili e lussuriosi ermafroditi. Secondo la leggenda, i capi della mitologica tribù africana dei Bouda sarebbero in grado di trasformarsi in iene<sup id="cite_ref-AP_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Un mito simile si ritrova a <a href="/wiki/Mans%C3%B4a" title="Mansôa">Mansôa</a>. Una volta scoperta la loro identità, queste «iene mannare» devono essere uccise, ma una volta morte non riguadagnano la loro forma umana<sup id="cite_ref-m97_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m97-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le iene striate vengono spesso citate nella letteratura e nel folklore mediorientali, quasi sempre come simboli di tradimento e stupidità<sup id="cite_ref-ABI_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABI-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nel Vicino e Medio Oriente sono generalmente considerate come incarnazioni fisiche dei <i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-magic_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo scrittore arabo al-Qazwini (1204-1283) raccontò di una tribù di persone chiamata <i>al-Dabeyoun</i>, vale a dire «popolo iena». Nel suo libro <i>Aajeb al-Makhlouqat</i> scrisse che se uno di questi uomini si trovasse in un gruppo di 1000 persone una iena sarebbe in grado di individuarlo e divorarlo<sup id="cite_ref-ABI_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABI-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Un trattato medico <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">persiano</a> scritto nel 1376 racconta di come curare gli uomini cannibali noti come <i>kaftar</i>, che si diceva fossero «metà uomo, metà iena»<sup id="cite_ref-magic_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Al-Doumairy, nei suoi scritti raccolti in <i>Hawayan al-Koubra</i> (1406), scrisse che le iene striate erano creature <a href="/wiki/Vampiro" title="Vampiro">vampiresche</a> che attaccavano la gente di notte e succhiavano loro il sangue dal collo. Scrisse anche che le iene attaccavano solamente le persone coraggiose. Il folklore arabo racconta di come le iene possano incantare le vittime con i loro occhi o talvolta con i loro feromoni<sup id="cite_ref-ABI_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABI-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In modo simile ad al-Doumairy, i <a href="/wiki/Greci" title="Greci">greci</a>, fino alla fine del XIX secolo, credevano che i corpi dei lupi mannari, se non venivano distrutti, avrebbero infestato i campi di battaglia sotto forma di iene vampiresche che bevevano il sangue dei soldati morenti<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'immagine delle iene striate in Afghanistan, India e Palestina è più varia. Seppur temute, le iene striate erano anche simboli di amore e fertilità e con parti del loro corpo venivano fabbricati numerosi tipi di filtri d'amore. Tra i <a href="/wiki/Beluci" title="Beluci">Beluci</a> e nel nord dell'<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> si dice che streghe o maghi cavalchino di notte questi animali<sup id="cite_ref-magic_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La iena striata è menzionata anche nella <a href="/wiki/Bibbia" title="Bibbia">Bibbia</a>. La parola <a href="/wiki/Lingua_araba" title="Lingua araba">araba</a> per indicare la iena, <i>ḍab`</i> o <i>ḍabu`</i> (plurale <i>ḍibā`</i>), si ritrova in una valle della Palestina conosciuta come Shaqq-ud-Diba` (vale a dire «fenditura delle iene») e nello Wadi-Abu-Diba` (cioè «valle delle iene»). Entrambi i luoghi sono stati interpretati da alcuni studiosi come la valle biblica di <a href="/wiki/Zeboim" title="Zeboim">Tsebo`im</a> menzionata in I <a href="/wiki/Libri_di_Samuele" title="Libri di Samuele">Samuele</a> 13,18. In <a href="/wiki/Lingua_ebraica" title="Lingua ebraica">ebraico</a> moderno iena si dice <i>tzavoa`</i>, termine simile alla parola <i>tsavua`</i>, che significa «colorato». Sebbene la <a href="/wiki/Bibbia_CEI" title="Bibbia CEI">versione CEI</a> della Bibbia interpreti il termine <i>`ayit tsavua`</i> (che compare in <a href="/wiki/Libro_di_Geremia" title="Libro di Geremia">Geremia</a> 12,9) come «uccello variopinto», Henry Baker Tristram sostenne che il testo alludesse probabilmente ad una iena<sup id="cite_ref-BOTF_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOTF-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il verso della iena maculata, simile ad una <a href="/wiki/Risata" class="mw-redirect" title="Risata">risata</a> isterica umana, è stato citato in numerose opere letterarie: l'affermazione «ridere come una iena» era una <a href="/wiki/Similitudine_(figura_retorica)" title="Similitudine (figura retorica)">similitudine</a> molto comune e compare in opere come <i>La profezia del calzolaio</i> (1594), <i>La duchessa di Amalfi</i> di Webster (1623) e <i><a href="/wiki/Come_vi_piace" title="Come vi piace">Come vi piace</a></i> di <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> (Atto IV, Scena 1). </p><p>Tra media moderni, le iene compaiono anche in film d'animazione della Disney come <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbo_-_L%27elefante_volante" title="Dumbo - L'elefante volante">Dumbo - L'elefante volante</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lilli_e_il_vagabondo" title="Lilli e il vagabondo">Lilli e il vagabondo</a></i>, <i>L'arca di Noè</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pomi_d%27ottone_e_manici_di_scopa" title="Pomi d'ottone e manici di scopa">Pomi d'ottone e manici di scopa</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Il_re_leone" title="Il re leone">Il re leone</a></i>, e due esemplari di nome Bud e Lou sono gli animali da compagnia di <a href="/wiki/Harley_Quinn" title="Harley Quinn">Harley Quinn</a>, personaggio della <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>. Gli <a href="/wiki/Gnoll" title="Gnoll">gnoll</a>, iene umanoidi, sono una popolare razza di creature in <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> e varie altre ambientazioni fantasy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacchi_all'uomo"><span id="Attacchi_all.27uomo"></span>Attacchi all'uomo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Attacchi all'uomo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Attacchi all'uomo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyena_attack_(1842_woodcut).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hyena_attack_%281842_woodcut%29.jpg/220px-Hyena_attack_%281842_woodcut%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Hyena_attack_%281842_woodcut%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>In questa illustrazione tratta dal <i>Fraser's magazine</i> uno <i>stag-hound</i> morde una iena maculata che sta attaccando il suo padrone.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian_Libraries,_Handbill_of_Merchant%27s_Hall,_1739,_announcing_A_lion,_lionesses,_tigers,_etc..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Handbill_of_Merchant%27s_Hall%2C_1739%2C_announcing_A_lion%2C_lionesses%2C_tigers%2C_etc..jpg/250px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Handbill_of_Merchant%27s_Hall%2C_1739%2C_announcing_A_lion%2C_lionesses%2C_tigers%2C_etc..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Handbill_of_Merchant%27s_Hall%2C_1739%2C_announcing_A_lion%2C_lionesses%2C_tigers%2C_etc..jpg/330px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Handbill_of_Merchant%27s_Hall%2C_1739%2C_announcing_A_lion%2C_lionesses%2C_tigers%2C_etc..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Handbill_of_Merchant%27s_Hall%2C_1739%2C_announcing_A_lion%2C_lionesses%2C_tigers%2C_etc..jpg/500px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Handbill_of_Merchant%27s_Hall%2C_1739%2C_announcing_A_lion%2C_lionesses%2C_tigers%2C_etc..jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Manifesto di Charles Benjamin Incledon del 1739 che pubblicizza varie specie di <a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">feliformi</a> messi in mostra: un <a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_persica" title="Panthera leo persica">leone della Mesopotamia</a> dai dintorni di <a href="/wiki/Bassora" title="Bassora">Bassora</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_melanochaita" title="Panthera leo melanochaita">leone del Capo</a>, una <a href="/wiki/Panthera_tigris" title="Panthera tigris">tigre</a> dalle <a href="/wiki/Indie_Orientali" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie Orientali">Indie Orientali</a>, una <a href="/wiki/Panthera_onca" title="Panthera onca">pantera</a> da <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, una <i><a href="/wiki/Hyaena_hyaena" title="Hyaena hyaena">Hyaena hyaena</a></i> dall'<a href="/wiki/Africa_occidentale" title="Africa occidentale">Africa occidentale</a> e un <a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus" title="Panthera pardus">leopardo</a> dalla <a href="/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia">Turchia</a>, oltre a una «tigre-uomo» dall'<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Il manifesto afferma che la «hyaena» può imitare la voce umana per attirare gli uomini.</figcaption></figure> <p>In circostanze normali le iene striate sono estremamente timorose nei confronti degli esseri umani, sebbene possano dimostrarsi particolarmente audaci durante la notte<sup id="cite_ref-h36_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h36-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tra le iene, solamente quella maculata e quella striata possono diventare mangiatrici di uomini. Sappiamo che le iene predano gli esseri umani fin dalla preistoria: peli umani sono stati rinvenuti all'interno di escrementi di iena fossilizzati risalenti a 195.000-257.000 anni fa<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alcuni paleontologi ritengono che la competizione e la predazione da parte delle <a href="/wiki/Crocuta_crocuta_spelaea" title="Crocuta crocuta spelaea">iene delle caverne</a> (<i>Crocuta crocuta spelaea</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> siano state un fattore significativo nel ritardare la colonizzazione umana dell'<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Le iene potrebbero essersi impadronite occasionalmente delle prede uccise dagli uomini o essere penetrate negli accampamenti per trascinare via giovani e deboli, proprio come fanno oggi le iene maculate in Africa. I più antichi resti umani rinvenuti in Alaska coincidono con il periodo in cui le iene delle caverne si estinsero: questa coincidenza ha portato alcuni paleontologi a dedurre che fosse proprio la predazione da parte delle iene ad aver impedito agli uomini di attraversare prima lo <a href="/wiki/Stretto_di_Bering" title="Stretto di Bering">stretto di Bering</a><sup id="cite_ref-Siberia_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siberia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le iene accorrono prontamente presso il cadavere di una persona; in Etiopia furono segnalate iene che si nutrivano spesso dei corpi delle vittime del tentato colpo di stato del 1960<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e del <a href="/wiki/Terrore_rosso_(Etiopia)" title="Terrore rosso (Etiopia)">Terrore Rosso</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le iene abituate a nutrirsi di resti umani potrebbero sviluppare comportamenti aggressivi anche nei confronti delle persone viventi: le aggressioni delle iene contro gli uomini nel Sudan meridionale aumentarono notevolmente durante la <a href="/wiki/Seconda_guerra_civile_in_Sudan" title="Seconda guerra civile in Sudan">seconda guerra civile sudanese</a>, quando vi era una grande disponibilità di corpi umani<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sebbene le iene maculate abbiano assalito esseri umani anche in tempi moderni, tali incidenti sono rari. Tuttavia, secondo la SGDRN (<i>Sociedade para a Gestão e Desenvolvimento da Reserva do Niassa Moçambique</i>), gli attacchi agli esseri umani da parte di questi animali rischiano di essere sottostimati<sup id="cite_ref-SGDRN_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGDRN-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Secondo il dottor Hans Kruuk, grande esperto di iene, le iene maculate mangiatrici di uomini tendono ad essere esemplari particolarmente grandi: una coppia di iene antropofaghe, responsabili dell'uccisione di 27 persone a <a href="/wiki/Mulanje" title="Mulanje">Mulanje</a> (Mlanje), in <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, nel 1962, pesavano, dopo essere state abbattute, 72 e 77 kg<sup id="cite_ref-maneat_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maneat-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nel 1903 Hector Duff scrisse di come le iene maculate nel <a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Mzimba" title="Distretto di Mzimba">distretto di Mzimba</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angoniland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angoniland (la pagina non esiste)">Angoniland</a> aspettavano all'alba fuori dalle capanne per assalire i residenti non appena aprivano le porte<sup id="cite_ref-NE_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le vittime delle iene maculate sono quasi sempre donne, bambini e uomini malati o infermi: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> scrisse che nel 1908-1909, in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, le iene uccidevano regolarmente le persone colpite dalla <a href="/wiki/Tripanosomiasi_africana_umana" title="Tripanosomiasi africana umana">malattia del sonno</a> mentre dormivano fuori nei campi<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le iene maculate sono molto temute in Malawi, dove di tanto in tanto attaccano la gente di notte, in particolare durante la stagione calda, quando le persone dormono fuori. Le aggressioni delle iene furono particolarmente frequenti nella pianura di <a href="/wiki/Phalombe" title="Phalombe">Phalombe</a> (Malawi), a nord del monte Michesi, dove furono segnalate cinque uccisioni nel 1956, altre cinque nel 1957 e sei nel 1958. Gli attacchi si protrassero fino al 1961, quando furono uccise otto persone. Gli attacchi avvenivano con maggiore frequenza nel mese di settembre, quando la gente dormiva all'aperto e gli incendi nella boscaglia rendevano difficile alle iene cacciare animali selvatici<sup id="cite_ref-SGDRN_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGDRN-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NE_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Una notizia aneddotica rilasciata dal WWF nel 2004 indicava che 35 persone furono uccise dalle iene maculate, nell'arco di dodici mesi, in <a href="/wiki/Mozambico" title="Mozambico">Mozambico</a>, lungo un tratto di strada di 20 km vicino al confine con la <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><sup id="cite_ref-SGDRN_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGDRN-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Negli anni '80 del XIX secolo, nell'arco di tre anni, una iena assalì varie volte degli esseri umani, in particolare bambini addormentati, nella <a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r" title="Provincia di Iğdır">provincia di Iğdır</a>: in un anno furono feriti 25 bambini e 3 adulti. Gli attacchi indussero le autorità locali a promettere una ricompensa di 100 rubli per ogni iena uccisa. Altri attacchi furono segnalati in seguito in alcune parti della Transcaucasia, in particolare nel 1908. Negli anni '30 e '40, in Azerbaigian, le iene striate uccisero dei bambini che dormivano nei cortili. Nel 1942 una guardia addormentata venne straziata nella sua capanna da una iena a Qalıncaq (Golyndzhakh). Casi di bambini portati via di notte dalle iene sono stati segnalati anche nella <a href="/wiki/Riserva_naturale_di_Badkhyz" title="Riserva naturale di Badkhyz">riserva naturale di Badkhyz</a>, nel Turkmenistan sud-orientale. Un ulteriore attacco ad un bambino venne segnalato nei dintorni di <a href="/wiki/Sarahs" title="Sarahs">Serakhs</a> nel 1948<sup id="cite_ref-h46_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h46-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Anche in India si sono verificate delle aggressioni: si ritiene che nel 1962, nell'arco di sei settimane, nove bambini siano stati portati via dalle iene nella città di <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> nello stato del <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a><sup id="cite_ref-BOTF_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOTF-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e altri 19 bambini di età inferiore a quattro anni furono uccisi dalle iene nel <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> nel 1974<sup id="cite_ref-m25_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m25-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tuttavia, l'analisi dei dati riguardanti le aggressioni agli esseri umani nello stato indiano del <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> durante un periodo di cinque anni ha dimostrato che le iene avevano attaccato solamente tre persone, ben poche rispetto alle morti causate da <a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_pallipes" title="Canis lupus pallipes">lupi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bos_gaurus" title="Bos gaurus">gaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sus_scrofa" title="Sus scrofa">cinghiali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephas_maximus" title="Elephas maximus">elefanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panthera_tigris_tigris" title="Panthera tigris tigris">tigri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus_fusca" title="Panthera pardus fusca">leopardi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Melursus_ursinus" title="Melursus ursinus">orsi giocolieri</a><sup id="cite_ref-Attacks_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attacks-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_iene_come_fonte_di_cibo_e_farmaci">Le iene come fonte di cibo e farmaci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Le iene come fonte di cibo e farmaci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Le iene come fonte di cibo e farmaci"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le iene vengono catturate a scopo alimentare e farmaceutico in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sebbene la specie venga considerata <i><a href="/wiki/Har%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Harām">harām</a></i> dall'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Questa pratica risale ai tempi degli <a href="/wiki/Antica_Grecia" title="Antica Grecia">antichi greci</a> e <a href="/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_romana" title="Civiltà romana">romani</a>, che credevano che determinate parti del corpo della iena fossero mezzi efficaci per scongiurare il male e assicurare amore e fertilità<sup id="cite_ref-magic_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Du%28%2Faina^">ὕαινα</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus. Dal punto di vista etimologico, forma femminile di ὕς, <i>hýs</i>, «maiale»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoW1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-MoW1_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> D. E. Wilson e R. A. Mittermeier (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivora</span>, Barcellona, Lynx Edicions, 2009, pp. 50-658, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-84-96553-49-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-84-96553-49-1">978-84-96553-49-1</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miv-3"><a href="#cite_ref-miv_3-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFMills_e_Hofer,_1998">Mills e Hofer, 1998</a>, p. iv</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k274-4"><a href="#cite_ref-k274_4-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFKruuk,_1972">Kruuk, 1972</a>, p. 274</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/spotted-hyena-crocuta-crocuta/crocuta-diet-and-foraging.html">Hyaena Specialist Group - Spotted Hyena: Diet and Foraging</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204092003/http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/spotted-hyena-crocuta-crocuta/crocuta-diet-and-foraging.html">Archiviato</a> il 4 febbraio 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Hyaenidae.org. Consultato il 6 novembre 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p72-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-p72_6-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-p72_6-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-p72_6-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-p72_6-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFPocock,_1941">Pocock, 1941</a>, p. 72</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r343-7"><a href="#cite_ref-r343_7-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFRosevear,_1974">Rosevear, 1974</a>, pp. 343-344</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mac119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mac119_8-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mac119_8-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mac119_8-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mac119_8-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mac119_8-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mac119_8-5">f</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mac119_8-6">g</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mac119_8-7">h</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mac119_8-8">i</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFMacdonald,_1992">Macdonald, 1992</a>, pp. 119-144</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m96-9"><a href="#cite_ref-m96_9-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFMills_e_Hofer,_1998">Mills e Hofer, 1998</a>, p. 96</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Rajeev Vats e Simion Thomas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4472419"><span style="font-style:italic;">A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</span>, vol. 11, 7 maggio 2015, p. 38, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13002-015-0001-y">10.1186/s13002-015-0001-y</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4472419">4472419</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25947365">25947365</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k66-11"><a href="#cite_ref-k66_11-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFKurtén,_1968">Kurtén, 1968</a>, pp. 66-68</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m1-12"><a href="#cite_ref-m1_12-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFMills_e_Hofer,_1998">Mills e Hofer, 1998</a>, p. 1</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k69-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-k69_13-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-k69_13-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFKurtén,_1968">Kurtén, 1968</a>, pp. 69-72</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyenawolf-14"><a href="#cite_ref-hyenawolf_14-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Mary C. 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Abi-Said (2006) <i>Reviled as a grave robber: The ecology and conservation of striped hyaenas in the human dominated landscapes of Lebanon</i>, Ph.D. thesis, University of Kent (Biodiversity management).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_46-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ian Woodward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/werewolfdelusion0000wood"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Werewolf Delusion</span></a>, 1979, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/werewolfdelusion0000wood/page/256">256</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-448-23170-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-448-23170-0">0-448-23170-0</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOTF-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-BOTF_47-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-BOTF_47-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Michael Bright, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beastsoffieldrev0000brig"><span style="font-style:italic;">Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible</span></a>, 2006, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beastsoffieldrev0000brig/page/127">127</a>-129, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-86105-831-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-86105-831-4">1-86105-831-4</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h36-48"><a href="#cite_ref-h36_48-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFHeptner_e_Sludskii,_1992">Heptner e Sludskii, 1992</a>, p. 36</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2009/02/10/oldest-human-hair.html">''Oldest Human Hair Found in Fossilized Dung'' Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News</a>. Dsc.discovery.com (10 febbraio 2009). Consultato il 6 novembre 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siberia-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Siberia_50-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Christy G. Turner II, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emerituscollege.asu.edu/sites/default/files/ecdw/EVoice1/n1%20Turner.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hyenas and Humans in Ice Age Siberia</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">emerituscollege.asu.edu</span>, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University. <small>URL consultato il 2 agosto 2008</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kapuściński">Ryszard Kapuściński</a>, <i>Il Negus: splendori e miserie di un autocrate</i>. 1978. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-679-72203-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-679-72203-3">ISBN 0-679-72203-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Donald Lewis Donham (1999), <i>Marxist modern: an ethnographic history of the Ethiopian revolution</i>, University of California Press, p. 135, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-520-21329-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-520-21329-7">ISBN 0-520-21329-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Raymond W. Copson (1994), <i>Africa's wars and prospects for peace</i>, M. E. Sharpe, p. 6, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-56324-300-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-56324-300-8">ISBN 1-56324-300-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGDRN-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-SGDRN_54-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-SGDRN_54-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-SGDRN_54-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Colleen Begg, Kieth Begg e Oscar Muemedi (2007), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.selous-niassa-corridor.org/fileadmin/publications/2007-Human-Carnivore_Crocodile_Conflict_-NNR.pdf">Preliminary data on human - carnivore conflict in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique, particularly fatalities due to lion, spotted hyaena and crocodile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226170051/http://www.selous-niassa-corridor.org/fileadmin/publications/2007-Human-Carnivore_Crocodile_Conflict_-NNR.pdf">Archiviato</a> il 26 dicembre 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</i> SGDRN (Sociedade para a Gestão e Desenvolvimento da Reserva do Niassa Moçambique)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maneat-55"><a href="#cite_ref-maneat_55-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Hans Kruuk (2002), <i>Hunter and hunted: relationships between carnivores and people</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-521-89109-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-521-89109-4">ISBN 0-521-89109-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-NE_56-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-NE_56-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> John Knight, <span style="font-style:italic;">Natural Enemies: People-Wildlife conflicts in Anthropological Perspective</span>, 2000, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-415-22441-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-415-22441-1">0-415-22441-1</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Roosevelt (1910), <i>African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter, Naturalist</i>, New York, C. Scribner's sons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h46-58"><a href="#cite_ref-h46_58-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFHeptner_e_Sludskii,_1992">Heptner e Sludskii, 1992</a>, p. 46</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m25-59"><a href="#cite_ref-m25_59-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFMills_e_Hofer,_1998">Mills e Hofer, 1998</a>, p. 25</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attacks-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Attacks_60-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173051/http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/Publikasjoner/oppdragsmelding/NINA-OM731.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">nina.no</span>, Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning. <small>URL consultato il 26 giugno 2008</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/Publikasjoner/oppdragsmelding/NINA-OM731.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 27 settembre 2007)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170353/http://www.somalilandpress.com/islamists-authorise-hyena-meat-in-southern-somalia/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Archived copy</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">somalilandpress.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 3 gennaio 2017</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.somalilandpress.com/islamists-authorise-hyena-meat-in-southern-somalia/">url originale</abbr> il 3 gennaio 2017)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Shaykh Senad Agic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eshaykh.com/halal_haram/halal-animals/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Halal Animals</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Eshaykh.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 3 gennaio 2017</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHeptner_e_Sludskii,_1992" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> V. G. Heptner e A. A. Sludskii, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov221992gept"><span style="font-style:italic;">Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2</span></a>, Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, 1992.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKruuk,_1972" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Hans Kruuk, <span style="font-style:italic;">The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour</span>, University of California Press, 1972.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKurtén,_1968" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Björn Kurtén, <span style="font-style:italic;">Pleistocene mammals of Europe</span>, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald,_1992" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> David Macdonald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/velvetclawnatura00macd"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores</span></a>, New York: Parkwest, 1992, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-563-20844-9" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-563-20844-9">0-563-20844-9</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMills_e_Hofer,_1998" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Gus Mills e Heribert Hofer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506084714/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/1998-013.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group, 1998, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/2-8317-0442-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/2-8317-0442-1">2-8317-0442-1</a> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/1998-013.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 6 maggio 2013)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMills_e_Mills,_2010" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Gus Mills e Margie Mills, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hyenanightskalah0000mill"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hyena Nights and Kalahari Days</span></a>, Jacana Education, 2010, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-77009-811-9" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-77009-811-9">1-77009-811-9</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPocock,_1941" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> R. I. Pocock, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PocockMammalia2"><span style="font-style:italic;">Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2</span></a>, Taylor and Francis, 1941.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRosevear,_1974" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Donovan Reginald Rosevear, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carnivoresofwest00rose"><span style="font-style:italic;">The carnivores of West Africa</span></a>, London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1974, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0565007238" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0565007238">0565007238</a>.</cite></li> <li>Holdger Funk (2010), <i>Hyaena: On the Naming and Localisation of an Enigmatic Animal</i>, GRIN Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/3-640-69784-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/3-640-69784-7">ISBN 3-640-69784-7</a></li> <li>Hugo Lawick e Jane Goodall (1971), <i>Innocent Killers</i>, Houghton Mifflin Company Boston.</li> <li>M. G. L. Mills (2003), <i>Kalahari Hyenas: Comparative Behavioral Ecology of Two Species</i>, The Blackburn Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iena" class="extiw" title="q:Iena">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/iena" class="extiw" title="wikt:iena">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Hyaenidae"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyaenidae?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="wikispecies:Hyaenidae"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae?uselang=it">Wikispecies</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni sulla <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iena" class="extiw" title="q:Iena">iena</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/20px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/40px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/iena" class="extiw" title="wikt:iena">iena</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sulla <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyaenidae?uselang=it">iena</a></span></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikispecies"><img alt="Collabora a Wikispecies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WikiSpecies_notext.svg/20px-WikiSpecies_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WikiSpecies_notext.svg/40px-WikiSpecies_notext.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="129" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikispecies</a></span> contiene informazioni sulla <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae?uselang=it">iena</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaenidae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com_animal/Hyaenidae" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/Hyaenidae"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hyaenidae</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42046#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com_animal/hyena" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Lory Herbison & George W. Frame, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/hyena"><span style="font-style:italic;">hyena</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42046#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFossilworks.org" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=41020"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hyaenidae</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Fossilworks.org</span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42046#P842" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPaleoBioDB" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41020"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hyaenidae</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Paleobiology Database</span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42046#P10907" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507123347/http://www.hyaenidae.org/">IUCN Conservation Union Hyaendiae Specialist Group</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse noprint metadata" id="navbox-Carnivori"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="background:#FFD0D0"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carnivori" title="Template:Carnivori"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Carnivori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Carnivori (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Carnivori&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title">Famiglie di <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivori</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFD0D0"><b><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Amphicyonidae" title="Amphicyonidae">Amphicyonidae</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hemicyonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemicyonidae">Hemicyonidae</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Ursidae" title="Ursidae">Ursidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Enaliarctidae" title="Enaliarctidae">Enaliarctidae</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Phocidae" title="Phocidae">Phocidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Odobenus_rosmarus" title="Odobenus rosmarus">Odobenidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Otariidae" title="Otariidae">Otariidae</a></td><td rowspan="2" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viverra_civetta_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Viverra_civetta_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Viverra_civetta_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Viverra_civetta_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/135px-Viverra_civetta_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Viverra_civetta_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg/180px-Viverra_civetta_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFD0D0"><b><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Nimravidae" title="Nimravidae">Nimravidae</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Stenoplesictidae" title="Stenoplesictidae">Stenoplesictidae</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Percrocutidae" title="Percrocutidae">Percrocutidae</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Nandinia_binotata" title="Nandinia binotata">Nandiniidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Barbourofelidae" title="Barbourofelidae">Barbourofelidae</a>† · <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hyaenidae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herpestidae" title="Herpestidae">Herpestidae</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=10677">10677</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh93004306">sh93004306</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137921-4">4137921-4</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125368655">cb125368655</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125368655">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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