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Give us feedback →</a><a class="_text-xs _font-medium _text-gray-500 hover:_text-gray-900 dark:_text-gray-400 dark:hover:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:_text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:_text-gray-50" href="https://github.com/graphql/graphql.github.io/tree/source/src/pages/learn/queries.mdx">Edit this page</a><button aria-hidden="true" disabled="" class="_flex _items-center _gap-1.5 _transition _opacity-100 disabled:_opacity-0 _text-xs _font-medium _text-gray-500 hover:_text-gray-900 dark:_text-gray-400 dark:hover:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:_text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:_text-gray-50">Scroll to top<svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_-rotate-90 _size-4 _border _rounded-full _border-current"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg></button></div></div></nav><div id="reach-skip-nav"></div><article class="_w-full _break-words nextra-content _flex _min-h-[calc(100vh-var(--nextra-navbar-height))] _min-w-0 _justify-center _pb-8 _pr-[calc(env(safe-area-inset-right)-1.5rem)]"><main class="_w-full _min-w-0 _max-w-6xl _px-6 _pt-4 md:_px-12"><div class="nextra-breadcrumb _mt-1.5 _flex _items-center _gap-1 _overflow-hidden _text-sm _text-gray-500 dark:_text-gray-400 contrast-more:_text-current"><div class="_whitespace-nowrap _transition-colors _min-w-[24px] _overflow-hidden _text-ellipsis" title="Learn">Learn</div><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_w-3.5 _shrink-0"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg><div class="_whitespace-nowrap _transition-colors _font-medium _text-gray-700 contrast-more:_font-bold contrast-more:_text-current dark:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:dark:_text-current" title="Queries">Queries</div></div><h1 class="_mt-2 _text-4xl _font-bold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100">Queries</h1> <p class="learn-subtitle">Learn how to fetch data from a GraphQL server</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">GraphQL supports three main operation types—queries, mutations, and subscriptions. We have already seen several examples of basic queries in this guide, and on this page, you’ll learn in detail how to use the various features of query operations to read data from a server.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Fields<a href="#fields" id="fields" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">At its simplest, GraphQL is about asking for specific <a href="https://spec.graphql.org/draft/#sec-Language.Fields" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">fields</a> on objects. Let’s start by looking at the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">hero</code> field that’s defined on the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Query</code> type in the schema:</p> <div class="nextra-code _relative [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6"><pre class="_overflow-x-auto _subpixel-antialiased _text-[.9em] _bg-white dark:_bg-black _py-4 _ring-1 _ring-inset _ring-gray-300 dark:_ring-neutral-700 contrast-more:_ring-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_ring-gray-50 contrast-more:_contrast-150 _rounded-md" tabindex="0"><code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr"><span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583">type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF"> Query</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70"> hero</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF">Character</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="_opacity-0 _transition [div:hover>&]:_opacity-100 focus-within:_opacity-100 _flex _gap-1 _absolute _right-4 _top-2"><button class="_transition _rounded-md _p-1.5 _border _border-gray-300 dark:_border-neutral-700 contrast-more:_border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_border-gray-50 md:_hidden" title="Toggle word wrap"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="_h-4 _w-auto"><path fill="currentColor" d="M4 19h6v-2H4v2zM20 5H4v2h16V5zm-3 6H4v2h13.25c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2H15v-2l-3 3l3 3v-2h2c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4z"></path></svg></button></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">We can see what result we get when we query it:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">When creating a GraphQL <em>document</em> we always start with a <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/schema/#the-query-mutation-and-subscription-types">root operation type</a> (the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Query</code> Object type for this example) because it serves as an entry point to the API. From there we must specify the <em>selection set</em> of fields we are interested in, all the way down to their leaf values which will be Scalar or Enum types. The field <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">name</code> returns a <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">String</code> type, in this case the name of the main hero of Star Wars, <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">"R2-D2"</code>.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">The GraphQL specification indicates that a request’s result will be returned on a top-level <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">data</code> key in the response. If the request raised any errors, there will be information about what went wrong on a top-level <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">errors</code> key. From there, you can see that the result has the same shape as the query. This is essential to GraphQL, because you always get back what you expect, and the server knows exactly what fields the client is asking for.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In the previous example, we just asked for the name of our hero which returned a <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">String</code>, but fields can also return Object types (and lists thereof). In that case, you can make a <em>sub-selection</em> of fields for that Object type:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">GraphQL queries can traverse related objects and their fields, letting clients fetch lots of related data in one request, instead of making several roundtrips as one would need in a classic REST architecture.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Note that in this example, the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">friends</code> field returns an array of items. GraphQL queries look the same for single items or lists of items; however, we know which one to expect based on what is indicated in the schema.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Arguments<a href="#arguments" id="arguments" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">If the only thing we could do was traverse objects and their fields, GraphQL would already be a very useful language for data fetching. But when you add the ability to pass <a href="https://spec.graphql.org/draft/#sec-Language.Arguments" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">arguments</a> to fields, things get much more interesting:</p> <div class="nextra-code _relative [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6"><pre class="_overflow-x-auto _subpixel-antialiased _text-[.9em] _bg-white dark:_bg-black _py-4 _ring-1 _ring-inset _ring-gray-300 dark:_ring-neutral-700 contrast-more:_ring-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_ring-gray-50 contrast-more:_contrast-150 _rounded-md" tabindex="0"><code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr"><span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583">type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF"> Query</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70"> droid</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">id</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF">ID</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583">!</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">): </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF">Droid</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="_opacity-0 _transition [div:hover>&]:_opacity-100 focus-within:_opacity-100 _flex _gap-1 _absolute _right-4 _top-2"><button class="_transition _rounded-md _p-1.5 _border _border-gray-300 dark:_border-neutral-700 contrast-more:_border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_border-gray-50 md:_hidden" title="Toggle word wrap"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="_h-4 _w-auto"><path fill="currentColor" d="M4 19h6v-2H4v2zM20 5H4v2h16V5zm-3 6H4v2h13.25c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2H15v-2l-3 3l3 3v-2h2c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4z"></path></svg></button></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">The client must then provide the required <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">id</code> value with the query:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In a system like REST, you can only pass a single set of arguments—the query parameters and URL segments in your request. But in GraphQL, every field and nested object can get its own set of arguments, making GraphQL a complete replacement for making multiple API fetches.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">You can even pass arguments into fields that output Scalar types; one use case for this would be to implement data transformations once on the server, instead of on every client separately:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Arguments can be of many different types. In the above example, we have used an Enum type, which represents one of a finite set of options (in this case, units of length, either <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">METER</code> or <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">FOOT</code>). GraphQL comes with a <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/schema/#scalar-types">default set of types</a>, but a GraphQL server can also declare custom types, as long as they can be serialized into your transport format.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7"><a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/schema/">Read more about the GraphQL type system here.</a></p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Operation type and name<a href="#operation-type-and-name" id="operation-type-and-name" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In the examples above we have been using a shorthand syntax where we omit the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">query</code> keyword before the operation’s selection set. In addition to specifying the <em>operation type</em> explicitly, we can also add a unique <em>operation name</em>, which is useful in production apps because it makes debugging and tracing easier.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Here’s an example that includes the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">query</code> keyword as the operation type and <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">HeroNameAndFriends</code> as the operation name:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">The operation type is either <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">query</code>, <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">mutation</code>, or <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">subscription</code> and describes what type of operation you intend to do. This keyword is required unless you’re using the shorthand syntax for queries (it is always required for mutations and subscriptions). Additionally, if you wish to provide a name for your operation, then you must specify the operation type as well.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">The operation name is an explicit name that you assign to your operation; you should pick a meaningful name. It is required when sending multiple operations in one document, but even if you’re only sending one operation it’s encouraged because operation names are helpful for debugging and server-side logging. When something goes wrong (you see errors either in your network logs or in the logs of your GraphQL server) it is easier to identify a query in your codebase by name instead of trying to decipher the contents.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Think of this just like a function name in your favorite programming language. For example, in JavaScript, we can easily work only with anonymous functions, but when we give a function a name, it’s easier to track it down, debug our code, and log when it’s called. In the same way, GraphQL query and mutation names, along with fragment names, can be a useful debugging tool on the server side to identify different GraphQL requests.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Aliases<a href="#aliases" id="aliases" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">If you have a sharp eye, you may have noticed that, since the result object fields match the name of the fields in the query but don’t include arguments, you can’t directly query for the same field with different arguments. That’s why you need <a href="https://spec.graphql.org/draft/#sec-Field-Alias" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">aliases</a>—they let you rename the result of a field to anything you want.</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In the above example, the two <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">hero</code> fields would have conflicted, but since we can alias them to different names, we can get both results in one request.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Variables<a href="#variables" id="variables" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">So far, we have been writing all of our arguments inside the query string. But in most applications, the arguments to fields will be dynamic. For example, there might be a dropdown that lets you select which Star Wars episode you are interested in, or a search field, or a set of filters.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">It wouldn’t be a good idea to pass these dynamic arguments directly in the query string, because then our client-side code would need to dynamically manipulate the query string at runtime, and serialize it into a GraphQL-specific format. Instead, GraphQL has a first-class way to factor dynamic values out of the query and pass them as a separate dictionary. These values are called <a href="https://spec.graphql.org/draft/#sec-Language.Variables" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">variables</a>.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">When we start working with variables, we need to do three things:</p> <ol class="[:is(ol,ul)_&]:_my-3 [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _list-decimal ltr:_ml-6 rtl:_mr-6"> <li class="_my-2">Replace the static value in the query with <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">$variableName</code></li> <li class="_my-2">Declare <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">$variableName</code> as one of the variables accepted by the query</li> <li class="_my-2">Pass <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">variableName: value</code> in the separate, transport-specific (usually JSON) variables dictionary</li> </ol> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Here’s what it looks like all together:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="hasVariables"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="variable-editor"><span class="editor-name">Variables</span></div></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <div class="nextra-callout _overflow-x-auto _mt-6 _flex _rounded-lg _border _py-2 ltr:_pr-4 rtl:_pl-4 contrast-more:_border-current contrast-more:dark:_border-current _border-blue-200 _bg-blue-100 _text-blue-900 dark:_border-blue-200/30 dark:_bg-blue-900/30 dark:_text-blue-200"><div class="_select-none _text-xl ltr:_pl-3 ltr:_pr-2 rtl:_pr-3 rtl:_pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="_mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="_w-full _min-w-0 _leading-7"><p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">You must specify an operation type and name in a GraphQL document to use variables.</p></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Now, in our client code, we can simply pass a different variable rather than needing to construct an entirely new query. In general, this is also a good practice for denoting which arguments in our query are expected to be dynamic—we should never be doing string interpolation to construct queries from user-supplied values.</p> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Variable definitions<a href="#variable-definitions" id="variable-definitions" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">The variable definitions are the part that looks like <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">($episode: Episode)</code> in the query above. It works just like the argument definitions for a function in a typed language. It lists all of the variables, prefixed by <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">$</code>, followed by their type, in this case, <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Episode</code>.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">All declared variables must be either Scalar, Enum, or Input Object types. So if you want to pass a complex object into a field, you need to know what <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/schema/#input-object-types">input type</a> matches it on the server.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Variable definitions can be optional or required. In the case above, since there isn’t an <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">!</code> next to the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Episode</code> type, it’s optional. But if the field you are passing the variable into requires a non-null argument, then the variable has to be required as well.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">To learn more about the syntax for these variable definitions, it’s useful to learn schema definition language (SDL), which is explained in detail on <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/schema/">the Schemas and Types page</a>.</p> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Default variables<a href="#default-variables" id="default-variables" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Default values can also be assigned to the variables in the query by adding the default value after the type declaration:</p> <div class="nextra-code _relative [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6"><pre class="_overflow-x-auto _subpixel-antialiased _text-[.9em] _bg-white dark:_bg-black _py-4 _ring-1 _ring-inset _ring-gray-300 dark:_ring-neutral-700 contrast-more:_ring-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_ring-gray-50 contrast-more:_contrast-150 _rounded-md" tabindex="0"><code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr"><span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583">query</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0"> HeroNameAndFriends</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">$episode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF">Episode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> =</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF"> JEDI</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">) {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70"> hero</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">episode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">$episode</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">) {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70"> name</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70"> friends</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70"> name</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="_opacity-0 _transition [div:hover>&]:_opacity-100 focus-within:_opacity-100 _flex _gap-1 _absolute _right-4 _top-2"><button class="_transition _rounded-md _p-1.5 _border _border-gray-300 dark:_border-neutral-700 contrast-more:_border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_border-gray-50 md:_hidden" title="Toggle word wrap"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="_h-4 _w-auto"><path fill="currentColor" d="M4 19h6v-2H4v2zM20 5H4v2h16V5zm-3 6H4v2h13.25c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2H15v-2l-3 3l3 3v-2h2c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4z"></path></svg></button></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">When default values are provided for all variables, you can call the query without passing any variables. If any variables are passed as part of the variables dictionary, they will override the defaults.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Fragments<a href="#fragments" id="fragments" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Let’s say we have a relatively complicated page in our app, which lets us look at two heroes side by side, along with their friends. You can imagine that such a query could quickly get complicated because we would need to repeat the fields at least once—one for each side of the comparison.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">That’s why GraphQL includes reusable units called <a href="https://spec.graphql.org/draft/#sec-Language.Fragments" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">fragments</a>. Fragments let you construct sets of fields, and then include them in queries where needed. Here’s an example of how you could solve the above situation using fragments:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">You can see how the above query would be pretty repetitive if we weren’t able to use fragments. The concept of fragments is frequently used to split complicated application data requirements into smaller chunks, especially when you need to combine many UI components with different fragments into one initial data fetch.</p> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Using variables inside fragments<a href="#using-variables-inside-fragments" id="using-variables-inside-fragments" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">It is possible for fragments to access variables declared in the operation as well:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="hasVariables"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="variable-editor"><span class="editor-name">Variables</span></div></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Inline Fragments<a href="#inline-fragments" id="inline-fragments" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Like many other type systems, GraphQL schemas include the ability to define Interface and Union types. You can learn more about them on the <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/schema/#interfaces">Schemas and Types page.</a></p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">If you are querying a field that returns an Interface or a Union type, you will need to use <em>inline fragments</em> to access data on the underlying concrete type. It’s easiest to see with an example:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="hasVariables"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="variable-editor"><span class="editor-name">Variables</span></div></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In this query, the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">hero</code> field returns the type <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code>, which might be either a <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Human</code> or a <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Droid</code> depending on the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">episode</code> argument. In the direct selection, you can only ask for fields on the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code> interface, such as <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">name</code>.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">To ask for a field on the concrete type, you need to use an inline fragment with a type condition. Because the first fragment is labeled as <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">... on Droid</code>, the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">primaryFunction</code> field will only be executed if the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Character</code> returned from <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">hero</code> is of the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Droid</code> type. Similarly for the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">height</code> field for the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">Human</code> type.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Named fragments can also be used in the same way, since a named fragment always has a type attached.</p> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Meta fields<a href="#meta-fields" id="meta-fields" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">As we have seen with <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/schema/#union-types">Union types</a>, there are some situations where you don’t know what type you’ll get back from the GraphQL service so you need some way to determine how to handle that data on the client.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">GraphQL allows you to request <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">__typename</code>, a meta field, at any point in a query to get the name of the Object type at that point:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In the above query, <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">search</code> returns a Union type that can be one of three options. Without the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">__typename</code> field, it would be impossible for a client to tell the different types apart.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">All field names beginning with two underscores (<code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">__</code>) are reserved by GraphQL. In addition to <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">__typename</code>, GraphQL services provide the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">__schema</code> and <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">__type</code> meta-fields which expose the <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/introspection/">introspection</a> system.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Directives<a href="#directives" id="directives" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">We discussed above how variables enable us to avoid doing manual string interpolation to construct dynamic queries. Passing variables in arguments solves a large class of these problems, but we might also need a way to dynamically change the structure and shape of our queries using variables. For example, we can imagine a UI component that has a summarized and detailed view, where one includes more fields than the other.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Let’s construct a query for such a component:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="hasVariables"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="variable-editor"><span class="editor-name">Variables</span></div></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Try editing the variables above to instead pass <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">true</code> for <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">withFriends</code>, and see how the result changes.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">We needed to use a feature in GraphQL called a <a href="https://spec.graphql.org/draft/#sec-Type-System.Directives" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">directive</a>. Specifically, an <em>executable directive</em> can be attached to a field or fragment inclusion by a client, and can affect execution of the query in any way the server desires. The core GraphQL specification includes exactly two directives, which must be supported by any spec-compliant GraphQL server implementation:</p> <ul class="[:is(ol,ul)_&]:_my-3 [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _list-disc ltr:_ml-6 rtl:_mr-6"> <li class="_my-2"><code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">@include(if: Boolean)</code> Only include this field in the result if the argument is <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">true</code>.</li> <li class="_my-2"><code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">@skip(if: Boolean)</code> Skip this field if the argument is <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">true</code>.</li> </ul> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Directives can be useful to get out of situations where you otherwise would need to do string manipulation to add and remove fields in your query. Server implementations may also add experimental features by defining completely new directives.</p> <div class="nextra-callout _overflow-x-auto _mt-6 _flex _rounded-lg _border _py-2 ltr:_pr-4 rtl:_pl-4 contrast-more:_border-current contrast-more:dark:_border-current _border-blue-200 _bg-blue-100 _text-blue-900 dark:_border-blue-200/30 dark:_bg-blue-900/30 dark:_text-blue-200"><div class="_select-none _text-xl ltr:_pl-3 ltr:_pr-2 rtl:_pr-3 rtl:_pl-2" style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol""><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" class="_mt-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18 10a8 8 0 11-16 0 8 8 0 0116 0zm-7-4a1 1 0 11-2 0 1 1 0 012 0zM9 9a1 1 0 000 2v3a1 1 0 001 1h1a1 1 0 100-2v-3a1 1 0 00-1-1H9z"></path></svg></div><div class="_w-full _min-w-0 _leading-7"><p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Looking for information on how to define directives that can be used to annotate the types, fields, or arguments in your GraphQL schema? See the <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/schema/#directives">Schemas and Types page</a> for more information on defining and using type system directives.</p></div></div> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Next steps<a href="#next-steps" id="next-steps" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">To recap what we’ve learned about queries:</p> <ul class="[:is(ol,ul)_&]:_my-3 [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _list-disc ltr:_ml-6 rtl:_mr-6"> <li class="_my-2">A GraphQL operation that reads data starts at the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">query</code> root operation type and traverses the fields in the selection set down to the leaf values, which will be Scalar or Enum types</li> <li class="_my-2">Fields can accept arguments that alter the output of that field</li> <li class="_my-2">Operations can use the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">query</code>, <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">mutation</code>, or <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">subscription</code> keyword to indicate their type</li> <li class="_my-2">The operation type keyword can be omitted for certain query operations only</li> <li class="_my-2">Operations should be given unique names, which make requests more expressive and help with debugging</li> <li class="_my-2">Field aliases allow you to rename response keys, include the same field multiple times in the same query, and provide different arguments to the aliased fields</li> <li class="_my-2">Variables are preceded by the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">$</code> character and can be used to provide dynamic values to field arguments</li> <li class="_my-2">A fragment is a reusable selection set of fields that can be used as needed in multiple queries</li> <li class="_my-2">Executable directive can be applied to queries to change the result of a GraphQL query when it’s executed on the server</li> <li class="_my-2">All spec-compliant GraphQL servers include the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">@include</code> and <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">@skip</code> built-in directives</li> </ul> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Now that we understand the ins and outs of how to read data from a GraphQL server with query operations, it’s time to learn how to change data and trigger side effects using <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/mutations/">mutations</a>.</p><div class="_mt-16"></div><div class="_mb-8 _flex _items-center _border-t _pt-8 dark:_border-neutral-800 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 print:_hidden"><a title="Schemas and Types" class="_flex _max-w-[50%] _items-center _gap-1 _py-4 _text-base _font-medium _text-gray-600 _transition-colors [word-break:break-word] hover:_text-primary-600 dark:_text-gray-300 md:_text-lg ltr:_pr-4 rtl:_pl-4" href="/learn/schema/"><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_inline _h-5 _shrink-0 ltr:_rotate-180"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg>Schemas and Types</a><a title="Mutations" class="_flex _max-w-[50%] _items-center _gap-1 _py-4 _text-base _font-medium _text-gray-600 _transition-colors [word-break:break-word] hover:_text-primary-600 dark:_text-gray-300 md:_text-lg ltr:_ml-auto ltr:_pl-4 ltr:_text-right rtl:_mr-auto rtl:_pr-4 rtl:_text-left" href="/learn/mutations/">Mutations<svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_inline _h-5 _shrink-0 rtl:_rotate-180"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 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