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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Woods and textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woods_and_textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copies_of_venerable_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copies_of_venerable_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Copies of venerable images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copies_of_venerable_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xoanon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%B2anon" title="Xòanon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xòanon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksoanon" title="Ksoanon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ksoanon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ксоан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ксоан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoan%C3%B3n" title="Xoanón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Xoanón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoanon" title="Hoanon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hoanon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Xoanon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ксоан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ксоан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q693222#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Doctor Who character, see <a href="/wiki/The_Face_of_Evil" title="The Face of Evil">The Face of Evil</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plank_figure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Plank_figure.jpg/300px-Plank_figure.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Plank_figure.jpg/450px-Plank_figure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Plank_figure.jpg/600px-Plank_figure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>"Plank figure" of chalk, Early Cypriot III to Middle Cypriot I, 1900-1800 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Goulandris_Museum_of_Cycladic_Art" title="Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art">Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art</a>, Athens).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>xoanon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/eb\/En-us-xoanon.ogg\/En-us-xoanon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-xoanon.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/En-us-xoanon.ogg/En-us-xoanon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-xoanon.ogg" title="File:En-us-xoanon.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dict-Pronounce-xoanon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-Pronounce-xoanon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ξόανον</span>; plural: <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ξόανα</span> <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">xoana</i></span>, from the verb <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ξέειν</span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">xeein</i></span>, to carve or scrape [wood]<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a wooden <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult image</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a>. Classical Greeks associated such cult objects, whether <a href="/wiki/Aniconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniconic">aniconic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a>, with the legendary <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>. Many such cult images were preserved into historical times, though none are known to have survived to the modern day, except as copies in stone or marble. In the 2nd century CE, <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> described numerous xoana in his <i>Description of Greece</i>, notably the image of <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> in her temple at <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>. "The statue of the Samian Hera, as Aethilos  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says, was a wooden beam at first, but afterwards, when <a href="/wiki/Prokles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokles">Prokles</a> was ruler, it was humanized in form".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pausanias' travels he never mentions seeing a xoanon of a "mortal man". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_xoana">Types of xoana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoanon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of xoana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some types of archaic xoana may be reflected in archaic marble versions, such as the pillar-like "<a href="/wiki/Heraion_of_Samos#Sculpture" title="Heraion of Samos">Hera of Samos</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>), the flat "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hera_of_Delos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hera of Delos (page does not exist)">Hera of Delos</a>" or some archaic <a href="/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros">kouros</a>-type figures that may have been used to represent <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>. </p><p>A different type of cult figure in which the face, hands, and feet were carved of marble and the rest of the body made of wood is called <a href="/wiki/Acrolith" title="Acrolith">acrolith</a>. The wooden part was usually covered either with cloth or <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Woods_and_textiles">Woods and textiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoanon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Woods and textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeog_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "carved" xoanon might also be of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pausanias, however, always uses <i>xoanon</i> in its strict sense, to denote a wooden image; at <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> Pausanias noted that "The sanctuary of Athena Chalinitis is by the theater, and near it is a naked xoanon of Herakles, said to be by Daidalos. All the works of this artist, though somewhat uncouth to look at, nevertheless have a touch of the divine in them."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of the works of Daidalos there are two in Boeotia, a Herakles in Thebes and the Trophonios at Lebadeia. There are also two other xoana in Crete, a <a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a> at Olous and an Athena at Knossos. ... At Delos, too, there is a small xoanon of Aphrodite, its right hand damaged by time, and instead of feet its lower part is square.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I am persuaded that Ariadne got this image from Daidalos.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pausanias, 9.40.3</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Similar xoana were ascribed by the Greeks to the contemporary of Daedalus, the equally legendary <a href="/wiki/Smilis" title="Smilis">Smilis</a>. Such figures were often clothed in real textiles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplos</a> that was woven and ceremonially delivered to Athena on the Acropolis of Athens into historic times. </p><p>The wood of which a xoanon was carved was often symbolic: olivewood,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pearwood, <i><a href="/wiki/Vitex_agnus-castus" title="Vitex agnus-castus">Vitex</a></i>, oak,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are all specifically mentioned. </p><p>In Athens, in the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erechtheum">Erechtheum</a>, an ancient olivewood<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effigy of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> was preserved. The Athenians believed it had fallen to earth from the heavens, as a gift to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>; it was still to be seen in the 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the island of <a href="/wiki/Icaria" title="Icaria">Icaria</a> a rustic piece of wood was venerated for the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> it contained or represented (Burkert).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copies_of_venerable_images">Copies of venerable images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoanon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Copies of venerable images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArtemisEphesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ArtemisEphesus.jpg/220px-ArtemisEphesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/ArtemisEphesus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Synthesizing the Lady of Ephesus as Diana Aventina: a Roman marble copy of a Greek replica of a lost Geometric period xoanon (18th-century <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The importance of the xoanon in local cult ensured that it would be carefully copied when colonies were founded, and sent out with the colonists from the mother-city. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (4.1)<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeog_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports that the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Massilia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>) was founded by <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaeans</a>. Their cult of <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Ephesus">Artemis of Ephesus</a> was transferred with the colony, justified in the <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myth</a> by a dream, and the artistic design of the cult image — Strabo uses the term <i>diathesis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> διάθεσις) — was re-exported to Massiliote sub-colonies, "where they keep the diathesis of the xoanon the same, and all the other usages precisely the same as is customary in the mother-city".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, cementing cultural ties between the <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaean</a> colony at <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Massilia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaean</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, "Among the others, the Romans have consecrated Artemis' xoanon on the Aventine, taking the same model from the Massiliotes" (Strabo, 4.1.5).<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeog_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So the cult image of the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis of Ephesus">Lady of Ephesus</a>, identified as <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Greek understanding</a>, was established as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diana_Aventina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diana Aventina (page does not exist)">Diana Aventina</a> at Rome, of whom marble copies survive (see illustration at right). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoanon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidala" title="Daidala">Daidala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoanon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name <i>Aethilos</i> in the available text is thought to be a mis-spelling of <i>Aethlios</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thus <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine">chryselephantine</a> sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidian</a> Zeus and <a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polyclitan</a> Hera as xoana, and even the marble Nemesis at <a href="/wiki/Rhamnus_(Greek_archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamnus (Greek archaeological site)">Rhamnus</a>, as Frazer noted (Frazer 1897).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the image of the "Lady of Ephesus" whom the Greeks called Artemis: <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Artemis at Ephesus">Temple of Artemis at Ephesus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The olive is sacred to Athena.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The oak is especially sacred to Zeus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> describes how in the cave of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> numerous wooden images are to be seen in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOvid" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>. 10.693 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorphoses&rft.pages=10.693-ff&rft.au=Ovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoanon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dict-Pronounce-xoanon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dict-Pronounce-xoanon_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/xoanon">"xoanon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=xoanon&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fxoanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1917" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, Florence M. (January 1917). "A study of the word ΞΟΑΝΟΝ". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 8–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F497155">10.2307/497155</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/497155">497155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193009224">193009224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+study+of+the+word+%CE%9E%CE%9F%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9D&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-21&rft.date=1917-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193009224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F497155%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F497155&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Florence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span> Bennett appends a list of the sixty-six <i>xoana</i> mentioned by Pausanias, who sometimes uses the phrase <i>xylon agalma</i>, "sculptured image of wood"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement_of_Alexandria" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>. <i>Protrepticus</i>. 40, 41, cited in Stewart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protrepticus&rft.pages=40%2C+41%2C+cited+in+Stewart&rft.au=Clement+of+Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraboGeog-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeog_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeog_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeog_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographyibooksl00stra"><i>Geography</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographyibooksl00stra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias" class="citation book cs1">Pausanias. <i>Description of Greece</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.5">2.4.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.pages=2.4.5&rft.au=Pausanias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthenagoras" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a>. <i>Legatio</i>. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legatio&rft.pages=17&rft.au=Athenagoras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>. <i>Description of Greece</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.26.6">1.26.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.pages=1.26.6&rft.au=Pausanias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, as quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDueckLindsayPothecary2005" class="citation book cs1">Dueck, Daniela; Lindsay, Hugh; Pothecary, Sarah (2005). <i>Strabo's Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia</i>. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabo%27s+Cultural+Geography%3A+The+Making+of+a+Kolossourgia&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dueck&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+Hugh&rft.au=Pothecary%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoanon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Andrew. <i>One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Greek+Sculptors%3A+Their+Careers+and+Extant+Works&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985). <i>Greek Religion</i>. II.5.3 Temple and Cult Image.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.pages=II.5.3+Temple+and+Cult+Image&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Pausanias</a>. <i>Description of Greece, translation and commentary</i>. Translated by Frazer, James George. II, pages 69–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece%2C+translation+and+commentary&rft.pages=II%2C+pages-69-70&rft.au=Pausanias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonohue,_A._A.1988" class="citation book cs1">Donohue, A. A. (1988). <i>Xoana and the Origins of Greek Sculpture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xoana+and+the+Origins+of+Greek+Sculpture&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Donohue%2C+A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXoanon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xoanon&oldid=1252099922">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xoanon&oldid=1252099922</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_mythology" title="Category:Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cult_images" title="Category:Cult images">Cult images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wooden_sculptures" title="Category:Wooden sculptures">Wooden sculptures</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 19:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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