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id="toc-Parts_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2nd-person_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd-person_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>2nd-person pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2nd-person_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_and_geographic_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_and_geographic_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Places and geographic terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_and_geographic_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_of_capitalization_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_capitalization_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Names of capitalization styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Names_of_capitalization_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Names of capitalization styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Names_of_capitalization_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sentence_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sentence case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentence_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Title case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All_caps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_caps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>All caps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_caps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Special cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Special cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Special_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compound_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Compound names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acronyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acronyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Acronyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acronyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"O"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"O""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>"O"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"O"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Accents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digraphs_and_ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digraphs_and_ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Digraphs and ligatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digraphs_and_ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_mutation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_mutation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Initial mutation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_mutation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case-sensitive_English_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case-sensitive_English_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Case-sensitive English words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case-sensitive_English_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizasiya" title="Kapitalizasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kapitalizasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizace" title="Kapitalizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kapitalizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fschreibung" title="Großschreibung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großschreibung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisasi" title="Kapitalisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapitalisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisasi" title="Kapitalisasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapitalisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Capitalization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing a word using an uppercase letter for only the first letter of the word</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Capitalization_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Capitalization (disambiguation)">Capitalization (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span class="selfref">For capitalization in Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg/220px-Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg/330px-Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg/440px-Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="35" /></a><figcaption>The capital letter "A" in the Latin alphabet, followed by its lowercase equivalent, in <a href="/wiki/Sans_serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans serif">sans serif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> respectively</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Capitalization</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American spelling</a>; also British spelling in Oxford) or <b>capitalisation</b> (<a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>; all other meanings) is writing a word with its first letter as a capital letter (uppercase letter) and the remaining letters in lower case, in writing systems with a <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">case distinction</a>. The term also may refer to the choice of the casing applied to text. </p><p>Conventional writing systems (<a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographies</a>) for different languages have different conventions for capitalization, for example, the capitalization of titles. Conventions also vary, to a lesser extent, between different <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a>. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, capitalization also affects the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a>. </p><p>The full rules of <a href="/wiki/Capitalization_in_English" title="Capitalization in English">capitalization in English</a> are complicated. The rules have also changed over time, generally to capitalize fewer words. The conventions used in an 18th-century document will be unfamiliar to a modern reader; for instance, many common nouns were capitalized. </p><p>The systematic use of capitalized and uncapitalized words in running text is called "mixed case". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts_of_speech">Parts of speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Parts of speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owing to the essentially arbitrary nature of <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> classification and the existence of variant authorities and local <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide"><i>house styles</i></a>, questionable capitalization of words is not uncommon, even in respected newspapers and magazines. Most publishers require <i>consistency</i>, at least within the same document, in applying a specified standard: this is described as "house style". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Capitalization" title="Special:EditPage/Capitalization">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Capitalization%22">"Capitalization"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Capitalization%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Capitalization%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Capitalization%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Capitalization%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Capitalization%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In English, the <a href="/wiki/Subjective_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjective case">subjective</a> form of the singular first-person <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>, "I", is capitalized, along with all its contractions such as <i>I'll</i> and <i>I'm</i>. <a href="/wiki/Objective_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective (grammar)">Objective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a> forms ("me", "my", and "mine") are not.</li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">European languages</a> traditionally capitalize nouns and pronouns used to refer to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, including references to <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Jesus Christ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reverential_capitalization" title="Reverential capitalization">reverential capitals</a>): <i>hallowed be Thy name</i>, <i>look what He has done</i>. Some English authors capitalize any word referring to God: <i>the Lamb</i>, <i>the <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Almighty</a></i>; some capitalize "Thy Name". These practices have become much less common in English in the 20th and 21st centuries. <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">Baháʼí literature</a>, singular and plural object, subject, and possessive forms get capitalization if referring to a <a href="/wiki/Ras%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasūl">Rasul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a>, or <a href="/wiki/%27Abdu%27l-Baha" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abdu'l-Baha">'Abdu'l-Baha</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Some languages capitalize a <a href="/wiki/Royal_we" title="Royal we">royal we</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pluralis majestatis</i></span>), e.g. it is capitalized in German.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2nd-person_pronouns">2nd-person pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2nd-person pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many languages distinguish between <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">formal and informal 2nd-person pronouns</a>. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the formal 2nd-person plural pronoun <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sie</i></span> is capitalized along with all its <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>-forms (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ihre</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ihres</i></span>, etc.), but these words are not capitalized when used as 3rd-person feminine singular or plural pronouns. Until the recent <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">German spelling reform(s)</a>, the traditional rules (which are still widely adhered to, although not taught in schools) also capitalized the informal 2nd-person singular pronoun <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Du</i></span> (and its derivatives, such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dein</i></span>) when used in letters or similar texts, but this is no longer required.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> also capitalizes its formal pronouns, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Lei</i></span> and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Loro</i></span>, and their cases (even within words, e.g. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">arrivederLa</i></span> "goodbye", formal). This is occasionally also done for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">U</i></span>, though this is formally only required when referring to a deity and may be considered archaic.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, the abbreviations of the pronouns <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">usted</i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ustedes</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Ud.</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Uds.</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Vd.</i></span>, and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Vds.</i></span>, are usually written with a capital.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, the second-person plural pronoun can be used when formally addressing a single person, and in writing the pronoun is sometimes capitalized as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Te</i></span> to indicate special regard. In a more familiar tone, one can also capitalize the second-person singular pronoun <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Sinä</i></span> (<span title="Ewe-language text"><i lang="ee">Sina</i></span> in Estonian).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> the formal second-person pronoun <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Вы</span></span>, and its <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique cases</a> <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Вас</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Вам</span></span> etc., are capitalized (usually in personal correspondence); also in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> capitalize the formal second-person pronoun <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Vi</i></span> along with its oblique cases (<span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Vas</i></span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Vam</i></span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Vami</i></span>) and personal pronoun (<span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Vaš</i></span> etc.) in formal correspondence. Historically, the familiar second-person pronoun <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">ti</i></span> and its cases (<span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">tebe</i></span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">tebi</i></span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">teboj</i></span>) were capitalized as well, but new orthography prohibits such use.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, the plural second-person pronoun, <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">I</i></span>, is capitalized, but its other forms <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">jer</i></span> and <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">jeres</i></span> are not. This distinguishes it from the preposition <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">i</i></span> ("in"). The formal second-person pronoun is also capitalized in all its forms (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">De</i></span>, <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Dem</i></span>, <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Deres</i></span>), distinguishing it from the otherwise identical third-person plural pronouns.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, both second-person singular and plural have a capitalized alternative form (<span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">De</i></span>, <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Dem</i></span>, <span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">Deres</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>; <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">De</i></span>, <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Dykk</i></span>, <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Dykkar</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>) to express formality for both subject and object of a sentence, but is very rarely used in modern speech and writing.</li> <li>In formally written <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, most notably in letters and <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mails</a>, all pronouns referring to the addressee are capitalized. This includes <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Ty</i></span> ("thou") and all its related forms such as <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Twój</i></span> and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Ciebie</i></span>. This principle extends to <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> used formally to address the addressee of a letter, such as <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Pan</i></span> ("sir") and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Pani</i></span> ("madam").</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, capitalizing the formal second-person pronoun <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Anda</i></span> along with all references to the addressee, such as "<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">(kepada) Bapak/Ibu</i></span>" ((to) Sir/Madam), is required in practice of <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan</i></span> (Perfected Orthography).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some people do not know of or choose not to adhere to this spelling rule. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> orthography used in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> does not require the capitalization of <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">anda</i></span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and its standard form, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, the formal second-person pronouns <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Kayo</i></span> and <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Ninyo</i></span> and their oblique form <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Inyo</i></span> are customarily and reverentially capitalized as such, particularly in most digital and printed media related to religion and its references. Purists who consider this rule as nonstandard and inconsistent do not apply it when writing.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>, capitalization is used to distinguish the second-person formal pronoun <i><span title="Tajik-language text"><span lang="tg">Шумо</span></span></i> from the second-person plural pronoun <i><span title="Tajik-language text"><span lang="tg">шумо</span></span></i>.</li> <li>In Swedish, since <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Du-reformen" title="Du-reformen">du-reformen</a></i></span>, the second-person singular pronoun <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">du</i></span> may be capitalized as <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Du</i></span> when addressed formally.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The various languages and dialects in the <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> family, including <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>, are the only major languages using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> in which all <a href="/wiki/German_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="German noun">nouns</a> are capitalized. This was also practiced in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (mainly due to German influence): <ul><li>In German and Luxembourgish, <i>all</i> nouns (and verbs being used as nouns) are capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-Gschossmann-2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gschossmann-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">spelling reform</a> of 1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, during the 17th and 18th centuries<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>English, during the 17th and 18th centuries<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i>, and most of the original 1787 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>)</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Regional_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional languages">regional languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li>In nearly all European languages, single-word <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a>, including personal names, are capitalized (like <i><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></i>). Multiple-word proper nouns usually follow the traditional English rules for <a href="/wiki/Title_capitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Title capitalization">publication titles</a> (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a></i>). <ul><li>Where place names are merely preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a>, this is usually in lower case (as in <i>the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></i>). <ul><li>Sometimes, the article is integral to the name, and thus is capitalized (as in <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">Den Haag</a></i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></i></span>). However, in French this does not occur for <a href="/wiki/French_articles_and_determiners#Definite_article" title="French articles and determiners">contractions <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">du</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">au</i></span></a> (as in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Je viens du Havre</i></span>, "I come from Le Havre"). In other European languages, it is much more common for the article to be treated as integral to the name, but it may not be capitalized (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die Schweiz</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">les Pays-Bas</i></span>, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">yr Almaen</i></span>, etc.).</li></ul></li> <li>A few English names are written with two lowercase "f"s: <i>ffrench</i>, <i>ffoulkes</i>, etc. This originated as a variant script for capital F.</li> <li>A few individuals have chosen not to use capitals in their names, such as <a href="/wiki/K.d._lang" title="K.d. lang">k.d. lang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a>. <a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings">E. E. Cummings</a>, whose name is often written without capitals, did not do so himself: the usage derives from the <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a> used on the cover of one of his books.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easyjet_A319_G-EZEZ_AMS_2016-09-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Easyjet_A319_G-EZEZ_AMS_2016-09-04.jpg/220px-Easyjet_A319_G-EZEZ_AMS_2016-09-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Easyjet_A319_G-EZEZ_AMS_2016-09-04.jpg/330px-Easyjet_A319_G-EZEZ_AMS_2016-09-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Easyjet_A319_G-EZEZ_AMS_2016-09-04.jpg/440px-Easyjet_A319_G-EZEZ_AMS_2016-09-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>easyJet A319 at <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Schiphol_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Schiphol Airport">Amsterdam Schiphol Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Most <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> names and <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> are capitalized (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepsi" title="Pepsi">Pepsi</a>), although some have chosen to deviate from standard rules (e.g., <a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">easyJet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>) to be distinctive. When capitals occur within a word, it is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">camel case</a>.</li> <li>Some speakers of Eastern Slavic languages associate capitalization with respect and decapitalize proper nouns to show disrespect.</li></ul></li> <li>In English, the names of days of the <a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">week</a>, <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">months</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> are capitalized, as are <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonyms</a> like <i>Englishman</i>, <i>Arab</i>. In other languages, practice varies, but almost all languages other than German and Luxembourgish (which capitalize <i>all</i> nouns) do not.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In English-language addresses, the noun following the proper name of a street is capitalized, whether or not it is abbreviated: <i>Main Street</i>, <i>Fleming Ave.</i>, <i>Montgomery Blvd.</i> This capitalization is often absent in older citations and in combined usages: <i>Fourth and Main streets</i>. In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, street names are capitalized when they are proper names; the noun itself (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">rue</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">place</i></span>) is normally not capitalized: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">rue de Rivoli</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">place de la Concorde</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> the name of a particular concept or object is capitalized when the writer wants to emphasize its importance and significance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Capitalization is always used for most names of <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">scientific classification</a> of living things, except for <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>-level taxa or below. Example: <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens sapiens</a></i>.</li> <li>Controversially, some authors capitalize <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a> of some animal and plant <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. As a general rule, names are not capitalized, unless they are part of an official list of names, in which case they have become <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a> and are capitalized. This is most common for birds<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fishes</a>. Names referring to more than one species (e.g., <i>horse</i> or <i>cat</i>) are always in lower case. Botanists generally do not capitalize the common names of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, though individual words in plant names may be capitalized for another reason: (<i>Italian stone pine</i>). See the discussion of official common names under <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> for an explanation.</li> <li>Common nouns may be capitalized when used as names for the entire class of such things, e.g. <i>what a piece of work is Man</i>. Other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> often capitalize such nouns as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'État</i></span> (the state) and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'Église</i></span> (the church) when not referring to specific ones.</li> <li>Names by which gods are known are capitalized, including <i><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></i>. The word <i>god</i> is generally not capitalized if it is used to refer to the generic idea of a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, nor is it capitalized when it refers to multiple gods, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman gods">Roman gods</a></i>. There may be some confusion because <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> rarely refer to the Deity by a specific name, but simply as <i>God</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Writing divine names</a>). Other names for the God of these three Abrahamic faiths, such as <i>Elohim</i>, <i>Yahweh</i>, and <i>Lord</i>, are also capitalized.</li> <li>While <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> have historically been written in all-caps, British, Finnish, Swedish and some German usage has moved towards capitalizing only the first letter in cases when these are pronounced as words (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Unesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Unesco">Unesco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nato" class="mw-redirect" title="Nato">Nato</a>), reserving all-caps for initialisms (e.g. UK, USA, <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Life_stance_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Life stance orthography">life stance orthography</a>, in order to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">life stances</a> from general <a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">-isms</a>. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism#Terminology" title="Secular humanism">Humanism</a> is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Legal_English" title="Legal English">legal English</a>, <i>defined terms</i> that refer to a specific entity, such as "Tenant" and "Lessor", are often capitalized. More specifically, in legal documents, terms which are formally defined elsewhere in the document or a related document (often in a schedule of definitions) are capitalized to indicate that that is the case, and may be several words long, e.g. "the Second Subsidiary Claimant", "the Agreed Conditional Release Date". <ul><li>In contracts, particularly important clauses are often typeset as <a href="/wiki/All_caps#Contract_Law" title="All caps">all-caps</a></li></ul></li> <li>Most English <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorifics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">titles</a> of persons, e.g. <i>Sir</i>, <i>Dr Watson</i>, <i>Mrs Jones</i>, <i>His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh</i>. This does not apply where the words are not titles; e.g. <i>Watson is a doctor, Philip is a duke.</i></li> <li>In very formal British English the King is referred to as The King.</li> <li>The governing body of English solicitors is correctly referred to as The Law Society. (In general any organisation may choose a name starting with a capitalized "The".)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In English, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> derived from proper nouns (except the names of characters in fictional works) usually retain their capitalization: e.g. a <i>Christian</i> church, <i>Canadian</i> whisky, a <i>Shakespearean</i> sonnet, but not a <i><a href="/wiki/Quixotism" title="Quixotism">quixotic</a></i> mission nor <i>malapropism</i>. Where the original capital is no longer at the beginning of the word, usage varies: <i>anti-Christian</i>, and either <i>Presocratic</i>, <i>pre-Socratic</i>, <i>Pre-Socratic</i> or <i>presocratic</i>. Never <i>preSocratic</i> – a hyphen must precede a capital in a compound word.</li> <li>Such adjectives do not receive capitals in French (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">socratique</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">présocratique</i></span>), Spanish (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">socrático</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">presocrático</i></span>), Swedish (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">sokratisk</i></span>, <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">försokratisk</i></span>), Polish (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">sokratejski</i></span>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">presokratejski</i></span>) nor partly in German (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sokratisch</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">präsokratisch</i></span>, but <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ohm'sches Gesetz</i></span> ("Ohm's Law")). In German, if the adjective becomes a noun by using an article or numeral in front of it (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das/die Bunte</i></span> (the colorful thing(s)), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">eine Schöne</i></span> (a beautiful one)), it is capitalized like any other noun, as are nouns formed from proper nouns (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Urgoethe</i></span>). The same applies to verbs (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das Laufen</i></span> (the (practice of) running), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das Spazierengehen</i></span> (the (practice of) going for a walk)).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Adjectives referring to nationality or ethnicity</a> are not capitalized in many European languages such as German, French or <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, even though nouns are: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ein kanadisches Schiff</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">un navire canadien</i></span>, <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">kanadská loď</i></span>, a Canadian ship; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ein Kanadier</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">un Canadien</i></span>, <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Kanaďan</i></span>, a Canadian. Both nouns and adjectives are capitalized in English when referring to nationality or ethnicity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_and_geographic_terms">Places and geographic terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Places and geographic terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Capitalization" title="Special:EditPage/Capitalization">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The capitalization of geographic terms in English text generally depends on whether the author perceives the term as a <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</a>, in which case it is capitalized, or as a combination of an established proper noun with a normal adjective or noun, in which case the latter are not capitalized. There are no universally agreed lists of English geographic terms which are considered as proper nouns. The following are <i>examples</i> of rules that some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2015)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> British and U.S. publishers have established in style guides for their authors: </p> <ul><li>In general, the first letter is capitalized for well-defined regions, e.g. <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower California">Lower California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>This general rule also applies to zones of the Earth's surface (North Temperate Zone, the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In other cases, do not capitalize the points of the compass (north China, southeast London) or other adjectives (western Arizona, central New Mexico, upper Yangtze, lower Rio Grande)</li> <li>Capitalize generic geographic terms that are part of a place name (Atlantic Ocean, Mt. <a href="/wiki/Muztagata" class="mw-redirect" title="Muztagata">Muztagata</a>, River Severn)</li> <li>Otherwise, do not capitalize a generic term that follows a capitalized generic term (Yangtze River valley)</li> <li>Use lower case for plurals of generic terms (Gobi and <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a> deserts)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; but "<a href="/wiki/The_Dakotas" title="The Dakotas">the Dakotas</a>"</li> <li>Only capitalize "<a href="/wiki/The" title="The">the</a>" if it is part of the (short-form) formal place name (<a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> vs. the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Upper case</b>: <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> </p><p><b>Lower case</b>: western China, southern Beijing, western Mongolia, eastern Africa, northern North Korea, the central Gobi, the lower Yangtze River. </p><p><b>Abbreviated</b> </p><p>When a term is used as a name and then subsequently a shorter term is used, then that shorter term may be used generically. If that is the case do not capitalize. ("The <a href="/wiki/Tatra_National_Park,_Poland" title="Tatra National Park, Poland">Tatra National Park</a> is a tourist destination in Poland. Watch out for bears when visiting the national park.")<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_context">By context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In all modern European languages, the first <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> is capitalized, as is the first word in any quoted sentence. (For example, in English: Nana said, "There are ripe watermelons in the garden!") <ul><li>The first word of a sentence is not capitalized in most modern editions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> texts. The distinction between lower and upper case was not introduced before the Middle Ages; in antiquity only the capital forms of letters were used.</li> <li>For some items, many style guides recommend that initial capitalization be avoided by not putting the item at the beginning of a sentence, or by writing it in lowercase even at the beginning of a sentence. Such scientific terms have their own rules about capitalization which take precedence over the standard initial capitalization rule. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></i> would be liable to cause confusion if written <i>PH</i>, and initial <i>m</i> and <i>M</i> may even have different meanings, <a href="/wiki/Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Milli">milli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a>, for example 2 MA (megamperes) is a billion times 2 mA (milliamperes). Increasingly nowadays, some trademarks and company names start with a lowercase letter, and similar considerations apply.</li> <li>When the first letters of a word have been omitted and replaced by an apostrophe, the first letter in a sentence is usually left uncapitalized in English and certain other languages, as "<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>'tis a shame ..." In Dutch, the second word is capitalized instead in this situation: "'<i>t Was leuk</i>" vs. "<i>Het was leuk</i>" (both meaning "It was fun").</li></ul></li> <li>Traditionally, the first words of a <a href="/wiki/Line_(poetry)" title="Line (poetry)">line of verse</a> are capitalized in English, e.g.:<br /><i>Meanwhile, the winged Heralds, by command<br />Of sovereign power, with awful ceremony<br />And trumpet's sound, throughout the host proclaim<br />A solemn council forthwith to be held<br />At Pandemonium, the high capital<br />Of Satan and his peers. [...]</i> (<a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> I:752–756) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poets</a> often ignore or defy this convention.</li></ul></li> <li>In the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">headlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">titles</a> of works typically use <a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">title case</a>, in which certain words (such as nouns, adjectives and verbs) are capitalized and others (such as prepositions and conjunctions) are not. In the U.K., titles of works use title case, but headlines generally use sentence case (or all caps in <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloid</a> newspapers).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_of_capitalization_styles">Names of capitalization styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Names of capitalization styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following names are given to systems of capitalization: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentence_case">Sentence case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sentence case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog" title="The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog">The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog</a>."<br /> The standard case used in English <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>. Generally equivalent to the baseline universal standard of formal English orthography mentioned above; that is, only the first word is capitalized, except for proper nouns and other words which are generally capitalized by a more specific rule. </p><p>A variation is mid-sentence case which is identical to sentence case except that the first word is not capitalized (unless it would be capitalized by another rule). This type of letter case is used for entries in <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_case">Title case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Title case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">Title case</a></div> <p>"The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over the Lazy Dog."<br />Also known as <b>headline case</b> and <b>capital case</b>. All words capitalized, except for certain subsets defined by rules that are not universally standardized, often minor words such as "the" (as above), "of", or "and". Other commonly lowercase words are prepositions and coordinating conjunctions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standardization is only at the level of house styles and individual <a href="/wiki/Style_manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Style manual">style manuals</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Letter_case#Headings_and_publication_titles" title="Letter case">Headings and publication titles</a>.) A simplified variant is <b>start case</b>, where all words, including <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctions</a>, start with a capital letter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_caps">All caps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: All caps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></div> <p>"THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG."<br />Also written as <b>all-caps</b>. Capital letters only. This style can be used for headlines and book or chapter titles at the top of a book page. It is commonly used in transcribed speech to indicate that a person is shouting, or to indicate a hectoring and obnoxious speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-All_Caps,_Butterick_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_Caps,_Butterick-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, it is generally discouraged. Long spans of Latin-alphabet text in all uppercase are harder to read because of the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascenders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descenders</a> found in lowercase letters, which can aid recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated62_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated62-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In professional documents, a commonly preferred alternative to all caps text is the use of <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">small caps</a> to emphasize key names or acronyms, or the use of <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italics</a> or (more rarely) <a href="/wiki/Bold_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Bold text">bold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, if all caps must be used, it is customary in headings of a few words to slightly widen the spacing between the letters, by around 10% of the point height. This practice is known as tracking or letterspacing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_cases">Special cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Special cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_names">Compound names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compound names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">Compound names</a> are <a href="/wiki/Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouns">nouns</a> that are made up of more than one <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a>, or a stem and one or more <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names that are made up of several affixes and one or more nouns are <i>not</i> compound names under this definition, but <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>, that are made up of one or more <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/separable_affix" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:separable affix">separable affixes</a>, and one or more nouns. Examples of the separable affixes may be found in <a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">List of family name affixes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noun phrases are in this context treated as if they were nouns. So the general rule that nouns-as-names are capitalized in principle applies to compound names and noun-phrases-as-names as well. There are, however, <i>exceptions</i> to this rule that differ by language community. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the separable affix, and at the same time preposition, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a></i></span> (meaning "of", pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[fɔn]</a></span>) or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genannt" class="extiw" title="wikt:genannt">genannt</a></i></span> (meaning "named") in a surname (e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></i></span>) is not capitalized (unless it is the first letter of a sentence). <i>Von</i> is however often dropped within a sentence. The same applies to similar <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> affixes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMOS314_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMOS314-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Dutch, the <i>first</i> affix, like <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Van_(Dutch)" title="Van (Dutch)">van</a></i></span>; or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">de</i></span>, or declensions of <i>de</i>; or <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a> of a preposition and an article, like <i>ter</i>; in a surname are capitalized unless a given name, initial, or other family name.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> precedes it<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other affixes in the noun phrase (if present) are left lowercase.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> the capitalization of a surname follows the orthography as used for the person's name in the Belgian population register and on his or her identification card., except when introducing a title of <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> or when use of the lower case has been granted to some noble family.<sup id="cite_ref-Taalunie1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taalunie1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception for the rule that a Dutch name starts with an uppercase letter under all circumstances (including at the start of a sentence) is included in the general capitalization rule: "If the sentence begins with an apostrophe, the following full word is capitalized."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also applies to Dutch names that begin with a contraction that consists of an apostrophe and a letter.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taalunie2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taalunie2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In English, practice varies when the name starts with a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a meaning such as "from" or "the" or "son of". <ul><li>Some of these particles (<i>Mac</i>, <i>Mc</i>, <i>M</i>, <i>O</i>) are always capitalized; others (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'</i></span>, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Van</i></span>) are usually capitalized; still others often are not (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">d'</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">di</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">von</i></span>). The compound particle <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de La</i></span> is usually written with the <i>L</i> capitalized but not the <i>d</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OMS_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMS-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The remaining part of such a name, following the particle, is always capitalized if it is set off with a space as a separate word, or if the particle was not capitalized. It is normally capitalized if the particle is <i>Mc</i>, <i>M</i>, or <i>O</i>. In other cases (including <i>Mac</i>), there is no set rule (both <i>Macintyre</i> and <i>MacIntyre</i> are seen, for example).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li>Americans with non-Anglophone surnames often have not followed the orthographic conventions usual in the language communities of their extraction (or the US immigration authorities flouted the orthographic rules for them when they arrived at ports of entry like <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As there are no universally accepted capitalization rules in these circumstances to serve as a guideline the best policy would seem to be to use the style that dominates for that person in reliable sources; for a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">living subject</a>, prefer the spelling consistently <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ABOUTSELF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ABOUTSELF">used in the subject's own publications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CMOS313_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMOS313-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles">Titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Letter_case#Headings_and_publication_titles" title="Letter case">Letter case § Headings and publication titles</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a> recommends that the titles of English-language artistic works (plays, novels, essays, paintings, etc.) capitalize the first word and the last word in the title.<sup id="cite_ref-writersblock_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-writersblock-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, most other words within a title are capitalized as well; <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating conjunction">coordinating conjunctions</a> are not capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-writersblock_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-writersblock-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources disagree on the details of capitalizing <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-writersblock_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-writersblock-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a> recommends rendering all prepositions in lowercase,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a> guide instructs: <i>Capitalize major words in titles of books and articles within the body of the paper. Conjunctions, articles, and short prepositions are not considered major words; however, capitalize all words of four letters or more.</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, only the first word and proper names are capitalized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acronyms">Acronyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Acronyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms">Acronyms</a> are usually capitalized, with a few exceptions: </p> <ul><li>Acronyms which have become regular words such as <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba</a>.</li> <li>Some acronyms of <a href="/wiki/Proper_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper nouns">proper nouns</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Function_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Function words">function words</a> are not capitalized, such as TfL (<a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a>) and LotR (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""O""><span id=".22O.22"></span>"O"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: "O""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The English <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> <i>O</i>, an archaic form of address, e.g. <i>Thou, O king, art a king of kings</i>. However, lowercase <i>o</i> is also occasionally seen in this context.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accents">Accents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most languages that use <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, these are treated the same way in uppercase whether the text is capitalized or all-uppercase. They may be always preserved (as in German) or always omitted (as in Greek) or often omitted (as in French).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some attribute this to the fact that diacritics on capital letters were not available earlier on typewriters, and it is now becoming more common to preserve them in French and Spanish (in both languages the rule is to preserve them,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in France and Mexico, for instance, schoolchildren are often erroneously taught that they should not add diacritics on capital letters). </p><p>However, in the <a href="/wiki/Polytonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonic orthography">polytonic orthography</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> prior to 1982, accents were omitted in all-uppercase words, but kept as part of an uppercase initial (written before rather than above the letter). The latter situation is provided for by title-case characters in Unicode. When <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> is written with the present day <a href="/wiki/Monotonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonic orthography">monotonic orthography</a>, where only the acute accent is used, the same rule is applied. The accent is omitted in all-uppercase words but it is kept as part of an uppercase initial (written before the letter rather than above it). The <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">dialytika</i></span> (diaeresis) should also always be used in all-uppercase words (even in cases where they are not needed when writing in lowercase, e.g. <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΑΫΛΟΣ — άυλος</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digraphs_and_ligatures">Digraphs and ligatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Digraphs and ligatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some languages treat certain <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> as single letters for the purpose of collation. In general, where one such is formed as a <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligature</a>, the corresponding uppercase form is used in capitalization; where it is written as two separate characters, only the first will be capitalized. Thus <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a></i> or <i>Œdipus</i> are both correct, but <i>OEdipus</i> is not. Examples with ligature include <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86r%C3%B8sk%C3%B8bing" title="Ærøskøbing">Ærøskøbing</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, where <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ/æ</a></i> is a completely separate letter rather than merely a <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographic</a> ligature (the same applies in Icelandic); examples with separate characters are <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Llanelli">Llanelli</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, where <i><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></i> is a single letter; and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ffrangeg</i></span> in Welsh where <i><a href="/wiki/Ff_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ff (digraph)">Ff</a></i> is equivalent to English <i>F</i> (whereas Welsh <i>F</i> corresponds to English <i>V</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presentation forms, however, can use doubled capitals, such as the logo of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru</i></span>). The position in Hungarian is similar to the latter. </p> <ul><li>An exception is the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> digraph <i><a href="/wiki/IJ_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="IJ (letter)">IJ</a></i>. Both letters are capitalized even though they are printed separately when using a computer, as in <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a></i></span>. In the past the digraph was written as <i><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></i>, and this still survives in some surnames.</li> <li>A converse exception exists in the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian alphabet">Croatian alphabet</a>, where digraph letters (<a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lj_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lj (letter)">Lj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nj_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nj (letter)">Nj</a>) have mixed-case forms even when written as ligatures.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, these "title-case" forms have become less common than 2-character equivalents; nevertheless they can be represented as single title-case characters in Unicode (ǅ, ǈ, ǋ).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">digraph ch</a> (usually considered as a single letter) can be capitalized in two ways: Ch or CH. In general only the first part is capitalized (Ch), unless the whole text is written in capital letters (then it is written CH). In acronyms both parts are usually capitalized, such as VŠCHT for <i>Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Chemistry_and_Technology,_Prague" title="University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague">University of Chemistry and Technology</a>). However, the practice is not unified when writing initial letters of <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal names</a> (first name and surname), for example <i>Jan Chudoba</i> can be abbreviated both <i>J. Ch.</i> or <i>J. CH.</i><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_mutation">Initial mutation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Initial mutation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In languages where <a href="/wiki/Inflected" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected">inflected</a> forms of a word may have <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">extra letters at the start</a>, the capitalized letter may be the initial of the root form rather than the inflected form. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, in the placename <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Sliabh na mBan</i></span>, "(the) mountain of the women" (anglicized as <a href="/wiki/Slievenamon" title="Slievenamon">Slievenamon</a>), the word-form written <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mBan</i></span> contains the <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> plural of the noun <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bean</i></span>, "woman", <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">mutated</a> after the genitive plural definite article (i.e., "of the"). The written B is <a href="/wiki/Mute_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mute letter">mute</a> in this form. </p><p>Other languages may capitalize the initial letter of the orthographic word, even if it is not present in the base, as with definite nouns in <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> that start with certain consonant clusters. For example, <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt">l-Istati Uniti</i></span> (the United States) capitalize the epenthetic <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt">I</i></span>, even though the base form of the word — without the definite article — is <span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt">stati</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case-sensitive_English_words">Case-sensitive English words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Case-sensitive English words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English, there are a few <a href="/wiki/Capitonym" title="Capitonym">capitonyms</a>, which are words whose meaning (and sometimes pronunciation) varies with capitalization. For example, the month <i>August</i> versus the adjective <i>august</i>. Or the verb <i>polish</i> versus the adjective <i>Polish</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalization_of_Internet" title="Capitalization of Internet">Capitalization of <i>Internet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalization_in_English" title="Capitalization in English">Capitalization in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverential_capitalization" title="Reverential capitalization">Reverential capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments#.22Capital_letters.22_argument" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Capitalization conspiracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example: the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> name <a href="/wiki/Kees_Verkerk" title="Kees Verkerk"><i>Verkerk</i></a>, which is made up of the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <i>Ver-</i> and the noun <i>kerk</i> (church). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example: the Dutch name <i>Van der Kerk</i> is made up of the prefix <i>van</i> (which at the same time is a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a>); the article <i>der</i> (which is a <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> <i>de</i>); and the noun <i>Kerk</i>. The prefix <i>Ver-</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contraction</a> of the separable affixes, that has "bonded" with the noun. However, the surname <a href="/wiki/Quirijn_Maurits_Rudolph_Ver_Huell" title="Quirijn Maurits Rudolph Ver Huell">Ver Huell</a> is an example of a case where the prefix <i>Ver</i> has not yet become part of the name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, von Humboldt. Humboldt (German); <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a>, da Verrazzano, Verrazzano (Italian); <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>, da Gama, Gama (Portuguese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as in the <a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">married names of women</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples: <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Witt" title="Cornelis de Witt">Cornelis de Witt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Witt" title="Johan de Witt">J. de Witt</a>, Maria de Witt-van Berckel. But: the brothers De Witt. However, in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Willem_Maurits_Carel_Ver_Huell" title="Alexander Willem Maurits Carel Ver Huell">Alexander Willem Maurits Carel Ver Huell</a> <i>Ver</i>, though a separate affix, is not written with a lowercase letter, as <i>Ver</i> is not a preposition or a definite article as the exception requires.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples: Van der Duyn van Maasdam; Van Nispen tot Pannerden.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">k Heb er niets meer van gehoord.</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples: names like <a href="/wiki/Pieter_%27t_Hoen" title="Pieter 't Hoen">'t Hoen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willem_%27s_Gravesande" title="Willem 's Gravesande">'sGravesande</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An alternate technical term that overlaps with separable affix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Actually, this follows the French usage for the so-called <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle#France" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a>, Cf. also<sup id="cite_ref-CMOS314_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMOS314-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, not Martin van Buren; <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a>, not Ron De Santis; <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a>, not Leonardo di Caprio; <a href="/wiki/Boom_Town_(film)" title="Boom Town (film)">Karen Vanmeer</a> not Karen Van Meer (fictional character played by <a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a>, who should have spelled her pseudonym "La Marr", like her model <a href="/wiki/Barbara_La_Marr" title="Barbara La Marr">Barbara La Marr</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kielitoimistonohjepankki.fi/ohje/518">"Teitittely: oletteko kokeillut tätä?"</a>. <i>Institute for the Languages of Finland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+the+Languages+of+Finland&rft.atitle=Teitittely%3A+oletteko+kokeillut+t%C3%A4t%C3%A4%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kielitoimistonohjepankki.fi%2Fohje%2F518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Pedoman_Umum_Ejaan_Bahasa_Indonesia_yang_Disempurnakan#F._Huruf_Kapital">General Guide to Perfected Spelling of the Indonesian Language, Section: Capital Letters</a> (in Indonesian) from Indonesian Wikisource.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gschossmann-2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gschossmann-2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGschossmann-HendershotFeuerle2014" class="citation book cs1">Gschossmann-Hendershot, Elke; Feuerle, Lois (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swdPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>Schaum's Outline of German Grammar, 5th Edition</i></a>. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-182335-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-182335-7"><bdi>978-0-07-182335-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881681594">881681594</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schaum%27s+Outline+of+German+Grammar%2C+5th+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881681594&rft.isbn=978-0-07-182335-7&rft.aulast=Gschossmann-Hendershot&rft.aufirst=Elke&rft.au=Feuerle%2C+Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswdPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Solling2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daniel Solling (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2009/06/sma-bokstaver-okade-avstandet-till-tyskarna">"Små bokstäver ökade avståndet till tyskarna"</a> (in Swedish). Språktidningen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sm%C3%A5+bokst%C3%A4ver+%C3%B6kade+avst%C3%A5ndet+till+tyskarna&rft.pub=Spr%C3%A5ktidningen&rft.date=2009-06&rft.au=Daniel+Solling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspraktidningen.se%2Fartiklar%2F2009%2F06%2Fsma-bokstaver-okade-avstandet-till-tyskarna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh_RZhvHk0YC&q=%22as+is+done+systematically+in+modern+German%22&pg=PA65">Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language</a>, p.65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings#Name_and_capitalization" title="E. E. Cummings">E. E. Cummings: Name and capitalization</a> for further discussion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Norman (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051212042425/http://www.gvsu.edu/english/cummings/caps.htm">"Not "e. e. cummings"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Spring</i>. <b>1</b>: 114–121. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gvsu.edu/english/cummings/caps.htm">the original</a> on 2005-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spring&rft.atitle=Not+%22e.+e.+cummings%22&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=114-121&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gvsu.edu%2Fenglish%2Fcummings%2Fcaps.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Capitalization" class="extiw" title="meta:Capitalization">Capitalization rules for days, months, demonyms and language-names in many languages</a> from <a href="/wiki/Meta-wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-wiki">Meta-wiki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the entry <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiuscolo" class="extiw" title="it:Maiuscolo">Maiuscolo</a></i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian Wikipedia</a> for descriptions of various rules of capitalization in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and for references.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbirdnames.org/rules-caps.html">Worldbirdnames.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001953/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/rules-caps.html">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerr2002" class="citation journal cs1">Doerr, Edd (November–December 2002). "Humanism unmodified". <i>The Humanist</i>. <b>62</b> (6). American Humanist Association: 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Humanist&rft.atitle=Humanism+unmodified&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2002-11%2F2002-12&rft.aulast=Doerr&rft.aufirst=Edd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=805663">Economist Style Guide, Capitalization – Places</a> and for administrative areas (<a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" title="Council of Science Editors">Council of Science Editors</a>, Style Manual Committee. <i>Scientific Style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers</i>, 7th ed. 2006. Section 9.7.3, P. 120. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9779665-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9779665-0-9">978-0-9779665-0-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2009" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada (8 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_c&page=9xzdLp6GgmtY.html">"capitalization: names of institutions"</a>. <i>www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca&rft.atitle=capitalization%3A+names+of+institutions&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Public+Works+and+Government+Services+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca%2Ftpv2guides%2Fguides%2Fwrtps%2Findex-eng.html%3Flang%3Deng%26lettr%3Dindx_catlog_c%26page%3D9xzdLp6GgmtY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/ngs.org/ngs-style-manual/home/P/place-names">"PLACE-NAMES - National Geographic Style Manual"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=PLACE-NAMES+-+National+Geographic+Style+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fa%2Fngs.org%2Fngs-style-manual%2Fhome%2FP%2Fplace-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitalizemytitle.com/">"Title Capitalization Tool - Capitalize My Title - Title Case Tool"</a>. <i>Capitalize My Title</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capitalize+My+Title&rft.atitle=Title+Capitalization+Tool+-+Capitalize+My+Title+-+Title+Case+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapitalizemytitle.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-All_Caps,_Butterick-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-All_Caps,_Butterick_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterick" class="citation web cs1">Butterick, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://practicaltypography.com/all-caps.html">"All Caps"</a>. <i>Practical Typography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Typography&rft.atitle=All+Caps&rft.aulast=Butterick&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpracticaltypography.com%2Fall-caps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlene_Strizver2011" class="citation web cs1">Ilene Strizver (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fonts.com/AboutFonts/Articles/SituationalTypography/AllCaps.htm">"ALL CAPS: To set or not to set?"</a>. <i>Fonts.com</i>. Monotype Imaging<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fonts.com&rft.atitle=ALL+CAPS%3A+To+set+or+not+to+set%3F&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Ilene+Strizver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fonts.com%2FAboutFonts%2FArticles%2FSituationalTypography%2FAllCaps.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam (4 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/04/technology/04link.html?em&ex=1202274000&en=dfad4f3ac1f773cf&ei=5087%0A">"Is Obama a Mac and Clinton a PC?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>Jason Santa Maria, creative director of Happy Cog Studios, which designs Web sites, detected a basic breach of netiquette. "Hillary's text is all caps, like shouting," he said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+Obama+a+Mac+and+Clinton+a+PC%3F&rft.date=2008-02-04&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F04%2Ftechnology%2F04link.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1202274000%26en%3Ddfad4f3ac1f773cf%26ei%3D5087%250A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated62-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated62_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheildon1995" class="citation book cs1">Wheildon, Colin (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typelayouthowtyp0000whei/page/62"><i>Type and Layout: How Typography and Design Can Get your Message Across - Or Get in the Way</i></a>. Berkeley: Strathmoor Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typelayouthowtyp0000whei/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9624891-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9624891-5-0"><bdi>978-0-9624891-5-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type+and+Layout%3A+How+Typography+and+Design+Can+Get+your+Message+Across+-+Or+Get+in+the+Way&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Strathmoor+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-9624891-5-0&rft.aulast=Wheildon&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftypelayouthowtyp0000whei%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen" class="citation web cs1">Nielsen, Jakob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nngroup.com/articles/weblog-usability-top-ten-mistakes/">"Weblog Usability: The Top Ten Design Mistakes"</a>. Nielsen Norman Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weblog+Usability%3A+The+Top+Ten+Design+Mistakes&rft.pub=Nielsen+Norman+Group&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nngroup.com%2Farticles%2Fweblog-usability-top-ten-mistakes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterick" class="citation web cs1">Butterick, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://practicaltypography.com/small-caps.html">"Small caps"</a>. <i>Practical Typography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Typography&rft.atitle=Small+caps&rft.aulast=Butterick&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpracticaltypography.com%2Fsmall-caps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterick" class="citation web cs1">Butterick, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://practicaltypography.com/letterspacing.html">"Letterspacing"</a>. <i>Practical Typography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Typography&rft.atitle=Letterspacing&rft.aulast=Butterick&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpracticaltypography.com%2Fletterspacing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMOS314-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMOS314_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMOS314_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> (15th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woordenlijst.org&rft.atitle=Persoonsnamen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoordenlijst.org%2Fleidraad%2F16%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taalunie2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taalunie2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woordenlijst.org/leidraad/16/9">"Capital letter at the beginning of a sentence"</a>. <i>Woordenlijst.org</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Nederlandse Taalunie</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woordenlijst.org&rft.atitle=Capital+letter+at+the+beginning+of+a+sentence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoordenlijst.org%2Fleidraad%2F16%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMS-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OMS_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Manual of Style</i>, R. M. Ritter ed., Oxford University Press, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMOS313-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMOS313_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> (15th ed.). U. of Chicago Press. 2003. p. 313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=313&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=U.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-writersblock-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-writersblock_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-writersblock_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-writersblock_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009052611/http://writersblock.ca/tips/monthtip/tipmar98.htm">"Writer's Block - Writing Tips - Capitalization in Titles"</a>. Writersblock.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writersblock.ca/tips/monthtip/tipmar98.htm">the original</a> on October 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writer%27s+Block+-+Writing+Tips+-+Capitalization+in+Titles&rft.pub=Writersblock.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwritersblock.ca%2Ftips%2Fmonthtip%2Ftipmar98.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span> Archived.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/CapitalizationTitles.html?page=3">"Capitalization, Titles"</a>. Chicagomanualofstyle.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capitalization%2C+Titles&rft.pub=Chicagomanualofstyle.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fqanda%2Fdata%2Ffaq%2Ftopics%2FCapitalizationTitles.html%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordquist" class="citation web cs1">Nordquist, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/title-case-capitalization-1692469">"Capitalization Conventions for Title Case"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Capitalization+Conventions+for+Title+Case&rft.aulast=Nordquist&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Ftitle-case-capitalization-1692469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105172745/http://chicagomanualofstyle.org/">"The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition"</a>. <i>The Chicago Manual of Style Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/">the original</a> on 2009-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style+Online&rft.atitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style%2C+17th+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-francaise.fr/langue/questions.html#accentuation">'Accentuation des majuscules'</a> Questions de langue : Académie française</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, H (ed) <i>Collins-Spurrell Welsh Dictionary</i> Collins UK 1977 p. 10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-433402-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-433402-7">0-00-433402-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Anić, Josip Silić: "Pravopisni priručnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika", <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, 1986 (trans. <i>Spelling handbook of <a href="/wiki/Croato-Serbian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Croato-Serbian language">Croato-Serbian language</a></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=8187">"Z dopisů jazykové poradně"</a>. <i>Naše řeč</i>. <b>83</b> (4): 223–224. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Na%C5%A1e+%C5%99e%C4%8D&rft.atitle=Z+dopis%C5%AF+jazykov%C3%A9+poradn%C4%9B&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=223-224&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnase-rec.ujc.cas.cz%2Farchiv.php%3Fart%3D8187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee. Scientific Style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers, 7th ed. Reston (VA): The Council; 2006. Section 9.7.3, P. 120.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/capitalization" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/capitalization">capitalization</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Capitalization Rules</b> </p> <ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/capital.asp">Check Capitalization rules</a></li> <li>if you want <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://text-convertcase.net">convertcase</a> in to Capitalization Rules then you can above rules.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/capitalization">Definition of capitalization</a></li> <li>Validate Capitalization Rules in Spanish <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://convertirmayusculasminusculas.com/">Capitalización Mayúsculas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caseconvertonline.org/">Online Capitalization Case Converter</a></li></ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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(typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_working" title="Even working">Even working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">Pagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">Paragraph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">Line length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_(typography)" title="River (typography)">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaround_(typography)" title="Runaround (typography)">Runaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">Widows and orphans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runt_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runt (typography)">runt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Typeface_anatomy" title="Typeface anatomy">Typeface anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_trap" title="Ink trap">Ink trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotated_letter" title="Rotated letter">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">Subscript and superscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">Tittle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capitalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_case" title="Snake case">Snake case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">Title case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Visual distinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackboard_bold" title="Blackboard bold">Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">Underline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Horizontal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">Kerning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(typewriter)" title="Pitch (typewriter)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_spacing" title="Word spacing">Word spacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Vertical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">Baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_height_(typography)" title="Body height (typography)">Body height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">Cap height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">Descender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">Mean line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface<br /> classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_type" title="Record type">Record type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">Display typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_punctuation" title="Hanging punctuation">Hanging punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">minus sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">Vertical bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_catalog" title="Font catalog">Font catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_position_only" title="For position only">For position only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprinting" title="Microprinting">Microprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtypography" title="Microtypography">Microtypography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_type" title="Reversing type">Reversing type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_unit" title="Typographic unit">Typographic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_(typography)" title="Agate (typography)">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(typography)" title="Cicero (typography)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_typographic_units" title="Metric typographic units">Metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_point-size_names" title="Traditional point-size names">traditional point-size names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital typography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">Rasterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">Typographic features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Fonts" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typography in other<br />writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic typography">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_Fonts" title="PT Fonts">PT Fonts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fonts" title="National Fonts">National Fonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">Type foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Intellectual property protection of typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Vox-ATypI classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation">Punctuation and 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