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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology and history of the concept subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_history_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History of the concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemology_and_metaphysics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology_and_metaphysics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Epistemology and metaphysics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology_and_metaphysics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross_cultural_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross_cultural_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cross cultural studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross_cultural_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supernatural_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supernatural_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Supernatural concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supernatural_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supernatural concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supernatural_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Deity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Angel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Prophecy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reincarnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reincarnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Reincarnation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reincarnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Karma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Christian theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Process theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heaven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heaven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Heaven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heaven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underworld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underworld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Underworld</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underworld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Demon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Divination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witchcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witchcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Witchcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witchcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miracle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miracle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Miracle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miracle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skepticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skepticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Skepticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skepticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In fiction and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Supernatural</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="فوق طبيعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوق طبيعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="অতিপ্ৰাকৃতিক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অতিপ্ৰাকৃতিক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrenatural" title="Sobrenatural – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sobrenatural" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6vq%C9%99lt%C9%99biilik" title="Fövqəltəbiilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fövqəltəbiilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4" title="অতিপ্রাকৃত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অতিপ্রাকৃত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiau-ch%C5%AB-ji%C3%A2n" title="Chhiau-chū-jiân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiau-chū-jiân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Звышнатуральнае – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Звышнатуральнае" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Звышнатуральнае – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Звышнатуральнае" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrenatural" title="Sobrenatural – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sobrenatural" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Свръхестественост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свръхестественост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrenatural" title="Sobrenatural – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sobrenatural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goruwchnaturiol" title="Goruwchnaturiol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Goruwchnaturiol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranaturalisme" title="Supranaturalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Supranaturalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranaturalismus" title="Supranaturalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Supranaturalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cleloomulikkus" title="Üleloomulikkus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Üleloomulikkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Υπερφυσικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερφυσικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrenatural" title="Sobrenatural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sobrenatural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernaturo" title="Supernaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Supernaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturaz_gaindi" title="Naturaz gaindi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Naturaz gaindi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="فراطبیعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراطبیعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surnaturel" title="Surnaturel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surnaturel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boppenatuerlike" title="Boppenatuerlike – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boppenatuerlike" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrenatural" title="Sobrenatural – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sobrenatural" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EC%A0%81_%ED%98%84%EC%83%81" title="초자연적 현상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초자연적 현상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Գերբնական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերբնական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="पराप्राकृतिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पराप्राकृतिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natprirodno" title="Natprirodno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Natprirodno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adikodrati" title="Adikodrati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adikodrati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yfirn%C3%A1tt%C3%BArleiki" title="Yfirnáttúrleiki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Yfirnáttúrleiki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprannaturale" title="Soprannaturale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soprannaturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99" title="על-טבעי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="על-טבעי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಅಲೌಕಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೌಕಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Тылсым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тылсым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernaturale" title="Supernaturale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Supernaturale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rdabiskums" title="Pārdabiskums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārdabiskums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term%C3%A9szetfeletti" title="Természetfeletti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Természetfeletti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Натприродно – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Натприродно" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_ghaib" title="Alam ghaib – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam ghaib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovennatuurlijk" title="Bovennatuurlijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bovennatuurlijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="超自然 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超自然" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overnaturlig" title="Overnaturlig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Overnaturlig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overnaturleg" title="Overnaturleg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Overnaturleg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrenaturau" title="Subrenaturau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Subrenaturau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBayritabiiylik" title="Gʻayritabiiylik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻayritabiiylik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95" title="ਅਲੌਕਿਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲੌਕਿਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjawiska_nadprzyrodzone" title="Zjawiska nadprzyrodzone – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zjawiska nadprzyrodzone" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrenatural" title="Sobrenatural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sobrenatural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranatural" title="Supranatural – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Supranatural" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Сверхъестественное – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сверхъестественное" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernaitural" title="Supernaitural – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Supernaitural" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_mbinatyrshmja" title="E mbinatyrshmja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="E mbinatyrshmja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Supernatural" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranorm%C3%A1lny_jav" title="Paranormálny jav – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paranormálny jav" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadnaravno" title="Nadnaravno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadnaravno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سەرووسروشتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرووسروشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natprirodno" title="Natprirodno – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Natprirodno" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yliluonnollinen" title="Yliluonnollinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yliluonnollinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96vernaturlig" title="Övernaturlig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Övernaturlig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrenatural" title="Sobrenatural – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sobrenatural" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="மீயியற்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீயியற்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="เหนือธรรมชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหนือธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fa%C3%BCst%C3%BC" title="Doğaüstü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğaüstü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Надприродне – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Надприродне" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="مافوق فطرت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مافوق فطرت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%AAu_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Siêu nhiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siêu nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="超自然现象 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="超自然现象" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="超自然 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="超自然" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="超自然现象 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="超自然现象" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supposed phenomena not subject to the laws of nature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about unexplained or non-natural forces and phenomena. For the television series, see <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)" title="Supernatural (American TV series)"><i>Supernatural</i> (American TV series)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Supernatural (disambiguation)">Supernatural (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Supernatural power" redirects here. For the popular culture concept of the imaginary superhuman abilities, see <a href="/wiki/Superpower_(ability)" title="Superpower (ability)">Superpower (ability)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/220px-Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg/330px-Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Saint_Pierre_tentant_de_marcher_sur_les_eaux_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/220px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/330px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/440px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Perspectives_on_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Perspectives on Religion">Anthropological Perspectives on Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Supernatural</b> refers to phenomena or entities that are beyond the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">laws of nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is derived from Medieval Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">supernaturalis</i></span>, from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">super-</i></span> (above, beyond, or outside of) + <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">natura</i></span> (nature).<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the corollary term "nature" has had multiple meanings since the ancient world, the term "supernatural" emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and did not exist in the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The supernatural is featured in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> contexts,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can also feature as an explanation in more secular contexts, as in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitions</a> or belief in the <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halman_2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halman_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">non-physical entities</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">spirits</a>. It also includes claimed abilities embodied in or provided by such beings, including <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">telekinesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">levitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">precognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">extrasensory perception</a>. </p><p>The supernatural is <a href="/wiki/Hypernym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypernym">hypernymic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. Religions are standardized supernaturalist worldviews, or at least more complete than single supernaturalist views. Supernaturalism is the adherence to the supernatural (beliefs, and not violations of causality and the physical laws). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history_of_the_concept">Etymology and history of the concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occurring as both an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, antecedents of the modern English <a href="/wiki/Compound_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound word">compound</a> <i>supernatural</i> enter the language from two sources: via <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> (<span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">supernaturel</i></span>) and directly from the Middle French's term's ancestor, post-<a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">supernaturalis</i></span>). Post-classical Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">supernaturalis</i></span> first occurs in the 6th century, composed of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">super-</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nātūrālis</i></span> (see <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>). The earliest known appearance of the word in the English language occurs in a Middle English translation of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">Dialogue</a></i> (<i>orcherd of Syon</i>, around 1425; <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Þei haue not þanne þe supernaturel lyȝt ne þe liȝt of kunnynge, bycause þei vndirstoden it not</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-OED-SUPERNATURAL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-SUPERNATURAL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The semantic value of the term has shifted over the history of its use. Originally the term referred exclusively to Christian understandings of the world. For example, as an adjective, the term can mean "belonging to a realm or system that transcends nature, as that of divine, magical, or ghostly beings; attributed to or thought to reveal some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature; occult, paranormal" or "more than what is natural or ordinary; unnaturally or extraordinarily great; abnormal, extraordinary". Obsolete uses include "of, relating to, or dealing with <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>". As a noun, the term can mean "a supernatural being", with a particularly strong history of employment in relation to entities from the <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED-SUPERNATURAL_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-SUPERNATURAL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient world had no word that resembled "supernatural".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dialogues from <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic philosophy</a> in the third century AD influenced the development of the concept of the supernatural, which later evolved through <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Supernatural_as_a_Western_Category_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supernatural_as_a_Western_Category-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>nature</i> had existed since antiquity, with Latin authors like <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> using the word and its cognates at least 600 times in <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">City of God</a></i>. In the medieval period, "nature" had ten different meanings and "natural" had eleven different meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a>, a medieval scholastic of the 12th century, explored causes beyond nature, questioning how certain phenomena could be attributed solely to God. In his writings, he used the term <i>praeter naturam</i> to describe these occurrences.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the scholastic period, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> classified miracles into three categories: "above nature", "beyond nature" and "against nature". In doing so, he sharpened the distinction between nature and miracles more than the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> had done.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, he had created a dichotomy of sorts of the natural and supernatural.<sup id="cite_ref-Supernatural_as_a_Western_Category_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supernatural_as_a_Western_Category-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the phrase <i>"supra naturam"</i> was used since the 4th century AD, it was in the 1200s that Thomas Aquinas used the term <i>"supernaturalis".</i> Despite this, the term had to wait until the end of the medieval period before it became more popularly used.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discussions on "nature" from the scholastic period were diverse and unsettled with some postulating that even miracles are natural and that <a href="/wiki/Natural_magic" title="Natural magic">natural magic</a> was a natural part of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epistemology_and_metaphysics">Epistemology and metaphysics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epistemology and metaphysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> considerations of the existence of the supernatural can be difficult to approach as an exercise in philosophy or theology because any dependencies on its antithesis, the <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">natural</a>, will ultimately have to be inverted or rejected. One complicating factor is that there is disagreement about the definition of "natural" and the limits of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">naturalism</a>. Concepts in the supernatural domain are closely related to concepts in <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For sometimes we use the word <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></i> for that <i>Author of nature</i> whom the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">schoolmen</a>, harshly enough, call <i><a href="/wiki/Natura_naturans" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura naturans">natura naturans</a></i>, as when it is said that <i>nature</i> hath made man partly corporeal and <a href="/wiki/Mind-body_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body dualism">partly immaterial</a>. Sometimes we mean by the <i>nature</i> of a thing the <i><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a></i>, or that which the schoolmen scruple not to call the <i><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">quiddity</a></i> of a thing, namely, the <i><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">attribute</a></i> or <i>attributes</i> on whose score it is what it is, whether the thing be <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">corporeal</a> or not, as when we attempt to define the <i>nature</i> of an <i><a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a></i>, or of a <i><a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangle</a></i>, or of a <i><a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a></i> body, as such. Sometimes we take <i>nature</i> for an internal principle of <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a>, as when we say that a stone let fall in the <a href="/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a> is by <i>nature</i> carried towards the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a>, and, on the contrary, that <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a> or flame does <i>naturally</i> move upwards toward <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">firmament</a>. Sometimes we understand by <i>nature</i> the established course of things, as when we say that <i>nature</i> makes the <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a> succeed the <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a>, <i>nature</i> hath made <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a> necessary to the <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> of men. Sometimes we take <i>nature</i> for an <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">aggregate of powers</a> belonging to a body, especially a living one, as when <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> say that <i>nature</i> is strong or weak or spent, or that in such or such <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> <i>nature</i> left to herself <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">will do the cure</a>. Sometimes we take nature for the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, or system of the corporeal works of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, as when it is said of a <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimera</a>, that there is no such thing in <i>nature</i>, i.e. in the world. And sometimes too, and that most commonly, we would express by <i>nature</i> a <a href="/wiki/Mother_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother nature">semi-deity</a> or other strange kind of being, such as this discourse examines the notion of.<br /><br />And besides these more absolute acceptions, if I may so call them, of the word <i>nature</i>, it has divers others (more relative), as <i>nature</i> is wont to be set or in <a href="/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)" title="Opposite (semantics)">opposition</a> or contradistinction to other things, as when we say of a stone when it falls downwards that it does it by a <i><a href="/wiki/Classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">natural motion</a></i>, but that if it be thrown upwards its motion that way is <i>violent</i>. So chemists distinguish <a href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</a> into <i>natural</i> and <i>fictitious</i>, or made by art, i.e. by the intervention of human power or skill; so it is said that <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a>, kept suspended in a sucking pump, is not in its <i>natural</i> place, as that is which is stagnant in the well. We say also that wicked men are still in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of <i>nature</i></a>, but the regenerate in a state of <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a></i>; that cures wrought by <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicines</a> are natural operations; but the <a href="/wiki/Miraculous" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraculous">miraculous</a> ones wrought by <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> were <i>supernatural</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, <i>A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_possibility" title="Subjunctive possibility">Nomological possibility</a> is possibility under the actual <a href="/wiki/Scientific_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific laws">laws of nature</a>. Most philosophers since <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> have held that the laws of nature are metaphysically contingent—that there could have been different natural laws than the ones that actually obtain. If so, then it would not be logically or metaphysically impossible, for example, for you to travel to <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a> in one day; it would just have to be the case that you could travel faster than the speed of light. But of course there is an important sense in which this is not <a href="/wiki/Nomological" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomological">nomologically</a> possible; given that the laws of nature are what they are. In the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>, impossibility assertions come to be widely accepted as overwhelmingly probable rather than considered proved to the point of being unchallengeable. The basis for this strong acceptance is a combination of extensive evidence of something not <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">occurring</a>, combined with an underlying <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a>, very successful in making predictions, whose assumptions lead logically to the conclusion that something is impossible. While an impossibility assertion in natural science can never be absolutely proved, it could be refuted by the <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a> of a single <a href="/wiki/Counterexample" title="Counterexample">counterexample</a>. Such a counterexample would require that the assumptions underlying the theory that implied the impossibility be re-examined. Some philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Shoemaker" title="Sydney Shoemaker">Sydney Shoemaker</a>, have argued that the laws of nature are in fact necessary, not contingent; if so, then nomological possibility is equivalent to metaphysical possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>supernatural</i> is often used interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">preternatural</a>—the latter typically limited to an adjective for describing abilities which appear to exceed what is possible within the boundaries of the laws of physics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemologically</a>, the relationship between the supernatural and the natural is indistinct in terms of natural phenomena that, <i>ex hypothesi,</i> violate the laws of nature, in so far as such laws are <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realistically accountable</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Parapsychologists use the term psi to refer to an assumed unitary force underlying the phenomena they study. Psi is defined in the <i>Journal of Parapsychology</i> as "personal factors or processes in nature which transcend accepted laws" (1948: 311) and "which are <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">non-physical</a> in nature" (1962:310), and it is used to cover both extrasensory perception (ESP), an "awareness of or response to an external event or influence not apprehended by sensory means" (1962:309) or inferred from sensory knowledge, and psychokinesis (PK), "the direct influence exerted on a physical system by a subject without any known intermediate energy or instrumentation" (1945:305).<sup id="cite_ref-Winkelman1982_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkelman1982-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Michael Winkelman, <i>Current Anthropology</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Views on the "supernatural" vary, for example it may be seen as: </p> <ul><li><b>indistinct from nature</b>. From this perspective, some events occur according to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">laws of nature</a>, and others occur according to a separate set of principles external to known nature. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>, it was believed that God was capable of performing any miracle so long as it did not lead to a logical <a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradiction</a>. Some religions posit immanent deities, however, and do not have a tradition analogous to the supernatural; some believe that everything anyone experiences occurs by the will (<a href="/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">occasionalism</a>), in the mind (<a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonism</a>), or as a part (<a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a>) of a more fundamental divine reality (<a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">platonism</a>).</li> <li><b>incorrect human attribution</b>. In this view all events have natural and only natural causes. They believe that human beings ascribe supernatural attributes to purely natural events, such as <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong1976_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong1976-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellis2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cross_cultural_studies">Cross cultural studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cross cultural studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropological studies across cultures indicate that people do not hold or use natural and supernatural explanations in a mutually exclusive or dichotomous fashion. Instead, the reconciliation of natural and supernatural explanations is normal and pervasive across cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross cultural studies indicate that there is coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations in both adults and children for explaining numerous things about the world, such as illness, death, and origins.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Context and cultural input play a large role in determining when and how individuals incorporate natural and supernatural explanations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations in individuals may be the outcomes two distinct cognitive domains: one concerned with the physical-mechanical relations and another with social relations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies on indigenous groups have allowed for insights on how such coexistence of explanations may function.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supernatural_concepts">Supernatural concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supernatural concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deity">Deity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></div> <p>A <i>deity</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/22\/En-uk-deity1.ogg\/En-uk-deity1.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-deity1.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/En-uk-deity1.ogg/En-uk-deity1.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-deity1.ogg" title="File:En-uk-deity1.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/En-uk-deity2.ogg\/En-uk-deity2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-deity2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/En-uk-deity2.ogg/En-uk-deity2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-deity2.ogg" title="File:En-uk-deity2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a supernatural being considered <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OBrien_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBrien-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oxford Dictionary of English</i> defines deity as "a god or goddess (in a <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> religion)", or anything revered as divine.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C._Scott_Littleton" title="C. Scott Littleton">C. Scott Littleton</a> defines a deity as "a being with powers greater than those of ordinary humans, but who interacts with humans, positively or negatively, in ways that carry humans to new <a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">levels of consciousness</a>, beyond the grounded preoccupations of ordinary life."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male deity is a <a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">god</a>, while a female deity is a <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>. </p><p>Religions can be categorized by how many deities they worship. <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> accept only one deity (predominantly referred to as God),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> religions accept multiple deities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheistic</a> religions accept one supreme deity without denying other deities, considering them as equivalent aspects of the same divine principle;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">nontheistic religions</a> deny any supreme eternal <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a> but accept a <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of deities which live, die and are reborn just like any other being.<sup id="cite_ref-Keown_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–37">: 35–37 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bullivant_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullivant-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 357–358">: 357–358 </span></sup> </p><p>Various cultures have conceptualized a deity differently than a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">monotheistic God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hood_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hood-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deity need not be <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">eternal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hood_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hood-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monotheistic God, however, does have these <a href="/wiki/God#Specific_characteristics" title="God">attributes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taliaferro_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taliaferro-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkerson_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkerson-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monotheistic religions typically refer to God in masculine terms,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OBrien2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBrien2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> while other religions refer to their deities in a variety of ways – masculine, feminine, androgynous and gender neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, many ancient cultures – such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iraq">Ancient Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">Ancient Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Nordic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian culture</a> – personified <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_phenomena" title="List of natural phenomena">natural phenomena</a>, variously as either their conscious causes or simply their effects, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Malandra_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malandra-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fløistad_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fløistad-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> deities were viewed as ethical concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-Malandra_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malandra-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fløistad_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fløistad-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, deities have been envisioned as manifesting within the temple of every living being's body, as sensory organs and mind.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deities have also been envisioned as a form of existence (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a>) after <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirth</a>, for human beings who gain merit through an ethical life, where they become <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">guardian deities</a> and live blissfully in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>, but are also subject to death when their merit runs out.<sup id="cite_ref-Keown_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–38">: 35–38 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bullivant_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullivant-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 356–359">: 356–359 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angel">Angel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Angel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/170px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/255px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/340px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a> wears a late Roman military cloak and cuirass in this 17th-century depiction by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg/170px-Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg/255px-Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg/340px-Bernhard_Plockhorst_-_Schutzengel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption><i>Schutzengel</i> (English: "Guardian Angel") by <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Plockhorst" title="Bernhard Plockhorst">Bernhard Plockhorst</a> depicts a <a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">guardian angel</a> watching over two children.</figcaption></figure> <p>An angel is generally a supernatural being found in various <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythologies</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, angels are often depicted as benevolent celestial beings who act as intermediaries between <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReligFacts_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReligFacts-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other roles of angels include protecting and guiding human beings and carrying out God's tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Abrahamic religions, angels are often organized into <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchies</a>, although such rankings may vary between sects in each religion, and are given specific names or titles, such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Destroying angel</a>." The term "angel" has also been expanded to various notions of spirits or figures found in other religious traditions. The theological study of angels is known as "<a href="/wiki/Angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelology">angelology</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">In fine art</a>, angels are usually depicted as having the shape of human beings of extraordinary beauty;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are often identified using the <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">bird wings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halos</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophecy">Prophecy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prophecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></div> <p>Prophecy involves a process in which messages are communicated by a god to a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>. Such messages typically involve inspiration, interpretation, or <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> of divine will concerning the prophet's social world and events to come (compare <a href="/wiki/Light_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Light (theology)">divine knowledge</a>). Prophecy is not limited to any one culture. It is a common property to all known ancient societies around the world, some more than others. Many systems and rules about prophecy have been proposed over several millennia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revelation">Revelation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">truth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knowledge#Religion" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> through communication with a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> or other supernatural entity or entities. </p><p>Some religions have <a href="/wiki/Religious_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious texts">religious texts</a> which they view as divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> believe that the <i><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></i> was received from <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">biblical Mount Sinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Christians believe that both the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> were <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspired</a> by God. Muslims believe the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> was revealed by God to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> word by word through the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> (<i>Jibril</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_&_Drew_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_&_Drew-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> are considered <i><a href="/wiki/Apaurusheyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Apaurusheyatva"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">apauruṣeya</i></span></a></i>, "not human compositions", and are supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">śruti</a></i>, "what is heard". <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> stated that <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law">The Book of the Law</a></i> had been revealed to him through a higher being that called itself <i><a href="/wiki/Aiwass" title="Aiwass">Aiwass</a></i>. </p><p>A revelation communicated by a supernatural entity reported as being present during the event is called a <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">vision</a>. Direct conversations between the recipient and the supernatural entity,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or physical marks such as <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a>, have been reported. In rare cases, such as that of Saint <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego" title="Juan Diego">Juan Diego</a>, physical artifacts accompany the revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Interior_locution" title="Interior locution">interior locution</a> includes just an inner voice heard by the recipient. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, the term is used to refer to the process by which <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> reveals knowledge of himself, his <a href="/wiki/Will_of_God" title="Will of God">will</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a> to the world of human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In secondary usage, revelation refers to the resulting human knowledge about God, <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> things. Revelation from a supernatural source plays a less important role in some other religious traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reincarnation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gati_or_existences.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gati_or_existences.jpg/170px-Gati_or_existences.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gati_or_existences.jpg/255px-Gati_or_existences.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gati_or_existences.jpg/340px-Gati_or_existences.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> travels to any one of the four states of existence after death depending on its <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reincarnation is the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> concept that an aspect of a living <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> starts a new <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> in a different <a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">physical body</a> or form after each biological <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. It is also called rebirth or <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_of_a_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration of a soul">transmigration</a>, and is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a> doctrine of cyclic existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman_C._McClelland201024–29,_171_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman_C._McClelland201024–29,_171-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–272_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–272-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a central tenet of all major <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–272_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–272-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross1993p148_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross1993p148-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of reincarnation is found in many ancient cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman_C._McClelland2010102–103_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman_C._McClelland2010102–103-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a belief in rebirth/<a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a> was held by Greek historic figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a common belief of various ancient and modern religions such as <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a> and as an esoteric belief in many streams of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. It is found as well in many tribal societies around the world, in places such as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the majority of denominations within <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> do not believe that individuals reincarnate, particular groups within these religions do refer to reincarnation; these groups include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucians">Rosicrucians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical relations between these sects and the beliefs about reincarnation that were characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manicheanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheanism">Manicheanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a> as well as the Indian religions, have been the subject of recent scholarly research.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a> and its founder <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a> teaches reincarnation. </p><p>In recent decades, many <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Americans">North Americans</a> have developed an interest in reincarnation,<sup id="cite_ref-hi.is_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hi.is-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_in_popular_culture" title="Reincarnation in popular culture">many contemporary works</a> mention it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karma">Karma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Karma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></div> <p>Karma (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कर्म</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">karma</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ˈkɐɽmɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d6\/Karma.ogg\/Karma.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Karma.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Karma.ogg/Karma.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Karma.ogg" title="File:Karma.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: <i lang="pi">kamma</i>) means action, work or deed;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Good intent and good deeds contribute to good karma and future happiness, while bad intent and bad deeds contribute to bad karma and future suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-halbfass2000_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halbfass2000-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With origins in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vedic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic civilization">Vedic civilization</a>, the philosophy of karma is closely associated with the idea of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirth</a> in many schools of <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-KarmaParveshSingla_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarmaParveshSingla-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-evawong_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evawong-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these schools, karma in the present affects one's future in the current life, as well as the nature and quality of future lives – one's <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jbowker_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbowker-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jamesloch_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamesloch-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_theology">Christian theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christian theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Giuseppe_di_Copertino_18th_century_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/San_Giuseppe_di_Copertino_18th_century_engraving.jpg/170px-San_Giuseppe_di_Copertino_18th_century_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/San_Giuseppe_di_Copertino_18th_century_engraving.jpg/255px-San_Giuseppe_di_Copertino_18th_century_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/San_Giuseppe_di_Copertino_18th_century_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of air travelers, aviators, astronauts, people with a mental handicap, test takers and poor students is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_of_Cupertino" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph of Cupertino">Saint Joseph of Cupertino</a>, who is said to have been gifted with <a href="/wiki/Saints_and_levitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints and levitation">supernatural flight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_order" title="Supernatural order">Supernatural order</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a>, the supernatural order is, according to <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>, defined as "the ensemble of effects exceeding the powers of the created universe and gratuitously produced by God for the purpose of raising the rational creature above its native sphere to a God-like life and destiny."<sup id="cite_ref-NA_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Modern Catholic Dictionary</i> defines it as "the sum total of heavenly destiny and all the divinely established means of reaching that destiny, which surpass the mere powers and capacities of human nature."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_theology">Process theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Process theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></div> <p>Process theology is a school of thought influenced by the metaphysical <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> (1861–1947) and further developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a> (1897–2000). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is not possible, in process metaphysics, to conceive divine activity as a "supernatural" intervention into the "natural" order of events. Process theists usually regard the distinction between the supernatural and the natural as a by-product of the doctrine of creation <i>ex nihilo</i>. In process thought, there is no such thing as a realm of the natural in contrast to that which is supernatural. On the other hand, if "the natural" is defined more neutrally as "what is in the nature of things," then process metaphysics characterizes the natural as the creative activity of actual entities. In Whitehead's words, "It lies in the nature of things that the many enter into complex unity" (Whitehead 1978, 21). It is tempting to emphasize process theism's denial of the supernatural and thereby highlight that the processed God cannot do in comparison what the traditional God could do (that is, to bring something from nothing). In fairness, however, equal stress should be placed on process theism's denial of the natural (as traditionally conceived) so that one may highlight what the creatures cannot do, in traditional theism, in comparison to what they can do in process metaphysics (that is, to be part creators of the world with God).<sup id="cite_ref-sep-process-theism_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-process-theism-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Donald Viney, "Process Theism" in <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heaven">Heaven</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heaven"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></div> <p><i>Heaven</i>, or <i>the heavens</i>, is a common <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious, cosmological</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendent</a> place where beings such as <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, spirits, <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">venerated ancestors</a> are said to originate, be <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">enthroned</a>, or live. According to the beliefs of some religions, heavenly beings can descend to Earth or <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnate</a>, and earthly beings can ascend to heaven in the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, or in exceptional cases <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">enter heaven alive</a>. </p><p>Heaven is often described as a "higher place", the <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">holiest</a> place, a <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a> or the "low places" and <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universally</a> or conditionally accessible by earthly beings according to various standards of <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">goodness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">right beliefs</a> or simply the <a href="/wiki/Will_of_God" title="Will of God">will of God</a>. Some believe in the possibility of a heaven on Earth in a <i><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a></i>. </p><p>Another belief is in an <a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axis mundi</a> or <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a> which connects the heavens, the terrestrial world and the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, heaven is considered as <i><a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga loka</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the soul is again subjected to <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirth</a> in different living forms according to its <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i>. This cycle can be broken after a soul achieves <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></i>. Any place of existence, either of humans, souls or deities, outside the tangible world (Heaven, Hell, or other) is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">otherworld</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underworld">Underworld</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Underworld"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></div> <p>The <i>underworld</i> is the supernatural world of the dead in various <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> traditions, located below the world of the living.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic</a> is the technical adjective for things of the underworld. </p><p>The concept of an underworld is found in almost every civilization and "may be as old as humanity itself".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common features of underworld <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a> are accounts of <a href="/wiki/Descent_to_the_underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent to the underworld">living people making journeys to the underworld</a>, often for some <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroic</a> purpose. Other myths reinforce traditions that entrance of souls to the underworld requires a proper observation of ceremony, such as the ancient Greek story of the recently dead <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> haunting <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> until his body could be properly buried for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persons having social status were dressed and equipped in order to better navigate the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of mythologies incorporate the concept of the soul of the deceased making its own journey to the underworld, with the dead needing to be taken across a defining obstacle such as a lake or a river to reach this destination.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imagery of such journeys can be found in both ancient and modern art. The descent to the underworld has been described as "the single most important myth for Modernist authors".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirit">Spirit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">Spirit (animating force)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(supernatural_entity)" title="Spirit (supernatural entity)">Spirit (supernatural entity)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_von_Holst_Bertalda_Assailed_Spirits.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Theodor_von_Holst_Bertalda_Assailed_Spirits.png/170px-Theodor_von_Holst_Bertalda_Assailed_Spirits.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Theodor_von_Holst_Bertalda_Assailed_Spirits.png/255px-Theodor_von_Holst_Bertalda_Assailed_Spirits.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Theodor_von_Holst_Bertalda_Assailed_Spirits.png/340px-Theodor_von_Holst_Bertalda_Assailed_Spirits.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Holst" title="Theodor von Holst">Theodor von Holst</a>, <i>Bertalda, Assailed by Spirits</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>spirit</i> is a supernatural being, often but not exclusively a <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">non-physical entity</a>; such as a <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-polysemy_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polysemy-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concepts of a person's spirit and <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, often also overlap, as both are either <a href="/wiki/Mind-body_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body dualism">contrasted with</a> or <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">given ontological priority over</a> the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a> and both are believed to survive bodily death in some religions,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "spirit" can also have the sense of "<a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a>", i.e. a manifestation of the spirit of a deceased person. In English <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bibles</a>, "the Spirit" (with a capital "S"), specifically denotes the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. </p><p>Spirit is often used <a href="/wiki/Metaphysically" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysically">metaphysically</a> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>. </p><p>Historically, it was also used to refer to a "subtle" as opposed to "gross" material substance, as in the famous last paragraph of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demon">Demon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg/170px-PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg/255px-PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg/340px-PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statuette of the <a href="/wiki/Assyro-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyro-Babylonian">Assyro-Babylonian</a> demon king <a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 BC, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>demon</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δαιμόνιον</span></span> <i>daimónion</i>) is a supernatural and often malevolent being prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_Eastern_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Near Eastern religions">Ancient Near Eastern religions</a> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic traditions">Abrahamic traditions</a>, including ancient and medieval <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a>, a demon is considered a harmful spiritual entity, below the heavenly planes<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may cause <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a>, calling for an <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>. In Western <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magic</a>, which grew out of an amalgamation of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman magic">Greco-Roman magic</a>, Jewish <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a demon is believed to be a spiritual entity that may be <a href="/wiki/Conjuration_(summoning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjuration (summoning)">conjured</a> and controlled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magic">Magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic (supernatural)</a></div> <p><i>Magic</i> or <i>sorcery</i> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a>, actions, <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> with the aim of utilizing supernatural forces.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tambiah_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tambiah-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanegraaff_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanegraaff-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauss_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauss-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> Belief in and practice of magic has been present since the earliest human cultures and continues to have an important spiritual, religious and medicinal role in many cultures today. The term <i>magic</i> has a variety of meanings, and there is no widely agreed upon definition of what it is. </p><p>Scholars of religion have defined magic in different ways. One approach, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Tylor">Edward Tylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_G._Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="James G. Frazer">James G. Frazer</a>, suggests that magic and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> are opposites. An alternative approach, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a>, argues that magic takes place in private, while <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> is a communal and organised activity. Many scholars of religion have rejected the utility of the term <i>magic</i> and it has become increasingly unpopular within scholarship since the 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term <i>magic</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>magu</i>, a word that applied to a form of religious functionary about which little is known. During the late sixth and early fifth centuries BC, this term was adopted into <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, where it was used with negative connotations, to apply to religious rites that were regarded as fraudulent, unconventional and dangerous. This meaning of the term was then adopted by <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in the first century BC. The concept was then incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> during the first century AD, where magic was associated with <a href="/wiki/Demons" class="mw-redirect" title="Demons">demons</a> and thus defined against religion. This concept was pervasive throughout the Middle Ages, although in the early modern period Italian <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanists</a> reinterpreted the term in a positive sense to establish the idea of <a href="/wiki/Natural_magic" title="Natural magic">natural magic</a>. Both negative and positive understandings of the term were retained in Western culture over the following centuries, with the former largely influencing early academic usages of the word. </p><p>Throughout history, there have been examples of individuals who practiced magic and referred to themselves as magicians. This trend has proliferated in the modern period, with a growing number of magicians appearing within the <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric</a> milieu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (November 2017)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> British esotericist <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> described magic as the art of effecting change in accordance with will. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divination">Divination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Divination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></div> <p>Divination (from Latin <i>divinare</i> "to foresee, to be inspired by a god",<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> related to <i>divinus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a>) is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultic</a>, standardized process or ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used in various forms throughout history, diviners ascertain their interpretations of how a querent should proceed by reading signs, events, or <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a>, or through alleged contact with a supernatural agency.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divination can be seen as a systematic method with which to organize what appear to be disjointed, random facets of existence such that they provide insight into a problem at hand. If a distinction is to be made between divination and <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-telling</a>, divination has a more formal or ritualistic element and often contains a more social character, usually in a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> context, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">traditional African medicine</a>. Fortune-telling, on the other hand, is a more everyday practice for personal purposes. Particular divination methods vary by culture and religion. </p><p>Divination is dismissed by the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skeptics</a> as being <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> devoted a witty essay to the career of a <a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">charlatan</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Abonoteichus" title="Alexander of Abonoteichus">Alexander the false prophet</a>", trained by "one of those who advertise enchantments, miraculous incantations, charms for your love-affairs, visitations for your enemies, disclosures of buried treasure and successions to estates".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Witchcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG/170px-Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG/255px-Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG/340px-Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption><i>Witches</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Baldung" title="Hans Baldung">Hans Baldung</a>. Woodcut, 1508</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></div> <p>Witchcraft or witchery broadly means the practice of and belief in <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magical</a> skills and abilities exercised by <a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">solitary practitioners</a> and groups. <i>Witchcraft</i> is a broad term that varies culturally and societally and thus can be difficult to define with precision,<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">cross-cultural</a> assumptions about the meaning or significance of the term should be applied with caution. Witchcraft often occupies a religious <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divinatory</a> or medicinal role<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often present within societies and groups whose <a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">cultural framework</a> includes a magical <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world view</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miracle">Miracle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Miracle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></div> <p>A <i>miracle</i> is an event not explicable by natural or scientific laws.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an event may be attributed to a supernatural being (a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">miracle worker</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> or a religious leader. </p><p>Informally, the word "miracle" is often used to characterise any beneficial event that is statistically unlikely but not contrary to the laws of nature, such as surviving a natural disaster, or simply a "wonderful" occurrence, regardless of likelihood, such as a birth. Other such miracles might be: survival of an illness diagnosed as terminal, escaping a life-threatening situation or 'beating the odds'. Some <a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">coincidences</a> may be seen as miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A true miracle would, by definition, be a non-natural phenomenon, leading many rational and scientific thinkers to dismiss them as physically impossible (that is, requiring violation of established laws of physics within their domain of validity) or impossible to confirm by their nature (because all possible physical mechanisms can never be ruled out). The former position is expressed for instance by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and the latter by <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">Theologians</a> typically say that, with <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a>, God regularly works through nature yet, as a creator, is free to work without, above, or against it as well. The possibility and probability of miracles are then equal to the possibility and probability of the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miracles_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miracles-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skepticism">Skepticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Skepticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div> <p>Skepticism (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or scepticism (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#Hard_and_soft_"c"" title="American and British English spelling differences">see spelling differences</a>) is generally any questioning attitude or <a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">doubt</a> towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often directed at domains such as the supernatural, morality (<a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">moral skepticism</a>), religion (skepticism about the existence of God), or knowledge (skepticism about the possibility of knowledge, or of certainty).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction_and_popular_culture">In fiction and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In fiction and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></div> <p>Supernatural entities and powers are common in various works of <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>. Examples include the television shows <i><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)" title="Supernatural (American TV series)">Supernatural</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i>, the magic of the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wheel_of_Time" title="The Wheel of Time">The Wheel of Time</a></i> series and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Supernatural" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Supernatural">Supernatural</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_naturalism" title="Liberal naturalism">Liberal naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world (Spiritualism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence (religion)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-merriam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merriam_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-merriam_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supernatural">"Definition of SUPERNATURAL"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207083444/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supernatural">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+SUPERNATURAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsupernatural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2008" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Robert (14 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9O3PtKMPNsC&pg=PA1">"1. The Boundaries of the Supernatural"</a>. <i>The Natural and the Supernatural in the Middle Ages</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521702553" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521702553"><bdi>978-0521702553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+The+Boundaries+of+the+Supernatural&rft.btitle=The+Natural+and+the+Supernatural+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=1-34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.isbn=978-0521702553&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9O3PtKMPNsC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100543199?rskey=wA4CHW&result=20">"Supernatural"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Online)</span>. <i>A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion</i>. Oxford Reference Online – Oxford University Press. <q>The ancients had no word for the supernatural any more than they had for nature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Concise+Companion+to+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.atitle=Supernatural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100543199%3Frskey%3DwA4CHW%26result%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasulkaKripal2014" class="citation web cs1">Pasulka, Diana; Kripal, Jeffrey (23 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.oup.com/2014/11/religion-supernatural-paranormal/">"Religion and the Paranormal"</a>. <i>Oxford University Press blog</i>. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215030427/https://blog.oup.com/2014/11/religion-supernatural-paranormal/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+University+Press+blog&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Paranormal&rft.date=2014-11-23&rft.aulast=Pasulka&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Kripal%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2014%2F11%2Freligion-supernatural-paranormal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halman_2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halman_2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalman2010" class="citation book cs1">Halman, Loek (2010). "8. Atheism And Secularity In The Netherlands". In Phil Zuckerman (ed.). <i>Atheism and Secularity Vol.2: Gloabal Expressions</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313351839" title="Special:BookSources/9780313351839"><bdi>9780313351839</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Thus, despite the fact that they claim to be convinced atheists and the majority deny the existence of a personal god, a rather large minority of the Dutch convinced atheists to believe in a supernatural power!" (e.g. telepathy, reincarnation, life after death, and heaven)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Atheism+And+Secularity+In+The+Netherlands&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Secularity+Vol.2%3A+Gloabal+Expressions&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313351839&rft.aulast=Halman&rft.aufirst=Loek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-SUPERNATURAL-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED-SUPERNATURAL_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-SUPERNATURAL_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-supernatural" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/194422">"supernatural"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=supernatural&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F194422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supernatural_as_a_Western_Category-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Supernatural_as_a_Western_Category_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supernatural_as_a_Western_Category_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaler1977" class="citation journal cs1">Saler, Benson (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Feth.1977.5.1.02a00040">"Supernatural as a Western Category"</a>. <i>Ethos</i>. <b>5</b>: 31–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Feth.1977.5.1.02a00040">10.1525/eth.1977.5.1.02a00040</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethos&rft.atitle=Supernatural+as+a+Western+Category&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=31-53&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Feth.1977.5.1.02a00040&rft.aulast=Saler&rft.aufirst=Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Feth.1977.5.1.02a00040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyleStewart1991" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Robert; Stewart, M.A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_tNzGMLGSGwC&pg=PA177"><i>Selected Philosophical Papers of Robert Boyle</i></a>. HPC Classics Series. Hackett. pp. 176–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-122-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-122-4"><bdi>978-0-87220-122-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91025480">91025480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Philosophical+Papers+of+Robert+Boyle&rft.series=HPC+Classics+Series&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91025480&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-122-4&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Stewart%2C+M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_tNzGMLGSGwC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2010" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, John T. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048400903159016">"Some Laws of Nature are Metaphysically Contingent"</a>. <i>Australasian Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>88</b> (3): 445–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00048400903159016">10.1080/00048400903159016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170608423">170608423</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907071107/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048400903159016">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Some+Laws+of+Nature+are+Metaphysically+Contingent&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-457&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00048400903159016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170608423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00048400903159016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/SIDOTM">"On the Metaphysical Contingency of Laws of Nature"</a>. <i>Conceivability and Possibility</i>. Oxford University Press. 2002. pp. 309–336. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907071107/https://philpapers.org/rec/SIDOTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Metaphysical+Contingency+of+Laws+of+Nature&rft.btitle=Conceivability+and+Possibility&rft.pages=309-336&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FSIDOTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339957498">"The Contingency of Physical Laws"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Contingency+of+Physical+Laws&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F339957498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2009" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Kenneth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znMqAQAAIAAJ&q=%22supernatural+beliefs%22+%22paranormal%22"><i>The paranormal</i></a>. H.W. Wilson Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824210922" title="Special:BookSources/9780824210922"><bdi>9780824210922</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+paranormal&rft.pub=H.W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780824210922&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznMqAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522supernatural%2Bbeliefs%2522%2B%2522paranormal%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winkelman1982-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winkelman1982_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkelman,_M.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Winkelman, M.; et al. (February 1982). "Magic: A Theoretical Reassessment [and Comments and Replies]". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 37–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F202778">10.1086/202778</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274255">274255</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147447041">147447041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Magic%3A+A+Theoretical+Reassessment+%5Band+Comments+and+Replies%5D&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-66&rft.date=1982-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147447041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274255%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F202778&rft.au=Winkelman%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhong1976-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhong1976_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhong_Yang_Yan_Jiu_YuanMin_Tsu_Hsüeh_Yen_Chiu_So1976" class="citation book cs1">Zhong Yang Yan Jiu Yuan; Min Tsu Hsüeh Yen Chiu So (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQZAAAAIAAJ"><i>Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Issues 42–44</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Ethnology%2C+Academia+Sinica%2C+Issues+42%E2%80%9344&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Zhong+Yang+Yan+Jiu+Yuan&rft.au=Min+Tsu+Hs%C3%BCeh+Yen+Chiu+So&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyQZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis2004_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisBjorklund2004" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, B.J.; Bjorklund, D.F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjiZwYGdFoC&pg=PA413"><i>Origins of the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Child Development</i></a>. Guilford Publications. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593851033" title="Special:BookSources/9781593851033"><bdi>9781593851033</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004022693">2004022693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Social+Mind%3A+Evolutionary+Psychology+and+Child+Development&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Guilford+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004022693&rft.isbn=9781593851033&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rft.au=Bjorklund%2C+D.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UjiZwYGdFoC%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegareVisala2011" class="citation journal cs1">Legare, Cristine H.; Visala, Aku (2011). "Between Religion and Science: Integrating Psychological and Philosophical Accounts of Explanatory Coexistence". <i>Human Development</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 169–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000329135">10.1159/000329135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53668380">53668380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development&rft.atitle=Between+Religion+and+Science%3A+Integrating+Psychological+and+Philosophical+Accounts+of+Explanatory+Coexistence&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=169-184&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000329135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53668380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Legare&rft.aufirst=Cristine+H.&rft.au=Visala%2C+Aku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegareEvansRosengrenHarris2012" class="citation journal cs1">Legare, Cristine H.; Evans, E. Margaret; Rosengren, Karl S.; Harris, Paul L. (May 2012). "The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations Across Cultures and Development: Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations". <i>Child Development</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 779–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2012.01743.x">10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01743.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F91141">2027.42/91141</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22417318">22417318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=The+Coexistence+of+Natural+and+Supernatural+Explanations+Across+Cultures+and+Development%3A+Coexistence+of+Natural+and+Supernatural+Explanations&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=779-793&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F91141&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22417318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2012.01743.x&rft.aulast=Legare&rft.aufirst=Cristine+H.&rft.au=Evans%2C+E.+Margaret&rft.au=Rosengren%2C+Karl+S.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAizenkot2020" class="citation journal cs1">Aizenkot, Dana (11 September 2020). "Meaning-Making to Child Loss: The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations of Death". <i>Journal of Constructivist Psychology</i>. <b>35</b>: 318–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10720537.2020.1819491">10.1080/10720537.2020.1819491</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225231409">225231409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Constructivist+Psychology&rft.atitle=Meaning-Making+to+Child+Loss%3A+The+Coexistence+of+Natural+and+Supernatural+Explanations+of+Death&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=318-343&rft.date=2020-09-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10720537.2020.1819491&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225231409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aizenkot&rft.aufirst=Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuschWatson-JonesLegare2017" class="citation journal cs1">Busch, Justin T. 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(March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10676005">"The coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations within and across domains and development"</a>. <i>British Journal of Developmental Psychology</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 4–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjdp.12164">10.1111/bjdp.12164</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10676005">10676005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27785818">27785818</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24196030">24196030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Developmental+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+coexistence+of+natural+and+supernatural+explanations+within+and+across+domains+and+development&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-20&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10676005%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24196030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27785818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbjdp.12164&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Justin+T.+A.&rft.au=Watson-Jones%2C+Rachel+E.&rft.au=Legare%2C+Cristine+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10676005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse2011" class="citation journal cs1">Whitehouse, Harvey (2011). "The Coexistence Problem in Psychology, Anthropology, and Evolutionary Theory". <i>Human Development</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 191–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000329149">10.1159/000329149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145622566">145622566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development&rft.atitle=The+Coexistence+Problem+in+Psychology%2C+Anthropology%2C+and+Evolutionary+Theory&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=191-199&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000329149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145622566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson-JonesBuschLegare2015" class="citation journal cs1">Watson-Jones, Rachel E.; Busch, Justin T. A.; Legare, Cristine H. (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftops.12162">"Interdisciplinary and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Explanatory Coexistence"</a>. <i>Topics in Cognitive Science</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 611–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftops.12162">10.1111/tops.12162</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26350158">26350158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topics+in+Cognitive+Science&rft.atitle=Interdisciplinary+and+Cross-Cultural+Perspectives+on+Explanatory+Coexistence&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-623&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ftops.12162&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26350158&rft.aulast=Watson-Jones&rft.aufirst=Rachel+E.&rft.au=Busch%2C+Justin+T.+A.&rft.au=Legare%2C+Cristine+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Ftops.12162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00edi_4cp/page/219"><i>The American Heritage Book of English Usage: A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English</i></a>. 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Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412909167" title="Special:BookSources/9781412909167"><bdi>9781412909167</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113144056/https://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Oxford University Press. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199571123" title="Special:BookSources/9780199571123"><bdi>9780199571123</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311102542/https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761475590" title="Special:BookSources/9780761475590"><bdi>9780761475590</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: New York. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567232120" title="Special:BookSources/9780567232120"><bdi>9780567232120</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The Christian tradition is, in imitation of Judaism, a monotheistic religion. This implies that believers accept the existence of only one God. 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BRILL. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004173163" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004173163"><bdi>978-9004173163</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Monotheism%3A+Interdisciplinary+Explorations+Into+the+Foundations+of+Western+Monotheism&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9004173163&rft.aulast=Korte&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft.au=Haardt%2C+Maaike+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-53d1iRsqDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jeannine K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqNzBQAAQBAJ"><i>Scripture as Communication: Introducing Biblical Hermeneutics</i></a>. Baker Academic. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801027888" title="Special:BookSources/9780801027888"><bdi>9780801027888</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripture+as+Communication%3A+Introducing+Biblical+Hermeneutics&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780801027888&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jeannine+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqNzBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferroHarrisonGoetz2012" class="citation book cs1">Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ct7fCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Companion to Theism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136338236" title="Special:BookSources/9781136338236"><bdi>9781136338236</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115140609/https://books.google.com/books?id=ct7fCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Theism&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136338236&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Victoria+S.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dct7fCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReatPerry1991" class="citation book cs1">Reat, N. Ross; Perry, Edmund F. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldtheologycen0000reat"><i>A World Theology: The Central Spiritual Reality of Humankind</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldtheologycen0000reat/page/73">73</a>–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521331593" title="Special:BookSources/9780521331593"><bdi>9780521331593</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Theology%3A+The+Central+Spiritual+Reality+of+Humankind&rft.pages=73-75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521331593&rft.aulast=Reat&rft.aufirst=N.+Ross&rft.au=Perry%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldtheologycen0000reat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keown-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2013" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QXX0Uq29aoC"><i>Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a> (New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199663835" title="Special:BookSources/9780199663835"><bdi>9780199663835</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199663835&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QXX0Uq29aoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullivant-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullivant_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullivant_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullivantRuse2013" class="citation book cs1">Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbIVAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Atheism</i></a>. Oxford University Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199644650" title="Special:BookSources/9780199644650"><bdi>9780199644650</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003172045/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbIVAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Atheism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199644650&rft.aulast=Bullivant&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Ruse%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbIVAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hood-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hood_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hood_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood1990" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Robert E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mustgodremaingre0000hood/page/128"><i>Must God Remain Greek?: Afro Cultures and God-talk</i></a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mustgodremaingre0000hood/page/128">128–129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800624491" title="Special:BookSources/9780800624491"><bdi>9780800624491</bdi></a>. <q>African people may describe their deities as strong, but not omnipotent; wise but not omniscient; old but not eternal; great but not omnipresent (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Must+God+Remain+Greek%3F%3A+Afro+Cultures+and+God-talk&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780800624491&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmustgodremaingre0000hood%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trigger-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigger2003" class="citation book cs1">Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig"><i>Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig/page/441">441–442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521822459" title="Special:BookSources/9780521822459"><bdi>9780521822459</bdi></a>. <q>[Historically...] people perceived far fewer differences between themselves and the gods than the adherents of modern monotheistic religions. Deities were not thought to be omniscient or omnipotent and were rarely believed to be changeless or eternal</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Early+Civilizations%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=441-442&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521822459&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingear0000trig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murdoch-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Murdoch, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHQAAAAAMAAJ">English Translations of Select Tracts, Published in India – Religious Texts</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pages 141–142; <b>Quote:</b> "We [monotheists] find by reason and revelation that God is omniscient, omnipotent, most holy, etc, but the Hindu deities possess none of those attributes. It is mentioned in their <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> that their deities were all vanquished by the Asurs, while they fought in the heavens, and for fear of whom they left their abodes. This plainly shows that they are not omnipotent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taliaferro-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taliaferro_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferroMarty2010" class="citation book cs1">Taliaferro, Charles; Marty, Elsa J. (2010). <i>A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion</i>. New York: Continuum. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441111975" title="Special:BookSources/9781441111975"><bdi>9781441111975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441111975&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Marty%2C+Elsa+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkerson-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkerson_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkerson2014" class="citation book cs1">Wilkerson, W.D. (2014). <i>Walking With The Gods</i>. Sankofa. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0991530014" title="Special:BookSources/978-0991530014"><bdi>978-0991530014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+With+The+Gods&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Sankofa&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0991530014&rft.aulast=Wilkerson&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigger2003" class="citation book cs1">Trigger, Bruce G. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig"><i>Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig/page/473">473–474</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521822459" title="Special:BookSources/9780521822459"><bdi>9780521822459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Early+Civilizations%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=473-474&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521822459&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingear0000trig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramaraeSpender2004" class="citation book cs1">Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ"><i>Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge</i></a>. Routledge. p. 655. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135963156" title="Special:BookSources/9781135963156"><bdi>9781135963156</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Encyclopedia+of+Women%3A+Global+Women%27s+Issues+and+Knowledge&rft.pages=655&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135963156&rft.aulast=Kramarae&rft.aufirst=Cheris&rft.au=Spender%2C+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQAOUAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBrien2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Julia M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU-nBAAAQBAJ"><i>Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199836994" title="Special:BookSources/9780199836994"><bdi>9780199836994</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bible+and+Gender+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199836994&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZU-nBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnefoy1992" class="citation book cs1">Bonnefoy, Yves (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romaneuropeanmyt00yves"><i>Roman and European Mythologies</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romaneuropeanmyt00yves/page/274">274</a>–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226064550" title="Special:BookSources/9780226064550"><bdi>9780226064550</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+and+European+Mythologies&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=274-275&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780226064550&rft.aulast=Bonnefoy&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromaneuropeanmyt00yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2014" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC"><i>Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 1–2, 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791490495" title="Special:BookSources/9780791490495"><bdi>9780791490495</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&rft.pages=1-2%2C+19-20&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780791490495&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXdGInecRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Nathaniel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVPQCwAAQBAJ"><i>To Be Cared For: The Power of Conversion and Foreignness of Belonging in an Indian Slum</i></a>. University of California Press. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520963634" title="Special:BookSources/9780520963634"><bdi>9780520963634</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be+Cared+For%3A+The+Power+of+Conversion+and+Foreignness+of+Belonging+in+an+Indian+Slum&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780520963634&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVPQCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malandra-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malandra_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malandra_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalandra1983" class="citation book cs1">Malandra, William W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZQMrjukmboC"><i>An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings from the Avesta and the Achaemenid Inscriptions</i></a>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816611157" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816611157"><bdi>978-0816611157</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Ancient+Iranian+Religion%3A+Readings+from+the+Avesta+and+the+Achaemenid+Inscriptions&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0816611157&rft.aulast=Malandra&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZQMrjukmboC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fløistad-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fløistad_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fløistad_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFløistad2010" class="citation book cs1">Fløistad, Guttorm (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BclABayC1QQC"><i>Volume 10: Philosophy of Religion</i></a> (1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media B.V. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048135271" title="Special:BookSources/9789048135271"><bdi>9789048135271</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+10%3A+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=19-20&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media+B.V.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789048135271&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%B8istad&rft.aufirst=Guttorm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBclABayC1QQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_T._Potts1997" class="citation book cs1">Daniel T. Potts (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OdZS9gBu4KwC"><i>Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3339-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-3339-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+Civilization%3A+The+Material+Foundations&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3339-9&rft.au=Daniel+T.+Potts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdZS9gBu4KwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2014" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Karl H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydf_AwAAQBAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 3: Advaita Vedanta up to Samkara and His Pupils</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 272–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400856510" title="Special:BookSources/9781400856510"><bdi>9781400856510</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies%2C+Volume+3%3A+Advaita+Vedanta+up+to+Samkara+and+His+Pupils&rft.pages=272-274&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781400856510&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Karl+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdf_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2006" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC"><i>The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195361377" title="Special:BookSources/9780195361377"><bdi>9780195361377</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads%3A+Hindu+Scriptures+on+Asceticism+and+Renunciation.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195361377&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfB8uneM7q1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2008" class="citation book cs1">Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 899–900. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135189792" title="Special:BookSources/9781135189792"><bdi>9781135189792</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117102108/https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=899-900&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135189792&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Catherine&rft.au=York%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzPgCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Free Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/angel">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108092531/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/angel">Archived</a> 2012-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 1 September 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReligFacts-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReligFacts_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/beliefs/angels.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Angels in Christianity." Religion Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406134902/http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/beliefs/angels.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Angels+in+Christianity.%22+Religion+Facts.+N.p.%2C+n.d.+Web.+15+Dec.+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fchristianity%2Fbeliefs%2Fangels.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.augustinus.it/latino/esposizioni_salmi/index2.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009114455/http://www.augustinus.it/latino/esposizioni_salmi/index2.htm">Archived</a> 2011-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>'s <i>Enarrationes in Psalmos</i>, 103, I, 15<i>, augustinus.it</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/angel">"Definition of ANGEL"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628235313/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/angel">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+ANGEL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fangel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1521-angelology">"ANGELOLOGY - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520024437/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1521-angelology">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=ANGELOLOGY+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1521-angelology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proverbio (2007), pp. 90–95; cf. review in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a></i>, 3795–3796 (2–16 August 2008), pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Didron, Vol 2, pp.68–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beale G.K., The Book of Revelation, NIGTC, Grand Rapids – Cambridge 1999. = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2174-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2174-X">0-8028-2174-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, John L. <i>What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2013" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Gray (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sV0mAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Muslims+believe+that+the+Quran+was+verbally+revealed%22&pg=PA287"><i>The Leaders Are Coming!</i></a>. WestBow Press. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449760137" title="Special:BookSources/9781449760137"><bdi>9781449760137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leaders+Are+Coming%21&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781449760137&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsV0mAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Muslims%2Bbelieve%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BQuran%2Bwas%2Bverbally%2Brevealed%2522%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_&_Drew-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_&_Drew_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_H._WilliamsMichael_R._Drew2012" class="citation book cs1">Roy H. Williams; Michael R. Drew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mygRHh6p40kC&q=%22Muslims+believe+that+the+Quran+was+verbally+revealed%22&pg=PA143"><i>Pendulum: How Past Generations Shape Our Present and Predict Our Future</i></a>. Vanguard Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593157067" title="Special:BookSources/9781593157067"><bdi>9781593157067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pendulum%3A+How+Past+Generations+Shape+Our+Present+and+Predict+Our+Future&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Vanguard+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781593157067&rft.au=Roy+H.+Williams&rft.au=Michael+R.+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmygRHh6p40kC%26q%3D%2522Muslims%2Bbelieve%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BQuran%2Bwas%2Bverbally%2Brevealed%2522%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Freze, 1993, <i>Voices, Visions, and Apparitions</i>, OSV Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X">0-87973-454-X</a> p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Freze, 1989 <i>They Bore the Wounds of Christ</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-422-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-422-1">0-87973-422-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/revelation">"Revelation | Define Revelation at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074441/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/revelation">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revelation+%26%23124%3B+Define+Revelation+at+Dictionary.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Frevelation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman_C._McClelland201024–29,_171-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman_C._McClelland201024–29,_171_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010">Norman C. McClelland 2010</a>, pp. 24–29, 171.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–272-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–272_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011271–272_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011">Mark Juergensmeyer & Wade Clark Roof 2011</a>, pp. 271–272.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMark_JuergensmeyerWade_Clark_Roof2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_J._Laumakis200890–99_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008">Stephen J. Laumakis 2008</a>, pp. 90–99.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFStephen_J._Laumakis2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross1993p148-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gross1993p148_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRita_M._Gross1993" class="citation book cs1">Rita M. Gross (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros"><i>Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism</i></a></span>. State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0513-1"><bdi>978-1-4384-0513-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+After+Patriarchy%3A+A+Feminist+History%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Reconstruction+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0513-1&rft.au=Rita+M.+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismafterpat00gros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman_C._McClelland2010102–103-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman_C._McClelland2010102–103_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010">Norman C. McClelland 2010</a>, pp. 102–103.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, Philip L. Quinn, <i>A Companion to Philosophy of Religion</i>. John Wiley and Sons, 2010, page 640, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSCx-67Tk6cC&dq=reincarnation+and+rebirth&pg=PA640">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212163105/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSCx-67Tk6cC&pg=PA640&dq=reincarnation+and+rebirth&cd=8">Archived</a> 2022-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gananath Obeyesekere, <i>Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth</i>. University of California Press, 2002, page 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitti, Philip K (2007) [1924]. <i>Origins of the Druze People and Religion, with Extracts from their Sacred Writings (New Edition)</i>. Columbia University Oriental Studies. <b>28</b>. London: Saqi. pp. 13–14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86356-690-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86356-690-1">0-86356-690-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Heindel" title="Max Heindel">Heindel, Max</a> (1985) [1939, 1908] <i>The Rosicrucian Christianity Lectures (Collected Works)</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcl/rcleng01.htm#lecture1">The Riddle of Life and Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629063357/http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcl/rcleng01.htm#lecture1">Archived</a> 2010-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oceanside, California. 4th edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911274-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-911274-84-7">0-911274-84-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An important recent work discussing the mutual influence of ancient Greek and Indian philosophy regarding these matters is <i>The Shape of Ancient Thought</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McEvilley" title="Thomas McEvilley">Thomas McEvilley</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hi.is-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hi.is_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hi.is/~erlendur/english/Nordic_Psychology_erlhar06.pdf">"Popular psychology, belief in life after death and reincarnation in the Nordic countries, Western and Eastern Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930145456/http://www3.hi.is/~erlendur/english/Nordic_Psychology_erlhar06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+psychology%2C+belief+in+life+after+death+and+reincarnation+in+the+Nordic+countries%2C+Western+and+Eastern+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hi.is%2F~erlendur%2Fenglish%2FNordic_Psychology_erlhar06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54.8 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, New York, pp 679–680, Article on Karma; Quote – "Karma meaning deed or action; in addition, it also has philosophical and technical meaning, denoting a person's deeds as determining his future lot."</li> <li>The Encyclopedia of World Religions, Robert Ellwood & Gregory Alles, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6141-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6141-9">978-0-8160-6141-9</a>, pp 253; Quote – "Karma: Sanskrit word meaning action and the consequences of action."</li> <li>Hans Torwesten (1994), Vedanta: Heart of Hinduism, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802132628" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802132628">978-0802132628</a>, Grove Press New York, pp 97; Quote – "In the Vedas the word karma (work, deed or action, and its resulting effect) referred mainly to..."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312474/karma">Karma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503134927/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312474/karma">Archived</a> 2015-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halbfass2000-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-halbfass2000_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halbfass, Wilhelm (2000), Karma und Wiedergeburt im indischen Denken, Diederichs, München, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker, Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd Edition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93672-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93672-1">0-415-93672-1</a>, Hindu Ethics, pp 678</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KarmaParveshSingla-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KarmaParveshSingla_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvesh_Singla" class="citation book cs1">Parvesh Singla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1mXR35jX-TsC"><i>The Manual of Life – Karma</i></a>. Parvesh singla. pp. 5–7. GGKEY:0XFSARN29ZZ<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manual+of+Life+%E2%80%93+Karma&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Parvesh+singla&rft.au=Parvesh+Singla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_1mXR35jX-TsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evawong-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evawong_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Wong, Taoism, Shambhala Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590308820" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590308820">978-1590308820</a>, pp. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jbowker-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jbowker_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Karma" in: John Bowker (1997), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamesloch-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jamesloch_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, pp 351–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastrovicchi1918" class="citation book cs1">Pastrovicchi, Angelo (1918). Rev. Francis S. Laing (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cr60937475;seq=18;view=1up;num=iv"><i>St. Joseph of Copertino</i></a>. St. Louis: B.Herder. p. iv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-135-1"><bdi>978-0-89555-135-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502053937/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cr60937475;seq=18;view=1up;num=iv">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Joseph+of+Copertino&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pages=iv&rft.pub=B.Herder&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=978-0-89555-135-1&rft.aulast=Pastrovicchi&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnnc1.cr60937475%3Bseq%3D18%3Bview%3D1up%3Bnum%3Div&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NA-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NA_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSollier" class="citation web cs1">Sollier, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14336b.htm">"Supernatural Order"</a>. Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914133738/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14336b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supernatural+Order&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.aulast=Sollier&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14336b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardon" class="citation web cs1">Hardon, Fr. John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=36719">"Supernatural Order"</a>. Eternal Life. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610122131/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=36719">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supernatural+Order&rft.pub=Eternal+Life&rft.aulast=Hardon&rft.aufirst=Fr.+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fdictionary%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D36719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sep-process-theism-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sep-process-theism_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViney2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Viney, Donald (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/process-theism/">"Process Theism"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2008 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202071650/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/process-theism/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Process+Theism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2008&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Viney&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2008%2Fentries%2Fprocess-theism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-research/afterlife/life-after-death/">"Life After Death Revealed – What Really Happens in the Afterlife"</a>. <i>SSRF English</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130001314/https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-research/afterlife/life-after-death/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRF+English&rft.atitle=Life+After+Death+Revealed+%E2%80%93+What+Really+Happens+in+the+Afterlife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiritualresearchfoundation.org%2Fspiritual-research%2Fafterlife%2Flife-after-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/underworld">"Underworld"</a>. <i>The free dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106064933/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/underworld">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+free+dictionary&rft.atitle=Underworld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Funderworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isabelle Loring Wallace, Jennie Hirsh, <i>Contemporary Art and Classical Myth</i> (2011), p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radcliffe G. Edmonds, III, <i>Myths of the Underworld Journey: Plato, Aristophanes, and the 'Orphic' Gold Tablets</i> (2004), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Mills, <i>Underworlds: Philosophies of the Unconscious from Psychoanalysis to Metaphysics</i> (2014), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans Lansing Smith, <i>The Descent to the Underworld in Literature, Painting, and Film, 1895–1950</i> (2001), p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans Lansing Smith, <i>The Descent to the Underworld in Literature, Painting, and Film, 1895–1950</i> (2001), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polysemy-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polysemy_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#polysemy">François 2008</a>, p.187-197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OED "spirit 2.a.: The soul of a person, as commended to God, or passing out of the body, in the moment of death."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtt2003" class="citation book cs1">Burtt, Edwin A. (2003). <i>Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science</i>. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysical+Foundations+of+Modern+Physical+Science&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Burtt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. T. Joshi <i>Icons of Horror and the Supernatural: An Encyclopedia of Our Worst Nightmares, Band </i> Greenwood Publishing Group 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33781-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33781-9">978-0-313-33781-9</a> page 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the course synopsis and bibliography for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medievalstudies.ceu.hu/courses/20102011/magic-science-religion-the-development-of-the-western-esoteric-traditions">"Magic, Science, Religion: The Development of the Western Esoteric Traditions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021925/http://medievalstudies.ceu.hu/courses/20102011/magic-science-religion-the-development-of-the-western-esoteric-traditions">Archived</a> November 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at Central European University, Budapest</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1995). <i>The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy</i> (Reprint ed.). Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. pp. 289–291, 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631189466" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631189466"><bdi>978-0631189466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pagan+Religions+of+the+Ancient+British+Isles%3A+Their+Nature+and+Legacy&rft.place=Oxford%3B+Cambridge&rft.pages=289-291%2C+335&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0631189466&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tambiah-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tambiah_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambiah1991" class="citation book cs1">Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1991). <i>Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality</i> (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521376310" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521376310"><bdi>978-0521376310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic%2C+Science%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+Scope+of+Rationality&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521376310&rft.aulast=Tambiah&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Jeyaraja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanegraaff-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanegraaff_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanegraaff2006" class="citation book cs1">Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2006). <i>Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism</i> (Unabridged ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 718. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004152311" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004152311"><bdi>978-9004152311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Gnosis+%26+Western+Esotericism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=718&rft.edition=Unabridged&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9004152311&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauss-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mauss_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaussBainPocock2007" class="citation book cs1">Mauss, Marcel; Bain, Robert; Pocock, D. F. (2007). <i>A General Theory of Magic</i> (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415253963" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415253963"><bdi>978-0415253963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Theory+of+Magic&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415253963&rft.aulast=Mauss&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft.au=Bain%2C+Robert&rft.au=Pocock%2C+D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Divinatio.html">"LacusCurtius • Greek and Roman Divination (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"</a>. <i>uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Greek+and+Roman+Divination+%28Smith%27s+Dictionary%2C+1875%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FDivinatio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peek, P.M. <i>African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing.</i> page 2. Indiana University Press. 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2016" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Sónia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/download/hc:19124/CONTENT/object-and-objectivity-in-divination.pdf/">"Object and Objectivity in Divination"</a>. <i>Material Religion</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 507–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17432200.2016.1227638">10.1080/17432200.2016.1227638</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-2200">1743-2200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73665747">73665747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Material+Religion&rft.atitle=Object+and+Objectivity+in+Divination&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=507-509&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73665747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1743-2200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17432200.2016.1227638&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B3nia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fdownload%2Fhc%3A19124%2FCONTENT%2Fobject-and-objectivity-in-divination.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yau, Julianna. (2002). <i>Witchcraft and Magic</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a>. <i>The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 278–282. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-654-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-654-7">1-57607-654-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regal, Brian. (2009). <i>Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia</i>. Greenwood. p. 55. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35507-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35507-3">978-0-313-35507-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/lucian/lucian_alexander.htm">"Lucian of Samosata : Alexander the False Prophet"</a>. <i>tertullian.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109160831/http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/lucian/lucian_alexander.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tertullian.org&rft.atitle=Lucian+of+Samosata+%3A+Alexander+the+False+Prophet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Frpearse%2Flucian%2Flucian_alexander.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LsjagvvkveEC&dq=witchcraft+definition&pg=PA2">Witchcraft in the Middle Ages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731064328/https://books.google.com/books?id=LsjagvvkveEC&dq=witchcraft+definition&pg=PA2">Archived</a> 2023-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jeffrey Russell, p.4-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengt Ankarloo & Stuart Clark, Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Biblical and Pagan Societies", University of Philadelphia Press, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727005539/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/miracle?q=miracle">Miracle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbersam1890" class="citation book cs1">Halbersam, Yitta (1890). <i>Small Miracles</i>. Adams Media Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55850-646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55850-646-6"><bdi>978-1-55850-646-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Miracles&rft.pub=Adams+Media+Corp&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=978-1-55850-646-6&rft.aulast=Halbersam&rft.aufirst=Yitta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miracles-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miracles_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/">Miracles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191122025733/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/">Archived</a> 2019-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Popkin, R. H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Skeptikoi">"The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes (rev. ed. 1968); C. L. Stough, Greek Skepticism (1969); M. Burnyeat, ed., The Skeptical Tradition (1983); B. Stroud, The Significance of Philosophical Skepticism (1984)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713170158/http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Skeptikoi">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Skepticism+from+Erasmus+to+Descartes+%28rev.+ed.+1968%29%3B+C.+L.+Stough%2C+Greek+Skepticism+%281969%29%3B+M.+Burnyeat%2C+ed.%2C+The+Skeptical+Tradition+%281983%29%3B+B.+Stroud%2C+The+Significance+of+Philosophical+Skepticism+%281984%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FSkeptikoi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Philosophical views are typically classed as skeptical when they involve advancing some degree of doubt regarding claims that are elsewhere taken for granted." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepcont.htm">utm.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113210019/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepcont.htm">Archived</a> 2009-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreco2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Greco_(philosopher)" title="John Greco (philosopher)">Greco, John</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ozv0lftrUeEC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Skepticism</i></a>. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195183214" title="Special:BookSources/9780195183214"><bdi>9780195183214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Skepticism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195183214&rft.aulast=Greco&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzv0lftrUeEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernatural&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel-Araujo-30/publication/357672555%20Economic%20Production%20and%20the%20Spread%20of%20Supernatural%20Beliefs/links/61d94f49b6b5667157d3d55e/Economic-Production-and-the-Spread-of-Supernatural-Beliefs.pdf">Economic Production and the Spread of Supernatural Beliefs ~ Daniel Araújo</a> (PDF). January 7, 2022.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouvet_R,_Bonnefon_J._F.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bouvet R, Bonnefon J. F. (2015). "Non-Reflective Thinkers Are Predisposed to Attribute Supernatural Causation to Uncanny Experiences". <i>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</i>. <b>41</b> (7): 955–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167215585728">10.1177/0146167215585728</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25948700">25948700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33570482">33570482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Non-Reflective+Thinkers+Are+Predisposed+to+Attribute+Supernatural+Causation+to+Uncanny+Experiences&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=955-61&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33570482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25948700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146167215585728&rft.au=Bouvet+R%2C+Bonnefon+J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara_P,_Bulkeley_K2015" class="citation journal cs1">McNamara P, Bulkeley K (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4365543">"Dreams as a Source of Supernatural Agent Concepts"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>6</b>: 283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.00283">10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00283</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4365543">4365543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25852602">25852602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Dreams+as+a+Source+of+Supernatural+Agent+Concepts&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=283&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4365543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25852602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.00283&rft.au=McNamara+P%2C+Bulkeley+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4365543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiekki_T,_Lindeman_M,_Raij_T._T.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Riekki T, Lindeman M, Raij T. 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"Unresolved Mourning, Supernatural Beliefs and Dissociation: A Mediation Analysis". <i>Attachment and Human Development</i>. <b>16</b> (5): 499–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616734.2014.926945">10.1080/14616734.2014.926945</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24913392">24913392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10290610">10290610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Attachment+and+Human+Development&rft.atitle=Unresolved+Mourning%2C+Supernatural+Beliefs+and+Dissociation%3A+A+Mediation+Analysis&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=499-514&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10290610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24913392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14616734.2014.926945&rft.au=Thomson+P%2C+Jaque+S.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupernatural" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail_K._E,_Arndt_J,_Addollahi_A.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vail K. 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a 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