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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Relationship to feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_precedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_precedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early precedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_precedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Enlightenment thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utopian_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utopian_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Utopian socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utopian_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Origins of the movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Recent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Free love</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="حب حر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حب حر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="মুক্ত ভালোবাসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুক্ত ভালোবাসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Свободна любов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свободна любов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_lliure" title="Amor lliure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amor lliure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voln%C3%A1_l%C3%A1ska" title="Volná láska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volná láska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Liebe" title="Freie Liebe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freie Liebe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Ελεύθερη αγάπη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεύθερη αγάπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_libre" title="Amor libre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amor libre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libera_amo" title="Libera amo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libera amo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amodio_aske" title="Amodio aske – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amodio aske" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="عشق آزاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عشق آزاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amour_libre" title="Amour libre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amour libre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%B0%EC%95%A0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="자유연애주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유연애주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ազատ սեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազատ սեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amore_libero" title="Amore libero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amore libero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אהבה חופשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אהבה חופשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_liefde" title="Vrije liefde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrije liefde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%81%8B%E6%84%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自由恋愛主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由恋愛主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_liure" title="Amor liure – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amor liure" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="آزادانہ محبت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آزادانہ محبت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="خپلواکه مينه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خپلواکه مينه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolna_mi%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wolna miłość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolna miłość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_livre" title="Amor livre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amor livre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Свободная любовь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свободная любовь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="නිදහස් ආලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිදහස් ආලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Free love" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="خۆشەویستیی ئازاد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆشەویستیی ئازاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_k%C3%A4rlek" title="Fri kärlek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fri kärlek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D2%9B%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Ишқи озод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ишқи озод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbest_a%C5%9Fk" title="Serbest aşk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Serbest aşk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вільне кохання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільне кохання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="آزادانہ محبت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزادانہ محبت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Social movement that accepts all forms of love</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the social movement. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red-outline heart icon"><img alt="Red-outline heart icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/45px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/68px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/90px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Red-outline heart icon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of love</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_love" title="Conjugal love">Conjugal love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_love" title="Falling in love">Falling in love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_addiction" title="Love addiction">Love addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">Love triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">Lovestruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">Passionate and companionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">Puppy love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">Amour de soi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Social views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">Amour-propre</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">words for love</a></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Ludus" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Ludus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Mania</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Philautia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Philos</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Pragma" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Pragma</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storgḗ</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Maitrī</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish</a> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amor</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Yaghan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_romantic_love" title="Biology of romantic love">Biology of romantic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Love letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">love deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">Triangular theory of love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Love_sidebar" title="Template talk:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Free love</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> that accepts all forms of <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>. The movement's initial goal was to separate the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> from sexual and romantic matters such as <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. It stated that such issues were the concern of the people involved and no one else.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement began during the 19th century and was advanced by <a href="/wiki/Hippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippies">hippies</a> during the 1960s and early 70s. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the free love tradition reflects a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> philosophy that seeks <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">freedom</a> from <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> regulation and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a> interference in <a href="/wiki/Personal_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal relationship">personal relationships</a>. According to this concept, the <a href="/wiki/Free_union" title="Free union">free unions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adults</a> (or persons at or above the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a>) are legitimate relations which should be respected by all third parties whether they are emotional or sexual relations. In addition, some free love writing has argued that both men and women have the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">right to sexual pleasure</a> without social or legal restraints. In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, this was a radical notion. Later, a new theme developed, linking free love with radical social change and depicting it as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/harbinger" class="extiw" title="wikt:harbinger">harbinger</a> of a new <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarian</a>, anti-repressive sensibility.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the modern stereotype, earlier middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. To this mentality are attributed strongly defined gender roles, which led to a minority reaction in the form of the free-love movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Spurlock,_John_C_1988_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurlock,_John_C_1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the phrase <i>free love</i> is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a> in the popular imagination, especially in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a> and 1970s, historically, the free-love movement has not advocated multiple sexual partners or short-term sexual relationships. Rather, it has argued that sexual relations that are freely entered into should not be regulated by law, and may be initiated or terminated by the parties involved at will.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it has been acknowledged that many men who participated in the free love movement also saw free love as a way to get free sex.<sup id="cite_ref-menandwomenroles_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menandwomenroles-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "sex radical" is often used interchangeably with the term "free lover".<sup id="cite_ref-Mendelman-2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendelman-2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By whatever name, advocates had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forced sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.<sup id="cite_ref-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laws of particular concern to free love movements have included those that prevent an unmarried couple from living together, and those that regulate <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>; although not all free-love advocates agree on these issues. The abrogation of individual rights in marriage is also a concern—for example, some jurisdictions do not recognize <a href="/wiki/Spousal_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Spousal rape">spousal rape</a>, or they treat it less seriously than non-spousal rape. Free-love movements since the 19th century have also defended the right to publicly discuss sexuality and have battled <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_feminism">Relationship to feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></div> <p>The history of free love is entwined with the history of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>. From the late 18th century, leading feminists, such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, have challenged the institution of marriage, and many have advocated its abolition.<sup id="cite_ref-historyguide1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyguide1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to feminist critique, a married woman was solely a wife and mother, denying her the opportunity to pursue other occupations; sometimes this was legislated, as with bans on married women and mothers being employed as <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a>. In 1855, free love advocate <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gove_Nichols" title="Mary Gove Nichols">Mary Gove Nichols</a> (1810–1884) described marriage as the "annihilation of woman", explaining that women were considered to be men's property in <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">law</a> and public sentiment, making it possible for tyrannical men to deprive their wives of all freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Gove-NicholsAuto1855_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gove-NicholsAuto1855-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the law often allowed a husband to beat his wife. Free-love advocates argued that many children were born into unloving marriages out of compulsion, but should instead be the result of choice and affection—yet children born out of wedlock did not have the same rights as children with married parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Silver-Isenstadt2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver-Isenstadt2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1857, in the <i>Social Revolutionist</i>, Minerva Putnam complained that "in the discussion of free love, no woman has attempted to give her views on the subject" and challenged every woman reader to "rise in the dignity of her nature and declare herself free."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The figureheads of the free love movement were often men, both in leading organizations and contributing to its ideology. Almost all books endorsing free love in the 1850s were by men, except for <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gove_Nichols" title="Mary Gove Nichols">Mary Gove Nichols</a>'s 1855 autobiography.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first full-length case against marriage written by a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the four major free-love periodicals in the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, half had woman editors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spurlock,_John_1994_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurlock,_John_1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To proponents of free love, the act of sex was not just about reproduction. Access to <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> was considered a means to women's independence, and leading birth-control activists also embraced free love. Sexual radicals remained focused on their attempts to uphold a woman's right to control her body and to freely discuss issues such as <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, marital-sex abuse (emotional and physical), and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual education">sexual education</a>. These people believed that by talking about female sexuality, they would help empower women. To help achieve this goal, such radical thinkers relied on the written word, books, pamphlets, and periodicals, and by these means the movement was sustained for over fifty years, spreading the message of free love all over the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many feminists would point out that the 1960s free love movement did not significantly change views about women's role in mainstream America.<sup id="cite_ref-menandwomenroles_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menandwomenroles-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haight_Ashbury_Free_Clinics" title="Haight Ashbury Free Clinics">Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic</a> founder Dr. David Smith, who was a prominent participant in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a>, acknowledged in 2007 how many of the men who participated in the event viewed women as prone.<sup id="cite_ref-menandwomenroles_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menandwomenroles-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_precedents">Early precedents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early precedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_arrest_of_Adamites_in_a_public_square_in_Amsterdam._Etch_Wellcome_V0035701.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_arrest_of_Adamites_in_a_public_square_in_Amsterdam._Etch_Wellcome_V0035701.jpg/220px-The_arrest_of_Adamites_in_a_public_square_in_Amsterdam._Etch_Wellcome_V0035701.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_arrest_of_Adamites_in_a_public_square_in_Amsterdam._Etch_Wellcome_V0035701.jpg/330px-The_arrest_of_Adamites_in_a_public_square_in_Amsterdam._Etch_Wellcome_V0035701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_arrest_of_Adamites_in_a_public_square_in_Amsterdam._Etch_Wellcome_V0035701.jpg/440px-The_arrest_of_Adamites_in_a_public_square_in_Amsterdam._Etch_Wellcome_V0035701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Adamites" title="Adamites">Adamites</a> were a sect that rejected marriage. Pictured, they are being rounded up for their supposedly <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> views.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of utopian social movements throughout history have shared a vision of free love. An <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian</a> sect known as the <a href="/wiki/Adamites" title="Adamites">Adamites</a> existed in North Africa in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th centuries and rejected marriage. They practiced <a href="/wiki/Nudism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudism">nudism</a> and believed themselves to be without <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. </p><p>In the 6th century, adherents of <a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a> in pre-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> apparently supported a kind of free love in the place of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One folk story from the period that contains a mention of a free-love (and <a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">nudist</a>) community under the sea is "The Tale of Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman" from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of One Thousand and One Nights">The Book of One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10th–12th century</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, writing in 1895, noted that a number of "communistic" movements throughout the Middle Ages also rejected marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical of such movements, the <a href="/wiki/Cathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar">Cathars</a> of 10th to 14th century Western Europe freed followers from all moral prohibition and religious obligation, but respected those who lived simply, avoided the taking of human or animal life, and were celibate. Women had an uncommon equality and autonomy, even as religious leaders. The Cathars and similar groups (the <a href="/wiki/Waldenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldenses">Waldenses</a>, Apostle brothers, <a href="/wiki/Beghards" class="mw-redirect" title="Beghards">Beghards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beguines" class="mw-redirect" title="Beguines">Beguines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>) were branded as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a> by the Roman Catholic Church and suppressed. Other movements shared their critique of marriage but advocated free sexual relations rather than celibacy, such as the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Brethren of the Free Spirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taborite" class="mw-redirect" title="Taborite">Taborites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Picards" class="mw-redirect" title="Picards">Picards</a>. </p><p> Free love was an element in radical thinking during the "<a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English Revolution</a>" of 1640–1660, most strongly associated with the "<a href="/wiki/Ranters" title="Ranters">Ranters</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also perceptive critiques, within these radical movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Gerrard Winstanley</a>: </p><blockquote><p>The mother and child begotten in this manner is like to have the worst of it, for the man will be gone and leave them ... after he hath had his pleasure. ..... By seeking their own freedom they embondage others. <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_thought">Enlightenment thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enlightenment thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vindication1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Title page reads "A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN: WITH STRICUTRES ON POLITICAL AND MORAL SUBJECTS. BY MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT. PRINTED AT BOSTON, BY PETER EDES FOR THOMAS AND ANDREWS, Faust's Statue, No. 45, Newbury-Street, MDCCXCII."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vindication1b.jpg/180px-Vindication1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vindication1b.jpg/270px-Vindication1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vindication1b.jpg/360px-Vindication1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="2463" /></a><figcaption>Title page from <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792), by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, an early feminist and proponent of free love.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ideals of free love found their champion in one of the earliest English <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>. In her writings, Wollstonecraft challenged the institution of marriage, and advocated its abolition. Her novels criticized the social construction of marriage and its effects on women. In her first novel, <i>Mary: A Fiction</i> written in 1788, the heroine is forced into a loveless marriage for economic reasons. She finds love in relationships with another man and a woman. The novel, <i>Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman</i>, never finished but published in 1798, revolves around the story of a woman imprisoned in an asylum by her husband. Maria finds fulfilment outside of marriage, in an affair with a fellow inmate. Wollstonecraft makes it clear that "women had strong <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">sexual desires</a> and that it was degrading and immoral to pretend otherwise."<sup id="cite_ref-historyguide1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyguide1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft felt that women should not give up freedom and control of their sexuality, and thus did not marry her partner, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a>, despite the two conceiving and having a child together in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Terror</a> of the French Revolution. Though the relationship ended badly, due in part to the discovery of Imlay's infidelity, and not least because Imlay abandoned her for good, Wollstonecraft's belief in free love survived. She later developed a relationship with the anarchist <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, who shared her free love ideals, and published on the subject throughout his life. However, the two did decide to marry, just months before her death from complications in <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">parturition</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visions_of_the_Daughters_of_Albion_copy_G_plate_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Visions_of_the_Daughters_of_Albion_copy_G_plate_01.jpg/180px-Visions_of_the_Daughters_of_Albion_copy_G_plate_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Visions_of_the_Daughters_of_Albion_copy_G_plate_01.jpg/270px-Visions_of_the_Daughters_of_Albion_copy_G_plate_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Visions_of_the_Daughters_of_Albion_copy_G_plate_01.jpg/360px-Visions_of_the_Daughters_of_Albion_copy_G_plate_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece to <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_the_Daughters_of_Albion" title="Visions of the Daughters of Albion">Visions of the Daughters of Albion</a></i> (1793), which contains Blake's critique of Christian values of marriage. Oothoon (centre) and Bromion (left) are chained together, as Bromion has raped Oothoon and she now carries his baby. Theotormon (right) and Oothoon are in love, but Theotormon is unable to act, considering her polluted, and ties himself into knots of indecision.</figcaption></figure> <p>A member of Wollstonecraft's circle of notable radical intellectuals in England was the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> poet <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, who explicitly compared the sexual oppression of marriage to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in works such as <i>Visions of the Daughters of Albion</i> (1793), published five years after Wollstonecraft's <i>Mary</i>. Blake was critical of the marriage laws of his day, and generally railed against traditional Christian notions of <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> as a virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a time of tremendous strain in his marriage, in part due to Catherine's apparent inability to bear children, he directly advocated bringing a second wife into the house.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poetry suggests that external demands for marital fidelity reduce love to mere duty rather than authentic affection, and decries jealousy and egotism as a motive for marriage laws. Poems such as "Why should I be bound to thee, O my lovely Myrtle-tree?" and "Earth's Answer" seem to advocate multiple sexual partners. In his poem "<a href="/wiki/London_(William_Blake_poem)" title="London (William Blake poem)">London</a>" he speaks of "the Marriage-Hearse" plagued by "the youthful Harlot's curse", the result alternately of false Prudence and/or Harlotry. <i>Visions of the Daughters of Albion</i> is widely (though not universally) read as a tribute to free love since the relationship between Bromion and Oothoon is held together only by laws and not by love. For Blake, law and love are opposed, and he castigates the "frozen marriage-bed". In <i>Visions</i>, Blake writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Till she who burns with youth, and knows no fixed lot, is bound<br /> In spells of law to one she loathes? and must she drag the chain<br /> Of life in weary lust? (5.21-3, E49) </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Blake believed that humans were "fallen", and that a major impediment to a free love society was corrupt human nature, not merely the intolerance of society and the jealousy of men, but the inauthentic hypocritical nature of human communication.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also seems to have thought that marriage should afford the joy of love, but that in reality it often does not,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a couple's knowledge of being chained often diminishes their joy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I never was attached to that great sect,<br /> Whose doctrine is, that each one should select<br /> Out of the crowd a mistress or a friend,<br /> And all the rest, though fair and wise, commend<br /> To cold oblivion ...<br /> <br /> True love has this, different from gold and clay,<br /> That to divide is not to take away. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In an act understood to support free love, the child of Wollstonecraft and Godwin, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary</a>, took up with the then still-married English romantic poet <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> in 1814 at the young age of sixteen. Shelley wrote in defence of free love in the prose notes of <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mab" title="Queen Mab">Queen Mab</a></i> (1813), in his essay <i>On Love</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1815</span>), and in the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Epipsychidion" title="Epipsychidion">Epipsychidion</a></i> (1821). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utopian_socialism">Utopian socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Utopian socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharing the free-love ideals of the earlier social movements—as well as their feminism, pacifism, and simple communal life—were the <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian socialist">utopian socialist</a> communities of early-nineteenth-century France and Britain, associated with writers and thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_Comte_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a> in France, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> in England. Fourier, who coined the term <i>feminism,</i> argued for true freedom, without suppressing passions: the suppression of passions is not only destructive to the individual, but to society as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that all sexual expressions should be enjoyed as long as people are not abused, and that "affirming one's difference" can actually enhance social integration.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_movement">Origins of the movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origins of the movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eminent sociologist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> argued in his <i>Principles of Sociology</i> for the implementation of free divorce. Claiming that marriage consists of two components, "union by law" and "union by affection", he argued that with the loss of the latter union, legal union should lose all meaning and dissolve automatically, without the legal requirement for a divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free love particularly stressed <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> since most sexual laws discriminated against women: for example, marriage laws and anti-birth control measures.<sup id="cite_ref-freelove_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freelove-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OneidaCommunityHomeBld.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OneidaCommunityHomeBld.JPG/220px-OneidaCommunityHomeBld.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OneidaCommunityHomeBld.JPG/330px-OneidaCommunityHomeBld.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OneidaCommunityHomeBld.JPG/440px-OneidaCommunityHomeBld.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a> was a utopian group established in the 1840s, which practiced a form of free love. Postcard of the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community_Mansion_House" title="Oneida Community Mansion House">Oneida Community Mansion House</a> from 1907.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Free_Love_Movement_in_Victorian_America"></span> <i>Free love</i> began to coalesce into a movement in the mid- to late 19th century. The term was coined by the Christian socialist writer <a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">John Humphrey Noyes</a>, although he preferred to use the term '<a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">complex marriage</a>'. Noyes founded the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a> in 1848, a utopian community that "[rejected] conventional marriage both as a form of legalism from which Christians should be free and as a selfish institution in which men exerted rights of ownership over women". He found scriptural justification: "In the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like the angels in heaven" (Matt. 22:30).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noyes also supported <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>; and only certain people (including Noyes himself) were allowed to become parents. Another movement was established in <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Heights,_Ohio" title="Berlin Heights, Ohio">Berlin Heights, Ohio</a>. </p><p>In 1852, a writer named <a href="/wiki/M._E._Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="M. E. Lazarus">Marx Edgeworth Lazarus</a> published a tract entitled "Love vs. Marriage pt. 1", in which he portrayed marriage as "incompatible with social harmony and the root cause of mental and physical impairments." Lazarus intertwined his writings with his religious teachings, a factor that made the Christian community more tolerable to the free love idea.<sup id="cite_ref-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of the free-love movement also had links to <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a> movements, drawing parallels between slavery and "<a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a>" (marriage), and forming alliances with black activists. </p><p>American feminist <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a> (1838–1927), the first woman to run for presidency in the U.S. in 1872, was also called "the high priestess of free love". <span class="anchor" id="Free_Lover"></span>In 1871, Woodhull wrote: "Yes, I am a Free Lover. I have an inalienable, constitutional and natural right to love whom I may, to love as long or as short a period as I can; to change that love every day if I please, and with that right neither you nor any law you can frame have any right to interfere".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Woodhull_caricature_by_Thomas_Nast_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Victoria_Woodhull_caricature_by_Thomas_Nast_1872.jpg/170px-Victoria_Woodhull_caricature_by_Thomas_Nast_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Victoria_Woodhull_caricature_by_Thomas_Nast_1872.jpg/255px-Victoria_Woodhull_caricature_by_Thomas_Nast_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Victoria_Woodhull_caricature_by_Thomas_Nast_1872.jpg/340px-Victoria_Woodhull_caricature_by_Thomas_Nast_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> portraying <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a> as an advocate of free love</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage movement">women's suffrage movement</a>, free love and <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a> were three strongly linked movements at the time, and Woodhull was also a spiritualist leader. Like Noyes, she also supported <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>. Fellow social reformer and educator Mary Gove Nichols was happily married (to her second husband), and together they published a newspaper and wrote medical books and articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Gove1842_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gove1842-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gove1846_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gove1846-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gove-Nichols1855_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gove-Nichols1855-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Woodhull and Nichols eventually repudiated free love.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publications of the movement in the second half of the 19th century included Nichols' Monthly, <i>The Social Revolutionist</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Woodhull_%26_Claflin%27s_Weekly" title="Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly">Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly</a></i> (ed. Victoria Woodhull and her sister <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Celeste_Claflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Celeste Claflin">Tennessee Claflin</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Word_(US_magazine)" title="The Word (US magazine)">The Word</a></i> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Ezra Heywood</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Lucifer,_the_Light-Bearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer, the Light-Bearer">Lucifer, the Light-Bearer</a></i> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Moses_Harman" title="Moses Harman">Moses Harman</a>) and the German-language Detroit newspaper <i>Der Arme Teufel</i> (ed. Robert Reitzel). Organisations included the New England Free Love League, founded with the assistance of American libertarian socialist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> as a spin-off from the New England Labor Reform League (NELRL). A minority of <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinkers</a> also supported free love.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most radical free love journal was <i>The Social Revolutionist</i>, published in 1856–1857 by John Patterson. The first volume consisted of twenty writers, of which only one was a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Spurlock,_John_1994_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurlock,_John_1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sex radicals were not alone in their fight against marriage ideals. Some other nineteenth-century Americans saw this social institution as flawed, but hesitated to abolish it. Groups such as the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Latter-day Saints were wary of the social notion of marriage. These organizations and sex radicals believed that true equality would never exist between the sexes as long as the church and the state continued to work together, worsening the problem of subordination of wives to their husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free-love movements continued into the early 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> circles in New York's <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>. A group of Villagers lived free-love ideals and promoted them in the political journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Masses" title="The Masses">The Masses</a></i> and its sister publication <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Review" title="The Little Review">The Little Review</a>,</i> a literary journal. Incorporating influences from the writings of the English thinkers and activists <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a>, women such as <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> campaigned for a range of sexual freedoms, including homosexuality and access to contraception. Other notable figures among the Greenwich-Village scene who have been associated with free love include <a href="/wiki/Edna_St._Vincent_Millay" title="Edna St. Vincent Millay">Edna St. Vincent Millay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Dell" title="Floyd Dell">Floyd Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Dodge_Luhan" title="Mabel Dodge Luhan">Mabel Dodge Luhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida_Rauh" title="Ida Rauh">Ida Rauh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutchins_Hapgood" title="Hutchins Hapgood">Hutchins Hapgood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neith_Boyce" title="Neith Boyce">Neith Boyce</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a> also wrote passionately in defense of free love, women's rights, and contraception—but later, after converting to Catholicism, she criticized the sexual revolution of the sixties. </p><p> The development of the idea of free love in the United States was also significantly impacted by the publisher of <i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Playboy (magazine)">Playboy</a></i> magazine, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a>, whose activities and persona over more than a half century popularized the idea of free love to some of the general public.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Havelock_Ellis_(1859-1939),_Psychologist_and_Biologist_(2575987702)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portrait_of_Havelock_Ellis_%281859-1939%29%2C_Psychologist_and_Biologist_%282575987702%29_crop.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Havelock_Ellis_%281859-1939%29%2C_Psychologist_and_Biologist_%282575987702%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portrait_of_Havelock_Ellis_%281859-1939%29%2C_Psychologist_and_Biologist_%282575987702%29_crop.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Havelock_Ellis_%281859-1939%29%2C_Psychologist_and_Biologist_%282575987702%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portrait_of_Havelock_Ellis_%281859-1939%29%2C_Psychologist_and_Biologist_%282575987702%29_crop.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Havelock_Ellis_%281859-1939%29%2C_Psychologist_and_Biologist_%282575987702%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a> was a pioneer <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexologist</a> and advocate of free love.</figcaption></figure> <p>Free love was a central tenet of the philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_New_Life" title="Fellowship of the New Life">Fellowship of the New Life</a>, founded in 1883 by the Scottish intellectual <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Davidson (philosopher)">Thomas Davidson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fellowship members included many illustrious intellectuals of the day, who went on to radically challenge accepted Victorian notions of morality and sexuality, including poets <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Davidson_(poet)" title="John Davidson (poet)">John Davidson</a>, animal rights activist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sexologist <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a>, feminists <a href="/wiki/Edith_Ellis" title="Edith Ellis">Edith Lees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and writers <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive_Schreiner" title="Olive Schreiner">Olive Schreiner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its objective was "The cultivation of a perfect character in each and all," and believed in the transformation of society through setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Many of the Fellowship's members advocated <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a> was an early activist for the rights of <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexuals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WWiH_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWiH-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became interested in progressive education, especially providing information to young people on the topic of sexual education. For Carpenter, sexual education meant forwarding a clear analysis of the ways in which sex and gender were used to oppress women, contained in Carpenter's radical work <i>Love's Coming-of-Age</i>. In it he argued that a just and equal society must promote the sexual and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> of women. The main crux of his analysis centred on the negative effects of the institution of marriage. He regarded marriage in England as both enforced celibacy and a form of prostitution. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpenter1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carpenter1875.jpg/170px-Carpenter1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carpenter1875.jpg/255px-Carpenter1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Carpenter1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a> in 1875</figcaption></figure> <p>The best-known British advocate of free love was the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, later Third Earl Russell, who said that he did not believe he really knew a woman until he had made love with her. Russell consistently addressed aspects of free love throughout his voluminous writings, and was not personally content with conventional <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> until extreme old age. His most famous work on the subject was <i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i>, published in 1929. The book heavily criticizes the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian notions of morality</a> regarding sex and marriage. Russell argued that the laws and ideas about sex of his time were a potpourri from various sources, which were no longer valid with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, as the sexual acts are now separated from the conception. He argued that family is most important for the welfare of children, and as such, a man and a woman should be considered bound only after her first pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Marriage and Morals</i> prompted vigorous protests and denunciations against Russell shortly after the book's publication.<sup id="cite_ref-SexEdPioneers_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SexEdPioneers-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade later, the book cost him his professorial appointment at the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> due to a court judgment that his opinions made him "morally unfit" to teach.<sup id="cite_ref-Denied_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denied-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to what many people believed, Russell did not advocate an extreme <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">libertine</a> position. Instead, he felt that sex, although a natural impulse like hunger or thirst, involves more than that, because no one is "satisfied by the bare sexual act". He argued that abstinence enhances the pleasure of sex, which is better when it "has a large psychical element than when it is purely physical".<sup id="cite_ref-Hauerwas_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauerwas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell noted that for a marriage to work requires that there "be a feeling of complete equality on both sides; there must be no interference with mutual freedom; there must be the most complete physical and mental intimacy; and there must be a certain similarity in regard to standards of value". He argued that it was, in general, impossible to sustain this mutual feeling for an indefinite length of time, and that the only option in such a case was to provide for either the easy availability of <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, or the social sanction of extra-marital sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Hauerwas_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauerwas-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell's view on marriage changed as he went through personal struggles of subsequent marriages; in his autobiography he writes, "I do not know what I think now about the subject of marriage. There seem to be insuperable objections to every general theory about it. Perhaps easy divorce causes less unhappiness than any other system, but I am no longer capable of being dogmatic on the subject of marriage."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell was also a very early advocate of repealing <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodomy laws">sodomy laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emilearmand01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Emilearmand01.jpg/170px-Emilearmand01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Emilearmand01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Émile Armand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An important propagandist of free love was <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Émile Armand</a>. He advocated <a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">naturism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a> in what he termed <i>la camaraderie amoureuse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-armand_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armand-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote many propagandist articles on this subject such as "De la liberté sexuelle" (1907) where he advocated not only a vague free love but also multiple partners, which he called "plural love".<sup id="cite_ref-armand_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armand-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the individualist anarchist journal <i>L'en dehors</i> he and others continued in this way. Armand seized this opportunity to outline his theses supporting revolutionary sexualism and camaraderie amoureuse that differed from the traditional views of the partisans of free love in several respects. </p><p>Later Armand submitted that from an individualist perspective nothing was reprehensible about making "love", even if one did not have very strong feelings for one's partner.<sup id="cite_ref-armand_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armand-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The camaraderie amoureuse thesis", he explained, "entails a free contract of association (that may be annulled without notice, following prior agreement) reached between anarchist individualists of different genders, adhering to the necessary standards of sexual hygiene, with a view toward protecting the other parties to the contract from certain risks of the amorous experience, such as rejection, rupture, exclusivism, possessiveness, unicity, coquetry, whims, indifference, flirtatiousness, disregard for others, and prostitution."<sup id="cite_ref-armand_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armand-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also published <i>Le Combat contre la jalousie et le sexualisme révolutionnaire</i> (1926), followed over the years by <i>Ce que nous entendons par liberté de l'amour</i> (1928), <i>La Camaraderie amoureuse ou "chiennerie sexuelle"</i> (1930), and, finally, <i>La Révolution sexuelle et la camaraderie amoureuse</i> (1934), a book of nearly 350 pages comprising most of his writings on sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-armand_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armand-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a text from 1937, he mentioned among the individualist objectives the practice of forming <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary associations</a> for purely sexual purposes of heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual nature or of a combination thereof. </p><p>He also supported the right of individuals to change sex and stated his willingness to rehabilitate forbidden pleasures, non-conformist caresses (he was personally inclined toward voyeurism), as well as sodomy. This led him to allocate more and more space to what he called "the sexual non-conformists", while excluding physical violence.<sup id="cite_ref-armand_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armand-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His militancy also included translating texts from people such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a> and establishments of free love associations which tried to put into practice <i>la camaraderie amoureuse</i> through actual sexual experiences. </p><p>Free love advocacy groups active during this time included the <i>Association d'Études sexologiques</i> and the <i>Ligue mondiale pour la Réforme sexuelle sur une base scientifique</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-armand_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armand-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="USSR">USSR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a> became the most prominent woman in the Soviet administration. Kollontai was also a champion of free love. However, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a> recorded that <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> opposed free love as "completely un-Marxist, and moreover, anti-social".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zetkin also recounted Lenin's denunciation of plans to organise Hamburg's women prostitutes into a "special revolutionary militant section": he saw this as "corrupt and degenerate". </p><p>Despite the traditional marital lives of Lenin and most Bolsheviks, they believed that sexual relations were outside the jurisdiction of the state. The Soviet government abolished centuries-old Czarist regulations on personal life, which had prohibited homosexuality and made it difficult for women to obtain divorce permits or to live singly.<sup id="cite_ref-RussianRevolution_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussianRevolution-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 87–88">: 87–88 </span></sup> However, by the end of the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> had taken control of the Communist Party and begun to implement socially conservative policies. Homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder, and free love was further demonized.<sup id="cite_ref-RussianRevolution_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussianRevolution-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 161">: 161 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent">Recent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a> in 1967, the eccentricities of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat generation">beat generation</a> became a nationally recognized movement. Despite the developing <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> and the influence of the Beatniks in this new <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> social rebellion, it has been acknowledged that the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> movement was arguably the most prominent advocate of free love during the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-goldstein_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldstein-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many among the counterculture youth sided with New Left arguments that marriage was a symbol of the traditional capitalist culture which supported war.<sup id="cite_ref-goldstein_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldstein-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Make_Love_Not_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Make Love Not War">Make Love Not War</a>" became a popular slogan in the counterculture movement which denounced both war and capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-goldstein_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldstein-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Images from the pro-socialist <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968 uprising</a> in France, which occurred as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> protests were escalating throughout the United States, would provide a significant source of morale to the New Left cause as well.<sup id="cite_ref-goldstein_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldstein-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian Justice Minister, and future Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Elliot Trudeau">Pierre Elliot Trudeau</a>'s 20 December 1967 statement "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation" was a very public declaration justifying his government's decriminalization of sexual activity between same sex partners in Canada, following 1967's <a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_Player_1969_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_Player_1969-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Free_love" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Free love">Free love</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and issues related to love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juanism" title="Don Juanism">Don Juanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_union" title="Free union">Free union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">Legitimacy (family law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love-in" title="Love-in">Love-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Woman" title="New Woman">New Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_at_Dawn" title="Sex at Dawn">Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McElroy, Wendy. "The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism." Libertarian Enterprise .19 (1996): 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDan_Jakopovich" class="citation web cs1">Dan Jakopovich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004631/http://www.peacenews.info/webextras/article.php?id=33">"Chains of Marriage"</a>. <i>Peace News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacenews.info/webextras/article.php?id=33">the original</a> on 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peace+News&rft.atitle=Chains+of+Marriage&rft.au=Dan+Jakopovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peacenews.info%2Fwebextras%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spurlock,_John_C_1988-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spurlock,_John_C_1988_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spurlock, John C. Free Love Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America. New York: New York UP, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAviram2008" class="citation journal cs1">Aviram, Hadar (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15299710802171332">"Make Love, Now Law: Perceptions of the Marriage Equality Struggle Among Polyamorous Activists"</a>. <i>Journal of Bisexuality</i>. <b>7</b> (3–4): 261–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15299710802171332">10.1080/15299710802171332</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-9716">1529-9716</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143940591">143940591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bisexuality&rft.atitle=Make+Love%2C+Now+Law%3A+Perceptions+of+the+Marriage+Equality+Struggle+Among+Polyamorous+Activists&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=261-286&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143940591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1529-9716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15299710802171332&rft.aulast=Aviram&rft.aufirst=Hadar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F15299710802171332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-menandwomenroles-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-menandwomenroles_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-menandwomenroles_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-menandwomenroles_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2024" class="citation news cs1">Alexander, Brian (19 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19053382">"Free love: Was there a price to pay?"</a>. NBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Free+love%3A+Was+there+a+price+to+pay%3F&rft.date=2024-07-19&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna19053382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendelman-2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mendelman-2019_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelman2019" class="citation book cs1">Mendelman, Lisa (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DarDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197"><i>Modern Sentimentalism: Affect, Irony, and Female Authorship in Interwar America</i></a>. Oxford studies in American literary history. Oxford: OUP. pp. 197–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-258971-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-258971-2"><bdi>978-0-19-258971-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1140202743">1140202743</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625214803/https://books.google.com/books?id=DarDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Sentimentalism%3A+Affect%2C+Irony%2C+and+Female+Authorship+in+Interwar+America&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+studies+in+American+literary+history&rft.pages=197-&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1140202743&rft.isbn=978-0-19-258971-2&rft.aulast=Mendelman&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDarDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Passet,_Joanne_E_2003_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Passet, Joanne E. Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women's Equality. Chicago, IL: U of Illinois P, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyguide1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyguide1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyguide1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kreis, Steven. "Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759–1797". The History Guide. 23 November 2009 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/wollstonecraft.html">http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/wollstonecraft.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111055540/http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/wollstonecraft.html">Archived</a> 11 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gove-NicholsAuto1855-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gove-NicholsAuto1855_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Free_love#Mary_Sargeant_Gove_Nichols" title="Talk:Free love">Nichols, Mary S. Gove</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/marylyndonorreve00nich#page/166/mode/2up"><i>Mary Lyndon, or Revelations of a Life. An Autobiography</i></a>. New York: Stringer & Townsend. p. 166<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Lyndon%2C+or+Revelations+of+a+Life.+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Stringer+%26+Townsend&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Mary+S.+Gove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmarylyndonorreve00nich%23page%2F166%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span> Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols, Mary Gove, 1855. <i>Mary Lyndon: Revelations of a Life</i>. New York: Stringer and Townsend; p. 166. Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/~women/papers/freelove.html">Feminism and Free Love</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115040524/http://www.h-net.org/~women/papers/freelove.html">Archived</a> 15 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silver-Isenstadt2002-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silver-Isenstadt2002_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver-Isenstadt2002" class="citation book cs1">Silver-Isenstadt, Jean L (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jmGUJudA3bsC&pg=PP21"><i>Shameless: The Visionary Life of Mary Gove Nichols</i></a>. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6848-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-6848-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614061408/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmGUJudA3bsC&pg=PP21">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shameless%3A+The+Visionary+Life+of+Mary+Gove+Nichols&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6848-1&rft.aulast=Silver-Isenstadt&rft.aufirst=Jean+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjmGUJudA3bsC%26pg%3DPP21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanne E. Passet, <i>Grassroots feminists: women, free love, and the power of print</i> (1999), p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spurlock 1994, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spurlock 1994, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spurlock 1994, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spurlock,_John_1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spurlock,_John_1994_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spurlock,_John_1994_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spurlock, John. "A Masculine View of Women's Freedom: Free Love in the Nineteenth Century." International Social Science Review 69.3/4 (1994): 34–45. Print. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41882150">41882150</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Passet, Joanne E. Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women's Equality. Chicago, IL: U of Illinois P, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crone, Patricia, <i>Kavad's Heresy and Mazdak's Revolt</i>, in: Iran 29 (1991), S. 21–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin, Robert, <i>Political Thought in The Thousand and One Nights</i>, in: Marvels & Tales – Volume 18, Number 2, 2004, pp. 246–257. Wayne State University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky, Karl</a> (1895), <i>Die Vorläufer des neuen Sozialismus, vol. I: Kommunistische Bewegungen in Mittelalter</i>, Stuttgart: J.W. Dietz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1972" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher (1972). <i>The World Turned Upside Down</i>. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Turned+Upside+Down&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2012" class="citation web cs1">Morton, A. L. (15 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brh.org.uk/site/articles/a-glorious-liberty/">"A Glorious Liberty"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Glorious+Liberty&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brh.org.uk%2Fsite%2Farticles%2Fa-glorious-liberty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1972" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher (1972). <i>The World Turned Upside Down</i>. Penguin Books. p. 319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Turned+Upside+Down&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/william-blake">"Poetry Foundation's bio of William Blake"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718164236/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/william-blake">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poetry+Foundation%27s+bio+of+William+Blake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fbio%2Fwilliam-blake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblen1995" class="citation book cs1">Hamblen, Emily (1995). <i>On the Minor Prophecies of William Blake</i>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Minor+Prophecies+of+William+Blake&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hamblen&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1915" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Pierre (1915). <i>William Blake: Poet and Mystic</i>. E.P. Dutton & Company. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Blake%3A+Poet+and+Mystic&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+%26+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Foster Damon <i>William Blake: His Philosophy and Symbols</i> (1924), p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Thomas (2003). <i>Life of William Blake</i>. p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1982" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Leslie F. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709162">"Early Feminist Themes in French Utopian Socialism: The St.-Simonians and Fourier"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 91–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709162">10.2307/2709162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709162">2709162</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Early+Feminist+Themes+in+French+Utopian+Socialism%3A+The+St.-Simonians+and+Fourier&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-108&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709162%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Leslie+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFourier1967" class="citation book cs1">Fourier, Charles (1967). <i>Le Nouveau Monde amoureux</i>. Paris: Éditions Anthropos. pp. 389, 391, 429, 458–459, 462–463.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Nouveau+Monde+amoureux&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=389%2C+391%2C+429%2C+458-459%2C+462-463&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Anthropos&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Fourier&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span> Written 1816–18, not published widely until 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheresa_Notare2008" class="citation book cs1">Theresa Notare (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmpMZ7K2L3YC"><i>"A Revolution in Christian Morals": Lambeth 1930–Resolution #15. History & Reception</i></a>. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0549956099" title="Special:BookSources/978-0549956099"><bdi>978-0549956099</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614061356/https://books.google.com/books?id=RmpMZ7K2L3YC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22A+Revolution+in+Christian+Morals%22%3A+Lambeth+1930%E2%80%93Resolution+%2315.+History+%26+Reception&rft.pages=78-79&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0549956099&rft.au=Theresa+Notare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmpMZ7K2L3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freelove-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freelove_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle1996/le961210.html">"The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism By Wendy McElroy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614215038/http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle1996/le961210.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free+Love+Movement+and+Radical+Individualism+By+Wendy+McElroy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncc-1776.org%2Ftle1996%2Fle961210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Blake before him had made the same connection: "In Eternity they neither marry nor are given in marriage." (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem:_The_Emanation_of_the_Giant_Albion" title="Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion">Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion</a>, 30.15; E176)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gos.sbc.edu/w/woodhull.html">"And the Truth Shall Make You Free"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106225055/http://gos.sbc.edu/w/woodhull.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (20 November 1871)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gove1842-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gove1842_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGove1842" class="citation book cs1">Gove, Mary S. (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lecturestoladies00nichiala#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Lectures to Ladies on Anatomy and Physiology</i></a>. Boston: Saxton & Peirce<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2009</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+to+Ladies+on+Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Saxton+%26+Peirce&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Gove&rft.aufirst=Mary+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flecturestoladies00nichiala%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gove1846-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gove1846_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGove_Nichols1846" class="citation book cs1">Gove Nichols, Mary S. (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lecturestowomen00nichgoog#page/n9/mode/1up">"Lectures to Women on Anatomy and Physiology"</a>. <i>with an Appendix on Water Cure</i>. New York: Harper & Brothers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2009</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lectures+to+Women+on+Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft.btitle=with+an+Appendix+on+Water+Cure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Gove+Nichols&rft.aufirst=Mary+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flecturestowomen00nichgoog%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gove-Nichols1855-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gove-Nichols1855_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGove_Nichols1855" class="citation book cs1">Gove Nichols, Mary S. (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anintroductiont01nichgoog#page/n56/mode/1up">"Experience in the Water Cure: A familiar exposition of the Principles and Results of Water Treatment"</a>. <i>Cure of Acute and Chronic Diseases</i>. Fowlers and Wells' Water-Cure Library: Embracing all the most popular works on the subject. Vol. 2. New York: Fowlers and Wells<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Experience+in+the+Water+Cure%3A+A+familiar+exposition+of+the+Principles+and+Results+of+Water+Treatment&rft.btitle=Cure+of+Acute+and+Chronic+Diseases&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Fowlers+and+Wells%27+Water-Cure+Library%3A+Embracing+all+the+most+popular+works+on+the+subject&rft.pub=Fowlers+and+Wells&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Gove+Nichols&rft.aufirst=Mary+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fanintroductiont01nichgoog%23page%2Fn56%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden2013" class="citation book cs1">Hayden, Wendy (14 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsddNlV-rGwC&pg=PA30"><i>Evolutionary Rhetoric: Sex, Science, and Free Love in Nineteenth-Century ... - Wendy Hayden - Google Books</i></a>. SIU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809331024" title="Special:BookSources/9780809331024"><bdi>9780809331024</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Rhetoric%3A+Sex%2C+Science%2C+and+Free+Love+in+Nineteenth-Century+...+-+Wendy+Hayden+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft.isbn=9780809331024&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgsddNlV-rGwC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Merril D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVeh3C8XGP4C&pg=PA82"><i>Encyclopedia of Rape - Google Books</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313326875" title="Special:BookSources/9780313326875"><bdi>9780313326875</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rape+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780313326875&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Merril+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVeh3C8XGP4C%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirkley, Evelyn A. 2000. <i>Rational Mothers and Infidel Gentlemen: Gender and American Atheism, 1865–1915.</i> (Women and Gender in North American Religions.) Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2000. pp. xviii, 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood" class="citation web cs1">Good, James A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autodidactproject.org/other/TD.html">"The Development of Thomas Davidson's Religious and Social Thought"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012175347/http://www.autodidactproject.org/other/TD.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Thomas+Davidson%27s+Religious+and+Social+Thought&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autodidactproject.org%2Fother%2FTD.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Hendrick, <i>Henry Salt: Humanitarian Reformer and Man of Letters</i>, University of Illinois Press, p. 47 (1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Weeks_(sociologist)" title="Jeffrey Weeks (sociologist)">Jeffrey Weeks</a>, <i>Making Sexual History</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, p. 20 (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Spencer, <i>The Heretic's Feast:A History of Vegetarianism</i>, Fourth Estate, p. 283 (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWiH-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWiH_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Allen_Smith" title="Warren Allen Smith">Smith, Warren Allen</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinhellhan00smit/page/186/mode/2up">"Carpenter, Edward (1844–1929)"</a></span>. <i>Who's Who in Hell, A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-Theists</i>. New York: Barricade Books. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-158-1"><bdi>978-1-56980-158-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707072872">707072872</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carpenter%2C+Edward+%281844%E2%80%931929%29&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Hell%2C+A+Handbook+and+International+Directory+for+Humanists%2C+Freethinkers%2C+Naturalists%2C+Rationalists%2C+and+Non-Theists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Barricade+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707072872&rft.isbn=978-1-56980-158-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Warren+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoinhellhan00smit%2Fpage%2F186%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815045823/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787544,00.html">"Sex Seer"</a>, in <i>Time</i>, 4 November 1929</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SexEdPioneers-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SexEdPioneers_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeberle,_Erwin_J.1983" class="citation web cs1">Haeberle, Erwin J. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313020717/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/pioneers_of_sex_education.html">"Pioneers of Sex Education"</a>. The Continuum Publishing Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/pioneers_of_sex_education.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Sex+Education&rft.pub=The+Continuum+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Haeberle%2C+Erwin+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hu-berlin.de%2Fsexology%2FATLAS_EN%2Fhtml%2Fpioneers_of_sex_education.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denied-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denied_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeberstein,_Stephen2001" class="citation web cs1">Leberstein, Stephen (November–December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004082928/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3860/is_200111/ai_n9008065">"Appointment Denied: The Inquisition of Bertrand Russell"</a>. Academe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3860/is_200111/ai_n9008065">the original</a> on 4 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appointment+Denied%3A+The+Inquisition+of+Bertrand+Russell&rft.pub=Academe&rft.date=2001-11%2F2001-12&rft.au=Leberstein%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3860%2Fis_200111%2Fai_n9008065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hauerwas-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hauerwas_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hauerwas_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Hauerwas2011" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Hauerwas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEKu6SoJR6cC"><i>After Christendom?: How the Church Is to Behave If Freedom, Justice, and a Christian Nation Are Bad Ideas</i></a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426722011" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426722011"><bdi>978-1426722011</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614044823/https://books.google.com/books?id=fEKu6SoJR6cC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Christendom%3F%3A+How+the+Church+Is+to+Behave+If+Freedom%2C+Justice%2C+and+a+Christian+Nation+Are+Bad+Ideas&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1426722011&rft.au=Stanley+Hauerwas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfEKu6SoJR6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2014" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Bertrand (2014). <i>The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell</i>. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315824499">10.4324/9781315824499</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315824499" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315824499"><bdi>978-1315824499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Bertrand+Russell&rft.pages=391&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315824499&rft.isbn=978-1315824499&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Homosexual Acts, Call To Reform Law". <i>The Times</i>. 7 March 1958. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Homosexual+Acts%2C+Call+To+Reform+Law&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1958-03-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armand-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armand_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armand_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armand_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armand_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armand_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armand_51-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armand_51-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/womhist/manfreuk.pdf">"Emile Armand and la camaraderie amourouse – Revolutionary sexualism and the struggle against jealousy." by Francis Rousin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110104/http://www.iisg.nl/womhist/manfreuk.pdf">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 10 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zetkin, Clara, 1934, <i>Lenin on the Woman Question,</i> New York: International, p. 7. Published in <i>Reminiscences of Lenin.</i><br />A more extensive quote from Lenin follows: "It seems to me that this superabundance of sex theories ... springs from the desire to justify one's own abnormal or excessive sex life before bourgeois morality and to plead for tolerance towards oneself. This veiled respect for bourgeois morality is as repugnant to me as rooting about in all that bears on sex. No matter how rebellious and revolutionary it may be made to appear, it is in the final analysis thoroughly bourgeois. It is, mainly, a hobby of the intellectuals and of the sections nearest to them. There is no place for it in the party, in the class-conscious, fighting proletariat."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RussianRevolution-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RussianRevolution_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RussianRevolution_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (2017). <i>The Russian Revolution</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880670-7"><bdi>978-0-19-880670-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880670-7&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldstein-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldstein_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldstein_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldstein_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldstein_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldman/peopleevents/e_freelove.html">Emma Goldman:People & Events: Free Love</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225205736/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldman/peopleevents/e_freelove.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PBS.org, Accessed 26 April 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_Player_1969-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_Player_1969_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1811727781">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CBC Player</i>. 20 December 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216070311/https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1811727781">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+Player&rft.atitle=%27There%27s+no+place+for+the+state+in+the+bedrooms+of+the+nation%27&rft.date=1967-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fplayer%2Fplay%2F1811727781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_love&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/womhist/polder.pdf">"The recurring movements of free love" by Saskia Poldervaart</a></li> <li>Victoria Woodhull, <i>Free Lover: Sex, Marriage And Eugenics in the Early Speeches of Victoria Woodhull</i>, Seattle: Inkling, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58742-050-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58742-050-3">1-58742-050-3</a></li> <li>Stoehr, Taylor, ed. <i>Free Love in America: A Documentary History</i>, New York: AMS Press, 1977</li> <li>Sears, Hal, <i>The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America</i>, Lawrence, KS: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1977</li> <li>Spurlock, John <i>Free Love: Marriage and Middle Class Radicalism, 1825–1860</i>, New York: New York University Press, 1987</li> <li>Joanne E. Passet, <i>Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women's Equality</i>, Champaign: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02804-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02804-X">0-252-02804-X</a></li> <li>Martin Blatt, <i>Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood</i>, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/womhist/manfreuk.pdf">"Emile Armand and la camaraderie amourouse. Revolutionary sexualism and the struggle against jealousy." by Francis Rousin</a></li> <li>Barbara Goldsmith, <i>Other Powers: The Age of Suffrage, Spiritualism, and the Scandalous Victoria Woodhull</i>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-095332-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-095332-2">0-06-095332-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman, Emma</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20715/20715-h/20715-h.htm">Marriage and Love</a></i>, New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1911</li> <li>Françoise Basch, <i>Rebelles américaines au XIXe siècle : marriage, amour libre et politique</i>, Paris : Méridiens Klincksieck, 1990</li> <li>Curt von Westernhagen, <i>Wagner</i>, Cambridge, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28254-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28254-3">0-521-28254-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_revolution" title="Template talk:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Milestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boys_in_the_Sand" title="Boys in the Sand">Boys in the Sand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myra_Breckinridge" title="Myra Breckinridge">Myra Breckinridge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn#"Porno_chic"" title="Golden Age of Porn">Porno chic</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Pornography in the United States">Pornography in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">The Pill</a> (1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">The personal is political</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Reports" title="Kinsey Reports">Kinsey Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson_Institute" title="Masters and Johnson Institute">Masters and Johnson Institute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Califia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Califia">Pat Califia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Chambers" title="Marilyn Chambers">Marilyn Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Damiano" title="Gerard Damiano">Gerard Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Dodson" title="Betty Dodson">Betty Dodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ginzburg" title="Ralph Ginzburg">Ralph Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Goldstein" title="Al Goldstein">Al Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Guccione" title="Bob Guccione">Bob Guccione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Hall" title="Terri Hall">Terri Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halsted" title="Fred Halsted">Fred Halsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Hartley" title="Nina Hartley">Nina Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hurles" title="David Hurles">David Hurles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_E._Johnson" title="Virginia E. Johnson">Virginia Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Lovelace" title="Linda Lovelace">Linda Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Margold" title="William Margold">William Margold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Masters" title="William Masters">William Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radley_Metzger" title="Radley Metzger">Radley Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sprinkle" title="Annie Sprinkle">Annie Sprinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Westheimer" title="Ruth Westheimer">Ruth Westheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse" title="55th Street Playhouse">55th Street Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldron_(sex_club)" title="Caldron (sex club)">Caldron (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_(sex_club)" title="Catacombs (sex club)">Catacombs (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Baths" title="Club Baths">Club Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Factory" title="The Factory">The Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bathhouse" title="Gay bathhouse">Gay bathhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft (gay club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Andy_Warhol_Garrick_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre">New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Retreat" title="Plato's Retreat">Plato's Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone_retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstone retreat">Sandstone retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District">South of Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_of_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views of pornography">Feminist views of pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Deep_Throat" title="Inside Deep Throat">Inside Deep Throat</a></i> (2005 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_(film)" title="Kinsey (film)">Kinsey</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovelace_(film)" title="Lovelace (film)">Lovelace</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Make_Love,_Not_War:_The_Sexual_Revolution:_An_Unfettered_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History">Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History</a></i> (2001 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_Bettie_Page" title="The Notorious Bettie Page">The Notorious Bettie Page</a></i> (2005 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whatever_(novel)" title="Whatever (novel)">Whatever</a></i> (1994 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_sexuality_and_sexology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_sexuality" title="Template:Human sexuality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_sexuality" title="Template 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href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictosexuality" title="Fictosexuality">Fictosexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_shyness" class="mw-redirect" title="Love shyness">Love shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy_syndrome" title="Celibacy syndrome">Celibacy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committed_relationship" title="Committed relationship">Committed relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_promiscuity" title="Female promiscuity">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">Sex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_person" title="Single person">Single person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sexual dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_frustration" title="Sexual frustration">Sexual frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Addicts_Anonymous" title="Sex Addicts Anonymous">Sex Addicts Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Sexual jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li>Free love</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a 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Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a 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