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<li id="toc-Prior_codification_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_codification_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prior codification attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_codification_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Napoleonic reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents_of_the_Napoleonic_Code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents_of_the_Napoleonic_Code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contents of the Napoleonic Code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents_of_the_Napoleonic_Code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_French_Napoleonic-era_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_French_Napoleonic-era_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other French Napoleonic-era codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_French_Napoleonic-era_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_codes_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_codes_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>French codes in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_codes_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codes_in_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codes_in_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Codes in other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codes_in_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Napoleonic Code</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون نابليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون نابليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_m%C9%99c%C9%99ll%C9%99si" title="Napoleon məcəlləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Napoleon məcəlləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Наполеонов кодекс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наполеонов кодекс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuski_gra%C4%91anski_zakonik" title="Francuski građanski zakonik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francuski građanski zakonik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codi_Civil_franc%C3%A8s" title="Codi Civil francès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Codi Civil francès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_civil" title="Code civil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Code civil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_civil" title="Code civil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Code civil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_civil" title="Code civil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Code civil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleoni_koodeks" title="Napoleoni koodeks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Napoleoni koodeks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ναπολεόντειος Κώδικας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναπολεόντειος Κώδικας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_Civil_de_Francia" title="Código Civil de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Código Civil de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_civila_kodo" title="Franca civila kodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca civila kodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonen_Kodea" title="Napoleonen Kodea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Napoleonen Kodea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="کد ناپلئون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کد ناپلئون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_civil_(France)" title="Code civil (France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Code civil (France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3d_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Cód Napoléon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cód Napoléon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AF%BC%EB%B2%95%EC%A0%84" title="프랑스 민법전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 민법전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Նապոլեոնի օրենսգիրք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նապոլեոնի օրենսգիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Code Napoléon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Code Napoléon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_Napoleon" title="Undang-undang Napoleon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Undang-undang Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codice_napoleonico" title="Codice napoleonico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Codice napoleonico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קוד נפוליאון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוד נפוליאון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96" title="Наполеон кодексі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Наполеон кодексі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleona_kodekss" title="Napoleona kodekss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Napoleona kodekss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Code Napoléon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Code Napoléon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzijos_civilinis_kodeksas" title="Prancūzijos civilinis kodeksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzijos civilinis kodeksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap%C3%B3leon_t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9nyk%C3%B6nyve" title="Napóleon törvénykönyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Napóleon törvénykönyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="നെപോളിയന്റെ നിയമാവലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെപോളിയന്റെ നിയമാവലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod_Napoleon" title="Kod Napoleon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kod Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Code Napoléon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Code Napoléon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="フランス民法典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス民法典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codece_Napulioneco" title="Codece Napulioneco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Codece Napulioneco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_civil_des_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Code civil des français – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Code civil des français" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Code Napoléon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Code Napoléon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2di_civil_(Fran%C3%A7a)" title="Còdi civil (França) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Còdi civil (França)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_kodeksi" title="Napoleon kodeksi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Napoleon kodeksi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeks_Napoleona" title="Kodeks Napoleona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kodeks Napoleona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_Napole%C3%B4nico" title="Código Napoleônico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Código Napoleônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codul_civil_napoleonian" title="Codul civil napoleonian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Codul civil napoleonian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кодекс Наполеона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кодекс Наполеона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodi_i_Napoleonit" title="Kodi i Napoleonit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kodi i Napoleonit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Napoleonic Code" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_civil_(Franc%C3%BAzsko)" title="Code civil (Francúzsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Code civil (Francúzsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_civil" title="Code civil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Code civil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Наполеонов кодекс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наполеонов кодекс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonov_kodeks" title="Napoleonov kodeks – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Napoleonov kodeks" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Civil" title="Code Civil – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Code Civil" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Code Napoléon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Code Napoléon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ประมวลกฎหมายนโปเลียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประมวลกฎหมายนโปเลียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolyon_Yasalar%C4%B1" title="Napolyon Yasaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Napolyon Yasaları" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French civil code established in 1804</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Civil Code of the French<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Code civil des Français</i></span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Legislature of the <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006070721/2020-09-18/">Code civil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Territorial extent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Corps_l%C3%A9gislatif" title="Corps législatif">Corps législatif</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="First Consul">First Consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 March 1804<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1804-03-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jacques de Maleville<br /><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne-Marie_Portalis" title="Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis">Jean Portalis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Julien-Jean_Bigot_de_Pr%C3%A9ameneu" title="Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu">Félix Bigot de Préameneu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Denis_Tronchet" title="François Denis Tronchet">François Tronchet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeals</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56510716?rk=21459;2">Civil Code of the French Republic</a> (1803)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Amended by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/LEGIARTI000038262578/2019-03-25#LEGIARTI000038262578">Law 2019-2022</a> on 1 September 2020</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#FFFFCC;"><b>Status:</b> Amended</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Napoleonic Code</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Code Napoléon</i>), officially the <b>Civil Code of the French</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Code civil des Français</i>; simply referred to as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Code civil</i></span>), is the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">civil code</a> established during the <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a> in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> himself was not directly involved in the drafting of the Code, as it was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists,<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_B._Holtman_1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he chaired many of the commission's plenary sessions,<sup id="cite_ref-Foot01_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his support was crucial to its passage into law.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major milestone in the abolition of the previous patchwork of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> laws.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_B._Holtman_1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Napoleonic Code is often portrayed to be one of the most widespread systems of law in the world, claimed to be in force in various forms in about 120 countries, but many of those countries are <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">civil code</a> countries that had their own version of their civil code for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil-law</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal system</a>; it was preceded by the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Maximilianeus_bavaricus_civilis" title="Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis">Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, 1756), the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Allgemeines_Landrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Allgemeines Landrecht">Allgemeines Landrecht</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, 1794), and the <i><a href="/wiki/West_Galician_Code" title="West Galician Code">West Galician Code</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, 1797).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope, and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_B._Holtman_1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Napoleonic Code influenced developing countries outside Europe attempting to modernise and defeudalise their countries through legal reforms, such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> the Spanish and Portuguese had established their own versions of the civil code.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speyer_(DerHexer)_2010-12-19_051.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Speyer_%28DerHexer%29_2010-12-19_051.jpg/220px-Speyer_%28DerHexer%29_2010-12-19_051.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Speyer_%28DerHexer%29_2010-12-19_051.jpg/330px-Speyer_%28DerHexer%29_2010-12-19_051.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Speyer_%28DerHexer%29_2010-12-19_051.jpg/440px-Speyer_%28DerHexer%29_2010-12-19_051.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>The Napoleonic Code in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_the_Palatinate" title="Historical Museum of the Palatinate">Historical Museum of the Palatinate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The categories of the Napoleonic Code were not drawn from earlier French law, but instead from <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian's</a> sixth-century codification of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i>, and within it, the <i>Institutes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Institutes</i> divide into the law of: </p> <ol><li>persons</li> <li>things</li> <li>actions.</li></ol> <p>Similarly, the Napoleonic Code divided the law into four sections: </p> <ol><li>persons</li> <li>property</li> <li>acquisition of property</li> <li>civil procedure (moved into a separate code in 1806).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_codification_attempts">Prior codification attempts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prior codification attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Napoleonic Code, France did not have a single set of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>; law consisted mainly of local customs, sometimes officially compiled in "custumals" (<i><a href="/wiki/Old_French_law" title="Old French law">coutumes</a></i>), notably the <i><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris</a></i>. There were also exemptions, <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(law)" title="Privilege (law)">privileges</a>, and special <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charters</a> granted by kings or other feudal lords. With the Revolution, the last vestiges of feudalism were abolished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Specifically, as to civil law, the many different bodies of law used in different parts of France were to be replaced by a single legal code. The <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">Constituent Assembly</a> on 5 October 1790 voted for a codification of French laws, the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">Constitution of 1791</a> promised one, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> adopted a unanimous resolution on 4 September 1791 providing that "there shall be a code of civil laws common for the entire realm."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> in 1793 which established a special commission headed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques-R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" title="Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès">Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès</a> to oversee the drafting process.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His drafts of 1793 (for which Cambacérès had been given a one month deadline), 1794, and 1796 were all rejected by a National Convention and the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> of the time was more preoccupied with the turmoil resulting from various wars and strife with other European powers. The first draft contained 719 articles and was very revolutionary, but was rejected for being too technical and criticised for not being radical or philosophical enough. The second, with only 297 articles, was rejected for being too brief and was criticised for being a mere manual of morals. The third, expanded to 1,104 articles, was presented under the conservative Directory regime, but never even came up for discussion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another commission, established in December 1799 established a fourth outline drafted in part by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Ignace_Jacqueminot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Ignace Jacqueminot (page does not exist)">Jean-Ignace Jacqueminot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Ignace_Jacqueminot" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Ignace Jacqueminot">fr</a>]</span> (1754–1813). Jacqueminot's draft, the so-called <i>loi Jacqueminot</i>, dealt almost exclusively with persons<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and emphasised the need to reform the <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> laws, to strengthen parental authority and increase the testator's freedom to dispose of the free portion of his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was rejected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_reforms">Napoleonic reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Napoleonic reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Napoleonic_Code" title="Special:EditPage/Napoleonic Code">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Napoleon's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> allowed him to consolidate his power in France<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Paris, he appointed on 12 August 1800 a commission of distinguished jurists and politicians, including <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Maleville" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques de Maleville">fr:Jacques de Maleville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Denis_Tronchet" title="François Denis Tronchet">François Denis Tronchet</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Julien-Jean_Bigot_de_Pr%C3%A9ameneu" title="Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu">Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne-Marie_Portalis" title="Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis">Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis</a> to draft a civil code.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this commission, Cambacérès (now Second Consul), and Napoleon himself chaired the plenary sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot01_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this process finished, the Code was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Body" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Body">Legislative Body</a> as a preliminary bill in December 1801, where it was rejected by a vote of 142 to 139.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot02_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Napoleon announced on 2 January 1802 that he was suspending all projects, effectively closing the assemblies' sessions; simultaneously, he went to the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_conservateur" title="Sénat conservateur">Sénat conservateur</a> to berate its members. These tactics cowed the legislature into submission, and gave Napoleon the majority he needed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code finally came into effect on 21 March 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot03_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process developed mainly out of the various customs,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but was inspired by Justinian's sixth-century codification of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> and, within that, Justinian's Code (<i>Codex</i>). The Napoleonic Code, however, differed from Justinian's in important ways: </p> <ul><li>it incorporated all kinds of earlier rules, not just legislation;</li> <li>it was not a collection of edited extracts, but a comprehensive rewrite;</li> <li>its structure was much more rational;</li> <li>it had no religious content</li> <li>it was written in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Napoleonic Code marked a fundamental change in the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law legal system</a>, making laws clearer and <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">more accessible</a>. It also superseded the former conflict between royal legislative power and, particularly in the final years before the Revolution, protests by judges representing views and privileges of the social classes to which they belonged. Such conflict led the Revolutionaries to take a negative view of judges making law. </p><p>This is reflected in the Napoleonic Code provision prohibiting judges from deciding a case by way of introducing a general rule (Article 5), since the creation of general rules is an exercise of <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> and not of <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial power</a>. In theory, there is thus no <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> in France. However, the courts still had to fill in the gaps in the laws and regulations and, indeed, were prohibited from refusing to do so (Article 4). Moreover, both the code and legislation have required judicial interpretation. Thus a vast body of case law has come into existence, but without any rule of <i><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">stare decisis</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents_of_the_Napoleonic_Code">Contents of the Napoleonic Code</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contents of the Napoleonic Code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The preliminary article of the code established certain important provisions regarding the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. Laws could be applied only if they had been <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_legality_in_French_criminal_law" title="Principle of legality in French criminal law">duly promulgated</a>, and then only if they had previously been officially published (including provisions for publishing delays, given the means of communication available at the time). In brief, no secret laws were authorised. It prohibited <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">ex post facto</a></i> laws (i.e. laws that apply to events that occurred before their introduction). The code also prohibited judges from refusing to do justice on grounds of the insufficiency of the law, thereby encouraging them to interpret the law. On the other hand, it also prohibited judges from making general judgements of a legislative nature (see above).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With regard to family, the code established the supremacy of the husband over his wife and children, the <i>status quo</i> in Europe at the time. Women had even fewer rights than children. Divorce by mutual consent was abolished in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_French_Napoleonic-era_codes">Other French Napoleonic-era codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other French Napoleonic-era codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The draft Military Code was presented to Napoleon by the special commission headed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daru" title="Pierre Daru">Pierre Daru</a> in June 1805; however, as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> progressed, the code was put aside and never implemented. </p><p>In 1791, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a> presented a new criminal code to the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explained that it outlawed only "true crimes", and not "phony offences created by superstition, feudalism, the tax system, and [royal] <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not list the crimes "created by superstition". The new penal code did not mention <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">sacrilege</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, which led to these former offences being swiftly decriminalised. In 1810, a <a href="/wiki/French_Penal_Code_of_1810" title="French Penal Code of 1810">new criminal code</a> was issued under Napoleon. As with the <a href="/wiki/French_Penal_Code_of_1791" title="French Penal Code of 1791">Penal Code of 1791</a>, it did not contain provisions for religious crimes, incest, or homosexuality. </p> <ul><li>After an overhaul of the entire legal system, the new code of civil procedure was adopted in 1806.</li></ul> <ul><li>The commercial code (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_de_commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code de commerce (page does not exist)">code de commerce</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/code_de_commerce" class="extiw" title="fr:code de commerce">fr</a>]</span></i>) was adopted in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kernel of the commercial code is the Book III, "Of The Different Modes of Acquiring Property", of the Napoleonic Code, which sets out norms for <a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">contracts and transactions</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Code d'instruction</i>: In 1808, the <i>code d'instruction criminelle</i> was published, laying out <a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlement</a></i> system from before the Revolution, had been much abused, and the criminal courts established by the Revolution were complex and ineffective, subject to many local pressures. The genesis of this code resulted in much debate and the basis of the modern <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial system</a> of criminal courts in France and many civil law countries. It has significantly changed since, especially with regard to the rights of the defendant.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The French Revolution's <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> enunciated the <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> until found guilty. Concerned by the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest and detention</a>, or excessive <a href="/wiki/Pre-trial_detention" title="Pre-trial detention">remand</a>, Napoleon remarked that care should be taken to preserve personal freedoms, especially before the Imperial Court: "these courts would have a great strength, they should be prohibited from abusing this situation against weak citizens without connections."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, remand still was usual for defendants suspected of serious crimes such as murder. </p><p>The possibility of lengthy remand periods was one criticism, particularly voiced in common law countries, of the Napoleonic Code and its <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of guilt</a>. Another reason was the combination of magistrate and prosecutor into a single role.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the work of the <i><a href="/wiki/Examining_magistrate" title="Examining magistrate">juge d'instruction</a></i> accomplished, the trial itself did not have the same <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> presumption of guilt; for instance, the juror's oath explicitly required jurors not betray the interests of the defendants or ignore their defence. </p><p>The rules governing court proceedings gave significant power to the prosecution; however, criminal justice in European countries in those days tended to repression. For instance, it was only in 1836 that prisoners charged with a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> were given a formal <a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">right to counsel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Right to counsel">England</a>. In comparison, article 294 of the Napoleonic Code of Criminal Procedure<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Did you mean, the '1808 code d'instruction criminelle'? (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> allowed the defendant access to a lawyer before a <i><a href="/wiki/Cour_d%27assises" title="Cour d'assises">Cour d'assises</a></i>, and mandated the court to appoint a lawyer for the defendants who did not have one. (Failing to do so nullified the proceedings.) </p><p>Whether or not the <i>Cour d'assises</i>, which judges severe crimes, should operate with a <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> was a topic of considerable controversy. Napoleon supported jury trials (or <i>petit jury</i>), and they were finally adopted. On the other hand, Napoleon opposed the <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a> jury ("<a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries), and preferred to assign this task to the criminal division of the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Court of Appeals</a>. Special courts were created to judge criminals who might intimidate the jury. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_codes_in_the_21st_century">French codes in the 21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French codes in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French codes, now more than 60 in number,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are frequently amended, as well as <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicially re-interpreted</a>. Therefore, for over a century all of the codes in force have been documented in the annually revised editions published by <a href="/wiki/Dalloz" title="Dalloz">Dalloz</a> (Paris).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These editions consist of thorough <a href="/wiki/Annotation" title="Annotation">annotations</a>, with references to other codes, relevant <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a>, judicial decisions (even if unpublished), and international instruments. The "small (<i>petit</i>)" version of the Civil Code in this form is nearly 3,000 pages, available in print and online. Additional material, including scholarly articles, is added in the larger "expert (<i>expert</i>)" version and the still larger "mega (<i>méga</i>)" version, both of which are available in print and on searchable <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>. By this stage, it has been suggested, the Civil Code has become "less a book than a database".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sheer number of codes, together with digitisation, led the <i>Commission supérieure de codification</i> to reflect in its annual report for 2011: </p> <blockquote><p>The Commission observes that the age of drawing up new codes is probably reaching its end. The aim of a nearly complete codification of the law is no longer pursued, for three reasons: firstly, the technical developments by which texts are provided in non-physical form offer to users modes of access that are comparable in many ways to those available through a code; secondly, the creation of new codes encounters a kind of law of diminishing returns in that, the more progress that is made in the development of new codes, the trickier it becomes to determine in which code particular provisions should be located; and, finally, it is clear that certain kinds of provision [...] are unsuitable for codification, since codification makes sense only when it involves provisions that possess sufficient generality.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A year later, the Commission recommended that, after its current codification projects were completed, there should not be any further codes; an additional reason was government delay in publishing reforms that the Commission had completed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government responded encouragingly in March 2013, but the Commission complains that this has not been followed through; in particular, that the government has abandoned its plan for a public service code (<i>code général de la fonction publique</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Codes_in_other_countries">Codes in other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Codes in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Napoleonic_Code" title="Special:EditPage/Napoleonic Code">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Even though the Napoleonic Code was <a href="/wiki/Civil_code#Important_civil_codes" title="Civil code">not the first</a> civil code, it was the first modern legal code to be widely adopted in Europe, and it influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_B._Holtman_1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the German regions on the west bank of the Rhine (<a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Rhenish Palatinate</a> and Prussian <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>), the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg" title="Duchy of Berg">Duchy of Berg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a>, the Napoleonic Code was influential until the introduction of the <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a></i> in 1900 as the first common civil code for the entire <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arvind_TT;_Stirton_L_2010_1–29_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvind_TT;_Stirton_L_2010_1–29-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of factors have been shown by Arvind and Stirton to have had a determinative role in the decision by the German states to receive the code, including territorial concerns, Napoleonic control and influence, the strength of central state institutions, a feudal economy and society, rule by <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened despotic</a>) rulers, <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a> among the governing elites, and popular <a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">anti-French sentiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arvind_TT;_Stirton_L_2010_1–29_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvind_TT;_Stirton_L_2010_1–29-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A civil code with Napoleonic code influences was also adopted in 1864 in <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a>, and remained in force until 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Napoleonic Code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other <a href="/wiki/Jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurisdictions">jurisdictions</a> that are influenced by the <i>French Code Napoléon</i>, especially the <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Lower_Canada" title="Civil Code of Lower Canada">Civil Code of Lower Canada</a></i> (replaced in 1994 by the <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a></i>), mainly derived from the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_French_law" title="Old French law">Coutume de Paris</a></i>, which the British continued to use in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a>. However, most of the laws in Latin American countries are not heavily influenced on the Napoleonic Code, as the Spanish and Portuguese versions of the civil code formed the foundation of the Latin American legal systems e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Civil_Code" title="Chilean Civil Code">Chilean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Mexico" title="Law of Mexico">Mexican</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Puerto Rican civil codes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, the Civil Code, which originates from the Napoleonic Code, represents an important primary source of law and provides for the rights of individuals, matrimonial regimes, contract law, and property law, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Civil Code was extended to Mauritius under the title <i>Code Napoléon</i> by decree of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathieu_Isidore_Decaen" title="Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen">Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen</a>, <i>Capitaine-General</i>, on 21 April 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Code was modified and embodied in Chapter 179 of the Revised Laws of Mauritius 1945, edited by Sir Charlton Lane, former Chief Justice of Mauritius. The 1808 decree was repealed by Act 9 of 1983, but the Revision of Laws Act which was enacted in 1974, made provision, in section 7, for the publication of the Code under the title "Code Civil Mauricien."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the legal system is largely based on <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English common law</a>. But the state of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> is unique in having a strong influence from French and Spanish legal traditions on <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Civil_Code" title="Louisiana Civil Code">its civil code</a>. Spanish and French colonial forces quarreled over Louisiana during most of the 1700s, with Spain ultimately ceding the territory to France in 1800, which in turn <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">sold the territory to the United States</a> in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10th Amendment</a> to the U.S. Constitution grants states control of laws not specifically given to the federal government, so Louisiana's legal system retains many French elements. Examples of the practical legal differences between Louisiana and the other states include the <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination" title="Bar examination">bar exam</a> and legal standards of practice for attorneys in Louisiana being significantly different from other states; Louisiana is the only U.S. state to practice <a href="/wiki/Forced_heirship" title="Forced heirship">forced inheritance</a> of an estate; additionally, some of Louisiana's laws clash with the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> practiced by the other 49 states.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-Foot01_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-Foot02_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-Foot03_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHollins2006" class="citation book cs1">Hollins, David (2006). <i>"Battle of Marengo" in The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic War</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-646-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-646-9"><bdi>1-85109-646-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Battle+of+Marengo%22+in+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+French+Revolutionary+and+Napoleonic+War&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85109-646-9&rft.aulast=Hollins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1061517/f2.image"><i>Code civil des Français: édition originale et seule officielle</i></a>. Paris: L'Imprimerie de la République. 1804<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span> – via Gallica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+civil+des+Fran%C3%A7ais%3A+%C3%A9dition+originale+et+seule+officielle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Imprimerie+de+la+R%C3%A9publique.&rft.date=1804&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k1061517%2Ff2.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_B._Holtman_1981-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_B._Holtman_1981_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert B. Holtman, <i>The Napoleonic Revolution</i> (Baton Rouge: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>, 1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot01-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foot01_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot01_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot01_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Andrew2014" class="citation book cs2">Roberts, Andrew (2014), "Lawgiver", <i>Napoleon: A Life</i>, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lawgiver&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span>. Of the commission's 107 plenary sessions, Napoleon chaired 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Andrew, <i>Napoleon: A Life</i>,"Lawgiver"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobingier1918" class="citation journal cs1">Lobingier, Charles Sumner (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1327640.pdf">"Napoleon and His Code"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Harvard Law Review</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 114–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1327640">10.2307/1327640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1327640">1327640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Napoleon+and+His+Code&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=114-134&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1327640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1327640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lobingier&rft.aufirst=Charles+Sumner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F1327640.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-napoleonic-code/">"The Napoleonic Code | History of Western Civilization II"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=The+Napoleonic+Code+%7C+History+of+Western+Civilization+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fsuny-hccc-worldhistory2%2Fchapter%2Fthe-napoleonic-code%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-law-in-europe/french-revolution-and-the-law/39F246BD158F001C5ACBFB8B471A6D35">29 - The French Revolution and the Law</a>, in <i>Part IV - The Age of Reforms (1750–1814)</i>, Cambridge University Press, 31 July 2017; Antonio Padoa-Schioppa, Translated by Caterina Fitzgerald</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed_A.M._Ismail2016" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed A.M. Ismail (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-gFDAAAQBAJ"><i>Globalization and New International Public Works Agreements in Developing Countries: An Analytical Perspective</i></a>. Routledge. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317127031" title="Special:BookSources/9781317127031"><bdi>9781317127031</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>All civil codes of Arab Middle Eastern states are based on Napoleonic Codes and were influenced by Egyptian legislation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+New+International+Public+Works+Agreements+in+Developing+Countries%3A+An+Analytical+Perspective&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317127031&rft.au=Mohamed+A.M.+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-gFDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatta1992" class="citation journal cs1">Matta, Liana Fiol (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/840794">"Civil Law and Common Law in the Legal Method of Puerto Rico"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Comparative_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of Comparative Law">The American Journal of Comparative Law</a></i>. <b>40</b> (4): 783–815. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F840794">10.2307/840794</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/840794">840794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Civil+Law+and+Common+Law+in+the+Legal+Method+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=783-815&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F840794&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F840794%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matta&rft.aufirst=Liana+Fiol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F840794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIain_Stewart2012" class="citation journal cs1">Iain Stewart (2012). "<i>Mors Codicis</i>: End of the Age of Codification?". <i>Tulane European & Civil Law Forum</i>. <b>27</b>: 17 at 23–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulane+European+%26+Civil+Law+Forum&rft.atitle=Mors+Codicis%3A+End+of+the+Age+of+Codification%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=17+at+23-24&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Iain+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of 3 September 1791, 1.11: "<i>Il sera fait un Code de lois civiles communes à tout le Royauame</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronin, Vincent (1972). <i>Napoleon Bonaparte. An Intimate Biography.</i> pp. 176, 193, 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Descheemaeker, <i>The Division of Wrongs: A Historical Comparative Study</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Holmberg, "The Civil Code: an Overview", <i>The Napoleon Series</i>, September 2002, [online] <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/code/c_code2.html">https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/code/c_code2.html</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollins, <i>Encyclopedia</i>, pp. 605–606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zamoyski, Adam, <i>Napoleon: A Life</i>,"Caesar"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot02-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foot02_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot02_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Andrew2014" class="citation book cs2">Roberts, Andrew (2014), "Lawgiver", <i>Napoleon: A Life</i>, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lawgiver&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span>. It also failed in the <a href="/wiki/Tribunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunate">Tribunate</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zamoyski, Adam, <i>Napoleon: A Life</i>,"Peace"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot03-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foot03_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foot03_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamoyski,_Adam2018" class="citation book cs2">Zamoyski, Adam (2018), "Caesar", <i>Napoleon: A Life</i>, Basic Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caesar&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Zamoyski%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span>. It was promulgated as the "Civil Code of the French" (<i>Code civil des Français</i>), but would be known as "the Napoleonic Code" (<i>Code Napoléon</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-napoleonic-code/">"The Napoleonic Code | History of Western Civilization II"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=The+Napoleonic+Code+%7C+History+of+Western+Civilization+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fsuny-hccc-worldhistory2%2Fchapter%2Fthe-napoleonic-code%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The <i>Code Napoléon</i>: French Legislation on Divorce," <i>Exploring the European Past: Texts & Images</i>, Second Edition, ed. Timothy E. 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Levasseur, "Napoléon et l’élaboration des codes répressifs", in <i>Mélanges en hommage à Jean Imbert</i> (Paris, PUF, 1989) p. 371</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116023443/http://ledroitcriminel.free.fr/la_legislation_criminelle/anciens_textes.htm"><i>Code Pénal</i> and <i>Code d'Instruction Criminelle</i> – Original French Texts and other old legislation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crabb, John H., trans. <i>The French Civil Code</i>, revised ed. (as amended to 1 July 1994). Littleton, Colo.: Fred B. Rothman & Co.; Deventer, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation, 1995.</li> <li>Fairgrieve, Duncan, ed. <i>The Influence of the French Civil Code on the Common Law and Beyond</i>. London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2007.</li> <li>Fisher, H. A. L. "The Codes", in <i>Cambridge Modern History</i>, ed. A. W. Ward (1906). Vol. IX, pp. 148–179. An old standard scholarly summary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55514">online free</a></li> <li>Halperin, Jean-Louis. <i>The French Civil Code</i>. Trans. Tony Weir. London: Routledge, 2006.</li> <li>Josselin, Jean-Michel, and Alain Marciano. "The Making of the French Civil Code: An Economic Interpretation". <i>European Journal of Law and Economics</i> 14.3 (2002): 193–203. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alain_Marciano/publication/5145610_The_Making_of_the_French_Civil_Code_An_Economic_Interpretation/links/580f0e9a08aef766ef115982.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Lobingier, Charles Summer. "Napoleon and His Code". <i>Harvard Law Rev.</i> 32 (1918): 114+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-1327640">online</a></li> <li>Lydorf, Claudia (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/legal-families/claudia-lydorf-romance-legal-family?set_language=en&-C=">Romance Legal Family</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO – European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: 25 March 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1043606750/34">pdf</a>).</li> <li>Schwartz, Bernard, ed. <i>The Code Napoleon and the common-law world: the sesquicentennial lectures delivered at the Law Center of New York University, December 13–15, 1954</i> (The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 1998). 438 pp.</li> <li>Séjean, Michel et al., eds. <i>French civil code, 2020: English, French, Arabic</i>. Trans. David W. Gruning et al. LexisNexis; Paris: Sader Group, 2020.</li> <li>Smithers, William W. "The Code Napoléon". <i>American Law Register</i> (1901): 127–147. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3306716">3306716</a>.</li> <li>Tunc, André. "Grand Outlines of the Code Napoleon". <i>Tulane Law Review</i> 29 (1954): 431+.</li> <li>Tunc, André. "Husband and Wife Under French Law: Past, Present, Future". <i>University of Pennsylvania Law Review</i> 104 (1955): 1064+.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7495&context=penn_law_review">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Code_Napol%C3%A9on" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Code Napoléon">Code Napoléon</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_civil_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:Code civil (France)">Code Napoléon</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.html">English translation of the original text</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/codenapoleonorf00statgoog#page/n4/mode/2up"><i>The Code Napoleon, or the French Civil Code; Literally Translated from the Original and Official Edition, Published at Paris, in 1804 by A Barrister at the Inner Temple</i></a> (1st ed.). London: Printed for Charles Hunter Booksellers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span> – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Code+Napoleon%2C+or+the+French+Civil+Code%3B+Literally+Translated+from+the+Original+and+Official+Edition%2C+Published+at+Paris%2C+in+1804+by+A+Barrister+at+the+Inner+Temple&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Printed+for+Charles+Hunter+Booksellers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcodenapoleonorf00statgoog%23page%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapoleonic+Code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambaceres.org/vie-poli/code-civ/cod-civi.htm">Beginnings of Napoleonic Code</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006070721/2021-07-01">Current French Text: Légifrance</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190607/http://www.francemagazine.org/articles/issue70/article94.asp?issue_id=70&article_id=94">"The 'Other' Little Red Book"</a>. Interview with legal historian Jean-Louis Halpérin in <i><a href="/wiki/France_Magazine" title="France Magazine">France Magazine</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frenchrevolution.us/napoleonic-code/">Napoleonic Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326101622/https://frenchrevolution.us/napoleonic-code/">Archived</a> 26 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Lithuania" title="Civil Code of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Romania" title="Civil Code of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Russia" title="Civil Code of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Spain" title="Civil Code of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Ukraine" title="Civil Code of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of the United Kingdom (page does not exist)">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Code_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Code of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleon" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleon" title="Template:Napoleon"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleon" title="Template talk:Napoleon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wives:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a></li> <li><b>Children:</b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_L%C3%A9on" title="Charles Léon">Charles Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Walewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Walewski">Alexandre Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></li> <li><b>Father:</b> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Buonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Maria Buonaparte">Carlo Maria Buonaparte</a></li> <li><b>Mother:</b> <a href="/wiki/Letizia_Ramolino" class="mw-redirect" title="Letizia Ramolino">Letizia Ramolino</a></li> <li><b>Brothers:</b> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><b>Sisters:</b> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte" title="Caroline Bonaparte">Caroline Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Bonaparte" title="Pauline Bonaparte">Pauline Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte" title="Elisa Bonaparte">Elisa Bonaparte</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/120px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/180px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/240px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">Life and career</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon%27s_stay_in_Auxonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon's stay in Auxonne (page does not exist)">Stay in Auxonne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9jour_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_%C3%A0_Auxonne" class="extiw" title="fr:Séjour de Napoléon Bonaparte à Auxonne">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Assassination attempts on Napoleon Bonaparte">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li>Constitutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_X" title="Constitution of the Year X">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Sale of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_in_Holland" title="Napoleon in Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Looting of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_tactics" title="Napoleonic tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Weaponry and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">1st abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">1st exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Route Napoléon">Route Napoléon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">2nd abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile_of_Napoleon_to_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exile of Napoleon to Saint Helena (page does not exist)">2nd exile</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exil_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_%C3%A0_Sainte-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne" class="extiw" title="fr:Exil de Napoléon Ier à Sainte-Hélène">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Napoleon">Death</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier" class="extiw" title="fr:Mort de Napoléon Ier">fr</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_mask_of_Napoleon" title="Death mask of Napoleon">mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon" title="Military career of Napoleon">Battles and wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Siege of Toulon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lodi" title="Battle of Lodi">Battle of Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">Battle of Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Siege of Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Battle of Eckmühl</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Battle of Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Napoleon and the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews" title="Napoleon and the Jews">Jewish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Sanhedrin" title="Grand Sanhedrin">Grand Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decree" title="Infamous Decree">Infamous Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_Protestants" title="Napoleon and Protestants">Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Articles" title="Organic Articles">Organic Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slavery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">Law of 20 May 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">Saint-Domingue expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_and_women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon and women (page does not exist)">Women</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_et_les_femmes" class="extiw" title="fr:Napoléon Ier et les femmes">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Homes and honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Column of the Grande Armée">Column of the Grande Armée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Napoleon_(Rouen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Napoleon (Rouen)">Equestrian statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maison_Bonaparte" title="Maison Bonaparte">Maison Bonaparte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker">Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker_(Milan)" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (Milan)">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Victoire" title="Rue de la Victoire">Rue de la Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte_Monument_(Warsaw)" title="Napoleon Bonaparte Monument (Warsaw)">Warsaw monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Legacy and memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Napoleon" title="Cultural depictions of Napoleon">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_complex" title="Napoleon complex">Napoleon complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_is_a_sleeping_giant" title="China is a sleeping giant">"China is a sleeping giant" quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Napoleonic Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_propaganda" title="Napoleonic propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_tomb" title="Napoleon's tomb">Tomb</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Retour_des_cendres" title="Retour des cendres">Retour des cendres</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_penis" title="Napoleon's penis">Penis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Napoleon" title="Category:Napoleon">Category</a> / <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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