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Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleolithic_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Paleolithic age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Neolithic culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Greek_and_Kushana_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Greek_and_Kushana_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Indo-Greek and Kushana period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Greek_and_Kushana_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Hindu dynasties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmir_Sultanate_(1346_–_1580s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmir_Sultanate_(1346_–_1580s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Kashmir Sultanate (1346 – 1580s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashmir_Sultanate_(1346_–_1580s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughals_(1580s_–_1750s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughals_(1580s_–_1750s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Mughals (1580s – 1750s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughals_(1580s_–_1750s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_Rule_(1819–1846)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Rule_(1819–1846)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Sikh Rule (1819–1846) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Rule_(1819–1846)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dogra_Rule_(1846–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogra_Rule_(1846–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Dogra Rule (1846–1947) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogra_Rule_(1846–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foods_mentioned_in_ancient_Kashmiri_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foods_mentioned_in_ancient_Kashmiri_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Foods mentioned in ancient Kashmiri texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foods_mentioned_in_ancient_Kashmiri_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingredients_and_seasoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingredients_and_seasoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ingredients and seasoning </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ingredients_and_seasoning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ingredients and seasoning subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ingredients_and_seasoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Meat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eggs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Eggs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cereals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cereals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cereals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cereals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Vegetables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugar_and_sweeteners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar_and_sweeteners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Sugar and sweeteners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar_and_sweeteners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Fruits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dairy_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Dairy products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Spices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialties_by_season" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialties_by_season"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Specialties by season </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialties_by_season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of dishes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_dishes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of dishes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barbecue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbecue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Barbecue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbecue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakfast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakfast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Breakfast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakfast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wazwan_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wazwan_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Wazwan dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wazwan_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Soups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_meat_stews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_meat_stews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Domestic meat stews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_meat_stews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innards_and_offal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innards_and_offal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Innards and offal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innards_and_offal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meatballs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meatballs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Meatballs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meatballs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarian_sides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarian_sides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Vegetarian sides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarian_sides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mushrooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mushrooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Mushrooms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mushrooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tschaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tschaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Tschaman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tschaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chutneys_and_raitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chutneys_and_raitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Chutneys and raitas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chutneys_and_raitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meat_stir-fries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat_stir-fries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Meat stir-fries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat_stir-fries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Salads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 Rice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16 Breads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eggs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17 Eggs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Game_(shikaar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Game_(shikaar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.18 Game (shikaar) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Game_(shikaar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.19 Dals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermented_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermented_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.20 Fermented foods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermented_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.21 Street food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.22 Cheese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.23 Desserts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_pastry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_pastry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.24 English pastry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_pastry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qandarwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qandarwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.25 Qandarwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qandarwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wazwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wazwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.26 Wazwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wazwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Beverages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beverages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noon_Chai_or_Sheer_Chai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noon_Chai_or_Sheer_Chai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Noon Chai or Sheer Chai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noon_Chai_or_Sheer_Chai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_mineral_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_mineral_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Natural mineral water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_mineral_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Babribyol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babribyol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Babribyol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babribyol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyaess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyaess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Lyaess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyaess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sadr-e-kaenz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sadr-e-kaenz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Sadr-e-kaenz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sadr-e-kaenz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shahi_Sheera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shahi_Sheera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Shahi Sheera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shahi_Sheera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_beverage_pairings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_beverage_pairings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Food and beverage pairings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_beverage_pairings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_occasions_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_occasions_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Special occasions and festivals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_occasions_and_festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Special occasions and festivals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Special_occasions_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eid-ul-Fitr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eid-ul-Fitr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Eid-ul-Fitr </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eid-ul-Fitr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eid-ul-Adha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eid-ul-Adha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Eid-ul-Adha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eid-ul-Adha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urs_of_Hazrat_Sheikh_Dawood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urs_of_Hazrat_Sheikh_Dawood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Urs of Hazrat Sheikh Dawood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urs_of_Hazrat_Sheikh_Dawood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urs_of_Khwaja_Masood_Wali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urs_of_Khwaja_Masood_Wali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Urs of Khwaja Masood Wali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urs_of_Khwaja_Masood_Wali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urs_of_Dastageer_Sahab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urs_of_Dastageer_Sahab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Urs of Dastageer Sahab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urs_of_Dastageer_Sahab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urs_of_Raeshmol_Saheb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urs_of_Raeshmol_Saheb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Urs of Raeshmol Saheb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urs_of_Raeshmol_Saheb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Herath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Har_Navum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Har_Navum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Har Navum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Har_Navum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navreh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navreh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Navreh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navreh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_and_fusion_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_and_fusion_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Diaspora and fusion cuisines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_and_fusion_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cooking methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cooking_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cooking methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cooking_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blanching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blanching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Blanching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blanching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Convection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Braising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court-bouillon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court-bouillon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Court-bouillon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court-bouillon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Tempering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caramelisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caramelisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Caramelisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caramelisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulsification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulsification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Emulsification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulsification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_colouring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_colouring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Food colouring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_colouring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simmering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simmering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Simmering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simmering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoke_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoke_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10 Smoke point </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoke_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dum_cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dum_cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11 Dum cooking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dum_cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenderising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenderising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.12 Tenderising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenderising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.13 Cooking material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_with_other_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_with_other_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Similarities with other cuisines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_with_other_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etiquette_of_Kashmiri_dining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etiquette_of_Kashmiri_dining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Etiquette of Kashmiri dining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etiquette_of_Kashmiri_dining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food-related_proverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food-related_proverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Food-related proverbs </div> 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kashmiri cuisine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="কাশ্মীরি রন্ধনশৈলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাশ্মীরি রন্ধনশৈলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1m%C3%ADrsk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Kašmírská kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kašmírská kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_de_Cachemira" title="Gastronomía de Cachemira – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía de Cachemira" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="कश्मीरी खाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कश्मीरी खाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_kashmiri" title="Cucina kashmiri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina kashmiri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahan_Kashmiri" title="Olahan Kashmiri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Olahan Kashmiri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%B2%D8%B4%D9%8F%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A0%D9%86" title="کٲشُر کھؠن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کٲشُر کھؠن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="കശ്മീരി ഭക്ഷണവിഭവങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കശ്മീരി ഭക്ഷണവിഭവങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰੀ ਪਕਵਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰੀ ਪਕਵਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchnia_kaszmirska" title="Kuchnia kaszmirska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuchnia kaszmirska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кухня Кашмира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кухня Кашмира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="కాశ్మీరీ వంటకాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాశ్మీరీ వంటకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کشمیری پکوان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کشمیری پکوان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kashmiri_cuisine_waazwan.jpg/250px-Kashmiri_cuisine_waazwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kashmiri_cuisine_waazwan.jpg/330px-Kashmiri_cuisine_waazwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kashmiri_cuisine_waazwan.jpg/500px-Kashmiri_cuisine_waazwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The thirty-six course meal, Kashmiri wazwan</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shufta_Kashmiri_cuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Shufta_Kashmiri_cuisine.jpg/220px-Shufta_Kashmiri_cuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Shufta_Kashmiri_cuisine.jpg/330px-Shufta_Kashmiri_cuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Shufta_Kashmiri_cuisine.jpg/440px-Shufta_Kashmiri_cuisine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption>Shufta, a Kashmiri dessert, at a pandit restaurant in New Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> One major difference between Kashmiri Pandit and Kashmiri muslim food is the use of onion and garlic.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harressa_or_Harees.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Harressa_or_Harees.jpeg/220px-Harressa_or_Harees.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Harressa_or_Harees.jpeg/330px-Harressa_or_Harees.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Harressa_or_Harees.jpeg/440px-Harressa_or_Harees.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Harissa or Harisse, a meaty staple from Kashmir.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_Pandit_Non-Vegetarian_Cuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kashmiri_Pandit_Non-Vegetarian_Cuisine.jpg/220px-Kashmiri_Pandit_Non-Vegetarian_Cuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kashmiri_Pandit_Non-Vegetarian_Cuisine.jpg/330px-Kashmiri_Pandit_Non-Vegetarian_Cuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kashmiri_Pandit_Non-Vegetarian_Cuisine.jpg/440px-Kashmiri_Pandit_Non-Vegetarian_Cuisine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri Pandit platter.</figcaption></figure> Kashmiri cuisine is the traditional cuisine of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri people">Kashmiri people</a>, native to the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, India. The cuisine has strong influences from neighbouring regions in central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-Excelsior-2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ROGAN_JOSH-2018-4">[4]</a> Rice has been a staple food in Kashmir since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The equivalent for the phrase "bread and butter" in <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> is haakh-batte (greens and rice).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6">[6]</a> Kashmiri cuisine is generally meat-heavy.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lustre_Press_Roli_Books-8">[8]</a> The region has, per capita, the highest mutton consumers in the subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Cuisine_Through_the_Ages-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In a majority of Kashmiri cooking, bread is not part of the meal.<a href="#cite_note-Eating_local_in_Srinagar_with_The_B-11">[11]</a> Bread is generally only eaten with tea in the morning or evening.<a href="#cite_note-Eating_local_in_Srinagar_with_The_B-11">[11]</a> A typical Kashmiri meal consists of a generous serving of rice (about 250 g), mutton (100 g) and vegetables (about 100 g, mostly greens) cooked in oil, and <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yoghurt</a> (50 to 250 g).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6">[6]</a> The cooking methods of vegetables, mutton, homemade cheese (<a href="/wiki/Paneer" title="Paneer">paneer</a>), and legumes by Muslims are similar to those of Pandits,<a href="#cite_note-RRoy-12">[12]</a> except in the use of onions, garlic and shallots by Muslims in place of <a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">asafoetida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RRoy-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> Lamb or Sheep is more prevalent in Kashmiri Pandit cuisine,<a href="#cite_note-RRoy-12">[12]</a> while Kashmiri Muslim dishes more frequently feature goat or chevon.<a href="#cite_note-RRoy-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Cockscomb flower</a>, called "mawal" in Kashmiri, is boiled to prepare a red food colouring, as used in certain dishes. Pandit cuisine uses the mildly pungent <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_red_chili" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri red chili">Kashmiri red chili</a> powder as a spice, as well as <a href="/wiki/Alkanna_tinctoria" title="Alkanna tinctoria">ratanjot</a> to impart colour to certain dishes like <a href="/wiki/Rogan_josh" title="Rogan josh">rogan josh</a>. Kashmiri Muslim cuisine uses chilies in moderate quantity, and avoid hot dishes at large meals.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> In Kashmiri Muslim cuisine, vegetable curries are common with meat traditionally considered an expensive indulgence.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> Meat along with rice, some vegetables and salad are prepared on special occasions like <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Kashmiri_cuisine">History of Kashmiri cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Kashmiri cuisine">edit</a>]</div> From the Mahabharata to the Iranian invasion of Kashmir (which was a part of Gandhara) by Darius in 516 BC,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> to the Mauryans who established Srinagara to the Kushan Empire to the invasion of Kashmir by Timur in 1398,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShariefRafiqMohan2020-17">[17]</a> the culture and cuisine of Kashmiris are linked to South Asia, Persian and Central Asian<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> cuisines mixed with local innovations and availabilities of ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-Razdan_2020_p.-19">[19]</a> The term kabab is Arabic in origin, korma has Turkish roots, and rogan josh, yakhaen, ab gosht, riste and goshtabh stem from Persian sources.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horned_figure_on_pottery._Pr%C3%A9-Indus_civilization._Kashmir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Horned_figure_on_pottery._Pr%C3%A9-Indus_civilization._Kashmir.jpg/250px-Horned_figure_on_pottery._Pr%C3%A9-Indus_civilization._Kashmir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Horned_figure_on_pottery._Pr%C3%A9-Indus_civilization._Kashmir.jpg/330px-Horned_figure_on_pottery._Pr%C3%A9-Indus_civilization._Kashmir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Horned_figure_on_pottery._Pr%C3%A9-Indus_civilization._Kashmir.jpg/500px-Horned_figure_on_pottery._Pr%C3%A9-Indus_civilization._Kashmir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption>Red-ware pottery with horned figure from Burzahom.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_India,_Kashmir_-_Shalabhanjika_(Woman_and_Tree)_-_1974.74_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Northern_India%2C_Kashmir_-_Shalabhanjika_%28Woman_and_Tree%29_-_1974.74_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Northern_India%2C_Kashmir_-_Shalabhanjika_%28Woman_and_Tree%29_-_1974.74_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Northern_India%2C_Kashmir_-_Shalabhanjika_%28Woman_and_Tree%29_-_1974.74_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Northern_India%2C_Kashmir_-_Shalabhanjika_%28Woman_and_Tree%29_-_1974.74_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Northern_India%2C_Kashmir_-_Shalabhanjika_%28Woman_and_Tree%29_-_1974.74_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Northern_India%2C_Kashmir_-_Shalabhanjika_%28Woman_and_Tree%29_-_1974.74_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3377" data-file-height="3871" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri Woman and Tree (300s – 400s), her fertile properties cause the tree to fruit.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> There is a legend that aeons ago Kashmir valley was a vast mountain lake.<a href="#cite_note-Bamzai-2020-22">[22]</a> The soil contains remains of fresh-water fish and fossil-oysters and the black shells of water chestnut may be found in layers embedded in the earth at a height of 457 metres above the level of the valley.<a href="#cite_note-Bamzai-2020-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolithic_age">Paleolithic age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paleolithic age">edit</a>]</div> The process of Kashmir's amalgamation with outer world commenced with the importation of primitive forms of snake and fire worship from Iran.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-23">[23]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> times, serpents were worshipped and buried with a supply of insects in their graves as a provision for their future life.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-23">[23]</a> In addition, they splashed grains at shrines and graves to express regard unto snakes and other animals.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-23">[23]</a> Bommai Sopore archaeological site, discovered by Dr Mamtaz Yatoo in 2005, has a prehistoric rock engraving, the first of its kind found in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-kashmirthroughages.in-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This upper Paleolithic engraving depicts chase and game engagements of the prehistoric population.<a href="#cite_note-kashmirthroughages.in-24">[24]</a> Recent investigations by archaeologists  at Overa valley of Pahalgam have revealed stone tools of Paleolithic ages, including single-edged stone blades used for preying of animals.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_culture">Neolithic culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neolithic culture">edit</a>]</div> Even before the Megalithic culture that followed the Neolithic period, there is evidence of wheat, barley and lentil cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-27">[27]</a> Clear evidence for agriculture in the form of large domestic storages of grain and rachises of wheat and barley, as well as millets, were found after 2500 BC in Qasim Bagh in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Yattoo-2020-28">[28]</a> The Kashmir Valley contains multiple sites of the so-called Northern Neolithic, possibly dating as early as 3000 BC when climate became warmer.<a href="#cite_note-Yattoo-2020-28">[28]</a> Excavations from Pethpuran Teng suggest a wider network of contact of this early population, and a significantly deeper time transition of broom-corn millets across the Inner Asian mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Yattoo-2020-28">[28]</a> The date range returned from the lentil samples at Pethpuran Tang represent one of the earliest dated pulse crops from the region (c. 2700 BC).<a href="#cite_note-Yattoo-2020-28">[28]</a> While the valley is altitudinally comparable to other inter-montane agro-pastoralist sites in Central Asia, Kashmir's slightly lower latitude presented the valley as a geographic threshold where crops could be grown without the necessary introgression of traits allowing their cultivation in higher and more northerly regions.<a href="#cite_note-Yattoo-2020-28">[28]</a> The range of tools recovered at the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Burzahom" class="mw-redirect" title="Burzahom">Burzahom</a>, in the district of <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> shows the men were skilled hunters with knowledge of implements for cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-27">[27]</a> Stone hearths have been found at ground levels, near the mouth of pits.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-27">[27]</a> The Period II (<a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">Ceramic Neolithic</a>) structures show a dish with a hollow stand and a globular pot.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-27">[27]</a> Rectangular harvesters with a curved cutting edge have also been recovered.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-27">[27]</a> Presence of harpoons indicates fishing.<a href="#cite_note-Lone-2022-29">[29]</a> The art-producing behaviour of Neolithic men is witnessed in a hunting scene, with human, a dog and a sun path diagram.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-27">[27]</a> Mortar and pestle characterised by a rectangular cross-section are made of the same volcanic rock as used by the current Kashmiris.<a href="#cite_note-de_Terra-1942-30">[30]</a> The presence of lentil explains that the people of Burzahom had wide contacts with Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-27">[27]</a> Harvesters (both in stone and bone) with two holes for handling it indicate contacts with China.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> At the Gufkral Neolithic site 41 km southwest of Srinagar, archaeologists have confirmed settlers were engaged in wild game as well as domestication of animals.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2021a-32">[32]</a> The animals that were known at the time were wild sheep, wild goat, wild cattle, red deer, wolf, Himalayan Ibex and bear.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2021a-32">[32]</a> Roasting of food (both flesh and grain) was done only outside as no hearths or fireplaces were found inside the dwelling pits. Piercers were used for making incisions and for tearing open the flesh after the animal was killed and skinned, scrapers were used to scrape fat from the flesh.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the Phase IB of Neolithic occupation, some new additions included cattle and common peas.<a href="#cite_note-Lone-2022-29">[29]</a> Pig (sus scrofa) and fish made their appearance in the late Neolithic period. Bones of hare (lepus), hedgehog, rodents and beaver were also recovered.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On the basis of the presence of the Emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccum) crop at Kanispur, seven kilometres east of Baramulla, contacts of Harappans with the Neolithic Kashmir has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-Lone-2022-29">[29]</a> With the Aryan migration to Kashmir around the 8th century BC, the fire worship cult got embedded into the innate religio-cultural texture of Kashmir through practices such as a phallic emblem of cooked rice.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-23">[23]</a> The local ceremony of vayuk is again near to the Iranian style of Farvadin. On a special day of the month, Kashmiri Muslims remember their dead, visit their graves and distribute loaves of rice.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Greek_and_Kushana_period">Indo-Greek and Kushana period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indo-Greek and Kushana period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badamwari_Garden_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Badamwari_Garden_02.jpg/220px-Badamwari_Garden_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Badamwari_Garden_02.jpg/330px-Badamwari_Garden_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Badamwari_Garden_02.jpg/440px-Badamwari_Garden_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Badamwari Garden in Kashmir is known for its almond blossoms. The almond (prunus amygdalus) tree has a very old history in the Kashmir valley.</figcaption></figure> Earthen thalis (pans) have been found at Semthan, north of Bijbehara from the Indo-Greek period (200 BC – 1st century AD).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Handis (metal pots), flat plates, pedestalled cups and edged bowls have been reported in large numbers from the excavated sites of Harwan, Kanispur and Semthan.<a href="#cite_note-Shah-2012-36">[36]</a> At Kanispur, cooking pots have been found.<a href="#cite_note-Shah-2012-36">[36]</a> Kushan coins have been recovered in large numbers from the Kashmir valley with those of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a> continuing to emulate Vima's motif of king sacrificing at an altar.<a href="#cite_note-Shah-2012-36">[36]</a> The Kushan period is characterized by a double-cropping pattern, suggesting a change in agricultural practices associated with a population recovery following a post-Neolithic decline.<a href="#cite_note-Pokharia-2018-37">[37]</a> Finds of Vitis vinifera (Common Grape Vine), Emblica officinalis (Indian Gooseberry), Ziziphus nummularia (Wild Jujube), Juglans regia (English Walnut) and Prunus amygdalus (Almond) suggest that horticulture and foraging played an important role in the diet of the occupants.<a href="#cite_note-Pokharia-2018-37">[37]</a> The Kushan remains from Kanispur are dominated by barley, in contrast to Semthan where wheat is more common.<a href="#cite_note-Pokharia-2018-37">[37]</a> The Kushana history tells us that right from the days of the Kushana rulers (1st century AD – 450 AD) there were contacts between Romans and Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-COMMERCIAL_CONTACTS_BETWEEN_KASHMIR-38">[38]</a> Kashmir was connected to the southern silk route via Gilgit and Yasin valley at Tashkurghan.<a href="#cite_note-COMMERCIAL_CONTACTS_BETWEEN_KASHMIR-38">[38]</a> The main items of export to Rome were saffron and <a href="/wiki/Dolomiaea_costus" title="Dolomiaea costus">dolomiaea costus</a> (kutha).<a href="#cite_note-COMMERCIAL_CONTACTS_BETWEEN_KASHMIR-38">[38]</a> Dolomiaea costus was used in Rome for various purposes, among which for scenting of food and seasoning of wine.<a href="#cite_note-COMMERCIAL_CONTACTS_BETWEEN_KASHMIR-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_dynasties">Hindu dynasties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hindu dynasties">edit</a>]</div> There were military contacts between the Karkota kingdom in Kashmir and the Tang (618 AD – 907 AD) court in China.<a href="#cite_note-KAŚMĪR,_TANG_CHINA,_AND_MUKTĀPĪḌA_L-39">[39]</a> When the Chinese Tang Dynasty successfully defeated the Tibetan forces and entered little Palur in October 722 AD, Kashmir was credited for providing agricultural supplies essential to sustaining the Chinese troops stationed in Gilgit valley.<a href="#cite_note-KAŚMĪR,_TANG_CHINA,_AND_MUKTĀPĪḌA_L-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashmir_Sultanate_(1346_–_1580s)">Kashmir Sultanate (1346 – 1580s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kashmir Sultanate (1346 – 1580s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Noor-ud-din_Wali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sheikh_Noor-ud-din_Wali.jpg/250px-Sheikh_Noor-ud-din_Wali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sheikh_Noor-ud-din_Wali.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Noor-ud-din_Wali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sheikh_Noor-ud-din_Wali.jpg/500px-Sheikh_Noor-ud-din_Wali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Shrine of Kashmiri Sufi saint Nund Reshi.</figcaption></figure> Since Islam did not directly arrive from Arabia to Kashmir, it naturally carried with it mixed Iranian and Central Asian influences.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-23">[23]</a> Similarly, the Kashmiri Hindus were doing things which would have frightened orthodox Hindus from India.<a href="#cite_note-Bhat-2018-40">[40]</a> They drank water brought by a Muslim, ate food that was cooked in a Muslim boat and even Muslim foster-mothers were allowed to feed their children.<a href="#cite_note-Bhat-2018-40">[40]</a> Hence, the rishi cult identified with Hinduism in subscribing to vegetarianism, non-injury to animals and abstaining from the use of garlic and onion in food.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nund_Rishi" title="Nund Rishi">Nund Rishi</a>, according to a legend, subsisted on a diet of dried dandelion leaves and <a href="/wiki/Lal_Ded" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Ded">Lal Ded</a> preached and practiced strict vegetarianism.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Moreover, when <a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Shah_Chak" title="Yousuf Shah Chak">Yusuf Shah Chak</a>, the last sovereign king of Kashmir signed a treaty with emperor Akbar recognising his symbolic sovereignty in 1586 one of the terms was that the mint, the saffron and game would remain under imperial control.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughals_(1580s_–_1750s)">Mughals (1580s – 1750s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mughals (1580s – 1750s)">edit</a>]</div> In Srinagar, poor people's meals were made of ghee, milk, beef, onions, wine, pickles, and vinegar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rice, fish, and numerous vegetables were staple foods during the Mughal era.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Butter and fats were not widely used in cooking since they were believed to be dangerous owing to the cold environment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The river water was not drunk by the people of South Kashmir.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They drank Dal Lake water, which was warm, pleasant, and easily digestible.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1635–36, during Shahjahan's reign, a violent conflict flared up between the Shias and Sunnis when a group of both the sections were eating mulberries at Maisuma and some were accused of using indecent words against Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-SUBEDARS_OF_KASHMIR_UNDER_SHAHJAH-43">[43]</a> In 1641, unprecedented floods followed by a famine rendered the villages desolate.<a href="#cite_note-SUBEDARS_OF_KASHMIR_UNDER_SHAHJAH-43">[43]</a> Shahjahan sent 30,000 rupees to the subedar Tarbiyat Khan to be distributed among the destitute in Srinagar and also ordered that five centres should be opened in the valley to provide free food to the needy.<a href="#cite_note-SUBEDARS_OF_KASHMIR_UNDER_SHAHJAH-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Rule_(1819–1846)">Sikh Rule (1819–1846)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sikh Rule (1819–1846)">edit</a>]</div> Cow slaughter was declared a crime punishable by death and many people accused of killing cows were publicly hanged.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-2021-44">[44]</a> Owing to the shortsighted policy of the rulers Kashmír witnessed an acute agrarian crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-2021-44">[44]</a> Sikh rulers imposed one half of the paddy production as a share of the government.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-2021-44">[44]</a> The population of Kashmir decreased from 800,000 in 1822–1823 to 120,000 in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-2021-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogra_Rule_(1846–1947)">Dogra Rule (1846–1947)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dogra Rule (1846–1947)">edit</a>]</div> Coarse rice and haakh constituted the main food.<a href="#cite_note-Naik-2012-45">[45]</a> Where paddy cultivation was restricted due to uneven terrain and lack of irrigation facilities, wheat and maize constituted the main items of food.<a href="#cite_note-Naik-2012-45">[45]</a> In certain parts of Kashmir they lived on aquatic products such as singhara (water nuts).<a href="#cite_note-Naik-2012-45">[45]</a> Kashmiri apples were carried by coolies on their backs over 12 days to Rawalpindi in British India.<a href="#cite_note-Tyndale_Biscoe-1925-46">[46]</a> The famine of 1878–79 was deadly.<a href="#cite_note-Naik-2012-45">[45]</a> Also, catching and eating of fish by men driven by hunger was made unlawful by an edict during the reign of Maharaja Ranbir Singh.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Often anyone who killed a cow was boiled in oil and the hung from a hook which was fixed on to a pole in a public place.<a href="#cite_note-Tyndale_Biscoe-1925-46">[46]</a> People did not possess any right to waste land and the only right which the villager had was that he could plant trees on such lands, and was the owner of the trees and not of land.<a href="#cite_note-Naik-2012-45">[45]</a> Milk and butter was often taken away from gujjars (nomadic herdsmen) without payment by the officials.<a href="#cite_note-Tyndale_Biscoe-1925-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal-kashmir_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Canal-kashmir_0.jpg/250px-Canal-kashmir_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Canal-kashmir_0.jpg/330px-Canal-kashmir_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Canal-kashmir_0.jpg/500px-Canal-kashmir_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>''Six Artistic views of Kashmir'' by unidentified British painter. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin built canals to promote agriculture.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foods_mentioned_in_ancient_Kashmiri_texts">Foods mentioned in ancient Kashmiri texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foods mentioned in ancient Kashmiri texts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_crop_harvesting_in_South_Kashmir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rice_crop_harvesting_in_South_Kashmir.jpg/250px-Rice_crop_harvesting_in_South_Kashmir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rice_crop_harvesting_in_South_Kashmir.jpg/330px-Rice_crop_harvesting_in_South_Kashmir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rice_crop_harvesting_in_South_Kashmir.jpg/500px-Rice_crop_harvesting_in_South_Kashmir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Rice fields in South Kashmir.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangircrop.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jahangircrop.jpeg/220px-Jahangircrop.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jahangircrop.jpeg/330px-Jahangircrop.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Jahangircrop.jpeg/440px-Jahangircrop.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3317" /></a><figcaption>Kashmir was the most favourite part of the Empire of Mughal Emperor Jehangir.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_spearing_on_the_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fish_spearing_on_the_lake.jpg/220px-Fish_spearing_on_the_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fish_spearing_on_the_lake.jpg/330px-Fish_spearing_on_the_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fish_spearing_on_the_lake.jpg/440px-Fish_spearing_on_the_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Fish spearing on the Dal Lake (pre-1920).</figcaption></figure> Foods mentioned in ancient Kashmiri scriptures/chronicles/travellers' accounts include:<a href="#cite_note-Razdan2020-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mattoo1998-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popular_Prakashan1991-50">[50]</a> <ul><li>Rice, which could be imported from other countries in times of famine.<a href="#cite_note-Marco_Polo-2021-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Patañjali's Mahabhashya reveals that rice was already being cultivated in the valley c.150 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-2009-53">[53]</a> Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin diverted the waters of the Dal Lake into the Mar canal which he extended up to Shadipur where it emptied itself at the confluence of Jhelum and Indus.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Under_the_Sultans-54">[54]</a> Owing to these irrigation works, and reclamation of large areas for cultivation, Kashmir became self-sufficient in rice production.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmir_Under_the_Sultans-54">[54]</a> The natives considered the hot water at Dewsur sacred, and said that when one wished to know if any undertaking will prosper, they must take an earthen vessel, fill it with rice, and having secured the mouth, so that water may be excluded, throw it into the holy font. If on coming up the rice was boiled, it was deemed a fortunate omen, but unpropitious if otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Pilau, yellow pilau, black pilau, shola pilau etc.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_M.A.-2009-56">[56]</a></li> <li>Bikabatta, a dish consisting of rice, goat's fat and water.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>Rice mixed with sugar and sugarcane.<a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a></li> <li>Bread, it was not custom to eat naan/tsoet until early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Project_Gutenberg-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Milk, of cows and probably of buffaloes was consumed.<a href="#cite_note-Marco_Polo-2021-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a></li> <li>Butter.<a href="#cite_note-Allami-1891b-60">[60]</a></li> <li>Strawberries, which could vie with the best in England.<a href="#cite_note-Younghusband-2021-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Yellow raspberries.<a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Musk-Melons, by the permission of Akbar, the crop was imported from Kashmir in the later season.<a href="#cite_note-Allami-1891a-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Guavas, of Kashmir were considered to be 'middling' by Jahangir.<a href="#cite_note-Project_Gutenberg-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Peaches, ripened in July.<a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Other diverse fruits,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> (apple, crabapple,<a href="#cite_note-BDK_America,_Inc-65">[65]</a> pear, peach, apricot, cherry, mulberry,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forster-1798-67">[67]</a> melon, water melon,<a href="#cite_note-Bernier-68">[68]</a> greengage, gooseberry, currants, raspberry, sour cherry<a href="#cite_note-Haidar-2021-69">[69]</a>).</li> <li>Diverse vegetables, (red beet, water parsnips, radishes)<a href="#cite_note-Bernier-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Rhubarb (pambahak), grew on the mountains surrounding Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Church_Missionary_House-70">[70]</a> Both Hindus and Muslims were fond of the stalks.<a href="#cite_note-Church_Missionary_House-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Turnips, The turnips (gogjee) of Haripur were said to be the best in the valley.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>Carrots. The carrots (gazar) were eaten by the Muslim inhabitants but not by the Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-72">[72]</a></li> <li>New potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Leeks. Leeks (gaudapraan) were not eaten by the Hindus of the valley.<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Artichokes.<a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Asparagus, in great stalks.<a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Lettuce.<a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Tomatoes, scarlet in colour.<a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Dimb. A vegetable found only in the Dal and Anchar lakes in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meat_shop_in_market_in_Kashmir,_India_(c._1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meat_shop_in_market_in_Kashmir%2C_India_%28c._1900%29.jpg/220px-Meat_shop_in_market_in_Kashmir%2C_India_%28c._1900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meat_shop_in_market_in_Kashmir%2C_India_%28c._1900%29.jpg/330px-Meat_shop_in_market_in_Kashmir%2C_India_%28c._1900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meat_shop_in_market_in_Kashmir%2C_India_%28c._1900%29.jpg/440px-Meat_shop_in_market_in_Kashmir%2C_India_%28c._1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri butcher (c.1900)</figcaption></figure>Raw Flesh, there was an animal sacrifice in connection with the marriage ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-2009-53">[53]</a></li> <li> Ram. Meat (mesa) was generally fried and sometimes highly spiced.<a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a> The mutton of Nandipur was said to be the finest of Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Meat cooked in yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Ducks<a href="#cite_note-Younghusband-2021-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Pigeons.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>Beef, Kashmiri mystic <a href="/wiki/Nund_Reshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nund Reshi">Nund Reshi</a> or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali expressed his disdain for a preacher who ate beef (moshi) and then complained it was the ogre's greed in one of his shruks.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Zain-ul-Abidin had banned cow slaughter in the state in deference to the religious sentiment of his Hindu subjects.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>Horse meat, was taken with relish in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>Pork, domestic pigs (gramya sukara) were eaten in Kashmir without any adverse notice in the 11th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a> The fragmentary jaw of a pig was found at the trial excavations at Burzahom.<a href="#cite_note-de_Terra-1942-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Poultry, the valley of Lolab was famous for the best quality of poultry.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The practice of capon was known to the Kashmiris.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>Chicken Soup (shurba literally meaning saltish water, ba is the reverse of aab meaning water).<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>Other edible birds.<a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a></li> <li>Dog's flesh, cooked by people of Dom origin.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>Handu sheep, delicate and sweet in flavour and wholesome.<a href="#cite_note-Allami-1891b-60">[60]</a></li> <li>Stags, chased down the Wular lake.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>Caul fat, oblations of animal fat were offered in the sacrificial fire in place of ghee (clarified butter) in other parts of India.<a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-2009-53">[53]</a></li> <li>Carp, mentioned in the Samaya Matrika of Ksemendra.<a href="#cite_note-Ksemendra-1927-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Fish Soup, eaten to keep up aphrodisiacal vigour by men addicted to women.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cashmere-lady_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cashmere-lady_0.jpg/250px-Cashmere-lady_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cashmere-lady_0.jpg/330px-Cashmere-lady_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cashmere-lady_0.jpg/500px-Cashmere-lady_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A 1930 image of a Kashmiri woman from the Times of India series. Kashmiri women are perceived to have fair white complexion and bright milk and saffron cheeks, often painted as objects of desire by European travellers.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li>Trout<a href="#cite_note-Younghusband-2021-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Danube Salmon.<a href="#cite_note-Younghusband-2021-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Fowls (kukkuta).<a href="#cite_note-Younghusband-2021-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a> A favourite dish of the Kashmiris was to cook fowl and aubergines together.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>Honey.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Boiled Eggs, the eggs were brought from Gilgit and Little Tibet (Ladakh) where they were procured in greater abundance.<a href="#cite_note-Allami-1891a-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>Pircham, an omelette-like preparation.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Masura, a sort of lentil.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Samudga, moong dal. Feeding only on rice and samudga was known to be miserly.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>Other Pulses (including Peas and Broad Beans<a href="#cite_note-Younghusband-2021-61">[61]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Parpata or papara, modern papad.<a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a> Another kind of food made from pulses.<a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a></li> <li>Ksira (kheer), rice boiled in milk.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Machhama, a dish eaten by the Kashmiris consisting of rice, vegetables, raisins, colouring matter and sugar.<a href="#cite_note-A_Vocabulary_of_the_Kashmiri_Langua-96">[96]</a></li> <li>Walnuts, which were eaten during famine as shali rice became dear.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>Pistachios.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li>Sugar-cane.,<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a> the country around Martand was planted with the crop.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>Grapes, grown only in Kashmir in India, according to Hiuen Tsang and which were rare even in Heaven, according to Kalhana.<a href="#cite_note-BDK_America,_Inc-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The Persian writer Abul Fazl considered them to be in plenty, but the finer qualities were rare.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a> Walter R. Lawrence praised the white and red grapes of the state vineyard at Raipur.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a> Of the foreign varieties, husaini and fakhri varieties were from Khorasan, supposed to be the best in Persia.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_M.A.-2009-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mchugh-2021-102">[102]</a></li> <li>Unripe grapes (kur), the Kashmiris made excellent vinegar of it.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>Garlic, several Brahmanas who used to eat it were expelled, according to Kalhana.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Both garlic and onion were considered as aphrodisiacs in ancient Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Ksemendra-1927-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Pomegranates, already in abundance in the late part of 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Holy Basil.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Salt, a precious article and according to Ksemendra, consumed by the rich alone.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a> Two varieties were found in the bazaars of Kashmir: rock salt from the Punjab, and powder salt, called bota nun from Ladakh.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pure_Kashmiri_saffron_pack_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pure_Kashmiri_saffron_pack_05.jpg/250px-Pure_Kashmiri_saffron_pack_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pure_Kashmiri_saffron_pack_05.jpg/330px-Pure_Kashmiri_saffron_pack_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pure_Kashmiri_saffron_pack_05.jpg/500px-Pure_Kashmiri_saffron_pack_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Kong (saffron from Kashmir), GI tag.</figcaption></figure>Saffron, historians suggest Persian saffron corms were transplanted to Kashmiri soil after Persia conquered Kashmir. The first harvest occurred sometime prior to 500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a> Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese traveller in his Travels in India (631 AD) says that saffron flowers were long used to adorn the neck of oxen at the autumn festival in the country of Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Kesar:_The_cultural_geography_of_Ka-106">[106]</a> Reference has been made of Kashmiri saffron in the <a href="/wiki/Ratnavali" title="Ratnavali">Ratnavali</a> of Harsha.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Buddhist tradition claims Mādhyandina, a disciple or companion of the Buddha’s disciple Ānanda, introduced the saffron crocus in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-2009-53">[53]</a> Kashmiri poet <a href="/wiki/Bilhana" title="Bilhana">Bilhana</a> in his Vikramanka Charitam says that the cultivation of saffron flowers in Kashmir originated from Takshaka Naga, a holy spring.<a href="#cite_note-Kesar:_The_cultural_geography_of_Ka-106">[106]</a> A popular myth talks about how when a naga chieftain (a water god) fell sick with an eye complaint, he was cured by the vaidya of Padmapur (Pampore).<a href="#cite_note-Kesar:_The_cultural_geography_of_Ka-106">[106]</a> In gratitude, the naga gave him a bulb of saffron and thus the locals began the cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-Kesar:_The_cultural_geography_of_Ka-106">[106]</a> Ksemendra mentioned that traders used to earn a lot through trade in saffron, in his 11th century satire Samayamatrka.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a> tradition, a ceremony was performed with saffron for warriors.<a href="#cite_note-The_Kula_Ritual_As_Elaborated_in_t-109">[109]</a> The Persian historian Firishta (1612) mentions that the saffron of Kashmir was particularly good.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> At the time of Jehangir (1605–27), the annual crop was 18.5 tonnes, more than anywhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>Clarified Butter, lamps were prepared with ghee.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> It was sold by itinerant sellers who went from door to door.<a href="#cite_note-Ksemendra-1927-87">[87]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doodhpathri_-_Mustard_fields_on_the_way_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Doodhpathri_-_Mustard_fields_on_the_way_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg/220px-Doodhpathri_-_Mustard_fields_on_the_way_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Doodhpathri_-_Mustard_fields_on_the_way_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg/330px-Doodhpathri_-_Mustard_fields_on_the_way_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Doodhpathri_-_Mustard_fields_on_the_way_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg/440px-Doodhpathri_-_Mustard_fields_on_the_way_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Mustard fields at Doodhpathri. Mustard oil has been a very important part of Kashmiri cooking since it replaced walnut oil.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Oil.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a> Wooden oil presses constructed more than 200 years ago have been operating in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Till the mid-1940s there were sixteen oil mills operating in Srinagar.<a href="#cite_note-Life-2024-114">[114]</a> Large quantities of dried apricots called Bote Chire were imported to Kashmir from Ladakh in the bygone days, and oil was pressed from their kernels at Kashmiri oil presses.<a href="#cite_note-Life-2024-114">[114]</a> The rapeseed oil was considered best for eating while walnut and almond oil were also used.<a href="#cite_note-Life-2024-114">[114]</a> In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the cultivation of mustard plants grew considerably in Kashmir, and the use of walnut oil fell considerably.<a href="#cite_note-Life-2024-114">[114]</a></li> <li>Gold Dust.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>Curd.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Half ripe Barley.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Bread (apupa) and cake (pistaka) made from barley.<a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a> A particular day of the year was observed as a festival, when barely became ripe in the fields.<a href="#cite_note-SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_LIFE_OF_PEOPLE-58">[58]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verinag_Water_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Verinag_Water_Spring.jpg/220px-Verinag_Water_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Verinag_Water_Spring.jpg/330px-Verinag_Water_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Verinag_Water_Spring.jpg/440px-Verinag_Water_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Verinag Water Spring.</figcaption></figure>Spring Water, of Kokar Nag was said to appease hunger and renew appetite.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A fountain in the neighbourhood of Achh Bal was scarcely equalled for its coldness, limpidity and refreshing qualities.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Malakhnag in Anantnag was cherished for its mineral-rich waters.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Tea, came to Kashmir by caravans across Chinese Tartary and Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Beer.<a href="#cite_note-Haidar-2021-69">[69]</a> For Kashmiri polymath <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a>, alcohol was the external essence of Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-120">[120]</a> Without alcohol, there was neither enjoyment nor liberation.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-120">[120]</a> The use of drink is admitted during the sautramani sacrifice of the brahmans, during a great battle in case of warriors, during farming in case of peasants, at great family celebrations, at the birth of a son, on the occasion of marriage or gathering of friends, and at the conclusion of the cremation ritual in case of slaves.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> For his commentator Jayaratha, the practitioner should drink because of a sort of bhairavic greatness, but not like a bonded animal, because of greed.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The finest drink is on every occasion, the drink of average value is at the junctures, the worst is only once a month, and beyond a month he becomes a bonded animal.<a href="#cite_note-The_Kula_Ritual_As_Elaborated_in_t-109">[109]</a> Hops, too, grew in Kashmir and factories were close by in which raw produce was transferred into excellent liquids.<a href="#cite_note-Doughty-1902-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Wheat Beer.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-123">[123]</a></li> <li>Mead.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-123">[123]</a></li> <li>Rum, from treacle.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-123">[123]</a></li> <li>Wine, called mas in Kashmiri language.<a href="#cite_note-Project_Gutenberg-59">[59]</a> Kashmir was the only part of India where wine was made from the juice of the grape, a fact to be attributed rather to its acescent quality, than to any scarcity of fruit.<a href="#cite_note-Travels_In_Kashmir_And_The_Panjab-124">[124]</a> A wine culture inflected by Hellenism thrived in Kashmir in the early centuries AD.<a href="#cite_note-Mchugh-2021-102">[102]</a> At the beaded ring of a statue of goddess Lakshmi in a distinctively Gandharan style discovered by Frenchman Albert Foucher near the village of Brar in Bandipora in 1896, one can see clusters and foliage of vines.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In the Mulasarvastivada vinaya, a Buddhist text from the first half of the 2nd century AD, some monks travel in the Northwest and a yakṣa presents them with some grapes, which are said to be from Kashmir and apparently a great novelty.<a href="#cite_note-Mchugh-2021-102">[102]</a> The Buddha explains that they can be eaten after purifying them with a burning ember, and that people can also make juice/syrup from them.<a href="#cite_note-Mchugh-2021-102">[102]</a> For Abhinavagupta, alcohol which came from grape was splendour to a supreme degree.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-123">[123]</a> He praised the wine of his native Kashmir as mahabhairava (the mercurial essence).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-120">[120]</a> Jayaratha cautions against mixing it with any other ingredient, for the reason that its effectiveness would be quite limited.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lalitaditya_Muktapida" title="Lalitaditya Muktapida">Lalitaditya</a> was so intoxicated with wine he told his ministers that if they wished to increase the beauty of his city, they should burn Pravarapura, the city built by king Sri Pravarasena of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> and his orders could not be disobeyed.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bamzai-2020-22">[22]</a> There are many references which show that making and drinking wine was not prohibited during the early Sultanate period even though it was strongly disapproved of by the orthodox section of the society.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a> It was a common sight to see laymen and Brahman priests alike in a state of drunkenness during Hindu festivals.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a> Despite the Islamic ban on alcohol, the Muslims, who participated in these festivals, also freely partook of wine.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a> Zainul Abidin took it in moderation, but Haider Shah was a confirmed drunkard.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Butshikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Butshikan">Sikandar Butshikan</a>, or the destroyer of idols (c.1416) prohibited vending wine in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> During the Sikh and Dogra periods, thousands of acres were covered with vines in full bearing.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a> The indigenous vines were generally planted at the foot of poplar and ran up to the height of fifty or sixty feet, bearing an abundance of fruit.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a> After harvesting grapes in October, they were kept in shallow earthen vessels till spring, then they were applied to the fabrication of wine, vinegar and brandy.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a> In 1815, the early wine writer André Jullien compared Kashmiri wine to madeira.<a href="#cite_note-Mchugh-2021-102">[102]</a> Maharaja Ranbir Singh introduced vines from Bordeaux in France and Marion Doughty, a woman who visited Kashmir in 1900 wrote that the Medoc and Barsac were both strengthening and pleasant to taste.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Anguri and qandi were the cherished drinks of singers.<a href="#cite_note-Qadri-2024-101">[101]</a></li> <li>Maireya Wine, a spicy wine perfumed by camphor,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and made out of fruits and flowers with a natural sugar base.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Asava Wine, decocted extracts or cold infusion extracts of different herbs fermented with flowers of dhataki (woodfordia fruticosa).<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>New Wine.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a> The Hindus pressed the juice of the grape, strained it, placed it in the sun for four or five days and then drank it.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>Sweet wine, like Madeira.<a href="#cite_note-Forster-1798-67">[67]</a> It would be found to improve greatly in quality with age.<a href="#cite_note-Travels_In_Kashmir_And_The_Panjab-124">[124]</a></li> <li>Fruit wine (madapan), made out of pears, apples or mulberry.<a href="#cite_note-A_Vocabulary_of_the_Kashmiri_Langua-96">[96]</a></li> <li>Brandy, distilled from wine.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>Vinegar, Kashmiris made various pickles with it, the best of which was garlic, according to Jehangir.<a href="#cite_note-Project_Gutenberg-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Flour cakes, fine flour could become expensive.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Spirit from Grapes,<a href="#cite_note-Forster-1798-67">[67]</a> liquor (mrdvika) was drunk with incantation and blessing.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>Spirit from Datura (Thorn-Apple).<a href="#cite_note-Ksemendra-1927-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Sesame.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a> Oil was extracted from it.<a href="#cite_note-Ksemendra-1927-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Ginger.,<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a> Jonaraja compares his words (as meagre) to water in dried ginger.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li>Coarse sugar.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Meat cakes.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Fish.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Dried food.<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Ira-flowers(drink).<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Green vegetables<a href="#cite_note-Ghai-2021-74">[74]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredients_and_seasoning">Ingredients and seasoning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ingredients and seasoning">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat">Meat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Meat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_,_Gangabal_Kashmir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sheep_%2C_Gangabal_Kashmir.jpg/250px-Sheep_%2C_Gangabal_Kashmir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sheep_%2C_Gangabal_Kashmir.jpg/330px-Sheep_%2C_Gangabal_Kashmir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sheep_%2C_Gangabal_Kashmir.jpg/500px-Sheep_%2C_Gangabal_Kashmir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Local sheep in Gangabal, Kashmir.</figcaption></figure>Apart from chicken, fish and game, Kashmiris use only mutton (meat of mature sheep) or goat's meat.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> More than 75% of sheep population are cross breeds and are generally called Kashmir Merino that provides the dual purpose of meat and wool.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The Bakkarwal (nomadic herders) goats belong to the rare Kaghani breed, prized as one of the world's best in terms of meat.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Beef is consumed in towns and villages of Kashmir more so for its affordability.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In some villages, beef-eaters are huddled separately from those supposed to be served mutton during wazwan feasts.<a href="#cite_note-Himal_Southasian-2023-143">[143]</a> There is a class divide between people who eat kat maaz ("small meat", mutton) considered elite and more sophisticated, and those who eat bad maaz ("big meat", beef), considered lower-class.<a href="#cite_note-Himal_Southasian-2023-143">[143]</a> The biggest rabbit breeding farm in North India sprawls on six hectares of land in Wussan village of Baramulla district of Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-rabbit_farm-144">[144]</a> The consumption of rabbit meat as a substitute for sheep and goat meat among the general masses is becoming popular.<a href="#cite_note-rabbit_farm-144">[144]</a> People with cardiac problems eat rabbits as the meat is considered lean and white with high nutritious value.<a href="#cite_note-rabbit_farm-144">[144]</a> The local geese of Kashmir (Kashmir Aenz) is the first and only recognized domestic geese breed in India.<a href="#cite_note-Hamadani-2018-145">[145]</a> Geese rearing in the Valley dates back to ancient time as has been mentioned by Sir Walter R. Lawrence in his book 'The Valley of Kashmir'.<a href="#cite_note-Hamadani-2018-145">[145]</a> In Srinagar, geese are mainly sold in Batmaloo and Lal Chowk, by vendors, who purchase geese from rearers in villages and sell them live or slaughtered in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Hamadani-2018-145">[145]</a> In affluent families, geese pickles would also be made and kept aside for winter use.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_farm_kokernag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fish_farm_kokernag.jpg/250px-Fish_farm_kokernag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fish_farm_kokernag.jpg/330px-Fish_farm_kokernag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fish_farm_kokernag.jpg/500px-Fish_farm_kokernag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Rainbow and brown trout farm at Kokernag</figcaption></figure> The Duke of Bedford helped to send 10,000 trout eggs from the UK in 1899 but they perished on the way.<a href="#cite_note-TROUT:_A_Treasure_of_Kashmir-147">[147]</a> A second consignment arrived from Scotland the next year.<a href="#cite_note-TROUT:_A_Treasure_of_Kashmir-147">[147]</a> The rainbow and brown trout adapted well to the Kashmir valley, while the indigenous snow trout continues to flourish.<a href="#cite_note-TROUT:_A_Treasure_of_Kashmir-147">[147]</a> Locally known as alegaad, it can be found in both standing and flowing water bodies throughout the valley.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> There were 137 private fish farms in just Anantnag district, which was declared as the 'Trout District of India'.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eggs">Eggs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eggs">edit</a>]</div> Poultry farms are set on European standards, as Kashmir has similar geo-climatic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Using permaculture and <a href="/wiki/No-dig_gardening" title="No-dig gardening">no-dig gardening</a> technique, free-range eggs are being sold every day.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> People collect chick varieties like Kalinga brown, Vanraja, Kashmir Commercial Layer, etc. to dish out a regular supply of organic brown eggs.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The Kashmir Duck (batook) is reared for its eggs in all districts of the valley with highest population in Bandipora district, followed by Kupwara, Barmulla, Srinagar and others.<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-153">[153]</a> Eggs of Kashmir duck are either white or green-shelled and weigh 66.20 g on average.<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-153">[153]</a> Kalij pheasant (wan kokur) lays between 6 and 10 eggs per clutch, and are perfect served soft-boiled in their olive-green shells with a mere sprinkle of celery salt and buttered soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cereals">Cereals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cereals">edit</a>]</div> People in Kashmir eat different varieties of rice including the nutty and fragrant Mushk Budji, grown in the higher reaches of the Kashmir valley.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In February 2022, Mushk Budji rice got the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.<a href="#cite_note-Majid-2024-156">[156]</a> This cooked rice is unique and possesses a harmonious blend of taste, aroma and rich organoleptic properties.<a href="#cite_note-Majid-2024-156">[156]</a> Kashmiri red rice, locally called Zaag Batt, is grown in a small village called Tangdhar on the border with Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Nabi-2023-157">[157]</a> The small unpolished grains are sought for their superior texture and taste.<a href="#cite_note-Nabi-2023-157">[157]</a> In 2009, farmers in the region harvested the legendary Basmati rice for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohlraabi_and_Kashmiri_saag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kohlraabi_and_Kashmiri_saag.jpg/220px-Kohlraabi_and_Kashmiri_saag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kohlraabi_and_Kashmiri_saag.jpg/330px-Kohlraabi_and_Kashmiri_saag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kohlraabi_and_Kashmiri_saag.jpg/440px-Kohlraabi_and_Kashmiri_saag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Monje Haakh (<a href="/wiki/Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">kohlrabi</a>).</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_Garlic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kashmiri_Garlic.jpg/220px-Kashmiri_Garlic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kashmiri_Garlic.jpg/330px-Kashmiri_Garlic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kashmiri_Garlic.jpg/440px-Kashmiri_Garlic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri garlic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collard_Plants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Collard_Plants.jpg/220px-Collard_Plants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Collard_Plants.jpg/330px-Collard_Plants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Collard_Plants.jpg/440px-Collard_Plants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Koshur haakh, local collard greens.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetables">Vegetables</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vegetables">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetable_seller_on_Dal_Lake..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vegetable_seller_on_Dal_Lake..JPG/220px-Vegetable_seller_on_Dal_Lake..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vegetable_seller_on_Dal_Lake..JPG/330px-Vegetable_seller_on_Dal_Lake..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vegetable_seller_on_Dal_Lake..JPG/440px-Vegetable_seller_on_Dal_Lake..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Floating vegetable market on Dal Lake</figcaption></figure> The most important and frequently used Kashmiri vegetables are: haakh (collard greens or kale), monj Haak ( <a href="/wiki/Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">kohlrabi</a>), tsochael(mallow), bamchoont (quince), kral mound (shepherds purse), saze posh (holly hock), nadur (lotus stem), praan (shallots), aubuj (sorrel), mawal (cockscomb), wushkofur (camphor), tila gogul (mustard) and gor (water-chestnut).<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The floating vegetable garden on the Dal Lake is the second largest wholesale market in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Amrita-2021-160">[160]</a> Men, young and old, on their wooden boats, argue about the price of plump pumpkins and gourds as they share cigarettes or hookahs.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The water of Kashmir is sweeter, and that affects the taste and flavour of vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-Eating_local_in_Srinagar_with_The_B-11">[11]</a> The items for sale include tomatoes, carrots, cucumbers, turnips, water chestnuts, leafy vegetables, and the famous nadur.<a href="#cite_note-Amrita-2021-160">[160]</a> A porous and fibrous lake vegetable, nadur has grown to become an irreplaceable ingredient in a traditional Kashmiri kitchen.<a href="#cite_note-Barua-162">[162]</a> Local accounts date its discovery to the 15th-century sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, who was introduced to the chewy delicacy while on a shikara ride on the Gil Sar lake located in the exteriors of Srinagar.<a href="#cite_note-Barua-162">[162]</a> Also, according to a popular legend, the yarn threads that Lalla Ded (1320–1392), the Kashmiri mystic saint wove were thrown into the Dal Lake when her tyrant mother-in-law ridiculed and taunted her for yarning it too thin. These got changed into the fibres of nadur for eternity.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Sun-dried vegetables, locally known as hokh syun, are consumed as fresh produce dwindles.<a href="#cite_note-moneycontrol.com-164">[164]</a> During summer, vegetables are peeled, chopped, salted and sun-dried to preserve them for winter.<a href="#cite_note-moneycontrol.com-164">[164]</a> The various varieties of hokh syun include dried tomatoes (ruwangun haech), dried fenugreek leaves (meeth), dried lotus stem (nadir haech), dried Iberian knapweed (kretch), dried shallot leaves (praan), dried mint (pudna), dried bottle gourd (al haech), dried turnip slices (gogji haech), dried quince (bamchount haech), dried collard greens (hoech haak) and dried spinach (hoech palak).<a href="#cite_note-moneycontrol.com-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In the Charar Sharief area of central Kashmir, dried pears, locally known as tang haech are considered a delicacy.<a href="#cite_note-moneycontrol.com-164">[164]</a> Shallots, known as praan, stand out, lending its unique flavour to a multitude of Kashmiri dishes, from soups and stews, to curries and kebabs.<a href="#cite_note-Raina-2023-167">[167]</a> Many of Mughal Emperor Akbar's feasts in the 16th century featured shallots.<a href="#cite_note-Raina-2023-167">[167]</a> Buthoo village has earned renown for producing prized organic shallots.<a href="#cite_note-Raina-2023-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snow_Mountain_garlic" title="Snow Mountain garlic">Snow Mountain garlic</a>, also known as Kashmiri garlic, is a rare single-clove variety of Allium sativum. The clove beneath is bright white to creamy-white color and offers a strong, pungent garlic flavour without the acidity present in other varieties.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Kashmir valley is the only place in India where asparagus grows.<a href="#cite_note-Aspiring_Asparagus-169">[169]</a> Until the 1960s, it was grown widely in Kashmir at Pulwama, Budgam, Rajbagh, Tangmarg and Gulmarg. As of now the area of asparagus cultivation is restricted to Tangmarg and Gulmarg.<a href="#cite_note-Aspiring_Asparagus-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar_and_sweeteners">Sugar and sweeteners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sugar and sweeteners">edit</a>]</div> Sugarcane does not grow in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a> Sugar was exclusively imported from erstwhile united Punjab up to 1947 but was among the costliest imports to Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a> The then Dogra government suggested cultivating sugar maple and beetroot sugar but it could not materialise.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a> In the past, when sugar was not imported, people used honey.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a> Delicate nectar of the acacia flowers makes for honey in Tral, Verinag and other locations.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Sidr honey considered one of the most distinguished types of honey in the world, is obtained from Sidr (jujube) trees in the Kashmir Valley.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_apples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kashmiri_apples.jpg/250px-Kashmiri_apples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kashmiri_apples.jpg/330px-Kashmiri_apples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kashmiri_apples.jpg/500px-Kashmiri_apples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri apples.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruits">Fruits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fruits">edit</a>]</div> Kashmiri apple is famous for its juiciness and distinct flavour as well.<a href="#cite_note-Zargar-2021-173">[173]</a> In 2019 alone, Kashmir produced over 1.9 million metric tonnes of apples, the highest among Indian states.<a href="#cite_note-Zargar-2021-173">[173]</a> Further, Kashmir accounts for 90% of India's walnut production.<a href="#cite_note-et-174">[174]</a> Kashmiri walnuts are a great source of nutrients and widely in demand across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-et-174">[174]</a> Giant walnut trees can scale 75 feet in Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Mishan-2022-175">[175]</a> Many years ago, walnut oil used to be a medium of cooking and imparted a sweeter and nuttier flavour to dishes.<a href="#cite_note-In_search_Wazwan-176">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Packing_Strawberries_(14574895731).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Packing_Strawberries_%2814574895731%29.jpg/220px-Packing_Strawberries_%2814574895731%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Packing_Strawberries_%2814574895731%29.jpg/330px-Packing_Strawberries_%2814574895731%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Packing_Strawberries_%2814574895731%29.jpg/440px-Packing_Strawberries_%2814574895731%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The local climate with bright sunshine and moderate rainfall, is ideally suited for strawberry cultivation.</figcaption></figure> Muhammad Quli Afshar brought cherries from Kabul and planted them during Akbar's time.<a href="#cite_note-Project_Gutenberg-59">[59]</a> Mishri variety of cherry is famous in Kashmir and sweeter than other varieties.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2022-177">[177]</a> They are loaded with minerals, vitamins and plant compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2022-177">[177]</a> The exotic berries from Kashmir are sweet and sour mulberry (tuell and shah-tuell), raspberry (chhanchh), barberry (kaawducchh) and red berry (haapat maewaa).<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Gassu area on the Srinagar outskirts is known for strawberry (istaber) harvesting.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Orange cultivation for commercial purposes was introduced a few decades before in the Urossa village in Uri.<a href="#cite_note-Forget_apples,_Kashmiri_oranges_are-180">[180]</a> The climate and soil is relatively warmer than the rest of Kashmir and conducive for the crop.<a href="#cite_note-Forget_apples,_Kashmiri_oranges_are-180">[180]</a> In this mountainous region, the micro-climate is good for Mediterranean crops like lemons and olives.<a href="#cite_note-firstpost.com-181">[181]</a> The lemons are better and juicier than Punjab lemons.<a href="#cite_note-firstpost.com-181">[181]</a> A sub-species of wild olives that doesn't bear much fruit but grows even in hardy, rough conditions is used for grafting with fruit varieties, producing about 1,000 litres of extra virgin olive oil each year.<a href="#cite_note-firstpost.com-181">[181]</a> According to official estimates, Kashmiri grapes are cultivated on almost 500 to 600 hectares of land with production up to 1100 to 1500 MT per year.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famous_Kalaadi_of_Ramnagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Famous_Kalaadi_of_Ramnagar.jpg/220px-Famous_Kalaadi_of_Ramnagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Famous_Kalaadi_of_Ramnagar.jpg/330px-Famous_Kalaadi_of_Ramnagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Famous_Kalaadi_of_Ramnagar.jpg/440px-Famous_Kalaadi_of_Ramnagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Dried cheese (maish krej) from Jammu & Kashmir.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dairy_products">Dairy products</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dairy products">edit</a>]</div> Holstein Friesian (HF) and Jersey cows were introduced in Kashmir several decades ago, producing 4 million litres of milk per day.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Organic Kashmiri butter wrapped in Chinar leaves was common in the yesteryears, but is now sold only by a few.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> A traditionally ripened Himalayan cheese is called the milk chapati or maish krej in Kashmiri.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saffron_From_Pampore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Saffron_From_Pampore.jpg/220px-Saffron_From_Pampore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Saffron_From_Pampore.jpg/330px-Saffron_From_Pampore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Saffron_From_Pampore.jpg/440px-Saffron_From_Pampore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Saffron fields in Pampore.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spices">Spices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_Red_Chilli.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kashmiri_Red_Chilli.JPG/220px-Kashmiri_Red_Chilli.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kashmiri_Red_Chilli.JPG/330px-Kashmiri_Red_Chilli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kashmiri_Red_Chilli.JPG/440px-Kashmiri_Red_Chilli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri Chilli Pepper.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caraway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Caraway.JPG/250px-Caraway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Caraway.JPG/330px-Caraway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Caraway.JPG/500px-Caraway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri black cumin.</figcaption></figure> Kashmiri saffron is known for its aroma, colour, and medicinal value.<a href="#cite_note-Nabi-2020-187">[187]</a> The saffron of Pampore town is considered to be of superior quality with 8.72% crocin content as compared to the Iranian variety which contains 6.82%.<a href="#cite_note-Nabi-2020-187">[187]</a> In May 2020, Kashmiri saffron was given a geographical indication tag.<a href="#cite_note-Nabi-2020-187">[187]</a> The spice shahi zeera or imperial cumin or black cumin belongs to Apiaceae (parsley) family and was initially available in the jungles of Gurez Valley.<a href="#cite_note-Ribeiro-2022-188">[188]</a> These darker seeds unlike the regular brown zeera are of superior quality because of their smell, relative rarity and shape.<a href="#cite_note-Ribeiro-2022-188">[188]</a> Among the spices used: <ul><li>Kashmiri <a href="/wiki/Chilli_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilli pepper">chilli pepper</a> (martswangun) — chilies are grown locally in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Utpal_Publications-189">[189]</a> When they turn red, they are dried and ground into powder form.<a href="#cite_note-Utpal_Publications-189">[189]</a> Powdered red chilies are moderately hot coloring agents that are used for most meat and some vegetarian dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Utpal_Publications-189">[189]</a> The taste varies with the region they are being cultivated, from areas such as Bugam, Tangmarg, Bandipora, Dangerpora, Anantnag and Noorbagh.<a href="#cite_note-Desk-2018-190">[190]</a> Chillies of Bugam are the most bitter in taste, while Noorbagh chillies have less seeds and are spicier than the ones grown in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-Desk-2018-190">[190]</a> The local government has sought a geographical indication tag for chillies cultivated in Srinagar and Budgam districts.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>Shimla, Punjabi & Pepsi chilli pepper (martswangun) — Shimla variety is used for making spicy qormas, while Pepsi is usually imported from Rajasthan in India, and resembles a Pepsi bottle.<a href="#cite_note-Desk-2018-190">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">asafoetida</a> (yangu) — used in much of Kashmiri Pandit cuisine, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Cuisine_Saffron_Plate_A_Hi-192">[192]</a> Red asafoetida, is considered superior due to its rich aroma and unique flavor and used in special Kashmiri recipes often in its pure, unadulterated form.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Kashmiri Poet Agha Shahid Ali was a connoisseur when it came to this spice, and was known to emerge from behind the clouds of yangu in his Brooklyn apartment.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> (nich auleh) — the seeds, derived after crushing the pods, can be used in curries such as yakhean, qaliya, and also in teas such as kahwah and sheer/noon chai.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-195">[195]</a></li> <li>bay leaf (tej pata) — most commonly used for rice polav and biryani dishes in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-196">[196]</a></li> <li>black pepper (marts) — both fruit and seed are used.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-196">[196]</a></li> <li>cinnamon (dalcyn) — typically used in most of the dishes in Kashmir and is also an important ingredient in kahwah chai.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-195">[195]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattan_Jot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rattan_Jot.jpg/220px-Rattan_Jot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rattan_Jot.jpg/330px-Rattan_Jot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rattan_Jot.jpg/440px-Rattan_Jot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Ratan jot (alkanet) is used by Kashmiri Pandits to add colour to dishes.</figcaption></figure>cloves (rong) — an essential ingredient in many dishes such as rogan josh, dum olav and is also used in making pickles.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-197">[197]</a></li> <li>fennel (bodiyana) — often used in making breads such as kulcha and is served by itself after food.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Cuisine_Saffron_Plate_A_Hi-192">[192]</a> Ground aniseed is used in almost all Kashmiri stews.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Cuisine_Saffron_Plate_A_Hi-192">[192]</a></li> <li>ginger (shaunth) — in its dried, powdered form, it is used in almost all Kashmiri cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-198">[198]</a></li> <li>tamarind (tambar)</li> <li>turmeric powder (lader) — among the most widely used spice in Indian cooking and in Kashmiri cuisine in particular.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceH-199">[199]</a> It imparts a yellow color to curries but should never be substituted for saffron for this purpose because the two have little in common.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceH-199">[199]</a></li> <li>saffron (kong posh) — a pinch of the crumpled stigmas is enough to give the color and bittersweet taste to a dish.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-198">[198]</a></li> <li>cumin seeds (safed ziur)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> — an important spice for almost all dishes, vegetarian or non-vegetarian, except bhat haakh.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-197">[197]</a></li> <li>caraway seeds (krihun ziur/zureh)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>coriander seeds (danival)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> — in Kashmir, it is used in dried form as well as whole seed. It is essential for making pickles and vari (Kashmiri Garam Masala).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-197">[197]</a></li> <li>nigella seeds (siyah dana)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>fenugreek seeds (bresta)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> — used for fish dishes, making vari, and for making pickles.<a href="#cite_note-Utpal_Publications-189">[189]</a></li> <li>dry fenugreek leaves (hoechh mith)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>nutmeg (zafal)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>mace (jalvatier)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>soda bi-carb (phul)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>shelled seeds of cucumber, musk melon, water melon and pumpkin (char magz)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>dry crushed mint leaves (hoekh pudana)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>dry garlic (rohan)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>dry shallots (pran)<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>vari masala cakes — a quick flavouring agent for many dishes such as haakh, gogjee nadur, spinach, kohlrabi, razmah gogjee, fish and shikaar (game).<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li>silver leaf (varak) — tissue-thin edible silver sheets used for garnishing pulao and meat dishes.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceI-201">[201]</a></li></ul> Rock salt consumption is quite old in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Rock_Salt_Solution-202">[202]</a> It was and is still being imported from Khewrah area of Pakistani Punjab, where it was first discovered by the troops of Alexander the Great in 326 B.C.<a href="#cite_note-Rock_Salt_Solution-202">[202]</a> Pre-independence, rock salt was imported via Mughal Road, which, before the advent of Mughals, was called Namak Route.<a href="#cite_note-Rock_Salt_Solution-202">[202]</a> After partition, its supply was barred.<a href="#cite_note-Rock_Salt_Solution-202">[202]</a> Because of its benefits, it is now being consumed by almost one-fourth of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Rock_Salt_Solution-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialties_by_season">Specialties by season</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Specialties by season">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherry_blossoms_in_Doodhpathri_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cherry_blossoms_in_Doodhpathri_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg/220px-Cherry_blossoms_in_Doodhpathri_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cherry_blossoms_in_Doodhpathri_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg/330px-Cherry_blossoms_in_Doodhpathri_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cherry_blossoms_in_Doodhpathri_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg/440px-Cherry_blossoms_in_Doodhpathri_southwest_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A fruit tree in Spring.</figcaption></figure> Spring is often considered a season of rejuvenation after a long and harsh winter.<a href="#cite_note-kashmirlife.net-203">[203]</a> Picnics, of which the Kashmiris are very fond, are planned around the theme of food.<a href="#cite_note-Sal:_A_Feast_of_Kashmiri_Cuisine-204">[204]</a> The countryside is awash with white and pink flowers of almond (badaam), peach (tsunun) and cherry (gilaas) blossoms.<a href="#cite_note-The_Beauty_of_Kashmir_in_Spring-205">[205]</a> The mustard fields join the show with their bright-yellow blooms.<a href="#cite_note-The_Beauty_of_Kashmir_in_Spring-205">[205]</a> The pear (tang) blossoms can be identified by their thick cluster of flowers.<a href="#cite_note-The_Beauty_of_Kashmir_in_Spring-205">[205]</a> Apricot (Tser) blossoms are white in colour, often tinged with a pink or reddish hue.<a href="#cite_note-The_Beauty_of_Kashmir_in_Spring-205">[205]</a> They grow from late spring through early summer.<a href="#cite_note-kashmirlife.net-203">[203]</a> Beans are a spring vegetable.<a href="#cite_note-kashmirlife.net-203">[203]</a> Cherries are a fruit of late spring and summer.<a href="#cite_note-kashmirlife.net-203">[203]</a> Coriander (danival) is a cool herb whose season predominates between spring and summer in cooler areas.<a href="#cite_note-kashmirlife.net-203">[203]</a> Garlic (rohan) is found mainly in spring and through fall season.<a href="#cite_note-kashmirlife.net-203">[203]</a> Melons (kharbooz) are a fruit grown in spring and summer.<a href="#cite_note-kashmirlife.net-203">[203]</a> Tender spring-time haakh (collard greens) are called kaanul.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taobat,_Neelum_valley,_Kashmir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Taobat%2C_Neelum_valley%2C_Kashmir.jpg/250px-Taobat%2C_Neelum_valley%2C_Kashmir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Taobat%2C_Neelum_valley%2C_Kashmir.jpg/330px-Taobat%2C_Neelum_valley%2C_Kashmir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Taobat%2C_Neelum_valley%2C_Kashmir.jpg/500px-Taobat%2C_Neelum_valley%2C_Kashmir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Trout fishing, such as here in the river Taobat in Kashmir, is open during the summer months.</figcaption></figure>The season of harvesting lotus stem (nadur) starts in September.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The samovar bubbles in a corner, spreading the sweet fragrance of saffron and cardamom in the air.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2023-208">[208]</a> Cookie-shaped kandi kulchas made of flour, butter, sugar and sprinkled with poppy seeds are passed around to be dipped into the tea and relished.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2023-208">[208]</a> Men fish under the shade of the chinar tree in Dalgate area.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Dandelion leaves, also known as haand in Kashmir, are foraged on foot.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2023-208">[208]</a> Going to the countryside, one can see paddy being cut with sickles and then stacked in huge piles to dry.<a href="#cite_note-greaterkashmir.com-210">[210]</a> Chestnuts are roasted in the dying embers.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Bulbous garlic and red potatoes jostle for space.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2023-208">[208]</a> Saffron fields in full bloom greet you in Pampore, a part of Pulwama district.<a href="#cite_note-greaterkashmir.com-210">[210]</a> Going towards the hilly areas one can see the maize and walnut trees with their fruit getting ready to be harvested.<a href="#cite_note-greaterkashmir.com-210">[210]</a> Going towards the apple producing areas of Sopore in North Kashmir or Shopian in South Kashmir, one can see cartons of apple being transported to various parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-greaterkashmir.com-210">[210]</a> During the long winters the days are short, sunlight and electricity in short supply, so there is not much that can liven up existence except interesting food, so it constitutes a major interest of the Kashmiris' lives.<a href="#cite_note-Sal:_A_Feast_of_Kashmiri_Cuisine-204">[204]</a> On window sills and terraces, one can spot small piles of aubergines, cherry tomatoes, gourds and turnips being sun-dried.<a href="#cite_note-Singh-2023-208">[208]</a> There is ample time and the daan (Kashmiri traditional stove) with its twin stoves (Chaer in Kashmiri) ignited by fire wood placed in one inlet) is always ready to oblige long hours of cooking despite the shortages of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-Kaul-2023-212">[212]</a> When all village roads remained blocked due to heavy snowfall and villagers have to use oil lamps or kerosene lanterns, the entire family is called to the kitchen where flavour of the overnight shab deg fills the entire space.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Kohlrabi (monje) is cold tolerant, and continues to grow on the fields in winter, so much that a little frost even helps it.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_dishes">List of dishes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: List of dishes">edit</a>]</div> Some noted Kashmiri dishes include: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbecue">Barbecue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Barbecue">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheekh_Kebabs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sheekh_Kebabs.jpg/220px-Sheekh_Kebabs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sheekh_Kebabs.jpg/330px-Sheekh_Kebabs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sheekh_Kebabs.jpg/440px-Sheekh_Kebabs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Tujji and Kababs.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabab_wazwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kabab_wazwan.jpg/220px-Kabab_wazwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kabab_wazwan.jpg/330px-Kabab_wazwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kabab_wazwan.jpg/440px-Kabab_wazwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri kababs can be eaten as a snack or a meal with rice.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Seekh-Kabaab%27_hawker_in_Srinagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%27Seekh-Kabaab%27_hawker_in_Srinagar.jpg/220px-%27Seekh-Kabaab%27_hawker_in_Srinagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%27Seekh-Kabaab%27_hawker_in_Srinagar.jpg/330px-%27Seekh-Kabaab%27_hawker_in_Srinagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%27Seekh-Kabaab%27_hawker_in_Srinagar.jpg/440px-%27Seekh-Kabaab%27_hawker_in_Srinagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Charcoal barbecue in Srinagar.</figcaption></figure> One version of the origin of kababs is the one in which Turkish soldiers were first known to grill chunks of meat on open fires.<a href="#cite_note-Bhowmik-2021-215">[215]</a> Kashmir's kababs are cooked with local spices and accompanied with dips:<a href="#cite_note-Bhowmik-2021-215">[215]</a> <ul><li>Kabab, condimented minced meat, roasted or fried, on skewers.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> According to chef Ghulam Nabi Dar (aka Bitte Waaze), the meat for the kabab is first minced with a very sharp knife (haché au couteau), then it requires an egg, cumin, cardamom and garlic, then it needs to be minced some more until it becomes a paste, then it is mounted on 1 m long skewers to be reheated the day after.</li> <li>Kokur kabab, chicken kebab.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li>Lahradar kabab, also known as lahabi/moachi kabab. Minced mutton classically shaped like a boat with a depression in the centre, cooked in curd based mild spicy gravy. Once softened, the meat is soaked overnight in egg and at least nine different seasonings and spices, including onions, red chili powder, nutmeg, garam masala, ginger, garlic and coriander. It is typically served with yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-Big_Night_in_Kashmir-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li> <li>Kokur lahabdar kabab ruwangan, chicken kebabs in rich tomato gravy.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li> <li>Shammi kabab, wazwan style mutton patties with ground chickpeas, egg and mild Kashmiri spices.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zomato-2022-221">[221]</a></li> <li>Champ, lamb chops.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li>Nadur maund, Kashmir's answer to <a href="/wiki/Hash_browns" title="Hash browns">hash browns</a>, lotus root ginger and mint patties with a dash of eclectic Kashmiri spices.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li>Buzith tschaman, grilled paneer marinated in yoghurt, cream and aniseed.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> It is said a poet wandering in the lovely forests of Kashmir, cooked this dish out in the open.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li>Buzith gaad, charcoal grilled fish marinated with Kashmiri spices.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li> <li>Buzith olav, thool, maaz etc., the round oven-baked clay-pot kangir works as an oven for baking food-items such as eggs, potatoes, pea beans, chunks of meat etc.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></li> <li>Talith gaad, fish marinated in black pepper, cumin and Kashmiri chilli and then shallow-fried.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></li> <li>Gaad talith ta badaam, fried fish with almonds.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></li> <li>Talith kokur, Fried chicken.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujj" title="Tujj">Tujji</a>, meat marinated in Kashmiri red chillies and aniseed powder, barbequed to perfection.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Gaad tujji, fish kababs.</li> <li>Tschaman tujji, Kashmiri style marinated cottage cheese chunks barbecued on a skewer and served with a side of chutney.<a href="#cite_note-Zomato-2022-221">[221]</a></li> <li>Tchaap maaz, sausages.<a href="#cite_note-Reshii00-234">[234]</a></li> <li>Kaleeng, thick membrane that covers sheep's head, skull and all, chopped coarsely and set to cook with spices and minimal liquid over a low fire for hours.<a href="#cite_note-Reshii00-234">[234]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakfast">Breakfast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Breakfast">edit</a>]</div> For the average Kashmiri, breakfast normally means fresh bread from the local bakery and a cup of noon chai (salt tea).<a href="#cite_note-livemint-235">[235]</a> While the bread is there in all the seasons for the breakfast, its accompaniments change.<a href="#cite_note-Kaul-2023-212">[212]</a> Some affordable luxuries include:<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Kashmiri_Salt_tea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Great_Kashmiri_Salt_tea.png/250px-The_Great_Kashmiri_Salt_tea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Great_Kashmiri_Salt_tea.png/330px-The_Great_Kashmiri_Salt_tea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Great_Kashmiri_Salt_tea.png/500px-The_Great_Kashmiri_Salt_tea.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri noon chai.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Harisa. Made by specialised cooks called harisaguyr, Harisa is a popular meat preparation made for breakfast, it is slow cooked with spices in a special underground oven for a 24-hour period and hand stirred.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-2023-212">[212]</a> A good harisa entails a meticulous mincing of deboned mutton, mixed with local rice, fennel seeds, cinnamon, cardamom and salt.<a href="#cite_note-livemint-235">[235]</a> Cooked on sim fire for at least 6 to 8 hours, boiling smoky mustard oil and some milk is poured while the wooden masher continues to stir.<a href="#cite_note-Kaul-2023-212">[212]</a> Small kebabs are made to be served along with and also a small serving of Methi (lamb’s intestines cooked in fenugreek) and tempered onion rings.<a href="#cite_note-Kaul-2023-212">[212]</a> The dish is so tasty that one 18th century Afghan governor, who came here during the Afghan Rule, is believed to have over-eaten himself to death.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li>Harisa zafrani, sprinkled with Kashmiri saffron. A maker in Aali Kadal was known for this peculiar dish.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li>Luchi & halwa, by luchi makers outside Kheer Bhawani shrine.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></li> <li>Makai vath, cooked granular <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> meal.<a href="#cite_note-Culinary_Art_of_Kashmir-240">[240]</a> Used to be a staple food in the unirrigated highland villages, where rice could not be grown.<a href="#cite_note-Culinary_Art_of_Kashmir-240">[240]</a></li> <li>Gaer vugra, <a href="/wiki/Water_chestnut" title="Water chestnut">water chestnut</a> flour porridge. These water chestnuts or buffalo nuts are called gaer in Kashmiri.<a href="#cite_note-Culinary_Art_of_Kashmir-240">[240]</a> They grow in shallow waters at many places, especially near the shore of the famous Wular lake.<a href="#cite_note-Culinary_Art_of_Kashmir-240">[240]</a> In India, these water chestnuts also grow but are generally bigger in size and have more water content.<a href="#cite_note-Culinary_Art_of_Kashmir-240">[240]</a> Generally eaten with churned yoghurt diluted with water (gurus).<a href="#cite_note-Culinary_Art_of_Kashmir-240">[240]</a></li> <li>Vushki vath, barley meal porridge.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceJ-241">[241]</a> Cooked as a staple food in some hilly villages of Kashmir, where rice or maize is not easily available or grown.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceJ-241">[241]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wazwan_dishes">Wazwan dishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Wazwan dishes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TabakMaaz_wazwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/TabakMaaz_wazwan.jpg/220px-TabakMaaz_wazwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/TabakMaaz_wazwan.jpg/330px-TabakMaaz_wazwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/TabakMaaz_wazwan.jpg/440px-TabakMaaz_wazwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tabakhmaaz.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_Aab_Gosht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kashmiri_Aab_Gosht.jpg/220px-Kashmiri_Aab_Gosht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kashmiri_Aab_Gosht.jpg/330px-Kashmiri_Aab_Gosht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kashmiri_Aab_Gosht.jpg/440px-Kashmiri_Aab_Gosht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Aab Gosh.</figcaption></figure> Unlike most dishes of the Indian subcontinent where the flavour is added to the food while cooking on the flames, the wazwan flavours are added while the dish is still uncooked by adding flavoured water to the preparation or soaking in flavoured water (osmosis):<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-2021-242">[242]</a> <ul><li>Tabakhmaaz, rib racks in ghee with sweet fat lodged between lacquered slips of meat<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Kashmiri Hindus commonly refer to this dish as Qabargah. It seems to have travelled from Kazakhstan where it is known by its Pandit name, Qabargah.<a href="#cite_note-Excelsior-2023-3">[3]</a> While Qabargah is simmered on a low heat for a longer duration and then fried very quickly, Tabakhmaaz is boiled with salt and garlic and characterised by a slightly elastic texture.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></li> <li>Tang ta lahabi kabab, whole Kashmiri pears and mutton kababs that often go with a tomato-yoghurt gravy.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li>Waaza kokur, whole chicken cooked in saffron gravy with mild Kashmiri spices.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Safed kokur, chicken with white sauce.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniphol_wazwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daniphol_wazwan.jpg/250px-Daniphol_wazwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daniphol_wazwan.jpg/330px-Daniphol_wazwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daniphol_wazwan.jpg/500px-Daniphol_wazwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dani Phoul.</figcaption></figure>Dani phoul, mutton shank.</li> <li>Aab gosh, also known as dodhe maaz. A famous milk-based curry cooked in spices and ghee over a low flame.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Ten litres of pure cow milk is reduced to one and then mixed with the mutton.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></li> <li>Methi maaz, mutton intestines flavoured with a spice mixture containing dried fenugreek (methi) leaves.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></li> <li>Waazeh hedar, Kashmiri wazwan-style mushrooms.</li> <li>Marchwangan kormeh, meat cooked with spices and yogurt and mostly using Kashmiri red chillies and hot in taste.</li> <li>Kokur marchawangan kormeh, Chicken cooked in red hot chilly gravy.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Aloobukhar kormeh, mince cooked with dried plums.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Badam kormeh, tender mutton pieces cooked in creamy almond gravy.<a href="#cite_note-scribd-2021-251">[251]</a></li> <li>Danival kormeh lamb cooked with coriander or parsley.</li> <li>Kokur danival kormeh, chicken cooked in curd based gravy, flavoured with saffron and fresh coriander.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Monje kael, knol-khol prepared in onion gravy.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soups">Soups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Soups">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Tsatt/maaz rass, mutton stock with mutton pieces flavoured with aromatic spices and salt.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></li> <li>Channa rass, easily made chickpea soup.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_meat_stews">Domestic meat stews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Domestic meat stews">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabdeg_Main_Ingredients.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Shabdeg_Main_Ingredients.JPG/220px-Shabdeg_Main_Ingredients.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Shabdeg_Main_Ingredients.JPG/330px-Shabdeg_Main_Ingredients.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Shabdeg_Main_Ingredients.JPG/440px-Shabdeg_Main_Ingredients.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Shab deg, the Kashmiri pot-au-feu</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabdeg1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Shabdeg1.jpg/220px-Shabdeg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Shabdeg1.jpg/330px-Shabdeg1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Shabdeg1.jpg/440px-Shabdeg1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Shab Deg with chunks.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabdeg..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shabdeg..JPG/220px-Shabdeg..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shabdeg..JPG/330px-Shabdeg..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shabdeg..JPG/440px-Shabdeg..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Shab Deg with Meatballs.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogan_josh02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rogan_josh02.jpg/250px-Rogan_josh02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rogan_josh02.jpg/330px-Rogan_josh02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rogan_josh02.jpg/500px-Rogan_josh02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rogan_josh" title="Rogan josh">Rogan josh</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakhni_from_kashmir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Yakhni_from_kashmir.jpg/250px-Yakhni_from_kashmir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Yakhni_from_kashmir.jpg/330px-Yakhni_from_kashmir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Yakhni_from_kashmir.jpg/500px-Yakhni_from_kashmir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3377" /></a><figcaption>Yakhein.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaljam_Gosht_(Shalgam_Gosht).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shaljam_Gosht_%28Shalgam_Gosht%29.JPG/220px-Shaljam_Gosht_%28Shalgam_Gosht%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shaljam_Gosht_%28Shalgam_Gosht%29.JPG/330px-Shaljam_Gosht_%28Shalgam_Gosht%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shaljam_Gosht_%28Shalgam_Gosht%29.JPG/440px-Shaljam_Gosht_%28Shalgam_Gosht%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Gogjee Ta Maaz (Mutton with Turnips).</figcaption></figure>Qaliya, a mutton delicacy in which all flavours are included, excluding red chilly powder.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></li> <li>Kokur qaliya, chicken qaliya.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shab_Deg" class="mw-redirect" title="Shab Deg">Shab Deg</a>: dish cooked with turnip and meat/duck/chicken/beef and balls of ground meat, left to simmer overnight.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-2006-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nabi-2016-260">[260]</a></li> <li>Dani, marrow-bone in gravy.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></li> <li>Matschgand, lamb meatballs in a gravy tempered with red chillies. A a lot of emphasis is put on the shape of the meat (oblong and not round) and the colour of the gravy.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li>Methi matsch, muttonballs with fenugreek leaves that have been boiled, crushed or liquidized into a paste.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></li> <li>Matsch ta tser, lamb fingers with apricot.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceK-264">[264]</a> The dish looks beautiful when laid on the table as the apricots remain yellow and the minced meat red making it very colourful.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceK-264">[264]</a></li> <li>Olav bokhara barith matsch, minced meat balls stuffed with plums.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></li> <li>Mith ta golemach, minced meat balls with fenugreek.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li>Matsch ta phul gupi, minced lamb fingers with cauliflower.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceL-267">[267]</a></li> <li>Matsch ta olav, lamb fingers cooked with potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li> <li>Tser kofta, minced mutton balls with an apricot inside.<a href="#cite_note-scribd-2021-251">[251]</a></li> <li>Nadir ta maaz, lotus stems and mutton.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceM-269">[269]</a></li> <li>Nadir, oluv ta maaz, lotus stems, potatoes and mutton cooked on low heat and gravy thickened with garam masala and caraway seeds.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceM-269">[269]</a></li> <li>Maaz vangun, aubergine with meat.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></li> <li>Kokur aloobukhar korma, chicken cooked with dried plums with Kashmiri ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Palak ta kokur, spinach with country chicken.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li>Gand ta kokur, chicken and onion curry.</li> <li>Kokur ta torreil, chicken with snake gourd.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li> <li>Bam chunth ta maaz, quince with lamb.<a href="#cite_note-Nazki-2021-273">[273]</a></li> <li>Gogjee-aare ta maaz, sundried Turnips with Lamb.<a href="#cite_note-Nazki-2021-273">[273]</a></li> <li>Gaazar ta maaz, carrots and mutton.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li> <li>Bote-tser maaz, lamb and dried apricots.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></li> <li>Haand ta kokur, dandelion greens and chicken.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></li> <li>Haand ta maaz, dry dandelion and meat curry. Old age Kashmiri recipe for lactating mothers.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li>Haakh maaz, Kashmiri saag cooked with mutton.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Woste haakh ta maaz, green/red leaves with lamb.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></li> <li>Monje ta maaz, Kashmiri style knol khol and mutton. Kashmiris don't only eat knol khol, its leaves are mandatory.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li> <li>Gole al syun, pumpkin cooked with lamb.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li>Torreil ta maaz, ridged gourd with mutton.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-281">[281]</a></li> <li>Monje qaliya, kohlrabi with mutton.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceO-282">[282]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_josh" title="Rogan josh">Rogan josh</a>, a lamb based dish, cooked in a gravy seasoned with liberal amounts of Kashmiri chillies (in the form of a dry powder), ginger (also powdered), garlic, onions or <a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">asafoetida</a>, gravy is mainly Kashmiri spices and mustard oil based. The Persian and central Asian influence is evident in the large quantities of saffron, and asafoetida, favourite Persian flavourings, and the Mughals cultivated these plants in the subcontinent to provide their cooks with a ready supply.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Kashmiri Muslims use praan (a type of shallot), plus garlic and cockscomb flower for colouring.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Columnist Vir Sanghvi has nominated it as world's most famous Indian curry.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></li> <li>Kokur roghan josh, fried chicken cooked in cock's comb flower gravy with Kashmiri condiments.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Hindi roghan josh, Roghan Josh with tamarind.</li> <li>Vunth roghan josh, for the past two decades, camel meat is sold on the occasion of Eid-ul-Azha in keeping with the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> who mostly used to sacrifice camels on holy occasions.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></li> <li>Pachi roghan josh, trotter in red gravy.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></li> <li>Yakhean, a yoghurt-based mutton gravy without <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> or chilli powder. The dish is primarily flavoured with bay leaves, cloves and cardamom seeds. This is a mild, subtle dish eaten with rice often accompanied with a more spicy side dish. Yakhean came to be known in Kashmir during Akbar's rule.<a href="#cite_note-food.ndtv.com-289">[289]</a> Yoghurt-based meat curries were part of Persian cuisine, and the emperor introduced this style of cooking to his new state when he annexed it in 1586.<a href="#cite_note-food.ndtv.com-289">[289]</a></li> <li>Kokur yakhean, succulent pieces of chicken cooked in curd flavoured in Kashmiri herbs.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Shyaem, minced mutton cutlets cooked with curd.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Kokur shyaem, chicken cutlets in yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innards_and_offal">Innards and offal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Innards and offal">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Chuste, spicy dry curry of goat's intestines.<a href="#cite_note-Uttarakhand-2021-291">[291]</a></li> <li>Naihkala ta phendeir yakhean, certain parts of innards of sheep or goat, cooked with curd.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Chhagael yakhean, testes of sheep or goat cooked in curd etc.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Damin yakhean, tripe yakhni (curd curry).<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></li> <li>Bokavachi chhagael, kidneys and testes of goat or sheep.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Charvan, cooked diced liver of sheep or goat.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Choek charvan, sour diced liver of goat or sheep.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Charvan oluv, curried liver and potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a></li> <li>Kalle maaz, goat's head meat.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goshtaba_wazwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Goshtaba_wazwan.jpg/250px-Goshtaba_wazwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Goshtaba_wazwan.jpg/330px-Goshtaba_wazwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Goshtaba_wazwan.jpg/500px-Goshtaba_wazwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Goshtabeh.</figcaption></figure>Pachi ta heri rass, cooked legs with hoofs, and head of sheep or goat.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meatballs">Meatballs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Meatballs">edit</a>]</div> The wazas are trained for years to learn the art of making the right cuts and grounding the meat to perfection.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Traditionally, the lamb is mashed with walnut wood:<a href="#cite_note-In_search_Wazwan-176">[176]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rista_wazwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rista_wazwan.jpg/220px-Rista_wazwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rista_wazwan.jpg/330px-Rista_wazwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rista_wazwan.jpg/440px-Rista_wazwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Riste.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Goshtabeh<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> minced mutton balls with spices in yogurt gravy. Also known as 'The Dish of Kings' in Kashmir region and the last dish of the banquet.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> Jawaharlal Nehru once named it 'the cashmere of meats'.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Legendary Bollywood actor Yusuf Khan aka Dilip Kumar was said to love goshtabeh the most.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> In December 1955, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, the then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir and Nikita S. Khurschev, the first secretary of the Soviet Communist party were captured in an iconic photograph feeding each other goshtabeh.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></li> <li>Beef riste.<a href="#cite_note-Reshii-2021a-301">[301]</a></li> <li>Beef goshtabeh.<a href="#cite_note-Reshii-2021a-301">[301]</a> Pulverised beef with 25 percent fat is pounded into a pulpy mass and seasoned before being shaped into meatballs.<a href="#cite_note-Quraishi-2023-302">[302]</a> It is then immersed in a seasoned hot water bath, before being placed in a bubbling-hot broth of well-churned yoghurt, laced with milk and some beef stock and cooked to a semi-thick consistency.<a href="#cite_note-Quraishi-2023-302">[302]</a> The original recipe calls for very fatty buffalo meat, which can pose quite a challenge for the unprepared palate.<a href="#cite_note-Quraishi-2023-302">[302]</a></li> <li>Palak riste, usually four small 'rista' pieces, along with some spinach Leaves, are ladled on a 'Traem' for four guests.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Safed riste, Goshtabeh meatballs are the biggest, next rista and palak rista meatballs are the tiniest.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarian_sides">Vegetarian sides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Vegetarian sides">edit</a>]</div> Kashmir produces tons of vegetables and forest produce.<a href="#cite_note-Wani-2023-304">[304]</a> The traditional dishes are:<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_Dum_aloo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kashmiri_Dum_aloo.jpeg/250px-Kashmiri_Dum_aloo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kashmiri_Dum_aloo.jpeg/330px-Kashmiri_Dum_aloo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kashmiri_Dum_aloo.jpeg/500px-Kashmiri_Dum_aloo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Dum Olav.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Dum olav/<a href="/wiki/Dum_Aloo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dum Aloo">Dum aloo</a>, potato cooked with ginger powder, fennel and other hot spices. The most skillful part is to prick potatoes after frying them so that the gravy or the sauce gets absorbed in the potato, making them spongy and enhancing the flavour profile of the multiple potato-folds.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a></li> <li>Wazel aelwa, forgotten aloo recipe mostly cooked in the villages.</li> <li>Matar olav, potatoes peas curry. A classic side dish that is regularly paired with white rice (batta).<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a></li> <li>Olav dude legit, potatoes in yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a></li> <li>Gande te matar, onions and peas.</li> <li>Gande te hemb, green beans and onions gravy.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a></li> <li>Boda razmaah ta olav, green beans and potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gobhi_Dum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gobhi_Dum.jpg/250px-Gobhi_Dum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gobhi_Dum.jpg/330px-Gobhi_Dum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gobhi_Dum.jpg/500px-Gobhi_Dum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4793" data-file-height="3523" /></a><figcaption>Dum Phul Gupi (cauliflower).</figcaption></figure>Razmah hemb ta nadir, spicy French beans with lotus stems.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></li> <li>Razmah hemb ta vangan, French beans with aubergine.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></li> <li>Band gupi ta tamatar, cabbage cooked with tomatoes.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></li> <li>Nadir palak, lotus roots and spinach. This is a side dish served in big feasts and dinners.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Ranith bam chunth khanji, cooked quince.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> Quince is a very popular fruit with Kashmiri people.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceP-313">[313]</a> In olden days, it was baked in daans (clay ovens).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceP-313">[313]</a> The simmering heat of the leftover embers would turn them yummy.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceP-313">[313]</a></li> <li>Bam chunth vangun, quince and eggplants.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></li> <li>Bam chunth nadir, quince with lotus stem.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></li> <li>Dued vangan, eggplants with yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a></li> <li>Karel ta vangun, Kashmiri karela baingan (bitter gourd and eggplants).<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a></li> <li>Al lanej ta vangan, pumpkin greens with aubergine.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceQ-318">[318]</a></li> <li>Tsounth vangan, green apple curry.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Apples and aubergines, both are sliced long and fried.<a href="#cite_note-hamiast.com-320">[320]</a> The oil is tempered with asafoetida (yangu) and the usual spices.<a href="#cite_note-hamiast.com-320">[320]</a> If apples are on the sweeter side, a few drops of lemon juice are added.<a href="#cite_note-hamiast.com-320">[320]</a> This sweet and tangy creation made from sour apple and aubergines is a popular one once autumn arrives in the valley.<a href="#cite_note-hamiast.com-320">[320]</a></li> <li>Choek vangan-hachi, sundried eggplant instead of the fresh vegetable.</li> <li>Gole al doon gooje, pumpkin with walnuts.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></li> <li>Gande dued, fried onions mixed with milk.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></li> <li>Hoch haand, dried dandelion greens, boiled and ground to a pasty texture.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></li> <li>Ruwangun hachi, dried tomatoes.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2021b-324">[324]</a></li> <li>Monje Haakh, kholrabi being a delicacy.</li> <li>Dum Monje, knol khol (karam/gaanth gobhi/kohlrabi/ German turnip) in Yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a></li> <li>Dum Phul Gupi, cauliflowers cooked in their own moisture.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Phul Gupi Olav, cauliflower with potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a></li> <li>Haakh, wosteh haakh (red orach), heanz haakh, sotchal (mallow), kretch (knapweed), haand (dandelion), obuj (sorrel), lissa (amaranth), among others. Collard greens is enjoyed by Kashmiri people and they have their own versions of cooking the same with cottage cheese, mutton or chicken.</li> <li>Nunnar, purslane.<a href="#cite_note-Reshii-2021b-327">[327]</a></li> <li>Bhat haakh, also known as Sabz Haakh. Bhat is Kashmiri for Pandit. Haakh is eaten by everyone in Kashmir, but is a Kashmiri Pandit specialty.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></li> <li>Dagith haakh, mashed collard greens.</li> <li>Gogjee haakh, turnip greens with a pinch of asafoetida.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> The hardy leafy green, thrives in winter conditions and becomes a crucial ingredient in the local cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-Gogjee-2024-330">[330]</a> By using mustard oil, cumin seeds, and a medley of aromatic spices, the dish infuses the flavors of its distinctive blend.<a href="#cite_note-Gogjee-2024-330">[330]</a></li> <li>Wapal haakh, teasel leaves (Dipsacus Inermis).<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></li> <li>Wosteh haakh ta zombre thool, orach paired with hard-boiled eggs.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></li> <li>Haakh nadir, collards or kales cooked with lotus roots.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Haakh ta olav, potatoes and greens.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></li> <li>Haakh vangan, collard greens with brinjal.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a></li> <li>Sotchal nadur, mallow (Malva Parviflora) is a wild vegetable found anywhere on the roadsides, parks, playgrounds, grazing lands, etc.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> The earliest account of this plant appears to have been written by a Greek author named Pedamus Dioscorides in the first century AD.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceR-336">[336]</a> The dish is liked by all, young and old particularly because of its limited availability in foreign markets.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceR-336">[336]</a></li> <li>Sotchal vangan, mallow leaves and baigan.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> The dish is made from sotchal and thool-vangan. Thool-Vangan is a small eggplant that has not grown into its full size.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> It is soft and fleshy with a minimal amount of seeds.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceR-336">[336]</a></li> <li>Mujji mulivian, mashed radish leaves curry.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a></li> <li>Mujje patar ta vangan, radish leaves with aubergine.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceQ-318">[318]</a></li> <li>Zamutdodh cuar, yoghurt curry stirred continuously on low heat.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a></li> <li>Olav bum, a delicious dry dish prepared with potatoes and water lily plant commonly found in ponds and lakes of Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></li> <li>Bandh roghan josh, cabbage simmered in a fusion of authentic spices, and yoghurt to create the signature vegetarian 'sibling' of Roghan Josh.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a></li> <li>Nadir roghan josh, lotus root cooked on low heat until the nadur is tender.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a></li> <li>Cshte gogjee, turnips.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a></li> <li>Cshte mujji, boiled and mildly spiced radishes.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Cshte band gupi, boiled and mildly spiced cabbage (with asafoetida).<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Choek nadir, lotus-root with tartaric acid (tatri).<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a></li> <li>Choek mujji/mujji kalaa, long radishes with tamarind paste.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a></li> <li>Choek al, gourd with tamarind.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-281">[281]</a></li> <li>Al yakhean, bottle-gourd cooked in yoghurt based gravy and flavoured with Kashmiri condiments.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Hedar yakhean, mushrooms yakhni.</li> <li>Nadir yakhean, lotus root cooked with yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Nutree yakhean, soya chunks yakhni.</li> <li>Karel yakhean, prepared bitter gourds cooked until gravy thickens with yogurt.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a></li> <li>Vangan yakhean, fried aubergine in yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a></li> <li>Pudna al, pumpkin with mint.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a></li> <li>Torreil ta vangan, ridged gourd with eggplant.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-281">[281]</a> This vegetable is available in the summer and is sweet in taste and very easy to cook.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-281">[281]</a></li> <li>Torreil ta tamatar, ridged gourd with tomatoes.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-281">[281]</a></li> <li>Variphali olav, potato curry with hot lentil dumplings.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceS-350">[350]</a> This dish is a Punjabi preparation but very much enjoyed by Kashmiris.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceS-350">[350]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mushrooms">Mushrooms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mushrooms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morchella_esculenta_grouping_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morchella_esculenta_grouping_01.jpg/220px-Morchella_esculenta_grouping_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morchella_esculenta_grouping_01.jpg/330px-Morchella_esculenta_grouping_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morchella_esculenta_grouping_01.jpg/440px-Morchella_esculenta_grouping_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The much-prized kanaguchhi (<a href="/wiki/Morchella_esculenta" title="Morchella esculenta">Morchella esculenta</a>)</figcaption></figure> Native to the Himalayan foothills, Guchhi or kanaguchhi mushrooms (species in the genus <a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morchella</a>, commonly known as morels elsewhere) are highly prized not only in Kashmir but internationally, particularly in European gastronomy. With the exception of a few very limited and experimental successes, efforts to <a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">cultivate</a> (kana)guchhi or morels at a large scale have been unsuccessful and consumption relies on the harvest of wild mushrooms.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> As a result, these mushrooms rank amongst the most expensive of all fungi, with a kilogram of such mushrooms costing up to 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">INR</a> in India (as of 2023; approximately €330/kg, or US$350/kg).<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> Traditional or well known dishes include: <ul><li>Kanaguchhi yakhean, morels cooked in rich yoghurt gravy.<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a></li> <li>Kanaguchhi matar masala, an absolute flavour bomb of delicious morels picked by locals.<a href="#cite_note-cntraveller.in-354">[354]</a></li> <li>Guchhi Ver, kanaguchhi (<a href="/wiki/Morchella_esculenta" title="Morchella esculenta">Morchella esculenta</a>) mushroom with traditional Kashmiri spice mix, an uncommon dish cooked by Suman Kaul, a self-trained masterchef.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a></li> <li>Shajkaan, aka Kanpapar (<a href="/wiki/Geopora_arenicola" title="Geopora arenicola">Geopora arenicola</a>) mushroom, fried with onions and tomatoes, or even prepared with milk.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tschaman">Tschaman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Tschaman">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Paneer" title="Paneer">Paneer</a> is called tschaman in Kashmiri.<a href="#cite_note-sbs.com.au-358">[358]</a> The spicing falls into the sweet-savoury spectrum which means using a lot of cinnamon, mace and clove alongside earthier spices like cumin seed and ground coriander.<a href="#cite_note-sbs.com.au-358">[358]</a> The scarcity of fresh ginger in mountain geography also means that ground ginger is a spice staple.<a href="#cite_note-sbs.com.au-358">[358]</a> Paneer recipes are: <ul><li>Tschaman Kanti, cubes of cottage cheese that are fried, tossed in select spices and stir fried with onions and tomatoes.<a href="#cite_note-Matamaal-2022-359">[359]</a></li> <li>Lyader Tschaman. lyadur means yellow which is due to the presence of turmeric, and tschaman is cottage cheese.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> The term 'yellow gravy' might not do justice to the complexity of flavor you get from layering nine spices, some of them whole, with green chilies and simmering them in water before thickening the sauce with milk.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-361">[361]</a> British Indian chef Romy Gill called it 'a bowl of golden yellow deliciousness'.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-361">[361]</a></li> <li>Veth Tschaman, also known as Vozij Tschaman. This is the rogan josh equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-hamiast.com-320">[320]</a></li> <li>Ruwangan Tschaman, cottage cheese in tomato gravy.</li> <li>Palak/Haakh Tschaman, cottage cheese prepared in spinach based gravy peppered with Kashmiri ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Mith Tschaman, panir with fenugreek.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Mith Tschaman Ta Niul Kara, panir and fenugreek with green peas.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Matar Tschaman, turmeric matar paneer. Traditionally, the paneer is meant to be deep fried.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a></li> <li>Torreil Ta Tschaman, ridged gourd with paneer.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-281">[281]</a></li> <li>Tschaman Monje Qaliya, kohlrabi with paneer.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceO-282">[282]</a> Used to be made in big degchis on mehendiraat.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceO-282">[282]</a></li> <li>Kanaguchhi Tschaman, Kashmiri morels with paneer in a tangy gravy.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a></li> <li>Gogjee-aare Ta Tschaman, dried turnips with cottage cheese.<a href="#cite_note-Nabi-2016-260">[260]</a></li> <li>Tschaman Vangan, panir and brinjals.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chutneys_and_raitas">Chutneys and raitas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chutneys and raitas">edit</a>]</div> Called the shadowy underbelly of the Kashmiri wazwan,<a href="#cite_note-Reshii-2022-364">[364]</a> they add real colour to the dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Reshii-2022-364">[364]</a> They are expected to be served free, when Kashmiris go out to eat or pack food.<a href="#cite_note-'Doel'_Chutney':_Meet_this_Kashmir-365">[365]</a> The varieties of spicy spreads are: <ul><li>Zamut Dodh, plain homemade yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-Zomato-2022-221">[221]</a></li> <li>Muj Chetein, translates to radish in yoghurt. A unique blend of grated radish and yoghurt, seasoned with a pinch of roasted cumin. The Kashmiri version of the quintessential raita.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a></li> <li>Doon muj chetein, walnut-radish raita.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a></li> <li>Zeresht Chetein, Barberry.<a href="#cite_note-Reshii-2021b-327">[327]</a></li> <li>Anardan Chetein, prepared with dried pomegranate seeds (called anardana) along with coriander and mint leaves.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a></li> <li>Zirish Chetein. Blackcurrants.</li> <li>Aelchi Chetein, sour cherries with a bit of salt.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a></li> <li>Gordoul Chetein, sour plum chutney.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a></li> <li>Pudna Chetein/Buran, a light chutney made out of green chillies and fresh mint.<a href="#cite_note-Zomato-2022-221">[221]</a></li> <li>Ruwangun Chetein, tomatoes sautéed with green chillies and oil, until most of their juices evaporate.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a></li> <li>Ruwangun Haech Chetein, sun-dried tomato chutney.<a href="#cite_note-cntraveller.in-354">[354]</a></li> <li>Martswangun Chetein, green chilli chutney ground in a mortar.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a></li> <li>Rohani Chetin, garlic chutney with red chilies.</li> <li>Kishmish Chetein, condimented sauce of raisins.</li> <li>Chounth Ta Danival Chetein, apple and coriander chutney.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a></li> <li>Aloo Bukhar Chetein, made with fresh plums, onions, sugar, lime juice and spices.<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a></li> <li>Muj Chetein (variation), sautéed grated radish in mustard oil.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a></li> <li>Buzith Nadir Chetein, roasted lotus stem chutney.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a></li> <li>Buza/Foata Vangan, roasted/boiled and mashed brinjals mixed with curd.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Dodh Al/Al Raita, bottle Gourd in yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat_stir-fries">Meat stir-fries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Meat stir-fries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Mutton/Chicken Kanti, small boneless mutton/chicken pieces, marinated, shallow fried in fresh onions, tomatoes and green chillies.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Matsch Barith Karel, bitter gourd stuffed with minced lamb.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceL-267">[267]</a></li> <li>Matar Machh, green Peas and Minced Mutton.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Sotchal Charvan, mallow leaves and liver.</li> <li>Hedar, Chhagael, Bokavachi, Ta Krehnamaz, mushrooms with testes, kidneys and liver of sheep or goat.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Talith Kaed, fried brains of goat or sheep.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Kaed Pakora, brain fritters.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_2">Fish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Fish">edit</a>]</div> The age-old practice of shadow fishing is locally known as Tchaayi Gaad in Anchar lake in the Soura vicinity of Srinagar city.<a href="#cite_note-Bhat-2024-380">[380]</a> Fishermen row their boats early in the morning, breaking the frozen part of the lake to catch fish with a harpoon.<a href="#cite_note-Bhat-2024-380">[380]</a> They create a shadow on the nook of their boat by hiding themselves under a blanket or a makeshift umbrella made of straw to attract the fish and later strike the approaching fish with the harpoon.<a href="#cite_note-Bhat-2024-380">[380]</a> The banks of the lake of yore used to be dotted with thickets of willow trees under whose shadow the fish would take refuge during summers, thereby easing the task for the local fishermen to catch them.<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> Common fish dishes are: <ul><li>Nader ti Gaad, fish (Bilose, Zob,<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> Indian Major Carp, Catla, Rohu, Margarita, Mahseer,<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> Snow Trout, Niger, Chush, Khront, Churu etc.<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a>) cooked with lotus stem, a delicacy cooked on festival days like Eid, Navroze and Gaadi Batti (Festival of Kashmiri Pandits).</li> <li>Mujh Gaad, a dish of radishes with a choice of fish.</li> <li>Haak Gaad, Fish curry cooked with kashmiri spinach.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Gada Ta Gogjee/Monjje/Band Gupi, Fish cooked with Turnips, or Knol Khol, or Cabbage.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Gaad Ta Chounth, fish cooked with green apples.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a></li> <li>Gaad Qaliya, fish in yellow gravy.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a></li> <li>Ruwangan/Tamatar Gaad, white river fish cooked delicately in a tomato gravy.<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a></li> <li>Kong Gaad, fish with saffron flowers.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a></li> <li>Gaad Leij, trout fish cooked in traditional Kashmiri style and served with vegetables such as nadur, etc.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a></li> <li>Gaad Ta Obuj, wild obuj(rumex obtusifolius) with fish.<a href="#cite_note-Watch:_Kashmiri_'chacha'_eats_raw_w-390">[390]</a></li> <li>Hogada Ta Haakh/Bum, dried fish (bolinao and others<a href="#cite_note-Nabi-2016-260">[260]</a>) with 'karam' saag or dried water-lily stems.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Hogada Tscchuar, roasted dried small fish.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a></li> <li>Kanz Ta Gaad/Guran, fish or small fish or very small dried fish, cooked with slightly fermented but non-alcoholic drink sadre kaenz.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sal:_A_Feast_of_Kashmiri_Cuisine-204">[204]</a> In the old days, when one family in a neighbourhood would make kaenz it was understood it belonged equally to the rest to be used whenever required.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sal:_A_Feast_of_Kashmiri_Cuisine-204">[204]</a> The heat of the generously used spices like chili and ginger powder in this popular dish is supposed to be tempered by the cooling effect of this rice beer-like brew.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a></li> <li>Fari/Phari, smoked fish.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> A winter delicacy prepared in a particular method by only a few remaining households in Srinagar's Tiploo Mohalla.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> The fish used is a variety of trout belonging to the genus Schizothorax.<a href="#cite_note-lifestyle.livemint.com-395">[395]</a></li> <li>Phari Ta Haakh, smoked fish with collard greens.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> The skin of the smoked fish is removed and it is fried until it turns reddish-brown.<a href="#cite_note-lifestyle.livemint.com-395">[395]</a> The fish is added to collard greens and cooked until all the water is absorbed and oil floats on top.<a href="#cite_note-lifestyle.livemint.com-395">[395]</a> Best had with steamed rice, and best not to reheat the dish.<a href="#cite_note-lifestyle.livemint.com-395">[395]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salads">Salads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Salads">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Salaad, a plate of sliced vegetables precisely cucumber, tomatoes and carrots, decorated in concentric circles on a plate. A side with lemon squeezed on top.<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a></li> <li>Razmah Salaad/Chat, kidney beans salad.<a href="#cite_note-Wani-2023-304">[304]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rice">Rice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Rice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_pulao_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kashmiri_pulao_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-Kashmiri_pulao_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kashmiri_pulao_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Kashmiri_pulao_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kashmiri_pulao_%28cropped%29.JPG/500px-Kashmiri_pulao_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri polav.</figcaption></figure> Kashmiris eat much more rice than the people of the Jammu region:<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a> <ul><li>Batta, steamed white rice.</li> <li>Buzz Batta, fried rice.<a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a></li> <li>Wazul Batta, a high-nutrition red rice snack for pregnant ladies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Taayi Batta, Kashmiri-style pan-fried rice.</li> <li>Gucchi Polav, Kashmiri pulao with black morels.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a></li> <li>Matar Polav, a variation of plain rice with peas, fresh or frozen added.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceI-201">[201]</a></li> <li>Tahaer, yellow rice. Prepared by Pandits on auspicious occasions, Muslims also prepare it on certain occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Khetchar, made with rice and chilke wali moong dal, it is best enjoyed with monje aanchar.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a></li> <li>Neni Moonge Khetchar, mutton and whole green lentils cooked in mustard oil and finished on dum with Basmati rice.<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a></li> <li>Vaer, Salted Rice Pudding with kernels of walnuts or intestines of sheep or goat. Always cooked by Kashmiri Pandits at the beginning of Weddings or 'Yagneopavit' ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Mayir, saltish pudding of rice cooked with diluted curd from which generally butter has been separated. Mostly prepared in rural areas particularly after a week or so on the happy occasion of the delivery of a cow.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Yaji, boiled and steam-cooked salty rice-flour cakes.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Batta Laaye/Mur-murei/Chewrei, rice munchies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Byael Tomul, leftover fermented newly sprouted paddy seeds yield this delicious snack.<a href="#cite_note-Puttoo-2008-404">[404]</a> It is sun-dried and baked in an earthen vessel placed upon a choola (oven), cooled and pounded in a wooden mortar.<a href="#cite_note-Puttoo-2008-404">[404]</a> After cleaning the husk, it is eaten with dry walnut kernels and salt tea.<a href="#cite_note-Puttoo-2008-404">[404]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breads">Breads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Breads">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Kinke Tschut, a whole wheat unleavened flatbread cooked on a griddle.<a href="#cite_note-Zomato-2022-221">[221]</a></li> <li>Parott, a buttery flatbread. A one-kilo paratha is served outside a Sufi shrine in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-thekashmirmonitor.net-405">[405]</a> Celebrity chef Sanjeev Kapoor has stated he used to make rumali roti but not such a big paratha.<a href="#cite_note-thekashmirmonitor.net-405">[405]</a></li> <li>Puer, small round of deep fried and puffed wheaten cake.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceT-406">[406]</a> Served hot, these are relished with vegetable preparations or sweet dishes.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceT-406">[406]</a></li> <li>Tschur Tschut, Spicy rice crêpes typically eaten with breakfast chai.<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a></li> <li>Zyur Tschut, this savoury pancake is prepared from rice flour, cumin and green chillies.<a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a></li> <li>Tomul Tschut, rotis made with rice flour.<a href="#cite_note-Menon-2017-409">[409]</a></li> <li>Dranna, rice bread crumbs.<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a></li> <li>Makai Tschut, corn flour chapatti.<a href="#cite_note-Soni-2021-411">[411]</a></li> <li>Gyav Tschut, as the name suggests, made with generous amounts of ghee, served with rogan josh.<a href="#cite_note-Soni-2021-411">[411]</a></li> <li>Makai Woer, afternoon bread prepared with corn flour that is relished with tea.<a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a></li> <li>Gari Tschut, bread made from water chestnut flour.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceJ-241">[241]</a></li> <li>Gari Puer, deep fried small rounds of water chestnut flour.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceJ-241">[241]</a></li> <li>Vushki Tschut, baked rounds of barley flour.<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eggs_2">Eggs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Eggs">edit</a>]</div> In certain rural areas, the tradition of putting an egg or two in kanger (fire pot) is known to each individual.<a href="#cite_note-Hussain-2021-414">[414]</a> The fragrance of an egg cooking in the kanger would trigger the enzymes signaling the egg is ready:<a href="#cite_note-Hussain-2021-414">[414]</a> <ul><li>Thool Mond, omelette.<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a></li> <li>Haak Ta Thool, collard greens and Eggs together.<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a></li> <li>Prezdar Ta Thool, Foxtail lilies with eggs, eaten locally in Kupwara.<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a></li> <li>Wosteh Haakh Ta Thool, red spinach with eggs.</li> <li>Zombre Thool Ta Dal, a Kashmiri traditional dish of red lentils (masoor) and hard-boiled eggs.<a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a></li> <li>Thool Zambur, Kashmiri egg curry.</li> <li>Gogjee-aare Ta Zombre Thool, dried turnip and boiled egg.<a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a></li> <li>Zombre Thool Ta Ruwangan Hachi, fried eggs in a tomato reduction with ginger, garlic and green chillies.<a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capra_falconeri_hepteneri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Capra_falconeri_hepteneri.jpg/220px-Capra_falconeri_hepteneri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Capra_falconeri_hepteneri.jpg/330px-Capra_falconeri_hepteneri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Capra_falconeri_hepteneri.jpg/440px-Capra_falconeri_hepteneri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Markhor (capra falconeri).</figcaption></figure>Thool Ta Obuj, kashmiri obuj, a wild growing plant with a sour taste, with eggs.<a href="#cite_note-Watch:_Kashmiri_'chacha'_eats_raw_w-390">[390]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Game_(shikaar)">Game (shikaar)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Game (shikaar)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducks_on_Lake_Dal,_Kashmir_(8142492655).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ducks_on_Lake_Dal%2C_Kashmir_%288142492655%29.jpg/250px-Ducks_on_Lake_Dal%2C_Kashmir_%288142492655%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ducks_on_Lake_Dal%2C_Kashmir_%288142492655%29.jpg/330px-Ducks_on_Lake_Dal%2C_Kashmir_%288142492655%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ducks_on_Lake_Dal%2C_Kashmir_%288142492655%29.jpg/500px-Ducks_on_Lake_Dal%2C_Kashmir_%288142492655%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Ducks on Dal Lake.</figcaption></figure> Going by estimates, on an average 50-60 birds are killed every day in wetlands across Kashmir:<a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a> Hunted game (shikaar) is not generally cooked immediately.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceU-422">[422]</a> It has to be hung for some days (faisander) before dressing it for cooking. Hanging makes the meat suppler and less fibrous, making it tastier to eat.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceU-422">[422]</a> In British India, markhor (screw horn goat) was considered to be among the most challenging game species.<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a> It is the largest wild goat in the world.<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a> It is locally regarded as the tastiest wild meat.<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a> Indian wild boar was introduced in the Himalayan region by Maharaja Gulab Singh, a Dogra military general.<a href="#cite_note-Ali-2023-426">[426]</a> Its meat was a great delicacy for the Dogras and Sikhs, but after 1947 its population started dwindling in the Muslim-majority region.<a href="#cite_note-Ali-2023-426">[426]</a> Game dishes are: <ul><li>Pacchin Dumpokhta, pintail. Called the king of the winter cuisine in Kashmir, it is a delicacy enjoyed by Kashmiri Pandits who would not normally eat chicken.<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-2023-212">[212]</a> The migratory bird looks like a duck but can fly with great speed. It comes to wetlands of Kashmir during winter.<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> It is deep fried and cooked with hot spices.<a href="#cite_note-Kaul-2023-212">[212]</a> The meat under the shining bluish golden feathers is tough but delicious and has a warming effect.<a href="#cite_note-Kaul-2023-212">[212]</a></li> <li>Batook Palak, duck with spinach.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2021b-324">[324]</a></li> <li>Batook Ta Zamut Dodh, duck in a curd curry.</li> <li>Gogji Ta Batook, duck with turnip. Autumn (harud) duck has a lot of flavor in it.<a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a> This combination of tender duck meat with the earthy sweetness of turnips reflects the region's culinary prowess, emblematic in the sublime slow-cooked method known as dum<a href="#cite_note-Slurrp-2024-430">[430]</a>. It is winter comfort food in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Slurrp-2024-430">[430]</a></li> <li>Shikar Rogan Josh, Roghan Josh of hunted game birds and animals such as mallard, geese, plover, snipe, rail, teal, quail, pintail, Wigeon, grouse, partridge, pheasant, spotted deer, hangal, antelope, wild goat etc.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Shikar Ta Nadeir, meat of game birds cooked with lotus roots.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Shikar Ta Haand, ducks and mallards prepared with dried dandelion.<a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goji_Rajma_Masala_(11962820385).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Goji_Rajma_Masala_%2811962820385%29.jpg/250px-Goji_Rajma_Masala_%2811962820385%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Goji_Rajma_Masala_%2811962820385%29.jpg/330px-Goji_Rajma_Masala_%2811962820385%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Goji_Rajma_Masala_%2811962820385%29.jpg/500px-Goji_Rajma_Masala_%2811962820385%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Razmah Gogjee, red kidney beans with sweet turnips.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dals">Dals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Dals">edit</a>]</div> Kashmiri Pandits who were vegetarian and did not even eat onions and tomatoes were known as Dal Battas (Dal Pandits):<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> <ul><li>Dal Nadur, Lotus stem boiled with green beans to make a dal.<a href="#cite_note-Deepak-2018-433">[433]</a></li> <li>Vaari Muth Dal, Black Turtle Beans (Kashmiri Vaari Muth).<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a></li> <li>Vaari Muth Gogjee, black turtle beans cooked with turnips.<a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a></li> <li>Razmah Shab Deg, vegetarian variant of the traditional pot preparation, with kidney beans added instead of meat.<a href="#cite_note-Kaul-2023-212">[212]</a></li> <li>Razmah Dal, a red kidney bean stew with classic Kashmiri spice flavours of powdered ginger and fennel.<a href="#cite_note-Zomato-2022-221">[221]</a></li> <li>Razmah Gogjee, Kidney beans cooked with turnips.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Gogji aare ta Razmah, turnip circles are slow simmered with creamy rajma dal flavoured with ground ginger and fennel seeds over a gentle flame.<a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a></li> <li>Razmah Hemb, Various green beans cooked with tender pods.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Dal Dabbi, Traditional lentil preparation cooked in milk with spices.<a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a></li> <li>Channe Baegle, Native to the valley of Kashmir, the dried baegle dal is loved more in winters.<a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a></li> <li>Razmah Nadur<a href="#cite_note-Deepak-2018-433">[433]</a></li> <li>Thool Razmah Yakhean, green kidney beans in yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a></li> <li>Vangun Hachi Ta Moonge Dal, Dried brinjals with moong.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2021b-324">[324]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermented_foods">Fermented foods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Fermented foods">edit</a>]</div> Various varieties of Kashmiri pickles are: <ul><li>Aanchar, pickles (chicken, mutton, fish, greylag goose,<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-2006-258">[258]</a> mango, cherry, bitter gourd, amla, apple, apricot, plum, garlic, turnip, chillies,<a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a> knol-khols, radishes, carrots, onions, cauliflowers, brinjals, lotus roots, green almonds, hard pears,<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> grapes<a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street_food">Street food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Street food">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_street_food_(8139530127).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kashmiri_street_food_%288139530127%29.jpg/220px-Kashmiri_street_food_%288139530127%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kashmiri_street_food_%288139530127%29.jpg/330px-Kashmiri_street_food_%288139530127%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kashmiri_street_food_%288139530127%29.jpg/440px-Kashmiri_street_food_%288139530127%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Nadur maunj (lotus stem fritters).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Makai Waet, roasted corn.<a href="#cite_note-Idris-2021-442">[442]</a></li> <li>Buzith Gaer, roasted water chestnuts.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceV-443">[443]</a> Excursionists sit around a hot roasted small heap of nuts and with the help of two stones, one big and the other small, pound these one by one and extract the kernels.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceV-443">[443]</a></li> <li>Monje Guel, fritters of water chestnut kernels.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceV-443">[443]</a> Also called mesa or gaer guel in Kashmiri.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceV-443">[443]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puris_(Kashmiri_Fried_Bread)_with_Vendor_-_Old_City_-_Srinagar_-_Jammu_%26_Kashmir_-_India_(26564862530).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Puris_%28Kashmiri_Fried_Bread%29_with_Vendor_-_Old_City_-_Srinagar_-_Jammu_%26_Kashmir_-_India_%2826564862530%29.jpg/220px-Puris_%28Kashmiri_Fried_Bread%29_with_Vendor_-_Old_City_-_Srinagar_-_Jammu_%26_Kashmir_-_India_%2826564862530%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Puris_%28Kashmiri_Fried_Bread%29_with_Vendor_-_Old_City_-_Srinagar_-_Jammu_%26_Kashmir_-_India_%2826564862530%29.jpg/330px-Puris_%28Kashmiri_Fried_Bread%29_with_Vendor_-_Old_City_-_Srinagar_-_Jammu_%26_Kashmir_-_India_%2826564862530%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Puris_%28Kashmiri_Fried_Bread%29_with_Vendor_-_Old_City_-_Srinagar_-_Jammu_%26_Kashmir_-_India_%2826564862530%29.jpg/440px-Puris_%28Kashmiri_Fried_Bread%29_with_Vendor_-_Old_City_-_Srinagar_-_Jammu_%26_Kashmir_-_India_%2826564862530%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Puer (pooris), giant breads.</figcaption></figure>Nadur Maunj, sliced lotus stems marinated in spicy paste and deep fried.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Tandoori Chicken, Afghani Chicken, Chicken Lemon, varieties of street food at Khayam, Srinagar.</li> <li>Deep-fried Kababs.</li> <li>Mutton Keema Samosas, Chicken Keema Samosas etc.</li> <li>Alla Posh Mond, pumpkin flower fritters.<a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a></li> <li>Olav Mond/Monjivor, potato patty with ginger.</li> <li>Doel Chetin, chutney in an earthen pot with different vegetables cabbage, onion, mint, etc.<a href="#cite_note-'Doel'_Chutney':_Meet_this_Kashmir-365">[365]</a></li> <li>Tillae Karrae, chickpeas or dried green peas, coated in a batter of flour and deep fried.<a href="#cite_note-Idris-2021-442">[442]</a></li> <li>Mongh Masale, steamed black beans are mixed with salt and red chilli powder and served hot.<a href="#cite_note-Entertainment_Times-2022-445">[445]</a></li> <li>Matar, Kashmiri street food.</li> <li>Chunth Pakori, crisp slices of batter-coated and fried green apple.<a href="#cite_note-Uttarakhand-2021-291">[291]</a></li> <li>Vangan Pakori, fried aubergine coated with gram flour.<a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a></li> <li>Olav Churma, fries.</li> <li>Gand ta Palak Pakori, onions and spinach dipped in spiced batter and then deep-fried.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a></li> <li>Kruhun Masale/Dub Maha, a poor man's shawarma, a thin lavas is made of refined flour in which boiled chickpeas are rolled and then dipped in tomato chutney.<a href="#cite_note-Entertainment_Times-2022-445">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a></li> <li>Razmah Masale, rajma with corn.</li> <li>Masale Tschot, chickpea masala spread over a lavas (kashmiri naan). The preparation for making masaal begins during the night or early hours of the morning.<a href="#cite_note-aa.com.tr-448">[448]</a> Then different kinds of chutneys or sauces are prepared.<a href="#cite_note-aa.com.tr-448">[448]</a> Radish chutney mixed with fresh curd, green chilli, coriander, pepper and salt is served with it and lastly the soft bread is used for wrapping.<a href="#cite_note-aa.com.tr-448">[448]</a></li> <li>Egg Roll</li> <li>Dastar Katlam, famous halwai food.<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a></li> <li>Tobruk Halweh Parothe, deep fried poori with halwa.<a href="#cite_note-Idris-2021-442">[442]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakarwal_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bakarwal_man.jpg/220px-Bakarwal_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bakarwal_man.jpg/330px-Bakarwal_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bakarwal_man.jpg/440px-Bakarwal_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Bakerwal man of Kashmir.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Jalgoz, peanuts.<a href="#cite_note-Idris-2021-442">[442]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheese">Cheese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Cheese">edit</a>]</div> The nomadic shepherds of the Kashmir valley, Gujjars and Bakerwals move their herd of dairy cattle and their own settlements up and down the mountains based on changing seasons:<a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> <ul><li>Maesh Crari.,<a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a> described as the mozzarella of Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a> The discs are first coated with chilli, turmeric and salt, and then fried in mustard oil until they form a crisp, golden outer layer and the inside stays soft and creamy.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-453">[453]</a></li> <li>Kudan, a rare Gujjar goat cheese that looks like paneer but is more crumbly and akin to feta.<a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a> Kudan is prepared in Bakerwal tents by heating some mustard oil in a pot on fire and then mixing some salt, turmeric and chilli along with the kudan cheese curds.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-453">[453]</a> Everything melts together into a golden liquid flecked with red chilli and small nuggets of kudan.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-453">[453]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desserts">Desserts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Desserts">edit</a>]</div> Kashmiris are fond of sugar.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a> Common sweetmeats are: <ul><li>Halwa, sweetmeat originally made of honey, camel's milk, cashew nuts, and many other ingredients and brought from the Persian Gulf, via Bombay, in saucers to United India in the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a> Halwa tradition reached Kashmir towards the end of the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a></li> <li>Chounth Halwa.</li> <li>Barfi, a milk-based sweet dish.<a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a></li> <li>Khatai, a Kashmiri sweet biscuit that crumbles on each bite.<a href="#cite_note-Matamaal-2022-359">[359]</a></li> <li>Khir, rice pudding.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Phirin, a sweet pudding of condensed milk with soji mixed with dry fruit like raisins, almonds, cashews, and pistachios, sprinkled with rose-water.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a></li> <li>Kong Phirin, saffron flavoured rice pudding garnished with nuts.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Kitchen-2021-218">[218]</a></li> <li>Seemni, vermicelli kheer.</li> <li>Shufta, a traditional dessert made with chopped dry fruits, spices like pepper powder, cardamom and more, in sugar syrup, garnished with rose petals.<a href="#cite_note-Menon-2017-409">[409]</a></li> <li>Mitha Kanagucchi, morels in syrup.<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a></li> <li>Kofta Khumani, mince apricots.<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roath.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Roath.JPG/250px-Roath.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Roath.JPG/330px-Roath.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Roath.JPG/500px-Roath.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri Roth.</figcaption></figure>Roth, something between a cake and a bread, these sweet rotis made with flour, ghee, yoghurt, poppy seeds, eggs (on special occasions) and sugar are a domestic favourite.<a href="#cite_note-Menon-2017-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_roath_is_here_to_stay!-458">[458]</a> The art of baking a perfect roth is as much an acquired skill as it is a relearned discipline passed down from generations.<a href="#cite_note-Menon-2017-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_roath_is_here_to_stay!-458">[458]</a></li> <li>Basrakh, A sweet delicacy made from flour with a touch of ghee.<a href="#cite_note-Reshi-2021-459">[459]</a></li> <li>Tosha, an age-old Kashmiri dessert.<a href="#cite_note-Reshi-2021-459">[459]</a></li> <li>Lyde, kashmiri dessert made with whole wheat flour.<a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a></li> <li>Nabad, sugar crystallized in an earthen pot or a copper container like Naat and then carved out as a solid sugar ball in a semi-round shape, bigger than a football.<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a></li> <li>Gulkand, indigenous rose (koshur gulaab) preserved in a sugar base.<a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a> Non-Kashmiri roses are not used in this formulation.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a> In place of sugar, honey can also be mixed with rose petals.<a href="#cite_note-Life-170">[170]</a></li> <li>Matka Kulfi, kulfi topped with cold noodles.<a href="#cite_note-463">[463]</a></li> <li>Kesar Kulfi.<a href="#cite_note-Rashid-2017-464">[464]</a></li> <li>Dry Fruit Kulfi.<a href="#cite_note-Rashid-2017-464">[464]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_pastry">English pastry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: English pastry">edit</a>]</div> Before 1918, Abdul Ahad Bhat, of Ahdoos, was under the tutelage of English bakers at Nedou's, a hotel in Srinagar owned by Austro-Swiss Michael Nedou.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a> He quickly picked up the art of baking, and started a small bakery, the first by a Kashmiri at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a> Ahdoos's forte was English goodies, and as India inched towards freedom from British Rule he added Kashmiri items to the menu.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a> Mughal Darbar was established on Residency Road in 1984 and on the road parallel is Jee Enn, founded by Ghulam Nabi Sofi in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a> Many of the owners and staff of these new bakeries have trained in Ahdoos.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a> The variety of pastries include: <ul><li>Chicken or Mutton Patty, meat seasoned with salt, pepper and garlic, encased in layered puff pastry.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a></li> <li>Puffs.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a></li> <li>Cream Rolls.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a></li> <li>Cream Buns.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a></li> <li>Coconut Macaroons.<a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a></li> <li>Walnut Macaroons.<a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a></li> <li>Walnut Tart, made possible by the easy availability of walnut kernels in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Bread,_butter_and_bakerkhani-465">[465]</a></li> <li>Walnut Fudge, an exclusivity of Kashmir's Moonlight Bakery, the recipe contains 'snow-white walnuts' from Uri and honey and dates from local market.<a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qandarwan">Qandarwan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Qandarwan">edit</a>]</div> The Kashmir Valley is noted for its bakery tradition, that of the qandarwan. Nowhere else in the Indian subcontinent can be found such a huge variety of leavened breads, another pointer to the Central Asian influence on Kashmiris' food habits.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6">[6]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Lake" title="Dal Lake">Dal Lake</a> in Kashmir or in downtown Srinagar, bakery shops are elaborately laid out. Bakers sell various kinds of breads with golden brown crusts topped with sesame and poppy seeds. Different kinds of traditional Kashmiri breads include: <ul><li>Tsoet and Tsoechvor/Tilvor are crisp and flaky small round breads topped with khaskhash (poppy) and til (sesame) seeds.<a href="#cite_note-Gull-2019-469">[469]</a> A local bagel of about three inches diameter and six inches circumference, the upper half is soft and the lower crust is crispy.<a href="#cite_note-Gull-2019-469">[469]</a> It is the evening/afternoon bread.<a href="#cite_note-Gull-2019-469">[469]</a></li> <li>Sheermal, a saffron flavoured traditional flatbread said to have originated in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-risingkashmir-2024-470">[470]</a> It is offered in both sweet and flavorful versions.<a href="#cite_note-risingkashmir-2024-470">[470]</a> The sheermal bread is usually dented with multiple patterns bordering on corresponding lines.<a href="#cite_note-risingkashmir-2024-470">[470]</a></li> <li>Baqerkhayn (puff pastry), Kashmiri <a href="/wiki/Bakarkhani" title="Bakarkhani">bakerkhani</a> has a special place in Kashmiri cuisine. It is similar to a round naan in appearance, but crisp and layered, and sprinkled with sesame seeds.<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> It is typically consumed hot during breakfast.<a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a></li> <li>Lavasa, thin unleavened flat bread, white in colour, made of maida (finely-milled wheat flour).<a href="#cite_note-Gull-2019-469">[469]</a> It is a paper-thin blistered naan.<a href="#cite_note-Gull-2019-469">[469]</a> Some lavasas are soft while others are crispy.<a href="#cite_note-Gull-2019-469">[469]</a></li> <li>Girda, made with dough that has been fermented overnight, rolls of dough are flattened out by hand and finger impressions are pressed into it to give you lines that run down its length.<a href="#cite_note-Gull-2019-469">[469]</a> Girda and lavas are served with butter.</li> <li>Kulcha, baked exclusively with ghee, this small, hard, dry, crumbly bread, is usually round in shape.<a href="#cite_note-Gull-2019-469">[469]</a> It is decorated by placing a peanut in the centre of the upper face.<a href="#cite_note-Gull-2019-469">[469]</a></li> <li>Roth khabar, a cake-like sweet bread made in traditional tandoor and covered with dry fruits.<a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wazwan">Wazwan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Wazwan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wazwan" title="Wazwan">Wazwan</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wazwan&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wazwan_trami_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wazwan_trami_full.jpg/220px-Wazwan_trami_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wazwan_trami_full.jpg/330px-Wazwan_trami_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wazwan_trami_full.jpg/440px-Wazwan_trami_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Complete wazwan on one platter (or traem). This is usually presented to the would-be in-laws before/on the day of the marriage.</figcaption></figure> Wazwan (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Kashmiri pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʋaːzɨʋaːn]</a>) is a multi-course meal in Kashmiri cuisine, originating from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Almost all the dishes are meat-based using lamb, beef or mutton with few vegetarian dishes. It is popular throughout the larger <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region. Moreover, Wazwan is also served internationally at Kashmiri food festivals and reunions.<a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a> all dishes are prepared according to halal standards. For vegetarians, there are distinctive delicacies such as Dum Alve, Nadur (lotus stem), Haakh (collard greens), Kashmiri vegetarian pulao is a flavorful dish prepared with aromatic Kashmiri spices, vegetables, and a mix of dried fruits, creating a rich and delightful culinary experience.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beverages">Beverages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Beverages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noon_Chai_or_Sheer_Chai">Noon Chai or Sheer Chai</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Noon Chai or Sheer Chai">edit</a>]</div> Kashmiris are heavy tea drinkers. Kashmiris don't use the word "Kashmiri Chai". The word "Noon" in Kashmiri means salt. The most popular drink is a pinkish colored salted tea called "<a href="/wiki/Noon_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Noon Chai">noon chai</a>."<a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a> It is made with black tea, milk, salt and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_of_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicarbonate of soda">bicarbonate of soda</a>. The particular color of the tea is a result of its unique method of preparation and the addition of soda. The Kashmiri Hindus more commonly refer to this chai as "Sheer Chai." The <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Muslims" title="Kashmiri Muslims">Kashmiri Muslims</a> refer to it as "Noon Chai" or "Namkeen Chai", both meaning salty tea. Noon Chai or Sheer Chai is a common breakfast tea in Kashmiri households and is taken with breads like <a href="/wiki/Baqerkhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Baqerkhani">baqerkhani</a> brought fresh from Qandur (Kashmiri : کاندر ) or bakers. It is one of the most basic and essential food items in a Kashmiri household. Tea was as served in large <a href="/wiki/Samovar" title="Samovar">samavars</a>. Now, the use of Samavars is limited to special occasions and normally kettles are used. Nuts like almonds and pistachios and edible rose petals can also be added before serving and sometimes malai or fresh cream is added to give the tea viscosity and richness.<a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_mineral_water">Natural mineral water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Natural mineral water">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2022 study by the University of Kashmir, 87% of springs in Kashmir valley have excellent to good water quality.<a href="#cite_note-sahana-2022-477">[477]</a> A large part of the society, particularly those living in rural and backward areas, depends on spring water.<a href="#cite_note-sahana-2022-477">[477]</a> Most villagers believe spring water is the purest form of water due to a spiritual connection with the shrines.<a href="#cite_note-sahana-2022-477">[477]</a> From one of the oldest and purest spring waters of Kashmir, the Kokernag Spring, Bringi Spring Water has high alkalinity and is well balanced with minerals.<a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Babribyol">Babribyol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Babribyol">edit</a>]</div> The Babribyol sharbat is a concoction of sweetened milk, rose water or Rooh Afza syrup, and soaked sweet basil seeds that are grown locally.<a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lyaess">Lyaess</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Lyaess">edit</a>]</div> Made from yoghurt or kefir, Kashmiri lassi (lyaess) is a liquid, salty way to drink up yoghurt.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Lassi-480">[480]</a> The process of churning the buttermilk with a wooden choomph or churner is rhythmic and there is an art involved.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Lassi-480">[480]</a> The yoghurt has to be churned the right way, the buttery fats have to float to the top in a nice froth, the spices and dried mint leaves have to be just right.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Lassi-480">[480]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sadr-e-kaenz">Sadr-e-kaenz</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Sadr-e-kaenz">edit</a>]</div> This fermented rice water drink is supposed to be very good for a sluggish liver.<a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shahi_Sheera">Shahi Sheera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Shahi Sheera">edit</a>]</div> Made by extracting the juice of different berries, it is prepared at home during Ramadan.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Woman_Revives_Century-Old-482">[482]</a> It features in 1977 Kashmiri film Arnimaal where guests are sipping on the beverage during wedding festivities.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Woman_Revives_Century-Old-482">[482]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_and_beverage_pairings">Food and beverage pairings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Food and beverage pairings">edit</a>]</div> The traditional Kashmiri wazwan, which comprises slow-cooked meat dishes is a wonderful pairing that enhances the spicy notes of whisky.<a href="#cite_note-483">[483]</a> The Loire Valley wine <a href="/wiki/Sancerre" title="Sancerre">Sancerre</a> goes well with Kashmiri goshtabeh.<a href="#cite_note-484">[484]</a> A ripe fruity red works well with the full bodied roghan josh.<a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a> A recommended wine to try with is Montepulciano.<a href="#cite_note-486">[486]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_occasions_and_festivals">Special occasions and festivals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Special occasions and festivals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eid-ul-Fitr">Eid-ul-Fitr</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Eid-ul-Fitr">edit</a>]</div> While on fast, Muslims avoid consuming food during the day, while at dusk, they indulge in extra-special, bountiful meals prepared during the day.<a href="#cite_note-Bashir-2022-487">[487]</a> The menu for Ramadan month includes khajur ka laddoo (date balls), babribyol (basil seeds), kulfi, phirin, seemni, fruit chaat, fruit custard, kateer (a drink loaded with health benefits) and noon chai.<a href="#cite_note-Bashir-2022-487">[487]</a> The smell of slow-cooked mutton hovers, fragrant and sultry in the air, and despite the familiar air of unpredictability in Srinagar, spirits are high and streets are filled with happy greetings of Eid Mubarak.<a href="#cite_note-Big_Night_in_Kashmir-217">[217]</a> Eid-ul-Fitr marks the end of 30 days of Ramadan. After attending Eid prayers at a mosque or <a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah,</a> families return home to welcome guests. A common tradition on Eid morning is serving <a href="/wiki/Kahwah" title="Kahwah">Kehwa</a> (saffron tea) and chai (milk tea), accompanied by an assortment of bakery items such as cakes, cookies, ghee tchot (a tandoor-baked flatbread), pastries, and savory snacks like chicken and mutton patties. Well-to-do families often prepare select <a href="/wiki/Wazwan" title="Wazwan">Wazwan</a> dishes, including kebabs, rista (meatballs in gravy), shami kebabs, and chicken pieces. Other delicacies like kanti (stir-fried meat), mutton or chicken tikki are served with sauces and green chutney (dhaniya chutney), especially when entertaining special guests like sons-in-law. For lunch, rice is the staple, served with a variety of homemade dishes, almost all featuring meat. A notable preparation is yakhni, a traditional dish made with fresh curd and mild spices, offering a rich yet subtle flavor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eid-ul-Adha">Eid-ul-Adha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Eid-ul-Adha">edit</a>]</div> The day begins with the Fajr (dawn) prayer and a breakfast of bakery goods with dodh kehwa (milky green tea).<a href="#cite_note-488">[488]</a> As the festival draws to a close, most well-to-do families start placing orders with the wazas for the feast, which is cooked by chefs at their own places and then sold to the customers for serving at their homes.<a href="#cite_note-489">[489]</a> Sacrificial animals include Delhi Walla, Merino Cross, Bakerwal and Kashmiri varieties of sheep.<a href="#cite_note-490">[490]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urs_of_Hazrat_Sheikh_Dawood">Urs of Hazrat Sheikh Dawood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Urs of Hazrat Sheikh Dawood">edit</a>]</div> Only vegetarian food is supplied to devotees.<a href="#cite_note-Early_Times-2022-491">[491]</a> Majority of people in Batmaloo and adjoining areas turn vegetarian and do not eat meat or chicken.<a href="#cite_note-Early_Times-2022-491">[491]</a> They widely consume dried turnips (gogji aare) because it is believed, during Dawood's time, sundried turnips helped Kashmir survive a famine.<a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urs_of_Khwaja_Masood_Wali">Urs of Khwaja Masood Wali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Urs of Khwaja Masood Wali">edit</a>]</div> The people of Pampore cook dried vegetables, eggs, cheese and other food stuff except meat and invite their relatives, friends on lunch or dinner to keep the tradition of the saint alive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urs_of_Dastageer_Sahab">Urs of Dastageer Sahab</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Urs of Dastageer Sahab">edit</a>]</div> In Khanyar and Sarai Bala areas of Srinagar, the devotees are seen outside the shrines where local and non-local business establishments install their carts and are seen selling the Kashmiri traditional food stuff. Pious men sing hearty hymns over offerings of dates and sweets.<a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urs_of_Raeshmol_Saheb">Urs of Raeshmol Saheb</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Urs of Raeshmol Saheb">edit</a>]</div> People in Anantnag district in southern Kashmir quit eating meat as a mark of respect for the 16th century mystic.<a href="#cite_note-outlookindia.com-494">[494]</a> Rarely is a butcher shop open during these seven days.<a href="#cite_note-outlookindia.com-494">[494]</a> For three-and-a-half days each before and after the saint's Urs, people eat radish braised in tamarind.<a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herath">Herath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Herath">edit</a>]</div> For Kashmiri Pandits, the prasad offering at Shivratri puja is a charger piled high with rice, cooked lamb and fish, and a luscious raw fish in its entirety atop the pile.<a href="#cite_note-Koul-2022-496">[496]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Har_Navum">Har Navum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Har Navum">edit</a>]</div> On the 9th day of the month of ashad, Pandits in Kashmir offer the deity Sharika yellow rice cooked with turmeric, a little oil and salt along with tsarvan (goat's liver).<a href="#cite_note-A_Pandit_Must_Know_His_Meat-497">[497]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navreh">Navreh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Navreh">edit</a>]</div> The festival of <a href="/wiki/Navreh" title="Navreh">Navreh</a>, the Kashmiri <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a>, is incomplete without nadur.<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-2022-498">[498]</a> A celebration often confused with the <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persianate_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate culture">Persianate cultures</a>, Navreh is the welcoming of spring in the Northern hemisphere, and its date fluctuate, but always around to the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-2022-498">[498]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora_and_fusion_cuisines">Diaspora and fusion cuisines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Diaspora and fusion cuisines">edit</a>]</div> Tibetan exiles in Kashmir, including members of Tibet's small Muslim population live in Srinagar, mainly in a small area near the 18th-century Hari Parbat fort.<a href="#cite_note-asia.nikkei.com-499">[499]</a> Popular momo (beef dumplings) shops and Tibetan restaurants are run by their children.<a href="#cite_note-asia.nikkei.com-499">[499]</a> Tibetan options include Cantonese chicken and kumloo wonton, fried pasta stuffed with minced mushrooms.<a href="#cite_note-asia.nikkei.com-499">[499]</a> Kashmiri Sikh cuisine has a bit of influence from Punjab with onions and tomatoes, but the flavouring goes the Kashmiri way with elements such as badyaan (saunf).<a href="#cite_note-500">[500]</a> A large number of Indian tourists depend entirely on Vaishno Dhabas, the Valley's generic non-A/C restaurants that serve all-vegetarian North Indian fare.<a href="#cite_note-thehindu.com-501">[501]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooking_methods">Cooking methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Cooking methods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wazwan_prep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wazwan_prep.jpg/220px-Wazwan_prep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wazwan_prep.jpg/330px-Wazwan_prep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wazwan_prep.jpg/440px-Wazwan_prep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>The master chefs, the waaze of Kashmir.</figcaption></figure>Some Kashmiri cooking techniques are: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blanching">Blanching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Blanching">edit</a>]</div> The stalks of dandelion (haand) with their spiky-edged leaves have to blanched four times so that they bear no bitterness.<a href="#cite_note-Mishan-2022-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convection">Convection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Convection">edit</a>]</div> The traditional Kashmir food receives heat on two sides, top and bottom and the best results are obtained by slow heat using charcoal.<a href="#cite_note-Excelsior-2023-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Braising">Braising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Braising">edit</a>]</div> The leaves of Kashmiri haakh are braised in lots of water.<a href="#cite_note-kashmiri-haak-recipe-502">[502]</a> It is very important to ensure that the haakh stays submerged underwater during the initial cooking process using a wooden spatula or large spoon to continuously push the greens down.<a href="#cite_note-kashmiri-haak-recipe-502">[502]</a> Mustard oil, which is used extensively in Kashmiri cuisine, imparts an extra flavour to the dish.<a href="#cite_note-kashmiri-haak-recipe-502">[502]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rista_prep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rista_prep.jpg/220px-Rista_prep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rista_prep.jpg/330px-Rista_prep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rista_prep.jpg/440px-Rista_prep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Tenderising and preparing riste, one of the most important dishes in a Kashmiri feast.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court-bouillon">Court-bouillon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Court-bouillon">edit</a>]</div> Much of Kashmiri cooking relies on a fragrant meat stock.<a href="#cite_note-ROGAN_JOSH-2018-4">[4]</a> The main skill of a wazwan lies in the preparation of this stock made of onions and shallots.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> Freshly shaped meatballs (rista and goshtabeh) are poached in this lamb stock flavoured with cinnamon and black cardamom, and simmered.<a href="#cite_note-Jolly-2023-503">[503]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tempering">Tempering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Tempering">edit</a>]</div> Whole spices must be fried in oil – clove, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-504">[504]</a> Fried too little, and the dish will be lifeless, without fragrance.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-504">[504]</a> A second too much, and one will be left with nothing but bitterness.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-504">[504]</a> Hot ghee or mustard oil is poured on top and garnished with fried praan (shallots) paste & saffron extract.<a href="#cite_note-Jolly-2023-503">[503]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caramelisation">Caramelisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Caramelisation">edit</a>]</div> Sliced onions are fried until golden brown and pureed with minimal water.<a href="#cite_note-505">[505]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emulsification">Emulsification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Emulsification">edit</a>]</div> The yoghurt must be fatty, thick.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-504">[504]</a> Dried mint, just a pinch, is added right at the end to freshen the dish.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-504">[504]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_colouring">Food colouring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Food colouring">edit</a>]</div> Relevant dishes are further enhanced in colour by saffron extract (rogan josh and rista) or mawal (dried cockscomb flower).<a href="#cite_note-Jolly-2023-503">[503]</a> Kashmiri chilli is also added in excess sometimes to produce a red colour.<a href="#cite_note-ROGAN_JOSH-2018-4">[4]</a> Tomato is incorrectly used as a substitute when mawal and rattanjot are not available.<a href="#cite_note-ROGAN_JOSH-2018-4">[4]</a> No authentic version cooked in Kashmir has tomatoes.<a href="#cite_note-ROGAN_JOSH-2018-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simmering">Simmering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Simmering">edit</a>]</div> The food gets its flavours and textures from the spices being slow cooked with ingredients until they let out their inherent juices and fats and melt together.<a href="#cite_note-Slow_food,_Kashmiri_style-506">[506]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smoke_point">Smoke point</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Smoke point">edit</a>]</div> Smoking mustard oil is a treatment known as durust, and gets it ready to use after cooling off.<a href="#cite_note-Jolly-2023-503">[503]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dum_cooking">Dum cooking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Dum cooking">edit</a>]</div> The cooking vessel in the shab deg is sealed with dough before being cooked over a simmering fire through the long winter night.<a href="#cite_note-507">[507]</a> Dum cooking was made popular by the Mughal courts around the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-508">[508]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenderising">Tenderising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Tenderising">edit</a>]</div> Goshtabeh and rista, the two meatball dishes are rarely found outside the valley because their unique texture is enormously challenging.<a href="#cite_note-Slow_food,_Kashmiri_style-506">[506]</a> The sheep has to be freshly slaughtered and the meat pounded before rigor mortis sets.<a href="#cite_note-Slow_food,_Kashmiri_style-506">[506]</a> To incorporate air to make them light and fluffy, the meat undergoes a process of being folded whilst beaten.<a href="#cite_note-Jolly-2023-503">[503]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking_material">Cooking material</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Cooking material">edit</a>]</div> The quality of pots is important, according to wosta (ustad) or chef Nazir Ahmed Aram.<a href="#cite_note-509">[509]</a> He says they must have the right content of copper. Using wood (walnut and apple are the best) is important too. Cooking on gas is not the same. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similarities_with_other_cuisines">Similarities with other cuisines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Similarities with other cuisines">edit</a>]</div> Much like Kashmir, its people, and its narrative traditions, Kashmiri cuisine too is an amalgam of influences from Central Asia, Persia, China, and the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-510">[510]</a> Food recipes passed down from one culture to another are: <ul><li>Aab Gosh (Kashmiri). Abgoosht or Abgusht is more so a one-pot Persian comfort food that is a rustic dish with wholesome ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-ABGOOSHT_آبگوشت-511">[511]</a> It has been enjoyed by Persians for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-ABGOOSHT_آبگوشت-511">[511]</a> There is a similar dish in Armenia, called Abgoosht stew, using beef instead of lamb.<a href="#cite_note-512">[512]</a></li> <li>Batte (Kashmiri). Short-grain, sticky rice is called bata in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Crossroads_of_Cuisine:_The_Eurasian-513">[513]</a></li> <li>Harise (Kashmiri). Al Harees is a traditional Emirati dish consisting of wheat, meat(chicken) and salt.<a href="#cite_note-514">[514]</a> A simple, traditional Saudi dish using crushed wheat is called jareesh.<a href="#cite_note-515">[515]</a> Harissa, also known as herisseh, harisa or keshkeg in Armenia is a wheat berry and meat porridge.<a href="#cite_note-seriouseats.com-516">[516]</a> The wheat, usually known as korkot, is shelled making them quicker to cook.<a href="#cite_note-seriouseats.com-516">[516]</a> In Oman, it is made with beaten rice instead of wheat.<a href="#cite_note-517">[517]</a> Boko Boko Harees in Burundian cuisine is a delicacy prepared with chicken, turmeric and bulgur wheat.<a href="#cite_note-518">[518]</a> Amritsari Hareesa is a famous dish of the winter season in Lahore, Pakistan and made with wheat and meat.<a href="#cite_note-Amritsari_Hareesa_Recipe-519">[519]</a> It is seasoned with desi ghee and served with hot naan.<a href="#cite_note-Amritsari_Hareesa_Recipe-519">[519]</a></li> <li>Kabab (Kashmiri). The Turkish word kebap derives from Arabic kabaab meaning roasted meat.<a href="#cite_note-A_Cultural_History_Of_The_Kebab-520">[520]</a> A likely East Semitic root means to burn, to char or to roast.<a href="#cite_note-A_Cultural_History_Of_The_Kebab-520">[520]</a> The Babylonian Talmud even teaches that offerings in the temple should not be kabbaba (burnt).<a href="#cite_note-A_Cultural_History_Of_The_Kebab-520">[520]</a> Kysaa-ı Yusuf was the first to refer to meat on skewers as a kebab in 1377.<a href="#cite_note-521">[521]</a> Ibn Battuta, the famous Moroccan traveller mentioned that kebab was an integral part of the daily diet of Indian royalty as early as 1200 AD.<a href="#cite_note-522">[522]</a> Some of the world's best and most flavorful kebabs such as Adana Kebab, Urfa kebab, Iskender kebab come from Turkey's southeastern provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Best_Turkish_Kebabs-523">[523]</a> The Döner kebab was invented by İskender Efendi, who lived in Bursa and hung meats vertically to grill.<a href="#cite_note-Best_Turkish_Kebabs-523">[523]</a> One of the most popular kabobs you can find on the streets of Iran is kabob koobideh, ground lamb or beef or a combination of the two.<a href="#cite_note-524">[524]</a> The traditional method of cooking Afghan chapli kebab is frying.<a href="#cite_note-525">[525]</a></li> <li>Kahwe (Kashmiri). A staple Afghan tea, kahwah is mild and fragrant, and recipes tend to differ from family to family.<a href="#cite_note-526">[526]</a></li> <li>Katlam (Kashmiri). Qatlama in traditional Turkish means folded which comes from the verb qatlamaq (to fold). Plain katmer is eaten with Turkish white cheese and Turkish tea.<a href="#cite_note-527">[527]</a> In Turkmenistan, a type of bread in baked from flour which is mixed with milk and egg.<a href="#cite_note-528">[528]</a> This is called katlama. It is also cooked in Azerbaijan, and various herbs are added to it.<a href="#cite_note-529">[529]</a> The fried Kazakh bread Kattama is very popular in Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-530">[530]</a> Katama is an onion-filled swirled flatbread from Kyrgyzstan.<a href="#cite_note-531">[531]</a> In Uzbekistan, katlama is a traditional bread of Sunday mornings served with homemade butter.<a href="#cite_note-532">[532]</a> Qatlama is an Afghan fried sweet pastry topped with sugar or sugar syrups.<a href="#cite_note-533">[533]</a> Qator Gambir or Gambir are Mongolian pancakes which may often be a byproduct, when there is leftover dough from making some other dish.<a href="#cite_note-534">[534]</a> Kutluma is a layered Pakistani flatbread with a crispy, buttery texture.<a href="#cite_note-535">[535]</a></li> <li>Kulche (Kashmiri). In Afghanistan and Northeast Iran, these dried bread biscuits are called kulcha-e-khataye.<a href="#cite_note-536">[536]</a> Koloocheh in Iranian cuisine is a cookie stuffed with cinnamon, sugar and crushed walnuts.<a href="#cite_note-537">[537]</a></li> <li>Lavas (Kashmiri). The word lavash is repeatedly found in early Turkic written sources.<a href="#cite_note-azertag.az-538">[538]</a> Lavash is a Turkish bread made with flour, water and salt.<a href="#cite_note-Lavash-539">[539]</a> It can be eaten hot or cold.<a href="#cite_note-Lavash-539">[539]</a> This paper-thin, blanket-sized bread is one of Armenia's most ancient breads and is still being made today.<a href="#cite_note-540">[540]</a> In Azerbaijan, lavash is baked not only in traditional ovens (tandir) but also in saj, a large convex pan under which fire is made.<a href="#cite_note-azertag.az-538">[538]</a> In Azerbaijan and Iran, it is put on the bride's shoulders or crumbled over her head to wish the couple prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-azertag.az-538">[538]</a></li> <li>Luchi (Kashmiri). Very similar, Bengali luchai is a deep fried puffed bread.<a href="#cite_note-541">[541]</a></li> <li>Nabad (Kashmiri). Nabat in Persian is a type of confectionary mineral composed of relatively large sugar crystals, with bits of saffron in it.<a href="#cite_note-542">[542]</a></li> <li>Nadur (Kashmiri). In Afghan cuisine, Qormah e Nadroo is an onion-and-tomato-based stew using lamb meat or veal, yogurt, lotus roots and coriander.<a href="#cite_note-543">[543]</a></li> <li>Polav (Kashmiri). It looks as if pilaf was invented in Iran some time after the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-544">[544]</a> The Turks call plain rice sade pilav.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-544">[544]</a> Turkey sees pilav primarily as a side dish rather than a main course.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-544">[544]</a> Iran is famous for its polos made with aromatic domsiyah rice.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-544">[544]</a> The most characteristic ones are based on fruits such as cherries, quinces, or apricots.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-544">[544]</a> In Central Asia, the simplest recipe uses onions, meat and carrots.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-544">[544]</a> The extravagant court traditions of the Moghul school of cookery makes India home to some very elaborate pulaos.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-544">[544]</a> Laborers from western India brought pilaf to the Caribbean, where it is garnished with butter, almonds and pimiento-stuffed green olives.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-544">[544]</a></li> <li>Roth(Kashmiri). The Afghan version of the universal West Asian and European sweet egg bread is called rot.<a href="#cite_note-Crossroads_of_Cuisine:_The_Eurasian-513">[513]</a> In Afghanistan, it is traditionally served when a newborn child is forty days old.<a href="#cite_note-Crossroads_of_Cuisine:_The_Eurasian-513">[513]</a></li> <li>Sheer Chai (Kashmiri). Qaimak or Sheer chai is often served at celebrations in Afghanistan to toast good health.<a href="#cite_note-545">[545]</a></li> <li>Yakhein (Kashmiri). Patates Yahni or Greek potato stew is a traditional Greek recipe which falls under the category of ladera, meaning dishes prepared only with olive oil with no addition of other fat.<a href="#cite_note-546">[546]</a> Turkish Yahni is a beef stew that is great in cold weather.<a href="#cite_note-547">[547]</a> A 19th century cookbook by Mehmet Kamil listed a total of 14 classic yakhnis.<a href="#cite_note-548">[548]</a> Yakhni nokhod is a traditional Shirazi dish that uses meat, peas, potatoes, onions, salt and turmeric.<a href="#cite_note-549">[549]</a></li> <li>Dam Olav (Kashmiri). Bengali alur dom is lightly spiced and slightly sweet potato curry made with onions, tomatoes and spices.<a href="#cite_note-550">[550]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etiquette_of_Kashmiri_dining">Etiquette of Kashmiri dining</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Etiquette of Kashmiri dining">edit</a>]</div> Kashmiris are gregarious and like to share.<a href="#cite_note-Sal:_A_Feast_of_Kashmiri_Cuisine-204">[204]</a> Language and Food are the two vital parts of the region's identity.<a href="#cite_note-551">[551]</a> 'One who eats properly shall rule the country' it is said.<a href="#cite_note-552">[552]</a> An interesting wedding tradition from Kashmir involves newlyweds making roti together. While the bride flattens the dough and puts it on the griddle, the groom is responsible for flipping it and making sure it is cooked.<a href="#cite_note-553">[553]</a> Kashmiris are very particular about the taste of dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-2021-242">[242]</a> Food connoisseurs can easily taste a single morsel and name the waza (chef) who cooked it.<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-2021-242">[242]</a> They can smell an aubergine from four other kinds, and tell you which one is from Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-554">[554]</a> When filmmaker Vivek Agnihotri wrote a presumptuous tweet proposing the idea of vegetarian wazwan, social media erupted in spontaneous protest.<a href="#cite_note-thehindu.com-501">[501]</a> Also, Gordon Ramsay, multi-Michelin-starred chef and television personality, found himself at the receiving end of criticism for his Rogan Josh by Kashmiris who commented that the cut of the meat and the gravy were wrong.<a href="#cite_note-555">[555]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmiri_family_food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kashmiri_family_food.jpg/250px-Kashmiri_family_food.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kashmiri_family_food.jpg/330px-Kashmiri_family_food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kashmiri_family_food.jpg/500px-Kashmiri_family_food.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A Kashmiri family.</figcaption></figure> In Kashmir, it is said that food should both taste and look good.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> Its aroma must be appetizing. Success of a meal lies in its appeal to the eyes, nose and then the tongue. Any event, from a minor one such as receiving a guest in one's home, to a major one such as a circumcision or a wedding, becomes a celebration of preparing, laying out, serving and consuming together the most delicious victuals.<a href="#cite_note-Zutshi-2015-556">[556]</a> Delicacies are passed on to neighbours to be relished and there is no shame in asking for something when the nostrils are tickled and tempted by the mouth-watering smells from a neighbour's kitchen.<a href="#cite_note-Sal:_A_Feast_of_Kashmiri_Cuisine-204">[204]</a> Giant dastarkhaans (white sheets) are spread on the floor on which the meal is served.<a href="#cite_note-Zutshi-2015-556">[556]</a> However humble or lofty the fare on it, the dastarkhaan has always been the center of warm hospitality and conviviality.<a href="#cite_note-Zutshi-2015-556">[556]</a> In big Kashmiri dinners, a hundred to five hundred people are usually invited.<a href="#cite_note-Kilam1991-13">[13]</a> Since insurgency and the resultant violence and bloodshed, food has come to hold even greater meaning as each meal signifies a celebration of life itself.<a href="#cite_note-Zutshi-2015-556">[556]</a> It is worth mentioning that wazas (the descendents of Samarkandi cooks), whose shops are located in particular areas of the city of Srinagar, form a significant political group in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Zutshi-2015-556">[556]</a> All dishes are eaten by hand as Kashmiris believe in an intimate relationship with food.<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-2021-242">[242]</a> Even spiritual and religious old biddies feel no qualms in chomping on ear cartilage or marrow bones long after the meal is done, pulverising everything into a heap on the thali.<a href="#cite_note-Koul-2022-496">[496]</a> No one bats an eyelid.<a href="#cite_note-Koul-2022-496">[496]</a> Kashmiris consider it disrespectful if one refuses food varieties or an extra helping.<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-2021-242">[242]</a> They can go great lengths to persuade, swearing to die if you refuse an extra serving!<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-2021-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food-related_proverbs">Food-related proverbs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Food-related proverbs">edit</a>]</div> Kashmiri language is rich in proverbs and idioms.<a href="#cite_note-557">[557]</a> Food-related idioms include: <ul><li>Adyav kheyiv chinih adyav kheyiv taki — half the people ate from large dishes, and half from small dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Education_Society's_Press-558">[558]</a> A badly arranged dinner.<a href="#cite_note-Education_Society's_Press-558">[558]</a></li> <li>Akh chhiwyov masah byak hakah rasah — one man is intoxicated with the juice of the grape, another with juice of vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Kashmiri_Proverbs_a-559">[559]</a> Pride dwells in everyone, whether he be rich or poor.<a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Kashmiri_Proverbs_a-559">[559]</a></li> <li>Akh duda biyi maji kyut toak — an uninvited guest wants a (toak) plateful for his mother, in addition to himself.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Old_Proverbs-560">[560]</a> Toak was an earthen plate, in general use in Kashmir in the past.<a href="#cite_note-561">[561]</a> Beggars and some uninvited people pushed themselves in among the guests because of their poverty, or their desire for tasting the delicacies.<a href="#cite_note-562">[562]</a> It is applied where a person is not content with what is willingly offered to him, and demands more.<a href="#cite_note-563">[563]</a></li> <li>Apih hund gyav — a foolish woman's ghee.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceX-564">[564]</a> A foppish person.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceX-564">[564]</a> Kashmiri people, both wealthy and others, rubbed their hair with fresh ghee.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceX-564">[564]</a></li> <li>Batah gajih ruhun — as garlic upon the hearth of a Pandit, so your presence is to me.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceY-565">[565]</a> The ancestors of the Hindus would not eat garlic because of their aphrodisiac effects, having devoted themselves to religion.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceY-565">[565]</a></li> <li>Batook Poth — to have eaten batook poth (duck's backside) is an expression in Kashmiri for someone who talks a lot.<a href="#cite_note-inversejournal.com-566">[566]</a></li> <li>Chaanis haakhas chha paakuk haajat — does your haakh require hard cooking?<a href="#cite_note-567">[567]</a> A sort of ironic flattery with the sense that your haakh is so delicate, it takes hardly any time to cook.<a href="#cite_note-568">[568]</a></li> <li>Chaantis animu mathun — to grease one's mouth with gruel.<a href="#cite_note-569">[569]</a> To cover up starvation for mere shame.<a href="#cite_note-570">[570]</a></li> <li>Chayi tani ya gani magar tech gachi cheyn — tea, whether weak or strong, should be taken hot.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Old_Proverbs-560">[560]</a></li> <li>Dali Baate ti Khoji thool — dal for a Pandit and an egg for a Khoja, the kind of food they like.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Old_Proverbs-560">[560]</a></li> <li>Doori doori marts meethan, nishi nishi naabad tyathaan — pepper tastes sweet from afar, sugar tastes bitter when too near.<a href="#cite_note-571">[571]</a></li> <li>Hardas gurus metras, sontah gurus shetras — autumn butter-milk for the friend, and spring butter-milk for the enemy. Consequently, the milk is better in the autumn.<a href="#cite_note-572">[572]</a></li> <li>Hari tang tah zulahnai, muhuri tsont tah zulit — if the pear cost only a cowrie it should not be peeled, but if the apple cost a sovereign it should be peeled. Natives of Kashmir seldom skin a pear, but always skin an apple.<a href="#cite_note-573">[573]</a> Apple-skin, they say, is not easily digested.<a href="#cite_note-574">[574]</a></li> <li>Haruch gugaj tah Laruch gunas chhih barabar — a June turnip and a Lar serpent are equal. A native would not eat June turnip on any account, while Gunas is a round-headed serpent met with principally in Lar parganah, whose bite is generally fatal.<a href="#cite_note-575">[575]</a></li> <li>Majji bhatee — food served by mother is the best food.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Old_Proverbs-560">[560]</a></li> <li>Phata Wangun — a burst eggplant, literally, a sly young man often too clever for his own good.<a href="#cite_note-inversejournal.com-566">[566]</a></li> <li>Rogan o zafaran az Pampur, sag az Latapur brinj az Nupur; barrah az Nandapur. Puttu o mahi az Sopur; mong az Kralapur. Arad az Khampur. Shir az Shadipur. Angur az Repur — Pampore (the place) for ghee and saffron, Letapur for vegetables. Nipur for rice. Nandapur for lamb. Sopore for pattu and fish. Kralapur for dal. Khampur for flour. Shadipur for milk. And grapes from Repur.<a href="#cite_note-576">[576]</a></li> <li>Talwe peyi na tangah — wishing a pear falls from ceiling is a vain hope.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmiri_Old_Proverbs-560">[560]</a></li> <li>Chaki pechni ras, yath poshi tas — When someone keeps bragging about this which they usually don't have..</li> <li>Khar kya zani zaffran kya gow — a donkey wont understand the taste of saffron.</li> <li>badhshah saab khar ne khewan zab, yeli poras teli kheyi zab — usually said for unthankful people who don't accept food.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_consumption">Sustainable consumption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Sustainable consumption">edit</a>]</div> Kashmiri women would previously take extra mutton dishes by packing them in old newspapers or plastic bags that they would carry.<a href="#cite_note-mad4india.com-577">[577]</a> With time, this tradition became popular, and men soon began travelling with the remaining mutton on their traem (wazwan copper dish).<a href="#cite_note-mad4india.com-577">[577]</a> In Kashmir, taking leftover food into carrying bags evolved into a movement, and people also granted it social legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-mad4india.com-577">[577]</a> Even the elites have joined the cause and begun providing specially made carry bags of leftover food.<a href="#cite_note-mad4india.com-577">[577]</a> Even the leftover rice is not wasted in marriage functions and is served to animals (dogs, cattle etc.).<a href="#cite_note-578">[578]</a> In Kashmir, a now-abandoned practice would use green Chinar leaves in packaging delicate things like mulberry, butter, mutton and cheese.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmir's_Chinar_Identity-579">[579]</a> This would help these easily contaminable items to stay nontoxic till consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Kashmir's_Chinar_Identity-579">[579]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanger" title="Kanger">Kanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_on_the_land_and_the_people_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="List of topics on the land and the people of Jammu and Kashmir">List of topics on the land and the people of Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazwan" title="Wazwan">Wazwan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_cuisine&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jammu+Kashmir+Latest+News+%7C+Tourism+%7C+Breaking+News+J%26K&rft.atitle=Cuisines+of+Kashmir%3A+A+tradition+and+a+treasure+trove&rft.date=2023-02-04&rft.aulast=Excelsior&rft.aufirst=Daily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexcelsior.com%2Fcuisines-of-kashmir-a-tradition-and-a-treasure-trove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROGAN_JOSH-2018-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROGAN_JOSH-2018_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROGAN_JOSH-2018_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROGAN_JOSH-2018_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROGAN_JOSH-2018_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROGAN_JOSH-2018_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taradeshpande.in/rogan-josh-ghulam-wazas-kashmiri-mutton-curry/">"ROGAN JOSH: GHULAM WAZA'S KASHMIRI MUTTON CURRY"</a>. 16 June 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROGAN+JOSH%3A+GHULAM+WAZA%27S+KASHMIRI+MUTTON+CURRY&rft.date=2018-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taradeshpande.in%2Frogan-josh-ghulam-wazas-kashmiri-mutton-curry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBamzai1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Prithivi_Nath_Kaul_Bamzai" title="Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai">Bamzai, Prithivi Nath Kaul</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&q=kashmiris+rice+staple&pg=PA243">Culture and Political History of Kashmir</a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185880310" title="Special:BookSources/9788185880310"><bdi>9788185880310</bdi></a>. <q>Rice was, as now, the staple food of Kashmiris in ancient times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Political+History+of+Kashmir&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788185880310&rft.aulast=Bamzai&rft.aufirst=Prithivi+Nath+Kaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eMfzTBcXcYC%26q%3Dkashmiris%2Brice%2Bstaple%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattoo2008" class="citation book cs1">Mattoo, Neerja (2008). Sal: A Feast of Kashmiri Cuisine. Srinagar: Gulshan Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8339-063-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8339-063-7"><bdi>978-81-8339-063-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sal%3A+A+Feast+of+Kashmiri+Cuisine&rft.place=Srinagar&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Gulshan+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8339-063-7&rft.aulast=Mattoo&rft.aufirst=Neerja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinish_GulzarSyed_Rakshanda_Suman2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Binish Gulzar; Syed Rakshanda Suman (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnnGIjiogC&pg=PA64">"The Fur Traders and The Lost Avenues"</a>. Epilogue. Vol. 3, no. 9. p. 64. <q>Since Kashmiris consume meat voraciously and statistics reveals that on an average 3.5 million sheep and goat are slaughtered annually for our consumption, the skin can be utilised for production.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilogue&rft.atitle=The+Fur+Traders+and+The+Lost+Avenues&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2009-09&rft.au=Binish+Gulzar&rft.au=Syed+Rakshanda+Suman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXebnnGIjiogC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lustre_Press_Roli_Books-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Lustre_Press_Roli_Books_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaza_&_Mohan2019" class="citation book cs1">Waza & Mohan, Sharief, Shafi and Rafiq, & Rocky (2019). Traditional Kashmiri Cuisine Wazwaan. New Delhi: Lustre Press Roli Books. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-941109-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-941109-3-4"><bdi>978-81-941109-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Kashmiri+Cuisine+Wazwaan&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Lustre+Press+Roli+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-81-941109-3-4&rft.aulast=Waza+%26+Mohan&rft.aufirst=Sharief%2C+Shafi+and+Rafiq%2C+%26+Rocky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashmiri_Cuisine_Through_the_Ages-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Kashmiri_Cuisine_Through_the_Ages_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah2020" class="citation book cs1">Abdullah, Omar [Foreword] (2020). Kashmiri Cuisine Through the Ages. New Delhi: Roli Books. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-941109-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-941109-4-1"><bdi>978-81-941109-4-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmiri+Cuisine+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Roli+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-81-941109-4-1&rft.aulast=Abdullah&rft.aufirst=Omar+%5BForeword%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHameed2021" class="citation web cs1">Hameed, Haseeb Ibn (14 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greaterkashmir.com/business/kashmir-consumes-22-lakh-sheep-annually-only-6-5-lakh-raised-locally#:~:text=According%20to%20official%20data%20compiled,meat%20consumption%20in%20the%20region">"Kashmir consumes 22 lakh sheep annually, only 6.5 lakh raised locally"</a>. Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greater+Kashmir&rft.atitle=Kashmir+consumes+22+lakh+sheep+annually%2C+only+6.5+lakh+raised+locally&rft.date=2021-03-14&rft.aulast=Hameed&rft.aufirst=Haseeb+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greaterkashmir.com%2Fbusiness%2Fkashmir-consumes-22-lakh-sheep-annually-only-6-5-lakh-raised-locally%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAccording%2520to%2520official%2520data%2520compiled%2Cmeat%2520consumption%2520in%2520the%2520region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eating_local_in_Srinagar_with_The_B-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eating_local_in_Srinagar_with_The_B_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eating_local_in_Srinagar_with_The_B_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eating_local_in_Srinagar_with_The_B_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAncheri2018" class="citation web cs1">Ancheri, Saumya (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cntraveller.in/story/eating-local-srinagar-bombay-canteens-thomas-zacharias/">"Eating local in Srinagar with The Bombay Canteen's Thomas Zacharias"</a>. Condé Nast Traveller. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cond%C3%A9+Nast+Traveller&rft.atitle=Eating+local+in+Srinagar+with+The+Bombay+Canteen%27s+Thomas+Zacharias&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.aulast=Ancheri&rft.aufirst=Saumya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cntraveller.in%2Fstory%2Feating-local-srinagar-bombay-canteens-thomas-zacharias%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RRoy-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RRoy_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RRoy_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RRoy_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RRoy_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2016" class="citation web cs1">Roy, Rituparna (8 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiafoodnetwork.in/food-stories/theres-more-to-kashmiri-food-than-roganjosh/">"There's More To Kashmiri Food Than Roganjosh"</a>. IndiaFoodNetwork. Retrieved 16 July 2022. <q>The difference between Kashmiri Pandit food and the Wazwan or Muslim cuisine is simple. While Hindus or Pandits use heeng (asafoetida) and curd to make their dishes creamy, Muslims prefer onions and garlic to cook their recipes. Interestingly, "Kashmiri Muslims prefer goat, especially young, while Kashmiri Pandits choose lamb," Chef Koul says.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndiaFoodNetwork&rft.atitle=There%27s+More+To+Kashmiri+Food+Than+Roganjosh&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Rituparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiafoodnetwork.in%2Ffood-stories%2Ftheres-more-to-kashmiri-food-than-roganjosh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilam1991-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilam1991_13-59">bh</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaul_Kilam1988" class="citation book cs1">Kaul Kilam, Shyam Rani (1988). Culinary Art of Kashmir (Kashmiri Cookbook). De Leij.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinary+Art+of+Kashmir+%28Kashmiri+Cookbook%29&rft.pub=De+Leij&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Kaul+Kilam&rft.aufirst=Shyam+Rani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaw2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaw, M.K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&q=kashmiris+meat&pg=PA98">Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society</a>. APH Publishing. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176485371" title="Special:BookSources/9788176485371"><bdi>9788176485371</bdi></a>. <q>But perhaps the most popular items of the Kashmiri cuisine were meat and rice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+and+Its+People%3A+Studies+in+the+Evolution+of+Kashmiri+Society&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788176485371&rft.aulast=Kaw&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpjKpK7ywPIC%26q%3Dkashmiris%2Bmeat%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFatima" class="citation web cs1">Fatima, Syed Rooh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekashmirimages.com/2021/03/30/greeks-in-kashmir/">"Greeks in Kashmir"</a>. Kashmir Images. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kashmir+Images&rft.atitle=Greeks+in+Kashmir&rft.aulast=Fatima&rft.aufirst=Syed+Rooh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthekashmirimages.com%2F2021%2F03%2F30%2Fgreeks-in-kashmir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasudeva" class="citation web cs1">Vasudeva, Shivangana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://food.ndtv.com/opinions/beyond-wazwan-a-peek-into-the-cuisine-of-kashmiri-pandits-1275847">"Beyond Wazwaan: A Peek into the Cuisine of Kashmiri Pandits"</a>. NDTV Food. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV+Food&rft.atitle=Beyond+Wazwaan%3A+A+Peek+into+the+Cuisine+of+Kashmiri+Pandits&rft.aulast=Vasudeva&rft.aufirst=Shivangana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffood.ndtv.com%2Fopinions%2Fbeyond-wazwan-a-peek-into-the-cuisine-of-kashmiri-pandits-1275847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShariefRafiqMohan2020-17"><a href="#cite_ref-ShariefRafiqMohan2020_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaza_ShariefWaza_RafiqRocky_Mohan2020" class="citation book cs1">Waza Sharief; Waza Rafiq; Rocky Mohan (31 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zABKyQEACAAJ">Wazwaan: Traditional Kashmiri Cuisine</a>. Roli Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788194110934" title="Special:BookSources/9788194110934"><bdi>9788194110934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wazwaan%3A+Traditional+Kashmiri+Cuisine&rft.pub=Roli+Books&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft.isbn=9788194110934&rft.au=Waza+Sharief&rft.au=Waza+Rafiq&rft.au=Rocky+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzABKyQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasudeva" class="citation web cs1">Vasudeva, Shivangana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://food.ndtv.com/opinions/beyond-wazwan-a-peek-into-the-cuisine-of-kashmiri-pandits-1275847">"Beyond Wazwan: A Peek into the cuisine of Kashmiri Pandits"</a>. 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Wazwan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chorbizarrerestaurant.com/wazwan-cbd.asp">the original</a> on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wazwan&rft.atitle=Chor+Bizarre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chorbizarrerestaurant.com%2Fwazwan-cbd.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/people/cuisine/kashmiri.html">"Kashmiri Cuisine"</a>. Kashmiri Cuisine- food and recipes:Mumbai/Bombay pages. 9 September 2000. Retrieved 16 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kashmiri+Cuisine-+food+and+recipes%3AMumbai%2FBombay+pages&rft.atitle=Kashmiri+Cuisine&rft.date=2000-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheory.tifr.res.in%2Fbombay%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fcuisine%2Fkashmiri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKashmiri+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White 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in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisine_of_India329" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisine_of_India" title="Template:Cuisine of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisine_of_India" title="Template talk:Cuisine of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisine_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisine of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisine_of_India329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Indian_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Indian dining">Etiquette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cuisines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_cuisine" title="Awadhi cuisine">Awadhi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Braj_Cuisine" title="Braj Cuisine">Braj</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cuisine" title="Bhojpuri cuisine">Bhojpuri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kumauni_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumauni cuisine">Kumauni</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughlai</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashmiri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marwari_Bhojnalaya" title="Marwari Bhojnalaya">Marwari (Jain)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradeshi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chettinad_cuisine" title="Chettinad cuisine">Chettinadu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_cuisine" title="Hyderabadi cuisine">Hyderabadi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_cuisine" title="Mangalorean cuisine">Mangalorean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saraswat_cuisine" title="Saraswat cuisine">Saraswat</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East India/North East India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cuisine" title="Bhojpuri cuisine">Bhojpuri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maithil_cuisine" title="Maithil cuisine">Maithil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magahi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Magahi cuisine">Magahi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angika_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Angika cuisine">Angika</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Odisha" title="Cuisine of Odisha">Odia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepali</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indian cuisine">West Indian cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Marathi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani cuisine">Konkani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Agri people">Agri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malvani_cuisine" title="Malvani cuisine">Malvani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain (Satvika)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_fast_food" title="Indian fast food">Fast food</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Indian Chinese cuisine">Indian Chinese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indian Indonesian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporean_cuisine" title="Indian Singaporean cuisine">Indian Singaporean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian Indian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ingredients / types of food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_dishes" title="List of Indian dishes">Main dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_soups_and_stews" title="List of Indian soups and stews">Soups and stews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_sweets_and_desserts" title="List of Indian sweets and desserts">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_bread" title="Indian bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_drinks" title="List of Indian drinks">Drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_snack_foods_from_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="List of snack foods from the Indian subcontinent">Snack foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_condiments" title="List of Indian condiments">Condiments</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation and cooking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Handi" title="Handi">Handi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karahi" title="Karahi">Karahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tava" title="Tava">Tava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruli" title="Uruli">Uruli</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related cuisines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan cuisine</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_cuisine" title="Category:Indian cuisine">Category</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_dishes252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_dishes" title="Template:Indian dishes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_dishes" title="Template talk:Indian dishes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_dishes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian dishes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_dishes252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_dishes" title="List of Indian dishes">Indian dishes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughlai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Mughlai kabab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keema_matar" title="Keema matar">Keema matar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_paratha" title="Mughlai paratha">Mughlai paratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murgh_musallam" title="Murgh musallam">Murgh musallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihari" title="Nihari">Nihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasanda" title="Pasanda">Pasanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezala" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezala">Rezala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bati_(bread)" title="Bati (bread)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikaneri_bhujia" title="Bikaneri bhujia">Bikaneri bhujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churma" title="Churma">Churma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Badam_Chakki" title="Dal Badam Chakki">Dal badam chakki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_bati" title="Dal bati">Dal bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_bati_churma" title="Dal bati churma">Dal bati churma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanda_Kachori" title="Kanda Kachori">Kanda kachori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_maans" class="mw-redirect" title="Laal maans">Laal maans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirchi_Bada" title="Mirchi Bada">Mirchi bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchratna_Dal" title="Panchratna Dal">Panchratna dal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makki_ki_roti" title="Makki ki roti">Makki ki roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinni" title="Pinni">Pinni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarson_ka_saag" title="Sarson ka saag">Sarson ka saag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_chicken" title="Tandoori chicken">Tandoori chicken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashmiri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noon_chai" title="Noon chai">Noon chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_josh" title="Rogan josh">Rogan josh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shab_deg" title="Shab deg">Shab deg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradeshi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peda" title="Peda">Peda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petha" title="Petha">Petha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloo_gobhi" title="Aloo gobhi">Aloo gobhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloo_mutter" title="Aloo mutter">Aloo mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baingan_bharta" title="Baingan bharta">Baingan bharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barfi" title="Barfi">Barfi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaju_katli" title="Kaju katli">kaju barfi/kaju katli</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatura" title="Bhatura">Bhatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_chicken" title="Butter chicken">Butter chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chana_masala" title="Chana masala">Chana masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">Chapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka" title="Chicken tikka">Chicken tikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chole_bhature" title="Chole bhature">Chole bhature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_makhani" title="Dal makhani">Dal makhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_aloo" title="Dum aloo">Dum aloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopiaza" title="Dopiaza">Dopiaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_curry" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg curry">Egg curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleem" title="Haleem">Haleem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeera_aloo" title="Jeera aloo">Jeera aloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachori" title="Kachori">Kachori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_karahi" title="Chicken karahi">Kadai chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhi" title="Kadhi">Kadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahwah" title="Kahwah">Kahwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keema" class="mw-redirect" title="Keema">Keema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khichra" title="Khichra">Khichra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khichdi_(dish)" title="Khichdi (dish)">Khichdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulcha" title="Kulcha">Kulcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">Korma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulfi" title="Kulfi">Kulfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">Lassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matar_paneer" title="Matar paneer">Matar paneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutton_curry" title="Mutton curry">Mutton curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">Naan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palak_paneer" title="Palak paneer">Palak paneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakora" title="Pakora">Pakora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneer_tikka" title="Paneer tikka">Paneer tikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raita" title="Raita">Raita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajma" title="Rajma">Rajma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_roti" title="Manda roti">Rumali roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_bhaji" title="Sai bhaji">Sai bhaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_paneer" title="Shahi paneer">Shahi paneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shami_kebab" title="Shami kebab">Shami kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneer_tikka_masala" title="Paneer tikka masala">Paneer tikka masala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_cuisine" title="Hyderabadi cuisine">Hyderabadi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghaar-e-baingan" title="Baghaar-e-baingan">Baghaar-e-baingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakna" title="Chakna">Chakna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_ka_meetha" title="Double ka meetha">Double ka meetha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_biryani" title="Hyderabadi biryani">Hyderabadi biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_haleem" title="Hyderabadi haleem">Hyderabadi haleem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_marag" title="Hyderabadi marag">Hyderabadi marag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukhmi" title="Lukhmi">Lukhmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirchi_ka_salan" title="Mirchi ka salan">Mirchi ka salan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmania_biscuit" title="Osmania biscuit">Osmania biscuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benne_dose" title="Benne dose">Benne dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisi_Bele_Bath" title="Bisi Bele Bath">Bisi bele bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_dosa" title="Masala dosa">Masala dosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_pak" title="Mysore pak">Mysore pak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appam" title="Appam">Appam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pesaha_appam" title="Pesaha appam">pesaha appam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviyal">Aviyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadya" title="Sadya">Sadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Chettinad" title="Chicken Chettinad">Chicken Chettinad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonda_(snack)" title="Bonda (snack)">Bonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiyappam" title="Idiyappam">Idiyappam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttu" title="Puttu">Puttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery_biryani" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassery biryani">Thalassery biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parotta" title="Parotta">Parotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">Pathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhukkatta" title="Kozhukkatta">Kozhukkatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_beef_fry" title="Kerala beef fry">Kerala beef fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_matthi_curry" title="Malabar matthi curry">Malabar matthi curry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mango_pickle" title="Mango pickle">Aavakaaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhirasam" title="Adhirasam">Adhirasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariselu" title="Ariselu">Ariselu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaji" title="Bhaji">Bhaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_65" title="Chicken 65">Chicken 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitranna" title="Chitranna">Chitranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd_rice" title="Curd rice">Curd rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_chutney" title="Dahi chutney">Dahi chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopiaza" title="Dopiaza">Dopiaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">Dosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_moolie" title="Fish moolie">Fish moolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">Idli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injipuli" title="Injipuli">Injipuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigarthanda_(drink)" title="Jigarthanda (drink)">Jigarthanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaalan" title="Kaalan">Kaalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakinada_Kaja" title="Kakinada Kaja">Kakinada Kaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_congee#India" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice congee">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koottu" title="Koottu">Koottu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhambu" title="Kuzhambu">Kuzhambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murukku" title="Murukku">Murukku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachadi">Pachadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palathalikalu" title="Palathalikalu">Palathalikalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddu" title="Paddu">Paniyaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parotta" title="Parotta">Parotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paruppusilli" title="Paruppusilli">Paruppusilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesarattu" title="Pesarattu">Pesarattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheer#In_South_India" title="Kheer">Payasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pootharekulu" title="Pootharekulu">Pootharekulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponganalu" title="Ponganalu">Ponganalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poriyal" title="Poriyal">Poriyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulihora" title="Pulihora">Pulihora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasam_(dish)" title="Rasam (dish)">Rasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_curry" title="Rice and curry">Rice and curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakinalu" title="Sakinalu">Sakinalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_(dish)" title="Sambar (dish)">Sambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevai" title="Sevai">Sevai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulava_charu" title="Ulava charu">Ulava charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upma" title="Upma">Upma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttapam" title="Uttapam">Uttapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vada_(food)" title="Vada (food)">Vada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhokla" title="Dhokla">Dhokla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodhpak" title="Doodhpak">Doodhpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handvo" title="Handvo">Handvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakhra" title="Khakhra">Khakhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undhiyu" title="Undhiyu">Undhiyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kombdi_vade" title="Kombdi vade">Kombdi vade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misal" title="Misal">Misal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalipeeth" title="Thalipeeth">Thalipeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vada_pav" title="Vada pav">Vada pav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veg_kolhapuri" title="Veg kolhapuri">Veg kolhapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akuri" title="Akuri">Akuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basundi" title="Basundi">Basundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakri" title="Bhakri">Bhakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhel_puri" title="Bhel puri">Bhel puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombil_fry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombil fry">Bombil fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bhel" title="Chinese bhel">Chinese bhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_mix" title="Bombay mix">Chivda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorizo#Goan_chouri.C3.A7o" title="Chorizo">Chouriço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_vada" title="Dahi vada">Dahi vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhansak" title="Dhansak">Dhansak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadboli" title="Kadboli">Kadboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatkhate" title="Khatkhate">Khatkhate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandvi_(food)" title="Khandvi (food)">Khandvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khichdi_(dish)" title="Khichdi (dish)">Khichdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuswar" title="Kuswar">Kuswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misal_pav" title="Misal pav">Misal pav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pav_bhaji" title="Pav bhaji">Pav bhaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patoleo" title="Patoleo">Patoleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patra_ni_machhi" title="Patra ni machhi">Patra ni machhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattened_rice" title="Flattened rice">Pohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabudana_khichri" title="Sabudana khichri">Sabudana khichri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanna_(dish)" title="Sanna (dish)">Sanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapatel" title="Sarapatel">Sarapatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev_puri" title="Sev puri">Sev puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrikhand" title="Shrikhand">Shrikhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solkadhi" title="Solkadhi">Solkadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindaloo" title="Vindaloo">Vindaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacuti" title="Xacuti">Xacuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloo_chap" title="Aloo chap">Aloo chap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beguni" title="Beguni">Beguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomchom" title="Chomchom">Chomchom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhenabara" title="Chhenabara">Chhenabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingri_malai_curry" title="Chingri malai curry">Chingri malai curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadachadi" title="Chadachadi">Chorchori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daab_chingri" title="Daab chingri">Daab chingri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_(curd)" title="Dahi (curd)">Doi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishti_doi" title="Mishti doi">Mishti doi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabadwip-er_lal_doi" title="Nabadwip-er lal doi">Nabadwip-er lal doi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalfrezi" title="Jalfrezi">Jalfrezi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jolbhora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jolbhora (page does not exist)">Jolbhora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Indian Chinese cuisine">Indian Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kati_roll" title="Kati roll">Kati roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha_mangsho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosha mangsho">Kosha mangsho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheer_(Bengali_sweets)" title="Kheer (Bengali sweets)">Kheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khichdi_(dish)" title="Khichdi (dish)">Khicuṛi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchi" title="Luchi">Luchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machher_Jhol" title="Machher Jhol">Machher Jhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpua" title="Malpua">Malpua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manohara_(Bengali_sweets)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manohara (Bengali sweets) (page does not exist)">Manohara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikhunti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikhunti (page does not exist)">Nikhunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panta_bhat" title="Panta bhat">Panta bhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantua" title="Pantua">Pantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paturi_(Bengali_dish)" title="Paturi (Bengali dish)">Paturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">Payesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitha" title="Pitha">Pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radhaballavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radhaballavi (page does not exist)">Radhaballavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rasgulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_malai" title="Ras malai">Ras malai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshkodom" title="Roshkodom">Roshkodom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">Sandesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbhaja" title="Sarbhaja">Sarbhaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpuria" title="Sarpuria">Sarpuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorshe_ilish" title="Shorshe ilish">Shorshe ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukto" title="Shukto">Shukto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakanti" title="Chandrakanti">Chandrakanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadachadi" title="Chadachadi">Chaṛachaṛi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhena_gaja" title="Chhena gaja">Chhena gaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhena_jalebi" title="Chhena jalebi">Chhena jalebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhena_Jhili" title="Chhena Jhili">Chhena jhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhena_kheeri" title="Chhena kheeri">Chhena kheeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhena_poda" title="Chhena poda">Chhena poda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingudi_jhola" title="Chingudi jhola">Chingudi jhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_baigana" title="Dahi baigana">Dahi baigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahi_machha" title="Dahi machha">Dahi machha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahibara_aludam" title="Dahibara aludam">Dahibara aludam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enduri_pitha" title="Enduri pitha">Enduri pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghugni" title="Ghugni">Ghuguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakara_pitha" title="Kakara pitha">Kakara pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanika_(food)" title="Kanika (food)">Kanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khira_sagara" title="Khira sagara">Khira sagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">Khiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maachha_bihana" title="Maachha bihana">Maachha bihana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_pitha" title="Manda pitha">Manda pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_khatta" title="Ou khatta">Ou khatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhala" title="Pakhala">Pakhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitha" title="Pitha">Pitha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arisa_pitha" title="Arisa pitha">Arisa pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakuli_pitha" title="Chakuli pitha">Chakuli pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podo_pitha" title="Podo pitha">Podo pitha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasabali" title="Rasabali">Rasabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rasgulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santula" class="mw-redirect" title="Santula">Santula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathapuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathapuli">Mathapuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litti_(dish)" title="Litti (dish)">Litti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghugni" title="Ghugni">Ghugni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattu" title="Sattu">Sattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaja" title="Khaja">Khaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_meat" title="Champaran meat">Champaran meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">Laddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilkut" title="Tilkut">Tilkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarsa" title="Anarsa">Anarsa</a></li> <li>Regional (<a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cuisine" title="Bhojpuri cuisine">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithil_cuisine" title="Maithil cuisine">Maithil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Magahi cuisine">Magahi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat" title="Chaat">Chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falooda" title="Falooda">Falooda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattened_rice" title="Flattened rice">Flattened rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">Gulab jamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halva#.C2.A0India" title="Halva">Halva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_pickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian pickle">Indian pickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">Jalebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keema_matar" title="Keema matar">Keema matar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">Kheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">Kofta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">Laddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_pudding" title="Mango pudding">Mango pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">Panipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papadam" title="Papadam">Papadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratha" title="Paratha">Paratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_(food)" title="Puri (food)">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_bhaji" title="Puri bhaji">Puri bhaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">Roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheer_khurma" title="Sheer khurma">Sheer khurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_biryani" title="Sindhi biryani">Sindhi biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarpali" title="Shankarpali">Shankarpali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soan_papdi" title="Soan papdi">Soan papdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarda_(food)" title="Zarda (food)">Zarda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head_curry" title="Fish head curry">Fish head curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kandar" title="Nasi kandar">Nasi kandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasembur" title="Pasembur">Pasembur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phall" title="Phall">Phall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti_canai" title="Roti canai">Roti canai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_cuisine" title="Category:Indian cuisine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_cuisine" title="Emilian cuisine">Emilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_cuisine" title="Tuscan cuisine">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_cuisine" title="Hausa cuisine">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court 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