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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wys bron van Elektriese lading</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Hierdie artikel bestaan slegs in hierdie taal. Voeg die artikel by vir ander tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voeg tale by</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elektriese_lading" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Elektriese_lading" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>U het toestemming om die bronteks te bekyk en te kopieer. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="af" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">'''Elektriese lading''' is 'n fundamentele, behoue eienskap van sommige [[subatomies]]e deeltjies wat hul [[elektromagnetisme|elektromagnetiese]] interaksies bepaal. Elektronies gelaaide materie word beïnvloed deur- en wek [[elektromagnetisme|elektromagnetiese]] velde op. Die interaksie tussen bewegende lading en 'n elektromagnetiese veld veroorsaak die [[elektromagnetiese krag]] wat een van die vier [[fundamentele kragte]] is. Elektriese lading is 'n eienskap van sommige subatomiese deeltjies, en word gediskretiseer wanneer uitgedruk word as 'n veelvoud van die sogenaamde [[elementêre lading]] ''e''. [[Elektron]]e het volgens konvensie 'n lading van -1, terwyl [[proton]]e die teenoorgestelde lading van +1 het. [[Kwark]]e het 'n breukdeel lading van -1/3 of +2/3. Die ekwivalente [[antideeltjie]]s het teenoorgestelde ladings. Daar is ook ander [[gelaaide deeltjie]]s. In die algemeen stoot gelaaide deeltjies met dieselfde-teken lading mekaar af, terwyl deeltjies met teenoorgestelde-teken ladings mekaar aantrek. Hierdie effek word kwantitatief deur [[Coulomb se wet]] uitgedruk, wat sê dat die grootte van die afstootkrag is eweredig aan die produk van die twee ladings, en verswak eweredig tot die kwadraat van die afstand tussen die ladings. Die elektriese lading van 'n [[makroskopies]]e voorwerp is die som van die elektriese ladings van die voorwerp se saamgestelde dele. Die netto elektriese lading is gewoonlik nul, aangesien die natuurlike getal elektrone in elke [[atoom]] gelyk is aan die getal protone, en die ladings dus uitkanselleer. Die gevalle waar die netto lading nie nul is nie word gereeld na verwys as [[statiese elektrisiteit]]. Verder, selfs al is die netto lading nul, kan dit nie-uniform versprei wees (bv. a.g.v. 'n eksterne [[elektriese veld]]), en die materiaal is dan [[Polarisasie|gepolariseer]], met die lading verwant aan die polarisasie staan bekend as [[gebinde lading]] (terwyl die oortollige lading van buite die materiaal bekend staan as ''vrye lading''). 'n Ge-ordende beweging van gelaaide deeltjies in 'n spesifieke rigting (in metale is dit elektrone) staan bekend as [[elektriese stroom]]. Die diskrete natuur van elektriese lading was deur [[Michael Faraday]] voorgestel in sy elektroliese eksperimente, en direk gedemonstreer deur [[Robert Millikan]] in sy [[oliedruppel eksperiment]]. Die [[SI]] eenheid vir [[elektrisiteit kwantiteit]] of elektriese lading is die [[coulomb]], wat benaderd 6.24 × 10<sup>18</sup> [[elementêre lading]]s is(die lading is 'n enkele elektron of proton). Die coulomb word gedefinieer as die hoeveelheid lading wat in een sekonde deur die deursnit van 'n [[elektriese geleier]], wat een [[ampere]] dra, vloei. Die simbool ''Q'' word gereeld gebruik om die hoeveelheid elektrisiteit of lading aan te toon. Die hoeveelheid elektriese lading kan direk gemeet word met 'n [[elektrometer]], of indirek gemeet met 'n [[galvanometer|ballistiese galvanometer]]. In formele terme moet die hoeveelheid lading as 'n veelvoud van die elementêre lading ''e'' (lading is [[diskreet]], maar dit is 'n gemiddelde , macroskopiese waarde, vele grotte ordes meer as 'n enkele elementêre lading, kan dit effektiewelik enige [[reële getal|reële waarde]] aanneem. Verder, in sommige gevalle is dit meer betekenisvol om van breukdele van 'n lading te praat; bv. tydens die laai van 'n [[kapasitor]]. == Geskiedenis == [[Lêer:Bcoulomb.png|duimnael|Coulomb's torsion balance]] Soos gerapporteer deur die Antieke Griekse Filosoof [[Thales van Miletus]] in ca 600vC, kan lading (of ''elektrisiteit'' bymekaar gemaak word deur ''pels'' teen verskeie materiale te vryf, soos [[amber]]. Die Grieke het gemerk dat die gelaaide amber knopies ligte voorwerpe soos [[hare]] kon aantrek. Hulle het ook gemerk dat as hulle die amber vir lank genoeg vryf kon hulle 'n vonk laat spring. Hierdie eienskap lei vanaf die [[:en:triboelectric effect]]. In [[1600]] het die Engelse wetenskaplike [[William Gilbert]] teruggekeer na die onderwerp in ''De Magnete'', en het die [[Nieu-Latyn]] woord ''electricus'' geskep van ''ηλεκτρον'' , die Griekse woord vir "amber", wat gelei het tot die Engelse woorde "electric" en "electricity". Hy is in [[1660]] deur [[Otto von Guericke]] gevolg, wat, moontlik die eerste, elektrostatiese [[generator]] uitgevind het. Ander Europese pioniers was [[Robert Boyle]], wat in [[1675]] verklaar het dat elektriese aantrekking en afstoting oor 'n vakuum uitgeoefen kan word; [[Stephen Gray]], wat in [[1729]] materiale as [[Geleier|geleiers]] en [[Isolator|isolators]] geklassifiseer het; en [[C.F. du Fay]], wat in [[1733]] [http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_DUFAY.HTM] voorgestel het dat elektrisiteit in twee tipes voorkom wat mekaar uitkanselleer, en het dit uitgedruk in terme van 'n twee-vloeistof teorie. Wanneer glas met sy gevryf is , het du Fay gesê dat die glas met ''vitreous'' elektrisiteit gelaai is, en wanneer amber met pels gevryf was, dat die amber gelaai is met ''resinous'' elektrisiteit. In [[1839]] het Michael Faraday gewys dat die skynbare skeiding tussen statiese elektrisiteit, stroom elektrisiteit en bioelektrisiteit verkeerd was, en dat almal die gevolg was van die optrede van 'n enkele tipe elektrisiteit wat in teenoorgestelde polariteite te voorskyn kom. Dit is arbitrêr watter polariteit positief genoem word. Positiewe lading kan gedefinieer word as die oorblywende lading op 'n glas staaf nadat dit met sy gevryf is.<ref>Electromagnetic Fields (2nd Edition), Roald K. Wangsness, Wiley, 1986. ISBN 0-471-81186-6 (intermediêre vlak handboek)</ref>  == Eienskappe == Benewens die eienskappe beskryf in artikels oor [[elektromagnetisme]], is lading 'n [[algemene relatiwiteitsteorie|relatiwistiese]] [[:en:invariant (physics)|''invariant'']]. Dit beteken dat wanneer 'n partikel 'n lading ''q'' het, ongeag van die snelheid waarteen dit beweeg, behou dit die lading ''q''. Hierdie eienskap is eksperimenteel bevestig deur te bewys dat ''een'' [[helium]] [[atoom|kern]] (twee [[proton]]e en twee [[neutron]]e saamgebind in 'n kern en beweeg rond teen hoë spoed) is dieselfde as ''twee'' [[deuterium]] kerne (een proton en een neutron saamgebind, maar wat baie stadiger beweeg as wanneer hulle in 'n helium kern sou wees). == Behoud van Lading == '''Die totale elektriese lading van 'n [[geïsoleerde stelsel]] bly konstant ongeag van veranderings binne die stelsel'''. Hierdie wet is inherent deel van alle prosesse bekend in die fisika en kan afgelei word in 'n lokale vorm vanaf die [[:en:guage invariance|''guage invariance'']] van die [[golfvergelyking]]. Die behoud van lading veroorsaak die lading-stroom kontinuïteitsvergelyking. Meer algemeen, die netto verandering in [[lading digtheid]] <math>\rho</math> binne 'n volume van integrasie <math>V</math> is gelyk aan die area-integraal oor die [[stroom digtheid]] <math>J</math> op die oppervlak van die area <math>S</math>, wat op sy beurt weer gelyk is aan die netto [[Elektriese stroom|stroom]] <math>I</math>: :<math>- \frac{d}{dt} \int_V \rho\, \mathrm{d}V = \int_S \mathbf{J} \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{S} = \int J S \cos\theta = I.</math> Dus, die omskakeling van elektreise lading, soos deur die kontinuïteitsvergelyking, gee die resultaat: :<math>I = -\frac{dQ}{dt}</math> waar '''I''' die netto uitwaartse stroom deur 'n geslote opppervlak is, en '''Q''' die elektriese lading is binne die volume gedefinieer deur die oppervlak. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Fisika]] [[Kategorie:Chemiese eienskappe]] [[Kategorie:Elektrisiteit]] [[Kategorie:Elektromagnetisme]] [[Kategorie:Fisiese groothede]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Sjablone wat op hierdie bladsy gebruik word: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata" title="Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata">Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Normdata" title="Sjabloon:Normdata">Sjabloon:Normdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Normdata&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Normdata">wys bronkode</a>) (half-beskerm)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Verwysings" title="Sjabloon:Verwysings">Sjabloon:Verwysings</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Verwysings&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Verwysings">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Kontroleer_vir_ongeldige_parameters" title="Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters">Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Kontroleer_vir_ongeldige_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:No_globals" title="Module:No globals">Module:No globals</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:No_globals&action=edit" title="Module:No globals">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Normdata" title="Module:Normdata">Module:Normdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Normdata&action=edit" title="Module:Normdata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ResolveEntityId" title="Module:ResolveEntityId">Module:ResolveEntityId</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ResolveEntityId&action=edit" title="Module:ResolveEntityId">wysig</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Keer terug na <a href="/wiki/Elektriese_lading" title="Elektriese lading">Elektriese lading</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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