CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kristal - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"d01866e4-28d6-42fa-be24-a0e2bfce893a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kristal","wgTitle":"Kristal","wgCurRevisionId":24885865,"wgRevisionId":24885865,"wgArticleId":20606,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis","Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung","Templat webarchive tautan wayback","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA", "Kristalografi","Kimia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kristal","wgRelevantArticleId":20606,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43533","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready", "wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Bismuth_Crystal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="510"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Bismuth_Crystal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="340"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="272"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kristal - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kristal rootpage-Kristal skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kristal&returntoquery=oldid%3D24885865" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kristal&returntoquery=oldid%3D24885865" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kristal&returntoquery=oldid%3D24885865" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kristal&returntoquery=oldid%3D24885865" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur_kristal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_kristal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Struktur kristal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_kristal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_kristal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_kristal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sistem kristal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_kristal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggolongan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggolongan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Penggolongan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penggolongan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penggolongan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penggolongan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kristal_logam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristal_logam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kristal logam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristal_logam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristal_ionik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristal_ionik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kristal ionik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristal_ionik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristal_kovalen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristal_kovalen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kristal kovalen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristal_kovalen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristal_molekuler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristal_molekuler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kristal molekuler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristal_molekuler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristalografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristalografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kristalografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristalografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Galeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kristal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 111 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="بلورة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بلار – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بلار" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallar" title="Kristallar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kristallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Крышталічныя целы – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крышталічныя целы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Крышталь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крышталь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balur" title="Balur – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Balur" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кристал – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="স্ফটিক – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ফটিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristall" title="Cristall – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cristall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بلوور – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بلوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystal" title="Krystal – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krystal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кристалл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кристалл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisial" title="Grisial – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grisial" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystal" title="Krystal – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krystal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κρύσταλλος – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρύσταλλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Crystal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalo" title="Kristalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بلور – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiteinen_aine" title="Kiteinen aine – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiteinen aine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karisitala" title="Karisitala – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Karisitala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criostal" title="Criostal – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Criostal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95" title="સ્ફટિક – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્ફટિક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Crystal" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9" title="גביש – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גביש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="क्रिस्टल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रिस्टल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%A1ly" title="Kristály – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kristály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Բյուրեղ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուրեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Բիւրեղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բիւրեղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalo" title="Kristalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kristalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristallo" title="Cristallo – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6" title="結晶 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="結晶" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კრისტალი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრისტალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кристалл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кристалл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಸ್ಫಟಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಫಟಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95" title="결정 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="결정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кристалл – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кристалл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallum" title="Crystallum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Crystallum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalas" title="Kristalas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kristalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C4%81ls" title="Kristāls – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristaly" title="Kristaly – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кристал – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кристал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="പരൽ (രസതന്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരൽ (രസതന്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82" title="Талст – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Талст" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯇꯦꯜꯂꯥꯏꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯇꯦꯜꯂꯥꯏꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्फटिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्फटिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hablur" title="Hablur – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hablur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2" title="ပုံဆောင်ခဲ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုံဆောင်ခဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuilotl" title="Tehuilotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tehuilotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD" title="मणिभ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मणिभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal_(natuurwetenschappen)" title="Kristal (natuurwetenschappen) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kristal (natuurwetenschappen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystall" title="Krystall – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krystall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystall" title="Krystall – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krystall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalcii" title="Baalcii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baalcii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਲੌਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲੌਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cia%C5%82o_krystaliczne" title="Ciało krystaliczne – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciało krystaliczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بلور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1i" title="Piñi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Piñi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cristal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustalu" title="Crustalu – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Crustalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Кристаллы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кристаллы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кристааллар – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кристааллар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creestal" title="Creestal – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Creestal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7" title="සකැට – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සකැට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crystal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kry%C5%A1t%C3%A1l" title="Kryštál – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kryštál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristali" title="Kristali – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kristali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кристал – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuwele" title="Fuwele – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fuwele" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="படிகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="స్ఫటికం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్ఫటికం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81" title="ผลึก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผลึก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Кристалл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кристалл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="كىرىستال – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كىرىستال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кристал – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кристал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بلور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallar" title="Kristallar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kristallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83" title="Tinh thể – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tinh thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kristal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="晶体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="קריסטאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קריסטאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="晶体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="晶體 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="晶體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E2%81%BF-th%C3%A9" title="Chiⁿ-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiⁿ-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="晶體 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="晶體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umncwebe" title="Umncwebe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umncwebe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43533#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kristal" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kristal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kristal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Kristal" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Kristal" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&oldid=24885865" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Kristal&id=24885865&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKristal%26oldid%3D24885865"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKristal%26oldid%3D24885865"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kristal"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kristal&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crystal" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43533" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info">Revisi sejak 30 November 2023 12.25 oleh <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_pengguna/180.244.162.102" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Istimewa:Kontribusi pengguna/180.244.162.102" data-mw-revid="24885865"><bdi>180.244.162.102</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Pengguna:180.244.162.102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Pembicaraan Pengguna:180.244.162.102 (halaman belum tersedia)">bicara</a>)</span></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&diff=prev&oldid=24885865" title="Kristal">beda</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&direction=prev&oldid=24885865" title="Kristal">← Revisi sebelumnya</a> | Revisi terkini (beda) | Revisi selanjutnya → (beda)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bismuth_Crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bismuth_Crystal.jpg/300px-Bismuth_Crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bismuth_Crystal.jpg/450px-Bismuth_Crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bismuth_Crystal.jpg/600px-Bismuth_Crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Kinyang <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">timah wurung</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kristal</b> atau <b>hablur</b> adalah suatu <a href="/wiki/Padatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Padatan">padatan</a> yaitu <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> yang penyusunnya terkemas secara teratur dan polanya berulang melebar secara tiga dimensi.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara umum, zat <a href="/wiki/Cair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cair">cair</a> membentuk kristal ketika mengalami proses pemadatan. Pada kondisi ideal, hasilnya bisa berupa kristal tunggal, yang semua <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom-atom</a> dalam padatannya "terpasang" pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisi_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisi kristal (halaman belum tersedia)">kisi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">struktur kristal</a> yang sama. Sementara, secara umum, kebanyakan kristal terbentuk secara simultan sehingga menghasilkan padatan polikristalin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur_kristal">Struktur kristal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur kristal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur kristal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:transparent">Halit (garam dapur, NaCl): Mikroskopis dan makroskopis</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kristal halit (mikroskopis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png/150px-Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png/225px-Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png/300px-Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Struktur mikroskopis dari kristal <a href="/wiki/Halit" title="Halit">halit</a>. (Warna ungu menunjukkan ion <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a> & hijau ion <a href="/wiki/Klorida" title="Klorida">klorida</a>). Terdapat <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">simetri kubik</a> dalam susunan atom.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Selpologne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kristal halit (makroskopis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Selpologne.jpg/150px-Selpologne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Selpologne.jpg/225px-Selpologne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Selpologne.jpg/300px-Selpologne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="3582" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kristal halit makroskopis (~16cm). Sudut di sebelah kanan antara permukaan kristal dikarenakan simetri kubik pada susunan atom.</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></div> <p>Struktur kristal yang akan terbentuk dari suatu cairan tergantung pada struktur <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> cairan itu sendiri, kondisi ketika terjadi pemadatan, dan <a href="/wiki/Tekanan" title="Tekanan">tekanan</a> ambien. Proses terbentuknya struktur kristalin dikenal sebagai <b><a href="/wiki/Kristalisasi" title="Kristalisasi">penghabluran</a></b>. </p><p>Meski proses pendinginan sering menghasilkan bahan kristalin, dalam keadaan tertentu cairannya bisa membeku dalam bentuk non-kristalin. Dalam banyak kasus, ini terjadi karena pendinginan yang terlalu cepat sehingga atom-atomnya tidak dapat mencapai lokasi kisinya. Suatu bahan non-kristalin biasa disebut bahan <a href="/wiki/Amorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorf">amorf</a> atau seperti <a href="/wiki/Gelas" class="mw-disambig" title="Gelas">gelas</a>. Terkadang bahan seperti ini juga disebut sebagai padatan amorf, meskipun ada perbedaan jelas antara padatan dan gelas. Proses pembentukan gelas, tidak melepaskan kalor lebur jenis (Bahasa Inggris: <i>latent heat of fusion</i>). Karena alasan inilah, banyak ilmuwan yang menganggap bahan gelas sebagai cairan, bukan padatan. Topik ini kontroversial, silakan lihat <a href="/wiki/Gelas" class="mw-disambig" title="Gelas">gelas</a> untuk pembahasan lebih lanjut. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ice_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ice_crystals.jpg/220px-Ice_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ice_crystals.jpg/330px-Ice_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ice_crystals.jpg/440px-Ice_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Hablur <a href="/wiki/Es" title="Es">es</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Struktur kristal terjadi pada semua kelas material, dengan semua jenis <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan kimia</a>. Hampir semua <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">ikatan logam</a> ada pada keadaan polikristalin; logam amorf atau kristal tunggal harus diproduksi secara sintetis, dengan kesulitan besar. Kristal <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikatan ion">ikatan ion</a> dapat terbentuk saat pemadatan garam, baik dari lelehan cairan maupun kondensasi larutan. Kristal ikatan kovalen juga sangat umum. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silika" class="mw-redirect" title="Silika">silika</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>. Material <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimer</a> umumnya akan membentuk bagian-bagian kristalin, namun panjang <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul-molekulnya</a> biasanya mencegah penghabluran menyeluruh. <a href="/wiki/Gaya_Van_der_Waals" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya Van der Waals">Gaya Van der Waals</a> lemah juga dapat berperan dalam struktur kristal. Jenis ikatan inilah yang menyatukan lapisan-lapisan berpola heksagonal pada <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>. </p><p>Kebanyakan material kristalin memiliki berbagai jenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cacat_kristalografis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cacat kristalografis (halaman belum tersedia)">cacat kristalografis</a>. Jenis dan struktur dari kecacatan tersebut dapat berefek besar pada sifat-sifat materialnya. </p><p>Meskipun istilah "kristal" memiliki makna yang sudah ditentukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu material">ilmu material</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika_padat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisika padat (halaman belum tersedia)">fisika padat</a>, dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, penyebutan "kristal" merujuk pada benda padat yang menunjukkan bentuk geometri tertentu, dan kerap kali sedap di mata. Berbagai bentuk kristal tersebut dapat ditemukan di alam. Bentuk-bentuk kristal tergantung pada jenis ikatan molekul antaratom (untuk menentukan strukturnya) dan keadaan terciptanya kristal tersebut. Bunga <a href="/wiki/Salju" title="Salju">salju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Garam_dapur" title="Garam dapur">garam dapur</a> adalah contoh-contoh kristal. </p><p>Beberapa material kristalin mungkin menunjukkan sifat-sifat elektrik khas, seperti efek <a href="/wiki/Feroelektrik" title="Feroelektrik">feroelektrik</a> atau efek <a href="/wiki/Piezoelektrik" title="Piezoelektrik">piezoelektrik</a>. Kelakuan cahaya dalam kristal dijelaskan dalam <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optika kristal</a>. Dalam struktur <a href="/wiki/Dielektrik" title="Dielektrik">dielektrik</a> periodik, serangkaian sifat-sifat optis unik dapat ditemukan seperti yang dijelaskan dalam kristal <a href="/wiki/Fotonika" title="Fotonika">fotonik</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistem_kristal">Sistem kristal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sistem kristal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sistem kristal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gallium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/220px-Gallium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/330px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gallium_crystals.jpg/440px-Gallium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Galium</a>, logam yang dengan mudah membentuk kristal tunggal berukuran besar</figcaption></figure> <p>Kristal tunggal atau monokristalin, yaitu suatu padatan kristal yang mempunyai kisi kristal yang susunannya teratur secara sinambung dan kisi-kisi kristal yang membentuk bingkai tersebut tidak rusak atau tetap strukturnya.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Milligan (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kristal tunggal adalah suatu padatan yang atom-atom dalam molekul-molekulnya diatur dalam keterulangan di mana sebagian padatan kristal tersusun dari jutaan kristal tunggal yang disebut <i>grain</i>. </p><p>Dalam proses pembentukan struktur kristal tersebut, dalam ilmu kristalografi dijelaskan dengan dua jalan yaitu hcp (<i>hexagonal close-packed</i>) di mana kristal terbentuk dengan urutan atom ABABAB dan seterusnya serta urutan pembentukan kristal lainnya adalah ccp (<i>cubic close-packed</i>) di mana urutan atom pembentuknya adalah ABCABC dan seterusnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam identifikasi kristal tunggal tidak akan lepas dengan kisi Bravais karena dengan mengetahui sistem kristal atau kisi Bravais dapat diidentifikasi jenis dari kristal tunggal tersebut. <b>Kisi Bravais</b> adalah sistem kristal atau bentuk dasar dari kisi kristal. Terdapat empat belas kisi Bravais dan untuk sistem kristalnya terdapat tujuh yang ditampilkan pada tabel di bawah. Keempatbelas kisi tersebut memiliki perbedaan dalam bentuk dan ukuran unit sel. Perbedaan tersebut dilambangkan dengan huruf <i>a, b, c</i> dan sudut di antara huruf tersebut dilambangkan dengan <i>α, β, γ,</i> di mana <i>α</i> adalah sudut di antara <i>b</i> dan <i>c, β</i> adalah sudut di antara <i>a</i> dan <i>c</i>, dan <i>γ</i> adalah sudut di antara a dan b.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Crystal_facet_formation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Crystal_facet_formation.svg/350px-Crystal_facet_formation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Crystal_facet_formation.svg/525px-Crystal_facet_formation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Crystal_facet_formation.svg/700px-Crystal_facet_formation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Ketika kristal <a href="/wiki/Halit" title="Halit">halit</a> tumbuh, atom baru dapat dengan mudah menempel pada bagian permukaan dengan struktur atom skala kasar dan banyak <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan</a> menjuntai. Oleh karena itu, bagian-bagian dari kristal tumbuh sangat cepat (panah berwarna kuning). Akhirnya, seluruh permukaan terdiri dari permukaan yang halus, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energi_permukaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energi permukaan (halaman belum tersedia)">stabil</a>, di mana atom baru tidak dapat dengan mudah menempel.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sistem kristal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>No </th> <th>Sistem Kristal </th> <th>Sudut dan Panjang Sumbu </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">Kubik</a> </td> <td><i>a = b = c; α = β = γ = 90<sup>0</sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Tetragonal </td> <td><i>a = b ≠ c; α = β = γ = 90<sup>0</sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Orthorombik </td> <td><i>a ≠ b ≠c; α = β = γ = 90<sup>0</sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Trigonal </td> <td><i>a = b = c; α = β = γ ≠ 90<sup>0</sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Heksagonal </td> <td><i>a = b ≠c; α = β = 90<sup>0</sup>; γ = 120<sup>0</sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Monoklinik </td> <td><i>a ≠ b ≠c; α = γ = 90<sup>0 </sup>≠ β ≥ 120<sup>0</sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Triklinik </td> <td><i>a ≠ b ≠c; α ≠ β ≠ γ = 90<sup>0</sup></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kristal dapat terbentuk dari proses <a href="/wiki/Pengendapan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengendapan">pengendapan</a>. Endapan adalah zat yang memisahkan diri sebagai suatu fase padat keluar dari larutan dan terbentuklah kristal. Ukuran kristal yang terbentuk selama pengendapan tergantung pada dua faktor penting, yaitu laju pembentukan inti dan laju pertumbuhan kristal. Laju pembentukan inti dapat dinyatakan dengan jumlah inti yang terbentuk dalam satuan waktu. Jika laju pembentukan inti tinggi, banyak sekali kristal yang akan terbentuk tetapi dengan ukuran yang kecil. Sedangkan jika laju pertumbuhan kristal tinggi, maka akan didapatkan kristal dengan ukuran yang tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggolongan">Penggolongan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Penggolongan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggolongan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suatu kristal dapat digolongkan berdasarkan susunan <a href="/wiki/Partikel" title="Partikel">partikelnya</a> dan dapat pula berdasarkan jenis partikel penyusunnya atau interaksi yang menggabungkan partikel tersebut. </p> <center> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Jenis-jenis kristal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="50"><a href="#Kristal_logam">Logam</a></th> <th width="50"><a href="#Kristal_ionik">Ionik</a></th> <th width="50"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Kristal_molekuler">Molekuler</a></th> <th width="50"><a href="#Kristal_kovalen">Kovalen</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Li</td> <td>NaCl</td> <td>Ar</td> <td>C (intan) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ca</td> <td>LiF</td> <td>Xe</td> <td>Si </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al</td> <td>AgCl</td> <td>Cl</td> <td>SiO<sub>2 </sub></td></tr> <tr> <td>Fe</td> <td>Zn</td> <td>CO<sub>2</sub> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kristal_logam">Kristal logam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Kristal logam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kristal logam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hematite_unit_cell_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hematite_unit_cell_2.jpg/220px-Hematite_unit_cell_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hematite_unit_cell_2.jpg/330px-Hematite_unit_cell_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hematite_unit_cell_2.jpg/440px-Hematite_unit_cell_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Satuan sel <a href="/wiki/Hematit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematit">hematit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kristal dengan kisi yang terdiri atas atom <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> yang terikat melalui <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_logam" title="Ikatan logam">ikatan logam</a>. Atom logam merupakan atom yang memiliki <a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">energi ionisasi</a> kecil sehingga <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi">elektron valensinya</a> mudah lepas dan menyebabkan atom membentuk <a href="/wiki/Kation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kation">kation</a>. Bila dua atom logam saling mendekat, maka akan terjadi tumpah tindih antara orbital-orbitalnya sehingga membentuk suatu <a href="/wiki/Orbital_molekul" title="Orbital molekul">orbital molekul</a>. Semakin banyak atom logam yang saling berinteraksi, maka akan semakin banyak terjadi tumpang tindih orbital sehingga membentuk suatu orbital molekul baru. Terjadinya tumpang tindih orbital yang berulang-ulang menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron-elektron</a> pada kulit terluar setiap atom dipengaruhi oleh atom lain sehingga dapat bergerak bebas di dalam kisi. </p><p>Salah satu sifat kristal logam adalah dapat ditempa. Sifat ini diperoleh dari ikatan logam yang membentuknya. Dalam ikatan logam, terjadi interaksi antara atom/ion dengan elektron bebas di sekitarnya sehingga dapat membuat logam mempertahankan strukturnya bila diberikan suatu gaya yang kuat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kristal_ionik">Kristal ionik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Kristal ionik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kristal ionik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristal ionik terbentuk karena adanya gaya tarik antara <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> bermuatan positif dan negatif. Umumnya, kristal ionik memiliki <a href="/wiki/Titik_leleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Titik leleh">titik leleh</a> tinggi dan <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Konduktivitas listrik">hantaran listrik</a> yang rendah. Contoh dari kristal ionik adalah <a href="/wiki/Natrium_klorida" title="Natrium klorida">NaCl</a>. Kristal ionik tidak memiliki arah khusus seperti kristal kovalen sehingga pada kristal NaCl misalnya, ion natrium akan berinteraksi dengan semua ion klorida dengan intensitas interaksi yang beragam dan <a href="/wiki/Ion_klorida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion klorida">ion klorida</a> akan berinteraksi dengan seluruh ion natriumnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kristal_kovalen">Kristal kovalen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Kristal kovalen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kristal kovalen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atom-atom penyusun kristal kovalen secara berulang terikat melalui suatu <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan kovalen</a> membentuk suatu kristal dengan struktur yang mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimer</a> atau molekul raksasa. Contoh kristal kovalen adalah <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">silikon dioksida</a> (SiO<sub>2</sub>) atau <a href="/wiki/Kuarsa" title="Kuarsa">kuarsa</a>. Intan memiliki sifat kekerasan yang berasal dari terbentuknya ikatan kovalen orbital atom karbon hibrida sp3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kristal_molekuler">Kristal molekuler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Kristal molekuler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kristal molekuler"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada umumnya, kristal terbentuk dari suatu jenis <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan kimia</a> antara atom atau ion. Namun, pada kasus kristal molekuler, kristal terbentuk tanpa bantuan ikatan, tetapi melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">interaksi lemah</a> antara molekulnya. Salah satu contoh dari kristal molekuler adalah kristal <a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">iodin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristalografi">Kristalografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Kristalografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kristalografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kristalografi" title="Kristalografi">Kristalografi</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kristalografi" title="Kristalografi">Kristalografi</a></i> adalah studi ilmiah mengenai <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">struktur kristal</a> (dengan kata lain, susunan atom) dari kristal. Salah satu teknik kristalografi yang banyak digunakan adalah <a href="/wiki/Difraksi_sinar-X" class="mw-redirect" title="Difraksi sinar-X">difraksi sinar-X</a>. Sejumlah besar struktur kristal yang telah diketahui disimpan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basis_data_kristalografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basis data kristalografi (halaman belum tersedia)">basis data kristalografi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galeri">Galeri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Galeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Galeri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoar frost: Jenis kristal es (gambar diambil dari jarak sekitar 5 cm)."><img alt="Hoar frost: Jenis kristal es (gambar diambil dari jarak sekitar 5 cm)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg/200px-Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg/300px-Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg/400px-Hoar_frost_macro2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Hoar frost</i>: Jenis kristal es (gambar diambil dari jarak sekitar 5 cm).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kristal apatit terletak di depan dan tengah pada rombo rhodochroite berwarna ceri merah, batu fluorit berwarna ungu, kuarsa dan serbuk dari batu pirit kuningan-berwarna kuning."><img alt="Kristal apatit terletak di depan dan tengah pada rombo rhodochroite berwarna ceri merah, batu fluorit berwarna ungu, kuarsa dan serbuk dari batu pirit kuningan-berwarna kuning." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg/198px-Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg/297px-Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg/397px-Apatite-Rhodochrosite-Fluorite-169799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kristal apatit terletak di depan dan tengah pada rombo rhodochroite berwarna ceri merah, batu fluorit berwarna ungu, kuarsa dan serbuk dari batu pirit kuningan-berwarna kuning.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boule dari silikon, seperti ini, merupakan jenis penting dari kristal tunggal yang diproduksi secara industri."><img alt="Boule dari silikon, seperti ini, merupakan jenis penting dari kristal tunggal yang diproduksi secara industri." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg/75px-Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg/112px-Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg/149px-Monokristalines_Silizium_f%C3%BCr_die_Waferherstellung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boule dari <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, seperti ini, merupakan jenis penting dari <a href="/wiki/Kristal_tunggal" title="Kristal tunggal">kristal tunggal</a> yang diproduksi secara industri.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sebuah spesimen yang terdiri dari kristal kalkopirit berlapis bornit terletak di ranjang kristal kuarsa jernih dan kristal pirit berkilau. Kristal berlapis bornit sampai dengan 1.5 cm."><img alt="Sebuah spesimen yang terdiri dari kristal kalkopirit berlapis bornit terletak di ranjang kristal kuarsa jernih dan kristal pirit berkilau. Kristal berlapis bornit sampai dengan 1.5 cm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg/200px-Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg/300px-Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg/400px-Bornite-Chalcopyrite-Pyrite-180794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sebuah spesimen yang terdiri dari kristal kalkopirit berlapis bornit terletak di ranjang kristal kuarsa jernih dan kristal pirit berkilau. Kristal berlapis bornit sampai dengan 1.5 cm.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristalografi_sinar-X" title="Kristalografi sinar-X">Kristalografi sinar-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristal_nano" title="Kristal nano">Kristal nano</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stephen Lower. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/states/states.html#SEC4">"Chem1 online textbook—States of matter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2016-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chem1+online+textbook%E2%80%94States+of+matter&rft.au=Stephen+Lower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem1.com%2Facad%2Fwebtext%2Fstates%2Fstates.html%23SEC4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ashcroft and Mermin (1976). <i>Solid state physics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid+state+physics&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu, Z,; Stavrinadis, A. (2008). <i>Growth of Bulk Single Crystal and its Application to SiC</i>, Physics of Advanced Materials Winter School</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Milligan (1979). <i>McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i>. <b>6</b> (edisi ke-2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Milligan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammond, C. (2009). <i>The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction</i> (edisi ke-3rd). New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basics+of+Crystallography+and+Diffraction&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Hammond%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|Publisher=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|publisher=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVogelSvehla,_G.1979" class="citation">Vogel, Arthur I.; Svehla, G. (1979), <i>Vogel's Textbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis</i> (edisi ke-5th), London: Longman, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-582-44367-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-582-44367-9">0-582-44367-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vogel%27s+Textbook+of+Macro+and+Semimicro+Qualitative+Inorganic+Analysis&rft.place=London&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-582-44367-9&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Arthur+I.&rft.au=Svehla%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;"><b>Cari tahu mengenai Crystal pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Crystal">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Crystal">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Crystal">Berita</a> dari Wikinews<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Crystal">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Crystal">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crystal" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Crystal">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku<br /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><cite class="citation web">Howard, J. Michael; Darcy Howard (Illustrator) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060826015700/http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/xtal/index.html">"Introduction to Crystallography and Mineral Crystal Systems"</a>. Bob's Rock Shop. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/xtal/index.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Crystallography+and+Mineral+Crystal+Systems&rft.pub=Bob%27s+Rock+Shop&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft.au=Darcy+Howard+%28Illustrator%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockhounds.com%2Frockshop%2Fxtal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Krassmann, Thomas (2005–2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080426185221/http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org/">"The Giant Crystal Project"</a>. Krassmann. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Giant+Crystal+Project&rft.pub=Krassmann&rft.date=2005%2F2008&rft.aulast=Krassmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgiantcrystals.strahlen.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Various authors (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucr.ac.uk/iucr-top/comm/cteach/pamphlets.html">"Teaching Pamphlets"</a>. Commission on Crystallographic Teaching<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teaching+Pamphlets&rft.pub=Commission+on+Crystallographic+Teaching&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Various+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucr.ac.uk%2Fiucr-top%2Fcomm%2Fcteach%2Fpamphlets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Various authors (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atomic-scale-physics.de/lattice/spcgrp/index.html">"Crystal Lattice Structures:Index by Space Group"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2016-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crystal+Lattice+Structures%3AIndex+by+Space+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Various+authors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomic-scale-physics.de%2Flattice%2Fspcgrp%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Various authors (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es/Cristalografia/index-en.html">"Crystallography"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_National_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish National Research Council (halaman belum tersedia)">Spanish National Research Council</a>, Department of Crystallography<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2010-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crystallography&rft.pub=Spanish+National+Research+Council%2C+Department+of+Crystallography&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Various+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xtal.iqfr.csic.es%2FCristalografia%2Findex-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKristal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristal&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_dasar/padatan1/berbagai-kristal/">Berbagai kristal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630014910/http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_dasar/padatan1/berbagai-kristal/">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-06-30 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_dasar/padatan1/struktur-padatan-kristalin/">Struktur padatan kristalin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624143809/http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_dasar/padatan1/struktur-padatan-kristalin/">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-06-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43533#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43533#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43533#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4033209-3">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526709">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941210s">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941210s">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85034503">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565650">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121980&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/884667/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/57401468">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristal&oldid=24885865">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristal&oldid=24885865</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kristalografi" title="Kategori:Kristalografi">Kristalografi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kimia" title="Kategori:Kimia">Kimia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_GND" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNE" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_LCCN" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NDL" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NKC" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_FAST" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_MA" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 30 November 2023, pukul 12.25.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristal&oldid=24885865&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-2n9wp","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.247","walltime":"0.443","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1403,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":31696,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1423,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":18170,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 263.367 1 -total"," 34.57% 91.047 1 Templat:Authority_control"," 30.81% 81.143 1 Templat:Reflist"," 14.97% 39.429 6 Templat:Cite_web"," 10.74% 28.277 1 Templat:VogelQualitative5th"," 9.36% 24.641 1 Templat:Multiple_image"," 7.75% 20.411 1 Templat:Sister_project_links"," 6.68% 17.587 2 Templat:Utama"," 3.33% 8.773 6 Templat:Sec_link_image"," 3.25% 8.571 3 Templat:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.125","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2719406,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-744c7589dd-dhq86","timestamp":"20241125114521","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kristal","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kristal","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43533","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43533","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-31T05:33:13Z","dateModified":"2023-11-30T12:25:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/65\/Bismuth_Crystal.jpg","headline":"Bahan padat dengan struktur mikroskopis yang sangat teratur"}</script> </body> </html>