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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_anthropology" title="Category:Economic anthropology">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">applied</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">development <br />anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_studies_of_finance" title="Social studies of finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">Redistribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth#Anthropological_views" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_good" title="Limited good">Limited good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possessions" title="Inalienable possessions">Inalienable possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_pathway_diversion" title="Commodity pathway diversion">Singularization <span style="font-size:85%;">(commodity pathway)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_exchange" title="Spheres of exchange">Spheres of exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Provisioning systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunting-gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">Nomadic pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_economy" title="Moral economy">Moral economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><i>Prestations</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Moka exchange</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Gifting</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gifting_remittances" title="Gifting remittances">Gifting remittances</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_gifting" title="Organ gifting">Organ gifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shell money</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Provisioning</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aché people">Aché people</a> (hunter-gatherers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek people</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Colonialism and development</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Politics_Machine" title="The Anti-Politics Machine">The Anti-Politics Machine</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the <br />People Without History</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Political economy</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_economy" title="Jim Crow economy">Jim Crow economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_affluent_society" title="Original affluent society">Original affluent society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalist%E2%80%93substantivist_debate" title="Formalist–substantivist debate">Formalist–substantivist debate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional anthropology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Anthropology of development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bohannan" title="Paul Bohannan">Paul Bohannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chayanov" title="Alexander Chayanov">Alexander Chayanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Diamond" title="Stanley Diamond">Stanley Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Firth" title="Raymond Firth">Raymond Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Godelier" title="Maurice Godelier">Maurice Godelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_I._Guyer" title="Jane I. Guyer">Jane I. Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hart_(anthropologist)" title="Keith Hart (anthropologist)">Keith Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harris" title="Marvin Harris">Marvin Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_K._Schneider" title="Harold K. Schneider">Harold K. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template talk:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Heritage commodification</b> is the process by which cultural themes and expressions come to be evaluated primarily in terms of their <a href="/wiki/Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">exchange value</a>, specifically within the context of cultural tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cultural expressions and aspects of heritage become "cultural goods," transformed into commodities to be bought, sold and profited from in the heritage tourism industry. In the context of modern <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, complex and often contradictory layers of meaning are produced in local societies, and the marketing of one's cultural expressions can degrade a particular culture while simultaneously assisting in its integration into the global economy. The repatriation of profits, or "leakage", that occurs with the influx of tourist <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">capital</a> into a heritage tourist site (including handicraft vendors, food vendors, basket makers, and several other items that are produced locally and rely upon tourist capital) is a crucial part of any sustainable development that can be considered beneficial to local communities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern heritage tourism reproduces an economic dynamic that is dependent upon capital from tourists and corporations in creating sustained viability. Tourism is often directly tied to economic development, so many populations see globalization as providing increased access to vital medical services and important commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_at_the_Louvre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of a sphinx at the Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Sphinx_at_the_Louvre.JPG/220px-Sphinx_at_the_Louvre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Sphinx_at_the_Louvre.JPG/330px-Sphinx_at_the_Louvre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Sphinx_at_the_Louvre.JPG/440px-Sphinx_at_the_Louvre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Statue of a Sphinx at the <i><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The tourism industry has been rapidly growing during the past two decades, and the expansion will probably continue well into the future.<sup id="cite_ref-world-tourism.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-tourism.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were nearly one billion tourist arrivals in 2008<sup><i>(to where?)</i></sup>, compared to only twenty-five million in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-world-tourism.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-tourism.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in 2008, tourism directly accounted for nearly one trillion US dollars. Worldwide, approximately five percent of GDP is generated by tourism, and a similar proportion of people are employed in the tourism industry. As each individual culture positioned for tourism needs a particular "selling point" in order to attract tourist capital, certain aspects of their heritage are allowed to be appropriated in order to give the tourist the impression that he or she is receiving an "authentic" experience. In this way, tourism also provides opportunities for communities to define who they are and bolster their identities through the commodification of certain cultural aspects that the community deems important and worthy of reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourist destinations must have a specific set of characteristics that set themselves apart from every other destination, and this is where local communities choose how they will represent themselves to the world. This power to create an identity and reproduce the mechanisms of a group's identity in the realm of cultural tourism allows local populations to express their ethnic pride and "imbue places and events with identities that best represent their particular interests and values".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authenticity_and_the_tourist_gaze">Authenticity and the tourist gaze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heritage_commodification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authenticity and the tourist gaze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Imperialist Cecil Rhodes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/220px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/330px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/440px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption>Imperialist Cecil Rhodes, during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The "tourist gaze" is explained by sociologist <a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a> as the set of expectations that tourists place on local populations when they participate in heritage tourism, in the search for having an "authentic" experience. In response to tourist expectations and often cultural and racial stereotypes, local populations reflect back the "gaze" of the expectations of tourists in order to benefit financially.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourists cannot bear all of the blame for this process, however, as the aggressively promoted marketing efforts of tour operators, popular media, and local governments all contribute to the production of the tourist "gaze".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gaze is often described as a destructive process, in which often important local cultural expressions are reduced to commodities, and these traditions fall out of favor with local populations. They can also be destructive in that local populations become consumed by an economic process which values certain cultural expressions over others, and cultural themes that cannot be easily commodified fall out of favor and can be eventually lost. This gaze can also serve as a booster of ethnic identity, as it can revive cultural traditions that may have fallen out of favor under the vestiges of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. Because of the importance of tourist capital in many local societies, indigenous peoples are placed in a dynamic where cultural "authenticity" becomes something very tangible and necessary to achieve economic success. This "reconstruction of ethnicity" becomes important, because locals tend to act out cultural patterns and behaviors that they believe would satisfy tourists most.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local populations play on stereotypes that Westerners have on their cultures, and seek to perform them as best they can to satisfy the consumer demand. The power that the "tourist gaze" has in supporting ethnic pride and identity can also be used to destroy ethnic pride and identity, in the cases where tourist expectations do not align with the everyday reality of local populations. In the village of San Jose Succotz in <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Mayan</a> populations had given up many of their traditional practices and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of their close proximity to ancient Maya ruins and the resultant tourist interest in their areas, the villagers began to go back into the past and recreate traditional Maya cultural patterns and traditions. In recreating these images, their identities were changed completely and they were placed back within an "ethnographic present" of classical Maya indigenous cultural expressions and land use patterns. Unfortunately, this 'act' also gives more savvy tourists the impression that the Maya are extinct, and their traditions are only being reenacted by local populations, obscuring the reality that there are over a million Maya alive today.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contested_authenticity">Contested authenticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heritage_commodification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contested authenticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One anthropologist has studied how in one Maya village of Yucatán, Mexico, involvement in tourism is seen as dangerous and urban Maya are seen as outsiders to the traditional Maya society. Maya villages that supply much of the migrant labor that goes to Cancun and other tourist destinations also reflect on what it means to be Maya, and migrants who go to Cancun are seen as "less Maya" than those who stay behind. The migrant workers follow the promise of jobs and socioeconomic advancement to the tourist destinations of Cancun, and in the process they are considered to be "de-Mayanized" by traditional Maya. Traditional Maya "de-ethnicize" urban Maya people as a strategy to keep their traditional ways of life intact. This one anthropologist believes that the traditional Maya fear the urbanization of Maya people because of the cultural commodification that often accompanies the tourism industry. This potential commodification is seen as detrimental to traditional Maya ways of life, mostly by anthropologists who carry a negative ideological perspective on tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea however cannot be generalized to other Maya communities in Yucatán or even to other indigenous communities in Mexico or anywhere else in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, there are examples throughout Yucatán and Quintana Roo where Maya people are heavily involved in tourism service sector in positive and willing ways. In contrast to the one community mentioned above, Maya communities such as Tulum, Rio Lagartos, Holbox, Isla Mujeres, Dzitnup, Ebtun, Piste, Santa Elena, and Xcalacoop, to mention a few have local economies fully integrated into the tourism network and also maintain traditional culture. Because tourism is an economic service industry that is created out of capitalism there is therefore always unequal benefits; this happens regardless of the racial or cultural identities of those who benefit and those who do not benefits as much. While the Maya people are not required to engage in the tourism industry, tourism often incorporates entire Maya towns and marketplaces.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most of the people involved in the informal sector are aware of their subordinate economic roles in a larger global system, handicraft vendors continue to 'perform' for Western tourists in order to make their cultural commodities and 'goods' appear to be more 'authentic' and receive tourist capital.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disjunction between public performance and daily life is a perpetual reality for many Maya people living and working in Central America. Heritage tourism excursions tend to be associated with one ethnic group in a given locality. In this context, topic and place becomes the defining characteristic of a people to the exclusion of other perspectives. This creates a dynamic where tourists use the "questioning gaze", in which travelers' questions and skepticism penetrate the commercial presentation of the site, and undermine the producer's dominant narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a tourist feels that a heritage site is producing a dubious interpretation of a cultural expression or experience, the site loses its "authenticity" and it becomes less marketable, and harder to commodify. Three sites in Kenya trace the commodification of particular aspects of the Maasai tribal culture, and how these sites are marketed with varying degrees of commodification and authenticity in order to satisfy tourist expectations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayers_Ranch">Mayers Ranch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heritage_commodification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mayers Ranch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This site, built by a British family in the Great Rift Valley 30 miles away from Nairobi, commodified <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> cultural expressions through historic reenactments of Maasai warriors in traditional song and dance, at a comfortably safe distance away from tourists. In these performances, Maasai culture is presented as ahistorical and static. There was a painstaking strive for satisfying the tourist "gaze" and provide a sense of authenticity, most notably through contrasts between civilized European and primitive African. This site was eventually closed by the Kenyan government because of the colonial nature of the presentation of Maasai culture was offensive to many Kenyans (because whites were producing images of blacks) and <a href="/wiki/African_american" class="mw-redirect" title="African american">African-Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bomas_Village_of_Kenya">Bomas Village of Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heritage_commodification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bomas Village of Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maasai_women_and_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maasai women and children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Maasai_women_and_children.jpg/220px-Maasai_women_and_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Maasai_women_and_children.jpg/330px-Maasai_women_and_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Maasai_women_and_children.jpg/440px-Maasai_women_and_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Maasai women and children in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This historic site caters mostly by urban Kenyans, so the commodification of these particular themes are especially problematic, as in this case, most of the tourists are actually stakeholders in the historic representation being marketed at this site. To give a critical sense of authenticity, national folklore troupes were formed to tell stories that purposely promote Kenyan nationalism/equality among ethnic groups. There are performances in a modern stadium arena, which creates a juxtaposition of modern and traditional that reflects greater Kenyan society. The representation of several Kenyan ethnic groups and culturally relevant narratives express a politically charged message – Kenyan nationalism. When the tourists that visit the site are the actual stakeholders in the process, culture cannot simply be commodified as a good. The commodification of the Maasai culture is locally managed and produced in this circumstance.<sup id="cite_ref-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kichwa_Tembo_(Out_of_Africa_Sundowner)"><span id="Kichwa_Tembo_.28Out_of_Africa_Sundowner.29"></span>Kichwa Tembo (Out of Africa Sundowner)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heritage_commodification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kichwa Tembo (Out of Africa Sundowner)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is an upscale tourist site that caters mostly to wealthy Western tourists. At this historic site, Maasai performers mix with tourists during performance, involving them into many aspects of the performance. Pop culture images of Africa dominate performance, reckoning back to classic movies such as <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_(film)" title="Out of Africa (film)">Out of Africa</a>. All of the comforts of home are present in the luxury lodges, and the site is mostly catered towards the entertainment of tourists, not necessarily 'authenticity'. In this instance, the tourist gaze is used as a pretext for the greater luxury experience of an upscale, African safari. All of the historical tensions and contrasts are dissolved, and performances include a mash-up of <a href="/wiki/Hakuna_Matata_(song)" title="Hakuna Matata (song)">Hakuna matata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kum_Ba_Yah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kum Ba Yah">Kum Bah Ya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Jamaican reggae</a>. These elements all meld together nonsensically into a locally placed African context. The Maasai culture is commodified into a representation of a popular American image of what African cultures are – not authentic African performances. These performances provide the greater accessibility of safe, pleasant primitives. The Maasai are stakeholders in process, but have relatively minor control over their representation, as tour agency production forces are hidden but dominate the interpretive process. Many of the Maasai people are forced into a willingness to play into the commodified stereotypes of their culture for economic benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place_as_a_commodity:_eco-tourism">Place as a commodity: eco-tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heritage_commodification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Place as a commodity: eco-tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specific natural attributes of a place also can become commodities, as the environment of a locale can become a "good", just as important as the cultural heritage in attracting tourist capital. A population's heritage is indubitably tied to their local environment. However, in the case of eco-tourism, education about sustainability and preservation are common themes that emerge in the rhetoric of the industry. An alternative form of tourism, <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> is defined as "a form of tourism inspired primarily by the natural history of an area, including its indigenous cultures".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecotourism has a generally low impact on local environments, and it allows tourists to gain an appreciation for the natural resources and attributes of the tourist destination. These tourist programs provide capital that can be used to improve the economic situations of local environments, as well as help fund conservation efforts to offset years of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> caused by tourist activity. Because of the conservational goals of ecotourism, local communities have the opportunity to engage more with governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and private tourist firms in the design and production of tourist destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecotourism can offer local populations political and economic agency over the products of their labor, and levy a degree of control over their economic development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heritage_commodification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen E. 1988. Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Ann. Tour. Res. 15:371– 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, Erve 2005 Can the Anthropology of Tourism make us better travelers? NAPA Bulletin 23:27-44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juarez, Ana M. 2002 Ecological Degradation, Global Tourism, and Inequality: Maya Interpretations of the Changing Environment in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Human Organization 61(2):113-124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-tourism.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world-tourism.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world-tourism.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) 2009 Tourism Highlights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.world-tourism.org/facts/menu.html">http://www.world-tourism.org/facts/menu.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630053401/http://www.world-tourism.org/facts/menu.html">Archived</a> 2007-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Kathleen M. 2006 Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Torajam Indonesia. Honolulu: Hawaii: Univ. of Hawaii Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, Erve 2009 Native Tours : The Anthropology of Travel and Tourism. 2nd ed. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urry, J. 1996. Tourism, culture and social inequality. In The Sociology of Tourism: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, ed. Y Apostolopoulos, S Leivadi, A Yiannakis, pp. 115–33. New York: Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stronza, Amanda. Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2001. 30:261–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCannel, Dean 1984 Reconstructed ethnicity tourism and cultural identity in third world communities. Annals of Tourism Research 11:375-391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medina, Laurie K. Commoditizing Culture:Tourism and Maya Identity Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 353–368, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Cameron 2005 Archaeological Tourism: Looking for answers along Mexico's Maya Riviera. NAPA Bulletin 23:60-76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Re Cruz, Alicia. 2003 Milpa as an Ideological Weapon: Tourism and Maya migration to Cancun. Ethnohistory 50(3):489-502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Sarah. 2012 Community, Sustainability, and Solidarity: Understanding Tourism and Community Development. Ph.D. Dissertation, Anthropology Department. University at Albany, SUNY</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breglia, Lisa C. 2006 Monumental Ambivalence. Austin: University of Texas Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castaneda, Quetzil 1996. In the Museum of Maya Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Little, Walter E. 2003 Performing Tourism: Maya Women's Strategies. Journal of Women and Culture in Society 29(2):1-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lion_King_2001_pp._881-908_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Maasai and the Lion King: Authenticity, Nationalism, and Globalization in African Tourism Author(s): Edward M. Bruner Source: American Ethnologist, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Nov., 2001), pp. 881-908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziffer, Karen 1989 Ecotourism: The Uneasy Alliance. Washington, DC: Conservation International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stronza, Amanda. Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives. Annual Review of Anthropology 2001. 30:261–83</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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tourism">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_tourism" title="Atomic tourism">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(travel)" title="Backpacking (travel)">Backpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachgoing" title="Beachgoing">Beachgoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_tourism" title="Birth tourism">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_tourism" title="Business tourism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_tourism" title="Culinary tourism">Culinary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enotourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotourism">Enotourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_tourism" title="Archaeological tourism">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_tourism" title="Film tourism">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_tourism" title="Literary tourism">Literary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookstore_tourism" title="Bookstore tourism">Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_tourism" title="Tolkien tourism">Tolkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_tourism" title="Music tourism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_tourism" title="Disaster tourism">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_tourism" title="Holocaust tourism">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_tourism" title="War tourism">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_tourism" title="Domestic tourism">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_travel" title="Experiential travel">Experiential</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/LGBT_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT tourism">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MICE_tourism" title="MICE tourism">MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_tourism" title="Nautical tourism">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphanage_tourism" title="Orphanage tourism">Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Recreational drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_tourism" title="Red tourism">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_tourism" title="Religious tourism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tourism" title="Christian tourism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal_tourism" title="Halal tourism">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tourism" title="Kosher tourism">Kosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_tourism" title="Science tourism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_tourism" title="Sensory tourism">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_tourism" title="Slum tourism">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_tourism" title="Smart tourism">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Lunar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_tourism" title="Sports tourism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_tourism" title="Urban tourism">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tour" title="Virtual tour">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_friends_and_relatives" title="Visiting friends and relatives">Visiting friends and relatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellness_tourism" title="Wellness tourism">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_tourism" title="Wildlife tourism">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">Hospitality industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">Bed and breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutique_hotel" title="Boutique hotel">Boutique hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_center" title="Convention center">Convention center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_spa" title="Destination spa">Destination spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptionist" title="Receptionist">Front desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_house" title="Guest house">Guest house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuhotel" title="Heuhotel">Heuhotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">Homestay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_management_studies" title="Hospitality management studies">Hospitality management studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">Hostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_manager" title="Hotel manager">Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motel" title="Motel">Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_(lodging)" title="Pension (lodging)">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referral_chain" title="Referral chain">Referral chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">Resort</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resort_hotel" title="Resort hotel">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_island" title="Resort island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">Seaside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">Ski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_tour" title="College tour">College tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">Convention (meeting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_marketing_organization" title="Destination marketing organization">Destination marketing organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorted_tour" title="Escorted tour">Escorted tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excursion" title="Excursion">Excursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_tour" title="Factory tour">Factory tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_shop" title="Gift shop">Gift shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">Honeymoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_planner" title="Journey planner">Journey planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tour" title="Package tour">Package tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_traveler" title="Perpetual traveler">Perpetual traveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_trip" title="Road trip">Road trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_attraction" title="Roadside attraction">Roadside attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">Souvenir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staycation" title="Staycation">Staycation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_bus_service" title="Tour bus service">Tour bus service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_guide" title="Tour guide">Tour guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_operator" title="Tour operator">Tour operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_region" title="Tourism region">Tourism region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">Tourist attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_gateway" title="Tourist gateway">Tourist gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_trap" title="Tourist trap">Tourist trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touron" title="Touron">Touron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_behavior" title="Travel behavior">Travel behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_survey" title="Travel survey">Travel survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_technology" title="Travel technology">Travel technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_warning" title="Travel warning">Travel warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacation" title="Vacation">Vacation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitor_center" title="Visitor center">Visitor center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travel literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_book" title="Guide book">Guide book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourism_journals" title="List of tourism journals">Tourism journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_travel_magazines" title="List of travel magazines">Travel magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bus_Association" title="American Bus Association">American Bus Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Hotel_and_Lodging_Association" title="American Hotel and Lodging Association">American Hotel and Lodging Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Hotel_%26_Lodging_Educational_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute">American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEST_Education_Network" title="BEST Education Network">BEST Education Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Tourism_Organization" title="Caribbean Tourism Organization">Caribbean Tourism Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Travel_Commission" title="European Travel Commission">European Travel Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Archive_on_Tourism" title="Historical Archive on Tourism">Historical Archive on Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Beyond_Tourism" title="Life Beyond Tourism">Life Beyond Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musement" title="Musement">Musement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia_Travel_Association" title="Pacific Asia Travel Association">Pacific Asia Travel Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_Tourism_Organisation" title="South-East Asian Tourism Organisation">South-East Asian Tourism Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_Radio" title="Tourism Radio">Tourism Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIJET" title="FIJET">World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">World Tourism rankings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Travel_Monitor" title="World Travel Monitor">World Travel Monitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">Trade fairs</a> and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akwaaba_African_Travel_Market" title="Akwaaba African Travel Market">Akwaaba African Travel Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Travel_Market" title="Arabian Travel Market">Arabian Travel Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_of_the_Kings" title="Cruise of the Kings">Cruise of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_del_Viaggio" title="Festival del Viaggio">Festival del Viaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFEMA" title="IFEMA">FITUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITB_Berlin" title="ITB Berlin">ITB Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Day" title="World Tourism Day">World Tourism Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Impacts of tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakage_effect" title="Leakage effect">Leakage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtourism" title="Overtourism">Overtourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_improvement_district" title="Tourism improvement district">Tourism improvement district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_tax" title="Tourist tax">Tourist tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectival_tourisms" title="List of adjectival tourisms">Adjectival tourisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tourist_attractions" title="Lists of tourist attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_tourism" title="Bibliography of tourism">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casino_hotels" title="List of casino hotels">Casino hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos" title="List of casinos">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">Cities by international visitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convention_and_exhibition_centers" title="List of convention and exhibition centers">Convention and exhibition centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruise_lines" title="List of cruise lines">Cruise lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lists_of_hotels" title="List of lists of hotels">Hotels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_hotels" title="List of largest hotels">Largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motels" title="List of motels">Motels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">World Heritage Sites by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tourism" title="Category:Tourism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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