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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_English_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_English_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of English education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_English_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legally_compulsory_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legally_compulsory_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legally compulsory education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legally_compulsory_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of school</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_school-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of school subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State-funded_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State-funded_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>State-funded schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-funded_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Private schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_by_means_other_than_schooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_by_means_other_than_schooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Education by means other than schooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_by_means_other_than_schooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages_of_compulsory_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_of_compulsory_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stages of compulsory education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stages_of_compulsory_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stages of compulsory education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stages_of_compulsory_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>National curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-16_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-16_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Post-16 education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-16_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sixth_form_colleges_/_further_education_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_form_colleges_/_further_education_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Sixth form colleges / further education colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_form_colleges_/_further_education_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apprenticeships_and_traineeships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apprenticeships_and_traineeships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Apprenticeships and traineeships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apprenticeships_and_traineeships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Higher education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postgraduate_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postgraduate_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Postgraduate education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postgraduate_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adult education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_qualifications_frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_qualifications_frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>National qualifications frameworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_qualifications_frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="التعليم في إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعليم في إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_en_Angleterre" title="Système éducatif en Angleterre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système éducatif en Angleterre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1" title="잉글랜드의 교육 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드의 교육" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istruzione_in_Inghilterra" title="Istruzione in Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istruzione in Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡಿನ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡಿನ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Английн боловсролын тогтолцоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Английн боловсролын тогтолцоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edukacja_w_Anglii" title="Edukacja w Anglii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edukacja w Anglii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C8%9Bia_%C3%AEn_Anglia" title="Educația în Anglia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Educația în Anglia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulutus_Englannissa" title="Koulutus Englannissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koulutus Englannissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiltere%27de_e%C4%9Fitim" title="İngiltere'de eğitim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiltere'de eğitim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Освіта в Англії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Освіта в Англії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Education in England</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Secretary of State for Education</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Skills,_Apprenticeships_and_Higher_Education" title="Minister of State for Skills, Apprenticeships and Higher Education"> Minister of State for Skills</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Phillipson" title="Bridget Phillipson">Bridget Phillipson</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Smith" title="Jacqui Smith">Jacqui Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">National education budget (2008–09)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">£62.2 billion<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System type</th><td class="infobox-data">National</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Compulsory education</th><td class="infobox-data">1880</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Literacy (2012<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">99%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Enrollment</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">11.7 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data">4.50 million (in state schools)<sup id="cite_ref-npp2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npp2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2016)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">2.75 million (up to Year 11 in state schools)<sup id="cite_ref-npp2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npp2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2016)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Post secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">Higher Education: 1,844,095<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2014/15)<br />Further Education: 2,613,700<sup id="cite_ref-sfr2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfr2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2014/15)<br />Total: 4,457,795 (2014/15)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Attainment</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary diploma</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">Level 2 and above</a>: 87.4%<br /><a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">Level 3 and above</a>: 60.3%<br />(of 19 year olds in 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">Level 2 and above</a>: 81.0%<br /><a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">Level 3 and above</a>: 62.6%<br />(of adults 19–64 in 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-sfr2016_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfr2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Post-secondary diploma</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">Level 4 and above</a>: 41.0%<br />(of adults 19–64 in 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-sfr2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfr2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Education in England</b> is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">Local government authorities</a> are responsible for implementing policy for <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> and <a href="/wiki/State-funded_schools_(England)" title="State-funded schools (England)">state-funded schools</a> at a local level. State-funded schools may be selective <i><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a></i> or non-selective <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)"><i>comprehensive schools</i></a>. All state schools are subject to assessment and inspection by the government department <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a> (the Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills). England also has <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private schools</a> (some of which are known as <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)"><i>public schools</i></a>) and <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">home education</a>; legally, parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means. </p><p>The state-funded compulsory school system is divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage" title="Key Stage">Key Stages</a></i>, based upon the student's age by August 31. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Years_Foundation_Stage" title="Early Years Foundation Stage">Early Years Foundation Stage</a> is for ages 3–4. <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary education</a> is divided into <a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_1" title="Key Stage 1">Key Stage 1</a> for ages 5–7 and <a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_2" title="Key Stage 2">Key Stage 2</a> for ages 7–11. <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a> is divided into <a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_3" title="Key Stage 3">Key Stage 3</a> for ages 11–14 and <a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_4" title="Key Stage 4">Key Stage 4</a> for ages 14–16.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of Year 11 (at age 15-16) students typically take <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (GCSE) exams or other <a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">Level 1 or Level 2</a> qualifications. </p><p><i>Education</i> is compulsory until 18, thus post-16 education can take a number of forms, and may be academic or <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational</a>. This can involve continued schooling, known as <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">sixth form</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level">A-levels</a> or alternative <a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">Level 3</a> qualifications. It can also include work-based <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a>, traineeships and volunteering.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-school_leaving_age_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-school_leaving_age-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Regulated_Qualifications_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulated Qualifications Framework">Regulated Qualifications Framework</a> (RQF) covers national school examinations and vocational education qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher education often begins with a three-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>. Postgraduate degrees include <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degrees</a>, either taught or by research, and <a href="/wiki/Doctorate#United_Kingdom" title="Doctorate">doctoral level</a> research degrees that usually take at least three years. The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ), which is tied to the RQF, covers degrees and other qualifications from degree-awarding bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Frameworks_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frameworks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_English_education">History of English education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of English education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">History of education in England</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, schools were established to teach <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a> to the sons of the aristocracy destined for priesthood or monastic work with the ministry of government or the law. Two universities were established in affiliation with the church: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, to assist in the further training of the Catholic Christian clergy. </p><p>Education in England remained closely linked to religious institutions until the nineteenth century, although <a href="/wiki/Charity_school" title="Charity school">charity schools</a> and "free grammar schools", which were open to children of any religious beliefs, became more common in the early modern period. </p><p>Nineteenth century reforms expanded education provision and introduced widespread state-funded schools. Until 1870 all schools were charitable or private institutions, but in that year the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1870" title="Elementary Education Act 1870">Elementary Education Act 1870</a> (<a href="/wiki/33_%26_34_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="33 & 34 Vict.">33 & 34 Vict.</a> c. 75) permitted local governments to complement the existing elementary schools in order to fill any gaps. The <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act 1902</a> allowed local authorities to create secondary schools. The <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1918" title="Education Act 1918">Education Act 1918</a> abolished fees for elementary schools. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_college" title="Women's college">Women's colleges</a> were established in the 19th century to give women access to university education, the first being <a href="/wiki/Bedford_College,_London" title="Bedford College, London">Bedford College</a>, London (1849), <a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton College, Cambridge</a> (1869) and <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a> (1871). The <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> established special examinations for women in 1868 and opened its degrees to women in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University College Bristol</a> (now the University of Bristol) became the first mixed higher education institution upon its foundation in 1876,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed in 1878 by <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (which had held some mixed classes starting in 1871).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legally_compulsory_education">Legally compulsory education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legally compulsory education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged 5 to 18, students must stay in a traditional school setting until the age of 16. After this age they are still legally required to receive further education (which may be academic or technical) until the age of 18, but this does not have to be in a traditional school environment and numerous vocational options are legally acceptable and available. </p><p>The age at which a pupil may choose to stop education is commonly known as the "leaving age" for compulsory education. This age was raised to 18 by the <a href="/wiki/Education_and_Skills_Act_2008" title="Education and Skills Act 2008">Education and Skills Act 2008</a>; the change took effect in 2013 for 16-year-olds and 2015 for 17-year-olds. From this time, the formal school leaving age (which remains 16) and the education leaving age (now 18) have been separated.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA2008_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State-provided schooling and sixth-form education are paid for by taxes. </p><p>A child begins primary education during the school year they turn 5.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children between the ages of 3 and 5 are entitled to 600 hours per year of optional, state-funded, pre-school education. This can be provided in "playgroups", nurseries, community childcare centres or nursery classes in schools. </p><p>All children in England must currently therefore receive an effective education (at school or otherwise) from the first "prescribed day", which falls on or after their fifth birthday until their 18th birthday, and must remain in school until the last Friday in June of the school year in which they turn 16.<sup id="cite_ref-school_leaving_age_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-school_leaving_age-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-School_attendance_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-School_attendance-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The education leaving age was raised in 2013 to the year in which they turn 17 and in 2015 to their 18th birthday for those born on, or after, 1 September 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA2008_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prescribed days are 31 August, 31 December and 31 March.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school year begins on 1 September (or 1 August if a term starts in August).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The compulsory stages of education are broken into a <a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stage" title="Foundation Stage">Foundation Stage</a> (covering the last part of optional and first part of compulsory education), 4 <a href="/wiki/Key_Stage" title="Key Stage">Key Stages</a>, and post-16 education, sometimes unofficially termed Key Stage Five, which takes a variety of forms, including 6th Form, which covers the last 2 years of secondary education in schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_school">Types of school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of different terms and names exist for the various schools and stages a pupil may go through during the compulsory part of their education. <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar schools</a> are selective schools, admitting children from 11 years old onward; they are normally state-funded, though fee paying independent grammars do exist. Schools offering nursery (pre-school) education commonly accept pupils from age 3; however, some schools do accept pupils younger than this. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Key stage</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Final exam</th> <th>Age<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="5">State funded schools</th> <th colspan="2">State funded selective schools</th> <th>Fee paying independent schools </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Early Years</td> <td>Nursery (or Pre-School)</td> <td rowspan="7" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None, though individual schools may set end of year tests. </td> <td>3 to 4</td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="8">Primary </td> <td rowspan="6">Lower </td> <td rowspan="4">Infant</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="8" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Various 'gifted and talented' programmes within state and independent schools.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="5">Pre-preparatory </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reception_(school)" title="Reception (school)">Reception</a> (or Foundation)</td> <td>4 to 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">KS1</td> <td>Year 1</td> <td>5 to 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Year 2</td> <td>6 to 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">KS2</td> <td>Year 3</td> <td>7 to 8 </td> <td rowspan="4">Junior </td></tr> <tr> <td>Year 4</td> <td>8 to 9</td> <td rowspan="5">Preparatory or Junior </td></tr> <tr> <td>Year 5</td> <td>9 to 10 </td> <td rowspan="4">Middle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Year 6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_assessment" title="National Curriculum assessment">National Curriculum assessments</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus" title="Eleven-plus">A grammar school entrance exam, often the 11-plus</a></td> <td>10 to 11 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">KS3</td> <td>Year 7</td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None, though individual schools may set end of year tests, or mock GCSE exams.</td> <td>11 to 12</td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">Comprehensive</a> or Secondary </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">Lower school </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">Comprehensive</a>, Secondary or Senior </td> <td rowspan="7">Grammar school and selective Academies </td> <td rowspan="5" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Year 8</td> <td>12 to 13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Year 9</td> <td>13 to 14 </td> <td rowspan="3">Upper</td> <td rowspan="5">Senior (Public/Private school) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">KS4</td> <td>Year 10</td> <td>14 to 15 </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Upper school </td></tr> <tr> <td>Year 11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a></td> <td>15 to 16 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">KS5</td> <td>Year 12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level">Advanced subsidiary level</a> or school-set end of year tests.</td> <td>16 to 17 </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">Sixth form college </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Further education college </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Year 13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level">A-levels</a>, <a href="/wiki/T_Level" title="T Level">T- levels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a>, etc.</td> <td>17 to 18 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State-funded_schools">State-funded schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State-funded schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_schools_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="State schools in England">State schools in England</a></div> <p>Some 93% of children between the ages of 3 and 18 are in education in state-funded schools without charge (other than for activities such as swimming, cultural visits, theatre visits and field trips for which a voluntary payment can be requested, and limited charges at <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_boarding_schools_in_England" title="List of state boarding schools in England">state-funded boarding schools</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All schools are legally required to have a website where they must publish details of their governance, finance, curriculum intent and staff and pupil protection policies.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Types of schools in England include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Street,_Kingston_upon_Hull_(geograph_4564831).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/George_Street%2C_Kingston_upon_Hull_%28geograph_4564831%29.jpg/220px-George_Street%2C_Kingston_upon_Hull_%28geograph_4564831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/George_Street%2C_Kingston_upon_Hull_%28geograph_4564831%29.jpg/330px-George_Street%2C_Kingston_upon_Hull_%28geograph_4564831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/George_Street%2C_Kingston_upon_Hull_%28geograph_4564831%29.jpg/440px-George_Street%2C_Kingston_upon_Hull_%28geograph_4564831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3113" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hull_Trinity_House_Academy" title="Hull Trinity House Academy">Hull Trinity House Academy</a>, an example of an urban academy school in <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy schools</a>, established by the 1997-2010 Labour Government to replace poorly-performing community schools in areas of high social and economic deprivation. Their start-up costs are typically funded by private means, such as entrepreneurs or NGOs, with running costs met by central government and, like Foundation schools, are administratively free from direct local authority control. The 2010 Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government expanded the role of Academies in the <i>Academy Programme.</i> Some such schools operate selective entrance requirements for some of their entry, similar to grammar schools.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Community school (England and Wales)">Community schools</a>, in which the local authority employs the schools' staff, owns the schools' lands and buildings, and has primary responsibility for admissions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free schools</a>, introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition</a>, are newly established schools in England set up by parents, teachers, charities or businesses, where there is a perceived local need for more schools. They are funded by taxpayers, are academically non-selective and free to attend, and like Foundation schools and Academies, are not controlled by a local authority. They are ultimately accountable to the Secretary of State for Education. Free schools are an extension of the existing Academy Programme. The first 24 free schools opened in Autumn 2011.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moseley_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Moseley_School.jpg/220px-Moseley_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Moseley_School.jpg/330px-Moseley_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Moseley_School.jpg/440px-Moseley_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moseley_School" title="Moseley School">Moseley School</a>, an example of a <a href="/wiki/Foundation_school" title="Foundation school">foundation school</a> in Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_school" title="Foundation school">Foundation schools</a>, in which the governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions. School land and buildings are owned by the governing body or by a charitable foundation. The foundation appoints a minority of governors. Many of these schools were formerly <a href="/wiki/Grant_maintained_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant maintained school">grant maintained schools</a>. In 2005 the Labour government proposed allowing all schools to become Foundation schools if they wished.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_aided_school" title="Voluntary aided school">Voluntary Aided schools</a>, linked to a variety of organisations. They can be <a href="/wiki/Faith_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith schools">faith schools</a> (about two thirds <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>-affiliated; just under one third <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, and a few another faith), or non-denominational schools, such as those linked to London <a href="/wiki/Livery_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery Companies">Livery Companies</a>. The charitable foundation contributes towards the capital costs of the school (typically 10%), and appoints a majority of the <a href="/wiki/School_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="School governors">school governors</a>. The governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_controlled_school" title="Voluntary controlled school">Voluntary Controlled schools</a>, which are almost always <a href="/wiki/Faith_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith schools">faith schools</a>, with the lands and buildings often owned by a charitable foundation. However, the local authority employs the schools' staff and has primary responsibility for admissions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical colleges</a> (UTCs), introduced by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition in 2010. These are sponsored by a <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">university</a> and have close ties to local business and industry. They are funded by the taxpayer, and are non-selective, free to attend and not controlled by a local authority. The university and industry partners support the curriculum development of the UTC, provide professional development opportunities for teachers, and guide suitably qualified students to industrial apprenticeships, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">foundation degrees</a> or full degrees. The sponsor university appoints the majority of the UTC's governors and key members of staff. Pupils transfer to a UTC at the age of 14, part-way through their secondary education. The distinctive element of UTCs is that they offer technically oriented courses of study, combining <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_England" title="National Curriculum for England">National Curriculum</a> requirements with technical and vocational elements. UTCs must specialise in subjects that require technical and modern equipment, but they also all teach business skills and the use of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a>. UTCs are also supposed to offer clear routes into <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> or further learning in work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths schools</a> were launched as selective specialist 16–19 schools in 2018, again sponsored by a university, following pilots with <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London_Mathematics_School" title="King's College London Mathematics School">King's College London Mathematics School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Mathematics_School" title="Exeter Mathematics School">Exeter Mathematics School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition, three of the fifteen <a href="/wiki/City_Technology_College" title="City Technology College">City Technology Colleges</a> established in the 1980s still remain; the rest having converted to academies. These are state-funded all-ability secondary schools which charge no fees but which are independent of local authority control. There are also a small number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_boarding_schools_in_England" title="List of state boarding schools in England">state-funded boarding schools</a>. </p><p>English state-funded primary schools are almost all local schools with a small catchment area. More than half are owned by the Local Authority, though many are (nominally) voluntary controlled and some are voluntary aided. Some schools just include infants (aged 4 to 7) and some just juniors (aged 7 to 11). Some are linked, with automatic progression from the infant school to the junior school, and some are not. A few areas still have first schools for ages around 4 to 8 and <a href="/wiki/List_of_middle_schools_in_England" title="List of middle schools in England">middle schools</a> for ages 8 or 9 to 12 or 13. </p><p>English secondary schools are mostly <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">comprehensive</a> (i.e. no entry exam), although the intake of comprehensive schools can vary widely, especially in urban areas with several local schools. Nearly 90% of state-funded secondary schools are <a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialist schools (United Kingdom)">specialist schools</a>, receiving extra funding to develop one or more subjects (performing arts, arts, business, humanities, languages, science, mathematics, technology, engineering, etc) in which the school specialises, which can select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in the specialism. In areas children can enter a prestigious <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> if they pass the <a href="/wiki/Eleven_plus_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleven plus exam">eleven plus exam</a>; there are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools and a few dozen <a href="/wiki/Partially_selective_school_(England)" title="Partially selective school (England)">partially selective schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant minority of state-funded schools are <a href="/wiki/Faith_school" title="Faith school">faith schools</a>, which are attached to religious groups, most often the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. </p><p>All state-funded schools are regularly inspected by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Standards_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Standards in Education">Office for Standards in Education</a>, often known simply as Ofsted. Ofsted publishes reports on the quality of education, learning outcomes, management, and safety and behaviour of young people at a particular school on a regular basis. Schools judged by Ofsted to be providing an inadequate standard of education may be subject to <a href="/wiki/Special_measures" title="Special measures">special measures</a>, which could include replacing the governing body and senior staff. School inspection reports are published online and directly sent to parents and guardians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/School_uniforms_in_England" title="School uniforms in England">School uniforms</a> are defined by individual schools, within the constraint that uniform regulations must not discriminate on the grounds of sex, race, disability, sexual orientation, gender reassignment, religion or belief. Schools may choose to permit trousers for girls or religious dress.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pupils aged five to seven in state-funded schools (including those in reception class) are entitled to free school meals and fruit. Pupils aged seven to 16 from low income families are eligible for free school meals.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All school meals must follow the government's healthy eating standards and promote a healthy diet.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State-funded schools are encouraged to provide childcare outside of school hours, including breakfast clubs and after school curriculum activities (drama, computing, food preparation, arts, crafts, sports, science, etc).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_schools">Private schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Private schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">Private schools in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Approximately 7% of school children in England attend privately run, fee-charging <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some independent schools for 13–18-year-olds are known for historical reasons as '<a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a>' and for 8–13-year-olds as '<a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">prep schools</a>'. Some schools offer scholarships for those with particular skills or aptitudes, or <a href="/wiki/Bursary" title="Bursary">bursaries</a> to allow students from less financially well-off families to attend. Independent schools do not have to follow the National Curriculum, and their teachers are not required or regulated by law to have official teaching qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-DCSF_statistics_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCSF_statistics-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Independent_Schools_Inspectorate" title="Independent Schools Inspectorate">Independent Schools Inspectorate</a> regularly publishes reports on the quality of education in all independent schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_by_means_other_than_schooling">Education by means other than schooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education by means other than schooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_Otherwise" title="Education Otherwise">Education Otherwise</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1944" title="Education Act 1944">Education Act 1944</a> stated that parents are responsible for the education of their children, "by regular attendance at school or otherwise", which allows children to be educated at home.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially referred to as "Elective Home Education", teaching ranges from structured <a href="/wiki/Home_schooling#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Home schooling">homeschooling</a> (using a school-style curriculum) to less-structured <a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">unschooling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Education_Otherwise" title="Education Otherwise">Education Otherwise</a> has supported parents who wished to educate their children outside school since the 1970s. The state provides no financial support to parents who choose to educate their children outside of school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stages_of_compulsory_education">Stages of compulsory education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stages of compulsory education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Years_Foundation_Stage" title="Early Years Foundation Stage">early years foundation stage</a>, the curriculum is organised into seven areas of learning:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Communication and language</li> <li>Physical development</li> <li>Personal, social and emotional development</li> <li>Literacy</li> <li>Mathematics</li> <li>Understanding the world</li> <li>Expressive arts and design</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_curriculum">National curriculum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_England" title="National Curriculum for England">National Curriculum for England</a></div> <p>The national curriculum covers pupils in primary school (ages 5 to 11; key stages 1 and 2) and secondary school (ages 11 to 16; key stages 3 and 4). It covers what subjects are taught and the standards children should reach in each subject. </p><p>State-funded schools in England are required to offer a curriculum which is balanced and broadly based, which promotes the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils at the school and of society, and which prepares pupils for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of later life.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Curriculum_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Curriculum-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State-funded schools are obliged to teach thirteen subjects, including the core English, Mathematics and Science. The structure of the National Curriculum is:<sup id="cite_ref-National_Curriculum2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Curriculum2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_1" title="Key Stage 1">Key Stage 1</a><br />(age 5–7) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_2" title="Key Stage 2">Key Stage 2</a><br />(age 7–11) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_3" title="Key Stage 3">Key Stage 3</a><br />(age 11–14) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_4" title="Key Stage 4">Key Stage 4</a><br />(age 14–16) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics Education">Mathematics</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Art and Design</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_education_(subject)" title="Citizenship education (subject)">Citizenship</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; color:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies in education">Computing</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; color:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Technology" title="Design and Technology">Design and Technology</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">Languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Physical_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Education">Physical Education</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All schools are also required to teach <a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious education</a> at all key stages, and secondary schools must provide <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex and relationship education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Curriculum_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Curriculum-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the compulsory subjects, students at <a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_4" title="Key Stage 4">Key Stage 4</a> have a statutory entitlement to be able to study at least one subject from the arts (comprising art and design, dance, music, photography, media studies, film studies, graphics, drama and media arts), design and technology (comprising design and technology, electronics, engineering, food preparation and nutrition), the humanities (comprising geography and history), business and enterprise (comprising business studies and economics) and a modern language.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Curriculum_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Curriculum-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-16_education">Post-16 education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-16 education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compulsory schooling ends on the last Friday of June for pupils who will turn 16 before the start of the next school year.<sup id="cite_ref-school_leaving_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-school_leaving-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most pupils at both state schools and independent schools will typically take <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> examinations at the end of their last year of compulsory schooling. </p><p>After this, young people are mandated to continue in education until age 18, but need not attend a school. They can pursue <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a>, which includes technical education, in the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">sixth form</a> of a school, in a specialised sixth form or further education college. Alternatively, they can take an <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeships_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Apprenticeships in the United Kingdom">apprenticeship</a> or traineeship, or can volunteer for 20 or more hours a week while undertaking part-time education or training.<sup id="cite_ref-school_leaving_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-school_leaving-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Types of colleges that focus on education after sixteen include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Further_Education_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Further Education College">Further education colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_college" title="Tertiary college">Tertiary colleges</a></li> <li>Art, design and performing art colleges</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sixth_form_colleges_/_further_education_colleges"><span id="Sixth_form_colleges_.2F_further_education_colleges"></span>Sixth form colleges / further education colleges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sixth form colleges / further education colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students over 16 typically study in the sixth form of a school (<i>sixth form</i> is a historical term for Years 12–13), in a separate <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">sixth form college</a> or <a href="/wiki/Further_education_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Further education college">further education college</a>. Courses at FE colleges (referred to as <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education"><i>further education courses</i></a>) can also be studied by adults over 18. Colleges can offer a wide range of options for study, including apprenticeships and national qualifications such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-level" title="A-level">A-levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">Business and Technology Education Council</a> (BTEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute#Qualifications" title="City and Guilds of London Institute">City and Guilds qualifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_International_General_Certificate_of_Education" title="Cambridge International General Certificate of Education">Cambridge International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Technicals" title="Cambridge Technicals">Cambridge Technicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> (IB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_Qualification" title="National Vocational Qualification">National Vocational Qualifications</a> (NVQs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Level" title="T Level">T Levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJEC_(exam_board)#Eduqas" title="WJEC (exam board)">WJEC Eduqas qualifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_Skills_Qualification" title="Functional Skills Qualification">Functional Skills qualifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skills_for_Life" title="Skills for Life">Skills for Life</a> courses<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apprenticeships_and_traineeships">Apprenticeships and traineeships</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Apprenticeships and traineeships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Apprenticeship_Service" title="National Apprenticeship Service">National Apprenticeship Service</a> helps people 16 or more years of age enter <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a> in order to learn a <a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">skilled trade</a>. Traineeships are also overseen by the National Apprenticeship Service, and are education and a training programmes that are combined with work experience to give trainees the skills needed to get an apprenticeship.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/T_Level" title="T Level">T Levels</a> are technical qualifications introduced in 2020, developed in collaboration with businesses and education providers to prepare students for skilled employment, apprenticeships and higher study.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every T Level includes an industry placement with an employer focused on developing the practical and technical skills required for an occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg/220px-KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg/330px-KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg/440px-KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The chapel of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient universities">ancient universities</a> of England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_University_of_York%27s_Central_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_University_of_York%27s_Central_Hall.jpg/220px-The_University_of_York%27s_Central_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_University_of_York%27s_Central_Hall.jpg/330px-The_University_of_York%27s_Central_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_University_of_York%27s_Central_Hall.jpg/440px-The_University_of_York%27s_Central_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Hall,_University_of_York" title="Central Hall, University of York">Central Hall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">plate glass university</a> established in 1963</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanchester_Library,_Coventry_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lanchester_Library%2C_Coventry_University.jpg/220px-Lanchester_Library%2C_Coventry_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lanchester_Library%2C_Coventry_University.jpg/330px-Lanchester_Library%2C_Coventry_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lanchester_Library%2C_Coventry_University.jpg/440px-Lanchester_Library%2C_Coventry_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The Lanchester Library at <a href="/wiki/Coventry_University" title="Coventry University">Coventry University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Post-1992_university" title="Post-1992 university">modern university</a> that was granted university status in 1992</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_College_Durham_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/New_College_Durham_01.jpg/220px-New_College_Durham_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/New_College_Durham_01.jpg/330px-New_College_Durham_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/New_College_Durham_01.jpg/440px-New_College_Durham_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3207" data-file-height="2366" /></a><figcaption>The campus of <a href="/wiki/New_College_Durham" title="New College Durham">New College Durham</a>, a college of further and higher education</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a> in England is provided by Higher Education (HE) colleges, <a href="/wiki/University_college" title="University college">university colleges</a>, <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and private colleges. Students normally enter higher education as <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduates</a> from age 18 onwards, and can study for a wide variety of vocational and academic qualifications, including <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">certificates of higher education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Certificate" title="Higher National Certificate">higher national certificates</a> at level 4, <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">diplomas of higher education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">higher national diplomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">foundation degrees</a> at level 5, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> (normally with <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">honours</a>) at level 6, and integrated <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degrees</a> and degrees in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science at level 7.<sup id="cite_ref-FHEQ_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHEQ-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, undergraduate education outside a small number of private colleges and universities has been largely state-financed since the 1960s, with a contribution from <a href="/wiki/Top-up_fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-up fees">top-up fees</a> introduced in October 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however fees of up to £9,000 per annum have been charged from October 2012. There is a perceived hierarchy among universities, with the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a> seen as being composed of the country's more prestigious universities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">League tables of universities</a> are produced by private companies and generally cover the whole UK. </p><p>The state does not control university syllabuses, but it does influence admission procedures through the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Students" title="Office for Students">Office for Students</a> (OfS), which approves and monitors access agreements to safeguard and promote fair access to higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_Agency_for_Higher_Education" title="Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education">Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education</a> (QAA) is an independent expert quality body, with a remit to maintain and enhance the quality of teaching and learning in tertiary education in England.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most degrees, the state has control over <a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">teacher training</a> courses, and standards are monitored by <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a> inspectors.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The typical <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">first degree</a> offered at English universities is the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> with <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">honours</a>, which usually lasts for three years, although more vocational <a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">foundation degrees</a>, typically lasting two years (or full-time equivalent) are also available in some institutions. Many institutions now offer integrated <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degrees</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> subjects, as first degrees; these typically lasts for four years, the first three years running parallel to the bachelor's course in the subject. During a first degree students are known as <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduates</a>. The difference in fees between integrated and traditional <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a> master's degrees (and that fees are capped at the first degree level for the former) makes taking an integrated master's degree as a first degree a more attractive option. Integrated master's degrees are often the standard route to <a href="/wiki/Chartered_(professional)" title="Chartered (professional)">chartered status</a> for STEM professionals in England.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of <a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">international students in the United Kingdom</a> chose a British institution because of the country's reputation for high quality education, a far higher proportion than in Canada or Australia (just over 20 per cent) or the US (around 15 per cent).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> rank among the top 10 of the <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Major_international_rankings" title="College and university rankings">major global rankings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some institutions in London such as the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, the majority of first degree students are from outside the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including postgraduates, international students are also in the majority at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postgraduate_education">Postgraduate education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Postgraduate education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students who have completed a <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">first degree</a> can apply for <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate">postgraduate</a> and graduate courses. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graduate_diploma" title="Graduate diploma">graduate diplomas</a>, professional graduate certificate in education – level 6 courses aimed at those who have already completed a bachelor's degree, often as conversion courses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">Postgraduate certificates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">postgraduate diplomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate certificate in education">postgraduate certificate in education</a> – level 7 courses shorter than a full master's degree.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degrees</a> (typically taken in one year, though research-based master's degrees may last for two) – taught or research degrees at level 7.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorates</a> (typically taken in three years) – research degrees at level 8, the top level of the qualifications frameworks, often requiring a master's degree for entry. These may be purely research based (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>/<a href="/wiki/DPhil" class="mw-redirect" title="DPhil">DPhil</a>) or research and practice (<a href="/wiki/Professional_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional doctorate">professional doctorates</a>). "New Route" PhDs, introduced in 2001, take at least 4 years and incorporate teaching at master's level.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fees">Fees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tuition fees in the United Kingdom">Tuition fees in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Since October 1998, most undergraduates have paid fees repayable after graduation, contingent on attaining a certain level of income, with the state paying all fees for students from the poorest backgrounds. Only those who reach a certain salary threshold (£21,000) pay this fee through <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">general taxation</a>. In practice, higher education remains free at the point of entry in England for a high minority of students. English students are generally entitled to <a href="/wiki/Student_loan" title="Student loan">student loans</a> for maintenance and living costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students admitted from the academic year 2024-25 have paid tuition fees set at a maximum of up to £9,535 per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fees for international students vary but are generally higher. Depending on the discipline and university, Master's degrees can cost between £10,000 and £35,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous bursaries (awarded to low income applicants) to offset undergraduate fees and, for postgraduates, full scholarships are available for most subjects, and are usually awarded competitively.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gap between rich and poor students has narrowed since the introduction of the higher fees.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian13072014_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian13072014-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be because universities have used tuition fees to invest in bursaries and outreach schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-NS122015_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS122015-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <i>The Guardian</i> noted that the number of disadvantaged students applying to university had increased by 72% from 2006 to 2015, a bigger rise than in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian28012016_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian28012016-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Performance" title="Centre for Economic Performance">Centre for Economic Performance</a> found that the introduction of tuition fees had "increased funding per head, educational standards, rising enrolments, and a narrowing of the participation gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adult_education">Adult education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adult education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">lifelong learning</a> is offered to students of all ages. This can include the vocational qualifications mentioned above, and also: </p> <ul><li>One or two year <a href="/wiki/Access_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Access course">access courses</a>, to allow adults without suitable qualifications access to university.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> runs undergraduate and postgraduate distance learning programmes.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Educational_Association" title="Workers' Educational Association">Workers' Educational Association</a> offers large number of semi-recreational courses, with or without qualifications, made available by Local Education Authorities under the guise of Adult Education. Courses are available in a wide variety of areas, such as holiday languages, arts, crafts and yacht navigation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_qualifications_frameworks">National qualifications frameworks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National qualifications frameworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The two qualifications frameworks in England are the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), for qualifications regulated by <a href="/wiki/Ofqual" title="Ofqual">Ofqual</a>, and the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ) for qualifications granted by bodies with degree awarding powers, overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality Assurance Agency">Quality Assurance Agency</a>. These share a common numbering scheme for their levels, which was also used for the earlier <a href="/wiki/Qualifications_and_Credit_Framework" title="Qualifications and Credit Framework">Qualifications and Credit Framework</a>. The RQF is linked to the <a href="/wiki/European_Qualifications_Framework" title="European Qualifications Framework">European Qualifications Framework</a> (EQF) and the FHEQ to the <a href="/wiki/QF-EHEA" title="QF-EHEA">Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area</a> (QF-EHEA).<sup id="cite_ref-EQF_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EQF-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frameworks_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frameworks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QF-EHEA_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QF-EHEA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>RQF/FHEQ level </th> <th>Common qualifications </th> <th>EQF/QF-EHEA equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td>Level 1 </td> <td>Foundation diploma<br />GCSE (grades D–G/4-1)<br />NVQ level 1 </td> <td>EQF level 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Level 2 </td> <td>Higher diploma<br />GCSE (grades A*–C/9-5)<br />NVQ level 2 </td> <td>EQF level 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Level 3 </td> <td>Advanced diploma<br />A-level<br />International Baccalaureate<br />BTEC National<br />NVQ level 3 </td> <td>EQF level 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Level 4 </td> <td>Certificate of Higher Education<br />HNC (awarded by a degree-awarding institution) </td> <td>QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Short Cycle </td></tr> <tr> <td>BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 4<br />Higher National Certificate (HNC)<br />NVQ level 4 </td> <td rowspan="2">EQF level 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Level 5 </td> <td>BTEC Professional award, certificate and diploma level 5<br />Higher National Diploma (HND)<br />NVQ level 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diploma of Higher Education<br />Foundation degree<br />HND (awarded by a degree-awarding institution) </td> <td>QF-EHEA Short Cycle (within or linked to first cycle) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Level 6 </td> <td>BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 6<br />NVQ level 4 </td> <td>EQF level 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Graduate certificate<br />Graduate diploma<br />Professional Graduate Certificate of Education </td> <td>QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the First Cycle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ordinary bachelor's degree<br />Bachelor's degree with honours </td> <td>QF-EHEA First Cycle (end of cycle) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Level 7 </td> <td>BTEC Advanced Professional award, certificate and diploma level 7<br />NVQ level 5 </td> <td>EQF level 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Postgraduate certificate<br />Postgraduate diploma<br />Postgraduate Certificate of Education </td> <td>QF-EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Second Cycle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Integrated master's degree<br />Master's degree </td> <td>QF-EHEA Second Cycle (end of cycle) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Level 8 </td> <td>NVQ level 5 </td> <td>EQF level 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctorates </td> <td>QF-EHEA Third Cycle (end of cycle) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary school children in England were 4th in the <a href="/wiki/Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study" title="Progress in International Reading Literacy Study">Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</a> for reading skills in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations ranks the United Kingdom 7th in the <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a>, measuring <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment" title="Educational attainment">educational attainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, ahead most of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1997 to 2010, the Labour government introduced city academies in areas of social and economic deprivation. More former local authority schools, deemed <i>inadequate</i> or <i>requiring improvement</i> by inspectors, transitioned to an academy trust are now rated <i>good</i> or <i>outstanding</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academies were established in most disadvantaged areas, they are the key element in the drive to raise standards; raising aspirations and creating opportunity in some of the most disadvantaged communities.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, more students were in <i>good</i> and <i>outstanding</i> rated schools from all social backgrounds than 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This growth in the academy system coincides with the improvement across schools in England, with 88% of all schools rated <i>good</i> or <i>outstanding</i>, an improvement from 68% in August 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2018, English schools have been funded through a national formula.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2019, it was announced that the budget for schools and high needs would be increased by 6% (£2.6 billion) in 2020–21, £4.8 billion in 2021-22 and £7.1 billion in 2022-23 respectively – plus an extra £1.5 billion per year to fund additional pensions costs for teachers. This new funding includes £780 million in 2020–21 to support children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skills_England" title="Skills England">Skills England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Schools_Foundation" title="British Schools Foundation">British Schools Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_England" title="Research England">Research England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_uniforms_in_England" title="School uniforms in England">School uniforms in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Learning_Centres" title="Science Learning Centres">Science Learning Centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education_in_England" title="Science education in England">Science education in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England" title="List of universities in England">List of universities in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in England">List of schools in England</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Entitled "Foreign Languages" in Key Stage 2, and "Modern Foreign Languages" in Key Stage 3.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From February 2023, higher education (HE) comes under the Department for Education; science and innovation under the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Table 1 Total Departmental spending, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dius.gov.uk/annual_report.html">Departmental report 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131220606/http://www.dius.gov.uk/annual_report.html">Archived</a> 31 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Innovation,_Universities_and_Skills" title="Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills">Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills</a>. £14.3 billion spending on HE, £4.9 billion on FE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/GBR/united-kingdom/literacy-rate">"U.K. Literacy Rate 1990-2020"</a>. <i>www.macrotrends.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macrotrends.net&rft.atitle=U.K.+Literacy+Rate+1990-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fcountries%2FGBR%2Funited-kingdom%2Fliteracy-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npp2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npp2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npp2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-pupil-projections-july-2016">"National pupil projections: July 2016"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Women%2C+Economics+and+UCL+in+the+late+19th+Century&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Feconomics%2Fabout-department%2Fwomen-economics-and-ucl-late-19th-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA2008-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESA2008_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESA2008_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/ukpga_20080025_en_1">Education and Skills Act 2008</a>, Office of Public Sector Information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518113603/http://www.rogalinski.com.pl/jezyki-obce/schools-in-britain/">"Schools in Great Britain"</a>. Rogalinski.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogalinski.com.pl/jezyki-obce/schools-in-britain/">the original</a> on 18 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schools+in+Great+Britain&rft.pub=Rogalinski.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogalinski.com.pl%2Fjezyki-obce%2Fschools-in-britain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 8. Compulsory school age, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/ukpga_19960056_en_1"><i>Education Act 1996</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527134459/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/ukpga_19960056_en_1">Archived</a> 27 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1996 c.56, UK Parliament.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-School_attendance-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-School_attendance_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Parents/Schoolslearninganddevelopment/YourChildsWelfareAtSchool/DG_066966">"School attendance and absence: the law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Directgov" title="Directgov">Directgov</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+attendance+and+absence%3A+the+law&rft.pub=Directgov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct.gov.uk%2Fen%2FParents%2FSchoolslearninganddevelopment%2FYourChildsWelfareAtSchool%2FDG_066966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1998/1607/made">"The Education (Start of Compulsory School Age) Order 1998"</a>. The National Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Education+%28Start+of+Compulsory+School+Age%29+Order+1998&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1998%2F1607%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/know-when-you-can-leave-school">"School leaving age"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>You'll have to stay in some form of education or training until you turn 18, if you started year eleven in September 2013 or later</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+leaving+age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fknow-when-you-can-leave-school&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1994/Uksi_19941256_en_1.htm">The Education (Information as to <i>Provision of Education) (England) Regulations 1994</i></a>, Statutory Instrument 1994 No. 1256, UK Parliament.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/national-curriculum">"The national curriculum"</a>. <i>Gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=What+maintained+schools+must+publish+online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Fwhat-maintained-schools-must-publish-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207010923/http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/academies/what_are_academies/">"What are Academies?"</a>. <i>Standards Site</i>. <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Children,_Schools_and_Families" title="Department for Children, Schools and Families">Department for Children, Schools and Families</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/academies/what_are_academies/">the original</a> on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standards+Site&rft.atitle=What+are+Academies%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standards.dfes.gov.uk%2Facademies%2Fwhat_are_academies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210152909/http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/management/resourcesfinanceandbuilding/FSP/voluntaryaidedschools/">"Voluntary Aided Schools"</a>. <i>Teachernet</i>. <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Children,_Schools_and_Families" title="Department for Children, Schools and Families">Department for Children, Schools and Families</a>. 8 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/management/resourcesfinanceandbuilding/FSP/voluntaryaidedschools/">the original</a> on 10 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teachernet&rft.atitle=Voluntary+Aided+Schools&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teachernet.gov.uk%2Fmanagement%2Fresourcesfinanceandbuilding%2FFSP%2Fvoluntaryaidedschools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/top-universities-urged-to-open-new-maths-schools">"Top universities urged to open new maths schools"</a>. <i>Gov.uk</i>. 26 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Top+universities+urged+to+open+new+maths+schools&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Ftop-universities-urged-to-open-new-maths-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClyde_Chitty2002" class="citation web cs1">Clyde Chitty (16 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialisteducation.org.uk/CB2.htm">"The Right to a Comprehensive Education"</a>. Second Caroline Benn Memorial Lecture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+a+Comprehensive+Education&rft.series=Second+Caroline+Benn+Memorial+Lecture&rft.date=2002-11-16&rft.au=Clyde+Chitty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialisteducation.org.uk%2FCB2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/school-uniform">"School uniform"</a>. <i>Gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=School+uniform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fschool-uniform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/apply-free-school-meals">"Apply for free school meals"</a>. <i>Gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=School+meals+-+healthy+eating+standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fschool-meals-healthy-eating-standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/childcare-out-of-school-hours">"Childcare out of school hours"</a>. <i>Gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Childcare+out+of+school+hours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fchildcare-out-of-school-hours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isc.co.uk/research/">"Research"</a>. <i>Independent Schools Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=educationhub.blog.gov.uk&rft.atitle=88%25+of+schools+now+rated+good+or+outstanding&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducationhub.blog.gov.uk%2F2022%2F11%2F29%2F88-of-schools-now-rated-good-or-outstanding-and-how-were-making-sure-ofsted-ratings-are-up-to-date%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickens2016" class="citation web cs1">Dickens, John (14 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schoolsweek.co.uk/national-funding-formula-more-than-10000-schools-set-for-extra-cash-but-5500-lose-out/">"The government has finally published more details on its national funding formula"</a>. <i>Schools Week</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Schools+Week&rft.atitle=The+government+has+finally+published+more+details+on+its+national+funding+formula&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschoolsweek.co.uk%2Fnational-funding-formula-more-than-10000-schools-set-for-extra-cash-but-5500-lose-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-guarantees-minimum-funding-levels-for-all-schools">"PM guarantees minimum funding levels for all schools"</a>. <i>Gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=PM+guarantees+minimum+funding+levels+for+all+schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fpm-guarantees-minimum-funding-levels-for-all-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlatchford2014" class="citation book cs1">Blatchford, Roy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johncattbookshop.com/the-restless-school"><i>The Restless School</i></a>. John Catt Educational. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909717077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1909717077"><bdi>978-1909717077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Restless+School&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=John+Catt+Educational&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1909717077&rft.aulast=Blatchford&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johncattbookshop.com%2Fthe-restless-school&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristodoulou2014" class="citation book cs1">Christodoulou, Daisy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/education/articles/discussing...seven_myths_about_education/"><i>Seven Myths About Education</i></a>. Routledge. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415746823" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415746823"><bdi>978-0415746823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Myths+About+Education&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0415746823&rft.aulast=Christodoulou&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Feducation%2Farticles%2Fdiscussing...seven_myths_about_education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Martin, Mary Clare. "Church, school and locality: Revisiting the historiography of 'state' and 'religious' educational infrastructures in England and Wales, 1780–1870." <i>Paedagogica Historica</i> 49.1 (2013): 70–81.</li> <li>Passow, A. Harry et al. <i>The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems.</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalcasestud0000unse">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-education">Department for Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-science-innovation-and-technology">Department for Science, Innovation & Technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk">Fully searchable UK school guide independent and state</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education-uk.org/history/">A history of education in England by Derek Gillard, an advocate of the comprehensive system</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/RR490">"The Skills for Life survey: A national needs and impact survey of literacy, numeracy and ICT skills"</a>, <i>Research Brief RB490</i>, <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education_and_Skills_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom)">Department for Education and Skills</a>, 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Brief+RB490&rft.atitle=The+Skills+for+Life+survey%3A+A+national+needs+and+impact+survey+of+literacy%2C+numeracy+and+ICT+skills&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fstandard%2FpublicationDetail%2FPage1%2FRR490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmpubacc/154/154.pdf"><i>Skills for Life: Progress in Improving Adult Literacy and Numeracy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, House of Commons Public Accounts Committee, 14 January 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skills+for+Life%3A+Progress+in+Improving+Adult+Literacy+and+Numeracy&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Public+Accounts+Committee&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200809%2Fcmselect%2Fcmpubacc%2F154%2F154.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/statistics-school-and-pupil-numbers">Statistics: school and pupil numbers</a> Department for Education</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:England_topics" title="Template:England topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:England_topics" title="Template talk:England topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:England topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="England_articles403" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_England" title="Military history of England">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloegyr" title="Lloegyr">Lloegyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anglo-Saxons">History of Anglo-Saxons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Settlement of Britain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Postwar Britain (1945–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prior Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Kingdom of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Kingdom of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mercia">Kingdom of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_England" title="List of gardens in England">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_independence" title="English independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">Afternoon tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">Country clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte" title="Fête">Fête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">Landscape garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_national_identity" title="English national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of English inventions and discoveries">Innovations and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_England" title="Middle England">Middle England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England" title="List of museums in England">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education_in_England" title="Science education in England">Science education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday Roast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_England" title="Sport in England">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_England" title="Cricket in England">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_England" title="Rugby league in England">Rugby league</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Rugby Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team" title="England national rugby league team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England" title="Rugby union in England">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_England" title="National anthem of England">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of England">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">Saint George's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_England" title="Outline of England">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:England" title="Category:England">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_England309" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_England" title="Template:Education in England"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_England" title="Template talk:Education in England"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in England"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_England309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Education in England</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage" title="Key Stage"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Key Stages</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stage" title="Foundation Stage"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Foundation Stage</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Nursery/Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-school_playgroup" title="Pre-school playgroup">Playgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(school)" title="Reception (school)">Reception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_1" title="Key Stage 1"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Key Stage 1</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_1_(education)" title="Year 1 (education)">Year 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_2" title="Year 2">Year 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_2" title="Key Stage 2"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Key Stage 2</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_3" title="Year 3">Year 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_4" title="Year 4">Year 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_5" title="Year 5">Year 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_6" title="Year 6">Year 6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_3" title="Key Stage 3"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Key Stage 3</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_7" title="Year 7">Year 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_8" title="Year 8">Year 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_9" title="Year 9">Year 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_4" title="Key Stage 4"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Key Stage 4</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_10" title="Year 10">Year 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_11" title="Year 11">Year 11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_5" title="Key Stage 5"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Key Stage 5</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_12" title="Year 12">Year 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_13" title="Year 13">Year 13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Schooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State-funded_schools_(England)" title="State-funded schools (England)">State-funded schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">Private schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school#United_Kingdom" title="Primary school">Primary school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Great_Britain" title="History of infant schools in Great Britain">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_school_leaving_age_in_England_and_Wales" title="Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales">Raising of school leaving age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Exams and qualifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_assessment" title="National Curriculum assessment">SATs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus" title="Eleven-plus">11-plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">A-Level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baccalaureate" title="English Baccalaureate">English Baccalaureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofqual" title="Ofqual">Ofqual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_measures" title="Special measures">Special measures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Entrance_Examination" title="Common Entrance Examination">Common Entrance Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_in_England" title="Category:Schools in England">Schools (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special education in the United Kingdom">Special education in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level_(United_Kingdom)" title="GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)">O-Level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Certificate of Secondary Education">CSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Certificate_(United_Kingdom)" title="School Certificate (United Kingdom)">School Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_School_Certificate_(England_and_Wales)" title="Higher School Certificate (England and Wales)">Higher School Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_National_Vocational_Qualification" title="General National Vocational Qualification">GNVQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Europe124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Europe" title="Template:Education in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Education in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Europe124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Europe">Education in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Education in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Education in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Scotland" title="History of education in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England" title="List of universities in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Scotland" title="List of universities in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">Comprehensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade inflation in the United Kingdom">Grade inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar schools</a></li> <li>Languages of instruction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="English medium education">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic medium education in Scotland">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland#Education" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh medium education">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mathematics education in the United Kingdom">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University Technical College">UTCs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&oldid=1274444138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&oldid=1274444138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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