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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COinS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COinS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>COinS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COinS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COinS_metadata_is_created_for_these_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COinS_metadata_is_created_for_these_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>COinS metadata is created for these parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COinS_metadata_is_created_for_these_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deprecated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deprecated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Deprecated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deprecated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publisher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publisher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Publisher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publisher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edition,_series,_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edition,_series,_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Edition, series, volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edition,_series,_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-source_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-source_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>In-source locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-source_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.7</span> <span>URL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anchor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anchor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.8</span> <span>Anchor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anchor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.9</span> <span>Identifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.10</span> <span>Quote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.11</span> <span>Editors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.12</span> <span>Display options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subscription_or_registration_required" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subscription_or_registration_required"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.13</span> <span>Subscription or registration required</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subscription_or_registration_required-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.13.1</span> <span>Access indicators for url-holding parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.13.2</span> <span>Access indicator for named identifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_of_free_DOIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_of_free_DOIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.13.3</span> <span>Tracking of free DOIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_of_free_DOIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TemplateData" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TemplateData"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>TemplateData</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TemplateData-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Template</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cite thesis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="قالب:استشهاد بأطروحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قالب:استشهاد بأطروحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A:Cite_thesis" title="সাঁচ:Cite thesis – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাঁচ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF:Cite_thesis" title="Халип:Cite thesis – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Халип:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_thesis" title="Şablon:Cite thesis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şablon:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal:Cite_thesis" title="Mal:Cite thesis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mal:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F:%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="টেমপ্লেট:অভিসন্দর্ভ উদ্ধৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেমপ্লেট:অভিসন্দর্ভ উদ্ধৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citakan:Cite_thesis" title="Citakan:Cite thesis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Citakan:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-b%C3%B4%CD%98:Cite_thesis" title="Pang-bô͘:Cite thesis – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pang-bô͘:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_thesis" title="Шаблон:Cite thesis – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шаблон:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F:Cite_thesis" title="टेम्पलेट:Cite thesis – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टेम्पलेट:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilya:Cite_thesis" title="Plantilya:Cite thesis – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Plantilya:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_thesis" title="Šablon:Cite thesis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šablon:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Ref-tesi" title="Plantilla:Ref-tesi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plantilla:Ref-tesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilya:Cite_thesis" title="Plantilya:Cite thesis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Plantilya:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Citace_kvalifika%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1ce" title="Šablona:Citace kvalifikační práce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šablona:Citace kvalifikační práce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Template:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_thesis" title="Skabelon:Cite thesis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skabelon:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%84:%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="موضيل:مرجع تيز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موضيل:مرجع تيز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_thesis" title="ढाँचा:Cite thesis – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ढाँचा:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF:Cite_thesis" title="Πρότυπο:Cite thesis – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρότυπο:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilla:Cita_tesis" title="Plantilla:Cita tesis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plantilla:Cita tesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88:Cite_thesis" title="الگو:Cite thesis – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الگو:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Cite_thesis" title="Modèle:Cite thesis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modèle:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo:Cita_tese" title="Modelo:Cita tese – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modelo:Cita tese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B:Cite_thesis" title="ઢાંચો:Cite thesis – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઢાંચો:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohia:Cite_thesis" title="Ohia:Cite thesis – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ohia:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%95%99%EC%9C%84%EB%85%BC%EB%AC%B8_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9" title="틀:학위논문 인용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="틀:학위논문 인용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samfuri:Cite_thesis" title="Samfuri:Cite thesis – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Samfuri:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80:Cite_thesis" title="Կաղապար:Cite thesis – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաղապար:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_thesis" title="साँचा:Cite thesis – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साँचा:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Citiranje_rada" title="Predložak:Citiranje rada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predložak:Citiranje rada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_thesis" title="Templat:Cite thesis – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Templat:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantilia:Cite_thesis" title="Plantilia:Cite thesis – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Plantilia:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_thesis" title="Templat:Cite thesis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Templat:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sni%C3%B0:Cite_thesis" title="Snið:Cite thesis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Snið:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA:Cite_thesis" title="תבנית:Cite thesis – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תבנית:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cithakan:Cite_thesis" title="Cithakan:Cite thesis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cithakan:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81:Cite_thesis" title="ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Cite thesis – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98:Cite_thesis" title="თარგი:Cite thesis – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თარგი:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:J%C3%AAder-tez" title="Şablon:Jêder-tez – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şablon:Jêder-tez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Template:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%88%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9A:Cite_thesis" title="ແມ່ແບບ:Cite thesis – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມ່ແບບ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_thesis" title="Šablonas:Cite thesis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šablonas:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sablon:Cite_thesis" title="Sablon:Cite thesis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sablon:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF:Cite_thesis" title="आकृति:Cite thesis – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आकृति:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Предлошка:Наведена дисертација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Предлошка:Наведена дисертација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Cite_thesis" title="ഫലകം:Cite thesis – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫലകം:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudell:%C4%8Aita_te%C5%BCi" title="Mudell:Ċita teżi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mudell:Ċita teżi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_thesis" title="साचा:Cite thesis – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साचा:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:Cite_thesis" title="قالب:Cite thesis – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قالب:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_thesis" title="Templat:Cite thesis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Templat:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0:Cite_thesis" title="ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Cite thesis – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templat:Cite_thesis" title="Templat:Cite thesis – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Templat:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF:Cite_thesis" title="模板:Cite thesis – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="模板:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA:Cite_thesis" title="တမ်းပလိတ်:Cite thesis – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တမ်းပလိတ်:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Cite_thesis" title="ढाँचा:Cite thesis – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढाँचा:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Template:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal:Kilde_avhandling" title="Mal:Kilde avhandling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mal:Kilde avhandling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal:Cite_thesis" title="Mal:Cite thesis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mal:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_thesis" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite thesis – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andoza:Tezis_manbasi" title="Andoza:Tezis manbasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Andoza:Tezis manbasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:Cite_thesis" title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite thesis – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰਮਾ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_thesis" title="کينډۍ:Cite thesis – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کينډۍ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Citar_tese" title="Predefinição:Citar tese – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Predefinição:Citar tese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Cite_thesis" title="Format:Cite thesis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Format:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_thesis" title="Шаблон:Cite thesis – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шаблон:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AA:Cite_thesis" title="ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cite thesis – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Template:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa:Cite_thesis" title="Stampa:Cite thesis – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stampa:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD:Cite_thesis" title="සැකිල්ල:Cite thesis – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සැකිල්ල:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Template:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_disertacijo" title="Predloga:Navedi disertacijo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predloga:Navedi disertacijo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:Cite_thesis" title="داڕێژە:Cite thesis – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="داڕێژە:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_thesis" title="Шаблон:Cite thesis – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шаблон:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Cite_thesis" title="Šablon:Cite thesis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šablon:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citakan:Cite_thesis" title="Citakan:Cite thesis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Citakan:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padron:Cite_thesis" title="Padron:Cite thesis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Padron:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81:Cite_thesis" title="வார்ப்புரு:Cite thesis – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வார்ப்புரு:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89:Cite_thesis" title="ထႅမ်းပလဵတ်ႉ:Cite thesis – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ထႅမ်းပလဵတ်ႉ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Cite_thesis" title="మూస:Cite thesis – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మూస:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_thesis" title="แม่แบบ:Cite thesis – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่แบบ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_thesis" title="Шаблон:Cite thesis – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шаблон:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D:Cite_thesis" title="ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟ್:Cite thesis – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟ್:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Tez_kayna%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Şablon:Tez kaynağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şablon:Tez kaynağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_thesis" title="Шаблон:Cite thesis – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шаблон:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:Cite_thesis" title="سانچہ:Cite thesis – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانچہ:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:Ch%C3%BA_th%C3%ADch_lu%E1%BA%ADn_v%C4%83n" title="Bản mẫu:Chú thích luận văn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bản mẫu:Chú thích luận văn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batakan:Cite_thesis" title="Batakan:Cite thesis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Batakan:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Template:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Template:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Cite_thesis" title="Şablon:Cite thesis – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şablon:Cite thesis" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .documentation,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .documentation-metadata{background-color:#0b1e1c}}</style><div class="documentation-container" role="complementary" aria-labelledby="documentation-heading"> <div class="documentation"> <div class="documentation-startbox"> <span class="documentation-heading" id="documentation-heading"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/50px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/75px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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#a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Warning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Ambox_warning_yellow.svg/40px-Ambox_warning_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Ambox_warning_yellow.svg/60px-Ambox_warning_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Ambox_warning_yellow.svg/80px-Ambox_warning_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="334" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This template is used on <a class="external text" href="https://linkcount.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&page=Template%3ACite+thesis#transclusions">approximately 39,000 pages</a></b> and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis/sandbox" title="Template:Cite thesis/sandbox">/sandbox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis/testcases" title="Template:Cite thesis/testcases">/testcases</a> subpages, or in your own <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages#SUB" title="Wikipedia:User pages">user subpage</a>. Consider discussing changes on the <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cite_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Cite thesis">talk page</a> before implementing them.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox mbox-small ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/30px-Lua-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/45px-Lua-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/60px-Lua-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="947" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This template uses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Lua</a>: <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/sandbox" title="Module:Citation/CS1/sandbox">sandbox</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> templates</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">Cite arXiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> preprints</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">audio and visual media</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">Cite AV media notes</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">AV media liner notes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv" title="Template:Cite bioRxiv">Cite bioRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRxiv</a> preprints</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">books and chapters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX" title="Template:Cite CiteSeerX">Cite CiteSeerX</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> papers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Cite conference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">conference papers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_document" title="Template:Cite document">Cite document</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">short, stand-alone, offline documents</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">edited collections</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">Cite episode</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">radio or TV episodes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">Cite interview</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">interviews</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">academic journals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Cite magazine</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">magazines, periodicals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">Cite mailing list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">public mailing lists</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">Cite map</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">maps</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_medRxiv" title="Template:Cite medRxiv">Cite medRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MedRxiv" title="MedRxiv">medRxiv</a> preprints</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">news articles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">Cite newsgroup</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">online newsgroups</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">Cite podcast</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">podcasts</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">press releases</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">Cite report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">reports</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">Cite serial</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">audio or video serials</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">Cite sign</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">signs, plaques</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Cite speech</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">speeches</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_SSRN" title="Template:Cite SSRN">Cite SSRN</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">SSRN</a> papers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report" title="Template:Cite tech report">Cite tech report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">technical reports</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cite thesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">theses</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></th><td class="infobox-data">web sources not covered by the above</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%; font-size:85%">See also</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Specific-source_templates" title="Category:Specific-source templates">Specific-source templates</a></i></span><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_templates_that_wrap_CS1_templates" title="Category:Citation templates that wrap CS1 templates">Citation Style 1 wrapper templates</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/cs1" title="Template:Citation Style documentation/cs1"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_documentation/cs1" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Citation Style documentation/cs1"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/cs1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style documentation/cs1"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> template is used to create <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Thesis_or_dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesis or dissertation">theses or dissertations</a> submitted to and approved by an educational institution recognized as capable of awarding higher degrees. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> <p>Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|isbn=</code> have upper-case aliases like <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ISBN=</code>, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_thesis&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page">purge</span></a></span> the page. </p><p>Horizontal format: </p><p><code>{{cite thesis |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |degree= |chapter= |publisher= |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}</code> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div> <p><code>{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |degree=PhD |publisher=Duck University}}</code> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDucklover1901" class="citation thesis cs1">Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). <i>On some aspects of Ducks</i> (PhD thesis). Duck University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=On+some+aspects+of+Ducks&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Duck+University&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Ducklover&rft.aufirst=Arnold+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3ACite+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><code>{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |degree=MSc |publisher=Duck University}}</code> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucklover1901" class="citation thesis cs1">Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). <i>On some aspects of Ducks</i> (MSc thesis). Duck University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=On+some+aspects+of+Ducks&rft.degree=MSc&rft.inst=Duck+University&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Ducklover&rft.aufirst=Arnold+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3ACite+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><code>{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |publisher=Duck University}}</code> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucklover1901" class="citation thesis cs1">Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). <i>On some aspects of Ducks</i> (Thesis). Duck University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=On+some+aspects+of+Ducks&rft.inst=Duck+University&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Ducklover&rft.aufirst=Arnold+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3ACite+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameters">Parameters</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3></div> <p>Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters: </p> <ul><li><i>parent</i></li> <li>OR: <i>parent2</i>—may be used instead of <i>parent</i> <ul><li><i>child</i>—may be used with <i>parent</i> (and is ignored if <i>parent</i> is not used)</li> <li>OR: <i>child2</i>—may be used instead of <i>child</i> (and is ignored if <i>parent2</i> is not used)</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.</dd></dl> <p>By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COinS">COinS</h3></div> <p>This template embeds <a href="/wiki/COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a> metadata in the HTML output, allowing <a href="/wiki/Reference_management_software" title="Reference management software">reference management software</a> to retrieve bibliographic metadata. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COinS" title="Wikipedia:COinS">Wikipedia:COinS</a>.</span> As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text: </p> <ul><li>use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=27 September 2007</code></span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)</code></span></li></ul> <p>Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example <code>&nbsp;</code>, <code>&ndash;</code>, or <code>&#160;</code>, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COinS_metadata_is_created_for_these_parameters">COinS metadata is created for these parameters</h4></div> <p>Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the <a href="#Usage">Usage</a> section near the top of this documentation page. </p> <ul><li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|periodical=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|journal=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|newspaper=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|magazine=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|work=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|website=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|encyclopedia=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|encyclopaedia=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|dictionary=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|script-chapter=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|script-contribution=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|script-entry=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|script-article=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|script-section=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|script-title=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|book-title=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publication-place=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|place=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|location=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publication-date=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|series=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|version=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|volume=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issue=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|number=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|edition=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publisher=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|institution=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-last=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-last#=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author#-last=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-surname=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-surname#=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author#-surname=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last#=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|surname=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|surname#=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author#=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|subject=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|subject#=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|host=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|host#=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-first=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-first#=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author#-first=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-given=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author-given#=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author#-given=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first#=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|given=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|given#=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|degree=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|arxiv=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|bibcode=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|biorxiv=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|citeseerx=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|eissn=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|eprint=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|hdl=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|isbn=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issn=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|jfm=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|jstor=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|lccn=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|message-id=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|mr=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|oclc=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|osti=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pmc=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pmid=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|rfc=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ssrn=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|s2cid=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|zbl=</code></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deprecated">Deprecated</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Deprecated CS1/CS2 parameters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 12em;">Deprecated parameter </th> <th>Replace with </th> <th style="width: 6em;">Date </th></tr> <tr> <td>none deprecated at present</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Recently removed CS1/CS2 parameters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 12em;">Removed parameter</th> <th>Replace with</th> <th style="width: 6em;">Date</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|authors=</code> </td> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code> / <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|vauthors=</code> </td> <td>August 2024 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authors">Authors</h4></div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_author">last</b>: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use <b>author-link</b> instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use <b>last</b> or one of its aliases (e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author=Bono</code>). Aliases: <b>surname</b>, <b>author</b>, <b>last1</b>, <b>surname1</b>, <b>author1</b>. <ul><li><b>author</b>: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last=</code>. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup" title="Help:Citation Style 1">accept-this-as-written markup</a>. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.</li> <li><b>first</b>: Given or first names of author; for example: <i>Firstname Middlename</i> or <i>Firstname M.</i> or <i>Firstname M. Sr.</i> Do not wikilink—use <b>author-link</b> instead. Aliases: <b>given</b>, <b>first1</b>, <b>given1</b>. Requires <b>last</b>; first name will not display if <b>last</b> is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with <a href="/wiki/MOS:JRSR" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:JRSR">MOS:JRSR</a> and use honorifics only in accordance with <a href="/wiki/MOS:HON" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:HON">MOS:HON</a>.</li> <li>OR: for multiple authors, use <b>last1</b>, <b>first1</b> through <b>last<var>n</var></b>, <b>first<var>n</var></b>, where <i>n</i> is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each <b>first<var>n</var></b> requires a corresponding <b>last<var>n</var></b>, but not the other way around). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See the <a href="#csdoc_display"><b>display</b></a> parameters to change how many authors are displayed.</span> Aliases: <b>surname1</b>, <b>given1</b> through <b>surname<var>n</var></b>, <b>given<var>n</var></b>, or <b>author1</b> through <b>author<var>n</var></b>. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first1=...</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|last1=...</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author2=...</code>.</li> <li><b>author-link</b>: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: <b>author-link1</b>, <b>author1-link</b>, <b>authorlink</b>.</li> <li>OR: for multiple authors, use <b>author-link1</b> through <b>author-link<var>n</var></b>. Aliases: <b>author1-link</b> through <b>author<var>n</var>-link</b>.</li> <li><b>name-list-style</b>: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to <code>amp</code>, <code>ampersand</code>, or <code>&</code>, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to <code>and</code>, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to <code>vanc</code>displays name lists in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver style">Vancouver style</a> when the lists use the <code>last</code>/<code>first</code> forms of name parameters.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="para_vauthors"></span><b>vauthors</b>: comma-separated list of author names in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver style">Vancouver style</a>; enclose corporate or institutional author names in <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup" title="Help:Citation Style 1">doubled parentheses</a>. End with etal if appropriate: <dl><dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal</code></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>author-link</b> and <b>author-mask</b> may be used for the individual names in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|vauthors=</code> as described above</li></ul></li> <li><b><span class="example deprecated-content example-deprecated" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-subtle, #696969);">authors</span></b>: deprecated <s>Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of <b>last</b>.</s></li> <li><b id="csdoc_translator">translator-last</b>: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use <b>translator-link</b> instead. Aliases: <b>translator-surname</b>, <b>translator1</b>, <b>translator1-last</b>, <b>translator-last1</b>. Supports <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup" title="Help:Citation Style 1">accept-this-as-written markup</a>. <ul><li><b>translator-first</b>: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use <b>translator-link</b> instead. Aliases: <b>translator-given</b>, <b>translator1-first</b>, <b>translator-first1</b>.</li> <li>OR: for multiple translators, use <b>translator-last1</b>, <b>translator-first1</b> through <b>translator-last<var>n</var></b>, <b>translator-first<var>n</var></b>, where <i>n</i> is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each <b>translator-first<var>n</var></b> requires a corresponding <b>translator-last<var>n</var></b>, but not the other way around). Aliases: <b>translator1-last</b>, <b>translator1-first</b> through <b>translator<var>n</var>-last</b>, <b>translator<var>n</var>-first</b>, or <b>translator1</b> through <b>translator<var>n</var></b>.</li> <li><b>translator-link</b>: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: <b>translator-link1</b>, <b>translator1-link</b>.</li> <li>OR: for multiple translators, use <b>translator-link1</b> through <b>translator-link<var>n</var></b>. Aliases: <b>translator1-link</b> through <b>translator<var>n</var>-link</b>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_collaboration">collaboration</b>: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires <b>author</b>, <b>last</b>, or <b>vauthors</b> listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_others">others</b>: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write <i>Illustrated by John Smith</i>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Note: When using <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnotes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Parenthetical_referencing" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">parenthetical referencing</a> styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title">Title</h4></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See also <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Titles_and_chapters" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters</a>.)</span> </p> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_title">title</b>: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or <b>url</b> may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in <i>italics</i>. If <b>script-title</b> is defined, use <b>title</b> to hold a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ROMAN">Romanization</a> (if available) of the title in <b>script-title</b>. <ul><li><b>script-title</b>: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in <b>title</b> (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>=_language_codes" title="Help:Citation Style 1">supported language codes</a> to help browsers properly display the script: <dl><dd><code>... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...</code></dd></dl></li> <li><b id="csdoc_trans-title">trans-title</b>: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after <b>title</b>. Use of the <b>language</b> parameter is recommended.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 5em"> <tbody><tr> <th>newline</th> <th>[</th> <th>]</th> <th>| </th></tr> <tr> <td>space</td> <td style="text-align: center;">&#91;</td> <td style="text-align: center;">&#93;</td> <td style="text-align: center;"><code>{{!}}</code> (preferred) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bracket" title="Template:Bracket">{{bracket|text}}</a></td> <td>&#124; or <a href="/wiki/Template:Pipe" title="Template:Pipe">{{pipe}}</a> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see also <a href="/wiki/Help:Table#Rendering_the_pipe" title="Help:Table">Help:Table § Rendering the pipe</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>title-link</b>: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in <b>title</b> – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>chapter</b>: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use <b>chapter-url</b>, but not both. Displays in quotes. If <b>script-chapter</b> is defined, use <b>chapter</b> to hold a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ROMAN">Romanization</a> (if available) of the title in <b>script-chapter</b> <ul><li><b>script-chapter</b>: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ROMAN">Romanization</a> defined in <b>chapter</b> (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>=_language_codes" title="Help:Citation Style 1">supported language codes</a> to help browsers properly display the script: <dl><dd><code>... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ...</code></dd></dl></li> <li><b>trans-chapter</b>: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the <b>chapter</b> field; if <b>chapter-url</b> is defined, then <b>trans-chapter</b> is included in the link. Use of the <b>language</b> parameter is recommended.</li></ul></li> <li><b>contribution</b>: A separately-authored part of <b>author</b><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s book. May be wikilinked or may use <b>contribution-url</b>, but not both. Values of <code>Afterword</code>, <code>Foreword</code>, <code>Introduction</code>, or <code>Preface</code> will display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in <b>contributor</b>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>type</b>: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword <code>none</code> can be used to disable the display of a type. Defaults to Thesis. Alias: <b>medium</b>, <b>degree</b>.</li> <li><b>degree</b>: if set, modifies default <b>type</b>: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|degree=PhD</code> → (PhD thesis); overridden when <b>type</b> is set.</li></ul> <ul><li><span id="csdoc_language"><b id="csdoc_language">language</b></span>: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|language=ru</code>; <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|lang=fr, pt-br</code>; <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|lang=Russian</code>; <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|language=French, Portuguese</code>. <a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation/language/doc" title="Template:Citation Style documentation/language/doc">See the list of supported codes and names</a>. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of <a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources">Category:CS1 foreign language sources</a>. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">espagnol</i></span> at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: <b>lang</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date">Date</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wikipedia:Undated" redirects here. For undated signatures, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Undated" title="Template:Undated">Template:Undated</a>.</div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_date">date</b>: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.<sup id="cite_ref-date_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>date 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For acceptable date formats, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Dates" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates</a>.</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a> target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a>}}</code> links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,<sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year" title="Template:Sfn">[more]</a></sup> unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, <b>year</b> or <b>ref</b> is required to disambiguate the link targets.</dd> <dd>For approximate year, precede with "<code>c. </code>", like this: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=c. 1900</code>.</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="Undated"></span> </p> <dl><dd>For no date, or "undated", use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=n.d.</code></dd> <dd>The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a <code>created</code> or <code>updated</code> date; a comment for editors such as <code>date=2021-12-25|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01</code> can be added.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span id="csdoc_auto-date-format">Automatic date formatting</span>: <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">2</a> templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publication-date=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|access-date=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code>, etc.) except for <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|orig-date=</code> in the style specified by the article's <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">use dmy dates</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">use mdy dates</a>}}</code> template. See those templates' documentation for details.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_year">year</b>: Year of publication. The more flexible <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> parameter, unless <em>both</em> of the following conditions are met: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a> target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a <code><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates_and_reference_anchors" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors">CITEREF</a></code> <a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn#More_than_one_work_in_a_year" title="Template:Sfn">disambiguator</a>, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)</li> <li>The <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)</li></ol></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="csdoc_origyear"></span><b id="csdoc_origdate">orig-date</b>: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the <b>date</b> (or <b>year</b>). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|orig-date=First published 1859</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|orig-date=Composed 1904</code>. As <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|orig-date=</code> does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|df=</code> (or, if it exists in the article, by <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|cs1-dates=</code> of a <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">use dmy dates</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">use mdy dates</a>}}</code> template), or as used in the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> parameter. Alias: <b>orig-year</b></li> <li><b id="csdoc_df">df</b>: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these: <dl><dd><code>dmy</code> – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;</dd> <dd><code>mdy</code> – as above for month day, year format</dd> <dd><code>ymd</code> – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD</dd> <dd><code>dmy-all</code> – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;</dd> <dd><code>mdy-all</code> – as above for month day, year format</dd> <dd><code>ymd-all</code> – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD</dd></dl></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-date-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-date_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/MOS:DATEUNIFY" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATEUNIFY">MOS:DATEUNIFY</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publisher">Publisher</h4></div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_publisher">publisher</b>: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked<sup id="cite_ref-wikilink_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikilink-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if relevant. The <a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publisher</a> is the <em>company</em>, <em>organization</em> or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|publisher=self-published</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Do <em>not</em> use the <b>publisher</b> parameter for the name of a <a href="#csdoc_work">work</a> (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes <i>The New York Times</i> newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after <b>title</b>.</li> <li><span id="csdoc_location"></span><b id="csdoc_place">place</b>: For news stories with a <a href="/wiki/Dateline" title="Dateline">dateline</a>, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: <b>location</b></li> <li><b id="csdoc_publication-place">publication-place</b>: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, <i>The Boston Globe</i>, <i>The Times of India</i>. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of <b>publication-place</b>, <b>place</b>, or <b>location</b> is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if <b>publication-place</b> and <b>place</b> or <b>location</b> are defined, then <b>place</b> or <b>location</b> is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and <b>publication-place</b> is shown after the title.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_publication-date">publication-date</b>: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If <b>date</b> (or <b>year</b>) is also defined and is different, then <b>publication-date</b> displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following <b>publisher</b>. If <b>date</b> (or <b>year</b>) is not defined, <b>publication-date</b> is displayed as <b>date</b>. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_via">via</b>: Name of the content deliverer (if <i>different</i> from <b>publisher</b>). <b>via</b> is not a replacement for <b>publisher</b>, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. <a href="/wiki/NewsBank" title="NewsBank">NewsBank</a>) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See the <a href="#csdoc_access_level"><b>access level</b></a> parameters to display access restrictions.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edition,_series,_volume"><span id="Edition.2C_series.2C_volume"></span>Edition, series, volume</h4></div> <ul><li><b>edition</b>: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|edition=2nd</code> produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.</li></ul> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_series">series</b> or <b>version</b>: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.</li></ul> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_volume">volume</b>: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the <b>title</b> and <b>series</b> fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In-source_locations">In-source locations</h4></div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_page">page</b>: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code>, but not both. Displays preceded by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">p.</code> unless <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|no-pp=yes</code>. If hyphenated, use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Hyphen" title="Template:Hyphen">hyphen</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to indicate this is intentional (e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=3{{hyphen}}12</code>), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=3-12</code> to <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=3{{ndash}}12</code>. Alias: <b>p</b>.</li> <li>OR: <b id="csdoc_pages">pages</b>: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code>, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">pp.</code> unless <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|no-pp=yes</code>. <br />Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup" title="Help:Citation Style 1">double parentheses</a> to tell the template to display the value of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> without processing it, and use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Hyphen" title="Template:Hyphen">hyphen</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))</code>. Alternatively, use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>, like this: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=pp. 3-1&ndash;3-15</code>. Alias: <b>pp</b>. <ul><li><b id="csdoc_nopp">no-pp</b>: Set to <var>yes</var>, <var>y</var>, or <var>true</var> to suppress the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">p.</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">pp.</code> notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=Front cover</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=<a href="/wiki/Passim" class="mw-redirect" title="Passim">passim</a></code>.</li></ul></li> <li>OR: <b id="csdoc_at">at</b>: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code>. Use only one of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code>, or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>.<br />Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.</li> <li>For <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code> used in conjunction with <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote=</code>, see <a href="#csdoc_quote">here</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="URL">URL</h4></div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_url">url</b>: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by <b>title</b> can be found. Cannot be used if <b>title</b> is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. <code>#ixzz2rBr3aO94</code> or <span class="nowrap"><code>?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=...</code></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAGELINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAGELINKS">WP:PAGELINKS</a>.</span> Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>; use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|isbn=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|oclc=</code> to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message. <ul><li><b id="csdoc_accessdate">access-date</b>: Full date when the content pointed to by <b>url</b> was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires <b>url</b>; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.<sup id="cite_ref-date_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>date 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Not required for linked documents that do not change.</i> For example, <b>access-date</b> is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEWEB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEWEB">WP:CITEWEB</a>. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that <b>access-date</b> is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See <a href="#csdoc_auto-date-format">"Automatic date formatting"</a> above for details about interaction with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">use dmy dates</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">use mdy dates</a>}}</code>. Can be <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1/accessdate" title="Help:Citation Style 1/accessdate">hidden or styled</a> by registered editors. Alias: <b>accessdate</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_archiveurl">archive-url</b>: The URL of an <a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">archived</a> snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Using_the_Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine">Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine</a>)</span> and <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Help:Using_archive.today" title="Help:Using archive.today">Help:Using archive.today</a>)</span>; requires <b>archive-date</b> and <b>url</b>. By default (overridden by <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=live</code>) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: <b>archiveurl</b>. <ul><li><b id="csdoc_archivedate">archive-date</b>: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.<sup id="cite_ref-date_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>date 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See <a href="#csdoc_auto-date-format">"Automatic date formatting"</a> above for details about interaction with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">use dmy dates</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_mdy_dates" title="Template:Use mdy dates">use mdy dates</a>}}</code>. Alias: <b>archivedate</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_urlstatus">url-status</b>: A control parameter to select one of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> to link <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title=</code>; requires <b>url</b> <em>and</em> <b>archive-url</b>. Use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Dead_link" title="Template:Dead link">dead link</a>}}</code> to mark dead <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> when there is no <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code>. <dl><dd>Accepts multiple keywords: <ul><li><code>dead</code> – (default condition when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-status=</code> omitted or empty) selects <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code></li> <li><code>live</code> – selects <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code>; used when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> is preemptively archived with <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code></li> <li><code>deviated</code> – selects <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code>; used when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> is still 'live' but no-longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article</li> <li><code>unfit</code> – selects <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code>; used when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, or other unsuitable <i>page</i>; links to <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:USURPURL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:USURPURL">usurpation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLACKLIST" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLACKLIST">blacklist</a>. Bot help is available at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:URLREQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:URLREQ">WP:URLREQ</a></li> <li><code>usurped</code> – selects <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code>; used when the <i>domain</i> in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities, such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links to <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:URLREQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:URLREQ">WP:URLREQ</a></li> <li><code>bot: unknown</code> – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in <a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a> when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.</li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li><b id="csdoc_archive_format">archive-format</b>: File format of the work referred to by <b>archive-url</b>; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the <a href="/wiki/Help:External_link_icons" title="Help:External link icons">external link icon</a> (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ALT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ALT">alt text</a>; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_|format=" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Using |format=</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_url_access">url-access</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters">Access indicators for url-holding parameters</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_format">format</b>: File format of the work referred to by <b>url</b>; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after <b>title</b>. (For media format, use <b>type</b>.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the <a href="/wiki/Help:External_link_icons" title="Help:External link icons">external link icon</a> (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ALT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ALT">alt text</a>; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Using_|format=" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Using |format=</a></span></li></ul> <p>URLs must begin with a supported <a href="/wiki/URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a>. <code>http://</code> and <code>https://</code> will be supported by all browsers; however, <code>ftp://</code>, <code>gopher://</code>, <code>irc://</code>, <code>ircs://</code>, <code>mailto:</code> and <code>news:</code> may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> host-names are currently not supported. </p><p>If URLs in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">citation template parameters</a> contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be <a href="/wiki/Percent-encoded" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent-encoded">percent-encoded</a>. For example, a space must be replaced by <code>%20</code>. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Character </th> <th scope="col">space </th> <th scope="col">" </th> <th scope="col">' </th> <th scope="col">< </th> <th scope="col">> </th> <th scope="col">[ </th> <th scope="col">] </th> <th scope="col">{ </th> <th scope="col">| </th> <th scope="col">} </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Encoding </th> <td>%20</td> <td>%22</td> <td>%27</td> <td>%3C</td> <td>%3E</td> <td>%5B</td> <td>%5D</td> <td>%7B</td> <td>%7C</td> <td>%7D </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-date-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-date_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-date_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/MOS:DATEUNIFY" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATEUNIFY">MOS:DATEUNIFY</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anchor">Anchor</h4></div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_ref">ref</b>: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=<var style="padding-right: 1px;">ID</var></code> generates an anchor with the given <code><var style="padding-right: 1px;">ID</var></code> (the <code>id=</code> attribute in the citation's <code class="nowrap" style=""><cite id="<var style="padding-right: 1px;">ID</var>"></code> HTML tag). Setting <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=<var style="padding-right: 1px;">ID</var></code> identifies the template as a target and allows <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations">wikilinking to full references</a>, especially useful with short-form citations like <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Shortened_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">shortened notes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing">parenthetical referencing</a>. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=harv</code> has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should <i>not</i> be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=none</code>. Aliases: none. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/Template:Citation/doc#Anchors_for_Harvard_referencing_templates" title="Template:Citation/doc">Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates</a>.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Identifiers">Identifiers</h4></div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_id">id</b>: A <a href="/wiki/Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">unique identifier</a>, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an <a href="/wiki/Category:External_link_templates" title="Category:External link templates">external link template</a> as applicable. For example, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|id=NCJ 122967</code> will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|id={{NCJ|122967}}</code> to append <a href="/wiki/NCJ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=122967">122967</a> instead.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Aliases: <b>id</b>, <b>docket</b></dd></dl> <p>The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. <code>|rfc=822</code> or <code>|pmc=345678</code>. </p> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_arxiv">arxiv</b>: <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/help/arxiv_identifier">identifier</a>; for example: <code>|arxiv=hep-th/9205027</code> (before April 2007) or <code>|arxiv=0706.0001</code> (April 2007 – December 2014) or <code>|arxiv=1501.00001</code> (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: <b>eprint</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_asin">asin</b>: <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">Amazon Standard Identification Number</a>; if first character of <b>asin</b> value is a digit, use <b>isbn</b>. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example <code>|asin=B00005N5PF</code>. Aliases: <b>ASIN</b>. <ul><li><b id="csdoc_asin-tld">asin-tld</b>: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: <code>ae</code>, <code>au</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>ca</code>, <code>cn</code>, <code>de</code>, <code>es</code>, <code>fr</code>, <code>in</code>, <code>it</code>, <code>jp</code>, <code>mx</code>, <code>nl</code>, <code>pl</code>, <code>sa</code>, <code>se</code>, <code>sg</code>, <code>tr</code>, <code>uk</code>. Aliases: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_bibcode">bibcode</b>: <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: <code>1974AJ.....79..819H</code>. Aliases: none.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_biorxiv">biorxiv</b>: <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRxiv</a> id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. <code>10.1101/078733</code> for <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733">http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1101/078733">https://doi.org/10.1101/078733</a>; <code>10.1101/2020.07.24.220400</code> for <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400">https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400</a>). Aliases: none.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_citeseerx">citeseerx</b>: <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. <code>10.1.1.176.341</code> for <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341</a>). Aliases: none.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_doi">doi</b>: <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">Digital object identifier</a>; for example: <code>10.1038/news070508-7</code>. It is checked to ensure it begins with (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">10.</code>). Aliases: <b>DOI</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> DOIs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_doi_brokendate">doi-broken-date</b>: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org">https://doi.org</a>. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_eissn">eissn</b>: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial Number</a> for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>, but not an <a href="/wiki/Dash#En_dash" title="Dash">en dash</a> or a space; example <code>|eissn=1557-2986</code>. Aliases: <b>EISSN</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> eISSNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_hdl">hdl</b>: <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle System</a> identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example <code>|hdl=20.1000/100</code>. Aliases: <b>HDL</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_isbn">isbn</b>: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">International Standard Book Number</a>; for example: <code>978-0-8126-9593-9</code>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ISBN" title="Wikipedia:ISBN">Wikipedia:ISBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISBN#Overview" title="ISBN">ISBN § Overview</a>.)</span> Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use <b>sbn</b>. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without <em>any</em> additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: <b>ISBN</b>. <ul><li>Use the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Format_ISBN" title="Template:Format ISBN">Format ISBN</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template within the parameter – in the form <code>|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}</code> – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.</li> <li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> ISBNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_ismn">ismn</b>: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">International Standard Music Number</a>; for example: <code>979-0-9016791-7-7</code>. <a href="/wiki/Hyphens" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphens">Hyphens</a> or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without <i>any</i> additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: <b>ISMN</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_issn">issn</b>: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">International Standard Serial Number</a>; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a>, but not an <a href="/wiki/Dash#En_dash" title="Dash">en dash</a> or a space; example <code>|issn=2049-3630</code>. Aliases: <b>ISSN</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> ISSNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_jfm">jfm</b>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_%C3%BCber_die_Fortschritte_der_Mathematik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik">Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik</a></i></span>; do not include "JFM" in the value; example <code>|jfm=53.0144.01</code>. Aliases: <b>JFM</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_jstor">jstor</b>: <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> reference number; for example: <code>|jstor=3793107</code>. Aliases: <b>JSTOR</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_lccn">lccn</b>: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example <code>|lccn=79-57364</code> or <code>|lccn=2004042477</code> or <code>|lccn=e09001178</code>. Aliases: <b>LCCN</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_mr">mr</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews" title="Mathematical Reviews">Mathematical Reviews</a>; example <code>|mr=630583</code>. Aliases: <b>MR</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_oclc">oclc</b>: <a href="/wiki/OCLC_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC Number">OCLC Number</a> for looking up publications in the <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_catalog" title="Union catalog">union catalog</a>; example <code>|oclc=9355469</code>. Aliases: <b>OCLC</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_ol">ol</b>: <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example <code>|ol=7030731M</code>. Aliases: <b>OL</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_osti">osti</b>: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information">Office of Scientific and Technical Information</a>; example <code>|osti=4367507</code>. Aliases: <b>OSTI</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_pmc">pmc</b>: <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>; use article number for <a href="/wiki/Open_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Open repository">open repository</a> full-text of a journal article, e.g. <code>|pmc=345678</code>. Do not include "PMC" in the value. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also the <b>pmid</b> parameter, below; these are two different identifiers</span>. Aliases: <b>PMC</b>. <ul><li><b id="csdoc_Embargo">pmc-embargo-date</b>: Date that <b>pmc</b> goes live; if this date is in the future, then <b>pmc</b> is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_pmid">pmid</b>: <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>; use unique identifier; example <code>|pmid=17322060</code> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also the <b>pmc</b> parameter, above; these are two different identifiers.</span> Aliases: <b>PMID</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_rfc">rfc</b>: <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a>; example <code>|rfc=3143</code>. Aliases: <b>RFC</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_sbn">sbn</b>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Book Number">Standard Book Number</a>; example <code>|sbn=356-02201-3</code>. Aliases: <b>SBN</b>. <ul><li>Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate <i>valid</i> SBNs using a non-standard format, see <a href="#ATAWM">below</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b id="csdoc_ssrn">ssrn</b>: <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">Social Science Research Network</a>; example <code>|ssrn=1900856</code>. Aliases: <b>SSRN</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_s2cid">s2cid</b>: <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a> corpus ID; example <code>|s2cid=37220927</code>. Aliases: <b>S2CID</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_zbl">zbl</b>: <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralblatt MATH">Zentralblatt MATH</a></span></span>; example <code>|zbl=0472.53010</code> For zbMATH search results like <code>JFM 35.0387.02</code> use <code>|jfm=35.0387.02</code>. Aliases: <b>ZBL</b>.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="ATAWM"></span>In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|eissn=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|isbn=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|issn=</code>, and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|sbn=</code>) support a special <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup" title="Help:Citation Style 1">accept-this-as-written markup</a> which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">param</var>>=((<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">value</var>>))</code>). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. </p><p>For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Registration_or_subscription_required" title="Help:Citation Style 1">access status</a> using the corresponding <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|<<var style="padding-right: 1px;">param</var>>-access=</code> parameter. </p><p>For <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code> are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code> to manually select a specific source (<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=pmc</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=doi</code>) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=none</code>). </p><p>It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link <i>identical</i> to a link also produced by an identifier. The <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> parameter (or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|title-link=</code>) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Convenience_links" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">convenience link</a> to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quote">Quote</h4></div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_quote">quote</b>: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If <b>script-quote</b> is defined, use <b>quote</b> to hold a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ROMAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ROMAN">Romanization</a> (if available) of the text in <b>script-quote</b>. <ul><li><b>script-quote</b>: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in <b>quote</b> (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>=_language_codes" title="Help:Citation Style 1">supported language codes</a> to help browsers properly display the script: <dl><dd><code>... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...</code></dd></dl></li> <li><b id="csdoc_trans-quote">trans-quote</b>: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.</li></ul></li> <li><b>quote-page</b>: The number of a single page quoted in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote=</code>. Use either <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code>, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|page=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>. Displays preceded by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">p.</code> unless <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|no-pp=yes</code>. If hyphenated, use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Hyphen" title="Template:Hyphen">hyphen</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to indicate this is intentional (e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12</code>). Alias: none.</li> <li>OR: <b>quote-pages</b>: A list or range of pages quoted in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote=</code>. Use either <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-page=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code>, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pages=</code> or <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|at=</code>. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">pp.</code> unless <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|no-pp=yes</code> is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup" title="Help:Citation Style 1">double parentheses</a> to tell the template to display the value of <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=</code> without processing it, and use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Hyphen" title="Template:Hyphen">hyphen</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15))</code>. Alias: none.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Editors">Editors</h4></div> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_editors">editor-last</b>: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use <b>editor-link</b> instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use <b>editor-last</b> to include the same format as the source. Aliases: <b>editor-last1</b>, <b>editor1-last</b>, <b>editor-surname</b>, <b>editor-surname1</b>, <b>editor1-surname</b>, <b>editor</b>, <b>editor1</b>. <ul><li><b>editor</b>: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup" title="Help:Citation Style 1">accept-this-as-written markup</a>.</li> <li><b>editor-first</b>: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: <i>Firstname Middlename</i> or <i>Firstname M.</i> or <i>Dr. Firstname M., Sr.</i> Do not wikilink—use <b>editor-link</b> instead. Aliases: <b>editor-first1</b>, <b>editor1-first</b>, <b>editor-given</b>, <b>editor-given1</b>, <b>editor1-given</b>.</li> <li>OR: for multiple editors, use <b>editor-last1</b>, <b>editor-first1</b> through <b>editor-last<var>n</var></b>, <b>editor-first<var>n</var></b> (Aliases: <b>editor<var>n</var>-last</b>, <b>editor-surname<var>n</var></b> or <b>editor<var>n</var>-surname</b>; <b>editor<var>n</var>-first</b>, <b>editor-given<var>n</var></b> or <b>editor<var>n</var>-given</b>; <b>editor<var>n</var></b>). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor-first1=...</code><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor-last1=...</code> <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|editor2=...</code>.</li> <li><b>editor-link</b>: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: <b>editor-link1</b>.</li> <li>OR: for multiple editors, use <b>editor-link1</b> through <b>editor-link<var>n</var></b> (alias <b>editor<var>n</var>-link</b>).</li> <li><b>name-list-style</b>: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to <code>amp</code>, <code>ampersand</code>, or <code>&</code>, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to <code>and</code>, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to <code>vanc</code>displays name lists in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver style">Vancouver style</a> when the lists use the <code>last</code>/<code>first</code> forms of name parameters.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="para_veditors"></span><b>veditors</b>: comma separated list of editor names in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver style">Vancouver style</a>; enclose corporate or institutional names in <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup" title="Help:Citation Style 1">doubled parentheses</a>. End with etal if appropriate: <dl><dd><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal</code></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>editor-link<i>n</i></b> and <b>editor-mask<i>n</i></b> may be used for the individual names in <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|veditors=</code>, as described above</li></ul></li> <li>Display: <dl><dd>Use <b>display-editors</b> to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.</dd> <dd>If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.</dd> <dd>If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Display_options">Display options</h4></div> <ul><li><span id="csdoc_display"></span><b id="csdoc_mode">mode</b>: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|mode=cs1</code>, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (<code>.</code>); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|mode=cs2</code>, element separator is a comma (<code>,</code>); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use <b>postscript</b>.</li> <li><b id="csdoc_author-mask">author-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_contributor-mask">contributor-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_editor-mask">editor-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_interviewer-mask">interviewer-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_subject-mask">subject-mask</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_translator-mask">translator-mask</b>: <dl><dd>Replaces the name of the (first) author with <a href="/wiki/Dash#Em_dash" title="Dash">em dashes</a> or text. Set <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-mask</b> to a numeric value <i>n</i> to set the dash <i>n</i> em spaces wide; set <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-mask</b> to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-link</b>—in this case, the value of <b><<var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>>-link</b> will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as <a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnotes</a>. Do not use in a list generated by <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code>, <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|author<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>-mask=</code>) to apply the mask to a specific <var style="padding-right: 1px;">name</var>.</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li><b id="csdoc_display-authors"><span id="csdoc_displayauthors"></span>display-authors</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-contributors"><span id="csdoc_displaycontributors"></span>display-contributors</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-editors"><span id="csdoc_displayeditors"></span>display-editors</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-interviewers"><span id="csdoc_displayinterviewers"></span>display-interviewers</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-subjects"><span id="csdoc_displaysubjects"></span>display-subjects</b>:</li> <li><b id="csdoc_display-translators"><span id="csdoc_displaytranslators"></span>display-translators</b>: <dl><dd>Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=2</code> will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=0</code> is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|display-authors=etal</code> displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.</dd></dl></li> <li><b id="csdoc_postscript">postscript</b>: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (<code>.</code>); for no terminating punctuation, specify <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=none</code> – leaving <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=</code> empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|postscript=</code> is ignored if <b>quote</b> is defined.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subscription_or_registration_required">Subscription or registration required</h4></div> <p><span id="csdoc_access_level"></span> Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAYWALL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAYWALL">Verifiability § Access to sources</a>. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifying claims in articles</a>. </p><p>Four access levels can be used: </p> <ul><li><a href="#Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers">access indicator for named identifiers</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Freely accessible"><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span> <code>free</code>: the source is free to read for anyone</li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters">access indicators for url-holding parameters</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free registration required"><img alt="Free registration required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span> <code>registration</code>: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><img alt="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span> <code>limited</code>: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="Paid subscription required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947" /></span></span> <code>subscription</code>: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("<a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a>")</li></ul></li></ul> <p>As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Access_indicators_for_url-holding_parameters">Access indicators for url-holding parameters</h5></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:URLACCESS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:URLACCESS&redirect=no">WP:URLACCESS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CONLINK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CONLINK">WP:CONLINK</a></div> <p>Online sources linked by <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry-url=</code>, <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|map-url=</code>, and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url=</code> are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as <code>free</code>. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-url=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|archive-date=</code> values if possible. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>URL-holding and access-indicator parameters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">URL </th> <th scope="col">Access </th> <th scope="col">Allowed keywords </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|url-access=</code></td> <td rowspan="7"><code>registration</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free registration required"><img alt="Free registration required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span><br /><code>limited</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><img alt="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span><br /><code>subscription</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="Paid subscription required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|article-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|chapter-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|contribution-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|entry-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|map-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|map-url-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|section-url-access=</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite web</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">url</span><span class="o">=</span>https://example.com/nifty_data.php <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">url-access</span><span class="o">=</span>registration <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">date</span><span class="o">=</span>2021-04-15 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>Nifty example data<span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> <p>which renders as: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://example.com/nifty_data.php">"Nifty example data"</a></span>. 2021-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nifty+example+data&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Fnifty_data.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemplate%3ACite+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Access_indicator_for_named_identifiers">Access indicator for named identifiers</h5></div> <p>Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as <code>limited</code>, <code>registration</code>, or <code>subscription</code>. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Identifier </th> <th scope="col">Access </th> <th scope="col">Allowed keywords </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|bibcode=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|bibcode-access=</code></td> <td rowspan="8"><code>free</code> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Freely accessible"><img alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|hdl=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|hdl-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|jstor=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|jstor-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ol=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ol-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|osti=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|osti-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ssrn=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ssrn-access=</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|s2cid=</code> </th> <td><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|s2cid-access=</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are: </p> <ul><li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|arxiv=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|biorxiv=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|citeseerx=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|medrxiv=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|pmc=</code></li> <li><code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|rfc=</code></li></ul> <p>For embargoed <b>pmc</b> that will become available in the future, see <b id="csdoc_Embargo">pmc-embargo-date</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tracking_of_free_DOIs">Tracking of free DOIs</h5></div> <ul><li>The template is able to recognize known free-to-read <a href="/wiki/DOI_registrant" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI registrant">DOI registrants</a>, based on a list in <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a>. Once a free registrant is identified, the <code>10.xxxx/...</code> part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under <i>local function build_free_doi_registrants_table()</i>. If <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|doi-access=free</code> is not set, it will place the page in <a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI" title="Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI">Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI</a>, which is routinely cleared by <a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" title="User:Citation bot">User:Citation bot</a>.</li> <li>The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear <code>10.xxxx/yyyy....</code> DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> under <i>local extended_registrants_t = {</i> with the format <code>['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},</code>. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format <code>['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},</code>.</li> <li>If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in <a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a>, leave a note at <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Citation_bot" title="User talk:Citation bot">User talk:Citation bot</a> so the bot knows about it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TemplateData">TemplateData</h2></div> <div class="templatedata-header">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TemplateData" title="Wikipedia:TemplateData">TemplateData</a> for this template used by <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TemplateWizard" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:TemplateWizard">TemplateWizard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> and other tools. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bambots.brucemyers.com/TemplateParam.php?wiki=enwiki&template=Cite+thesis">See a monthly parameter usage report</a> for <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Template:Cite thesis</a> in articles based on its TemplateData. <p><b>TemplateData for Cite thesis</b> </p> </div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Template:Cite thesis</a> uses unique and standard parameter sets; TemplateData has errors: </p> <div style="color:#d33; font-style: normal"> <ul><li><code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit">|type=</code> is not a valid alias of: <code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit">|degree=</code></li></ul></div> <section class="mw-templatedata-doc-wrap"><header><p class="mw-templatedata-doc-desc">A Citation Style 1 template used to create citations for theses or dissertations submitted to and approved by an educational institution recognized as capable of awarding higher degrees.</p></header><table class="wikitable mw-templatedata-doc-params sortable"><caption><p class="mw-templatedata-caption">Template parameters<span class="mw-editsection-like"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_thesis/doc&action=edit&templatedata=edit" title="Template:Cite thesis/doc">Edit template data</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></p><p><span class="oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-settings oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement-invisible oo-ui-iconWidget"></span><span class="mw-templatedata-format">This template has custom formatting.</span></p></caption><thead><tr><th colspan="2">Parameter</th><th>Description</th><th>Type</th><th>Status</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Surname of author</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>last</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">last1</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">surname</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">surname1</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">author</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">author1</code></td><td><p>Surname of author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>First name of author</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>first</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">first1</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">given</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">given1</code></td><td><p>Given or first names of author, including title(s). Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr.</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type mw-templatedata-doc-muted">Unknown</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>Title of source</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>title</code></td><td><p>Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, title holds romanized transliteration of title in script-title. </p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-required" data-sort-value="2">required</td></tr><tr><th>Date</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>date</code></td><td><p>Date of source being referenced. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Date</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>URL access date</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>access-date</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">accessdate</code></td><td><p>The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Date</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>Degree</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>degree</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">type</code></td><td><p>The degree qualification received for the given thesis or dissertation.</p><dl><dt>Default</dt><dd>Thesis</dd><dt>Example</dt><dd>PhD</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>Publisher (likely university)</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>publisher</code></td><td><p>Name of awarding institution, e.g. university; may be wikilinked if relevant.</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>Texas A & M University</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>URL</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>url</code></td><td><p>URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked.</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">URL</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>URL access level</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>url-access</code></td><td><p>Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Location of publication</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>place</code></td><td><p>Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>ISBN</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>isbn</code></td><td><p>International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Line</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>DOI</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>doi</code></td><td><p>Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>DOI broken date</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>doi-broken-date</code></td><td><p>The date that the DOI was determined to be broken</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Date</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>DOI access level</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>doi-access</code></td><td><p>If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Language</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>language</code></td><td><p>The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Content</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Format</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>format</code></td><td><p>Format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Automatically added when a PDF icon is displayed.</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>OCLC code</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>oclc</code></td><td><p>The OCLC code of the thesis</p><dl><dt>Example</dt><dd>23527868</dd></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Page</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>page</code></td><td><p>Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Line</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Pages</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>pages</code></td><td><p>Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Line</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>At</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>at</code></td><td><p>May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Line</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>No pp</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>no-pp</code></td><td><p>Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Line</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Chapter</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>chapter</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">contribution</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">entry</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">article</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">section</code></td><td><p>The chapter heading</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">String</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-optional" data-sort-value="0">optional</td></tr><tr><th>Archive URL</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>archive-url</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">archiveurl</code></td><td><p>The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date' Auto value</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">URL</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr><tr><th>Archive Date</th><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-name"><code>archive-date</code> <code class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-alias">archivedate</code></td><td><p>Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink</p><dl></dl></td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-type">Date</td><td class="mw-templatedata-doc-param-status-suggested" data-sort-value="1">suggested</td></tr></tbody></table></section> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Citation_Style_1" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Template talk:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citation_Style_1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>books</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Cite conference</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>conference papers</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_document" title="Template:Cite document">Cite document</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>short, stand-alone, offline documents</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Cite encyclopedia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>edited collections</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">Cite interview</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>interviews</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Cite journal</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>academic journals</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Cite magazine</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>magazines</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">Cite mailing list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>public mailing lists</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">Cite map</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>maps</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>news articles</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">Cite newsgroup</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>online newsgroups</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Cite press release</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>press releases</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">Cite report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>unpublished reports</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">Cite sign</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>signs, plaques</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Cite speech</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>speeches</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_tech_report" title="Template:Cite tech report">Cite tech report</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>technical reports</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cite thesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>theses</dd> <dt><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dt> <dd>web sources</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preprint templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">Cite arXiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv" title="Template:Cite bioRxiv">Cite bioRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_CiteSeerX" title="Template:Cite CiteSeerX">Cite CiteSeerX</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_medRxiv" title="Template:Cite medRxiv">Cite medRxiv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_SSRN" title="Template:Cite SSRN">Cite SSRN</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audiovisual-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Cite AV media</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">Cite AV media notes</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">Cite episode</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">Cite podcast</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">Cite serial</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 templates">Citation Style 1 templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates">Citation Style 1 specific-source templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Help talk:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1 noticeboard</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br />(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><i>This template produces <a href="/wiki/COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a> metadata; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COinS" title="Wikipedia:COinS">COinS in Wikipedia</a> for background information.</i> </p> <div 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