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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="أنطوان أوغسطين كورنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنطوان أوغسطين كورنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antuan_Og%C3%BCsten_Kurno" title="Antuan Ogüsten Kurno – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antuan Ogüsten Kurno" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="آنتونی آقوستین کورنو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتونی آقوستین کورنو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Cournot" title="Augustin Cournot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="آنتونی آگوستین کورنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتونی آگوستین کورنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95" title="אנטואן אוגוסטן קורנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטואן אוגוסטן קורנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA" title="انتوين اوجوستين كورنوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتوين اوجوستين كورنوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antoine-Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC" title="アントワーヌ・オーギュスタン・クールノー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントワーヌ・オーギュスタン・クールノー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antuan_Avgustin_Kournot" title="Antuan Avgustin Kournot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antuan Avgustin Kournot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cournot" title="Cournot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cournot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Курно, Антуан Огюстен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курно, Антуан Огюстен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="อ็องตวน-โอกุสแต็ง กูร์โน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อ็องตวน-โอกุสแต็ง กูร์โน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antoine Augustin Cournot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Антуан Курно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антуан Курно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%BA" title="安托万·奥古斯丁·古诺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安托万·奥古斯丁·古诺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Antoine Augustin Cournot</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_Augustin_Cournot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot.jpg/220px-Antoine_Augustin_Cournot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot.jpg/330px-Antoine_Augustin_Cournot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot.jpg/440px-Antoine_Augustin_Cournot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1801-08-28</span>)</span>28 August 1801<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Gray,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Gray, Haute-Saône">Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1877<span style="display:none">(1877-03-31)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cournot_competition" title="Cournot competition">Cournot competition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Grenoble">University of Grenoble</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antoine Augustin Cournot</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɑ̃twan<span class="wrap"> </span>oɡystɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>kuʁno]</a></span>; 28 August 1801 – 31 March 1877) was a French <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Augustin_Cournot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antoine Augustin Cournot was born on August 28, 1801 at Gray, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered the preparatory school at Gray in 1809 where he studied until the age of 15.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at College Royal of Besancon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1821 he entered one of the most prestigious Grandes Écoles, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a>, and, according to Sandmo: </p> <blockquote><p>in 1823 he took a license degree in mathematics at Sorbonne University. He then became the private secretary of a field marshal who required assistance in writing his memoirs. This position left Cournot with considerable time for his own pursuits. In the course of his ten years in the field marshal's employment he took two doctoral degrees, one in mechanics and one in astronomy. In addition, he published a number of articles and even acquired a degree in law.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandmo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandmo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Subsequently, Cournot held positions as professor of mathematics, chief examiner for undergraduate students, and rector of <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences,_Arts_et_Belles-Lettres_de_Dijon" title="Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon">Dijon Academy</a>. </p><p>By the time Cournot died in 1877, he was nearly blind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Augustin_Cournot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Augustin_Cournot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cournot was mainly a mathematician, but had some influence in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. His theories on <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duopoly" title="Duopoly">duopolies</a> are still prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838 the book <i>Researches on Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published, in which he used the application of the formulas and symbols of mathematics in economic analysis. This book was strongly criticized and scarcely successful during Cournot's lifetime. He attempted nonetheless to rewrite it twice. It is influential in economics today. Today many economists believe this book to be the point of departure for modern economic analysis<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=""Many Economists"? What sources support this claim? (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Cournot introduced the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">functions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> into economic analysis<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2022)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>. He derived the first formula for the rule of <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a> as a function of <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">price</a> and was the first to draw supply and demand curves on a graph <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2022)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>, anticipating the work of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a> by roughly thirty years. The <a href="/wiki/Cournot_duopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Cournot duopoly">Cournot duopoly</a> model developed in his book also introduced the concept of a (pure strategy) <a href="/wiki/Nash_equilibrium" title="Nash equilibrium">Nash equilibrium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction function">reaction function</a> and best-response dynamics. </p><p>Cournot believed that economists must utilize the tools of mathematics only to establish probable limits and to express less stable facts in more absolute terms. He further held that the practical uses of mathematics in economics do not necessarily involve strict numerical precision.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the field of economics he is best known for his work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a> theory, <a href="/wiki/Cournot_competition" title="Cournot competition">Cournot competition</a>, which is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Augustin_Cournot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cournot worked on <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> (in physics) and <a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">chance</a>. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_de_Laplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Simon de Laplace">Pierre-Simon de Laplace</a>, who thought that nothing happens by chance, and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, who thought that randomness and causality had nothing to do with each other, Cournot united the concepts, defining randomness as the encounter of two independent causal series.<sup id="cite_ref-TMartin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMartin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition allows randomness even in perfectly deterministic events, and is used to generate random numbers by the combination of unrelated signals (for instance, temperature and sound). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Augustin_Cournot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotelling%27s_law" title="Hotelling's law">Hotelling's linear city model</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Augustin_Cournot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFisher1898" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Irving (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882115">"Cournot and Mathematical Economics"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 119–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1882115">10.2307/1882115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5533">0033-5533</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882115">1882115</a>.</cite><span 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(ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16077-8_9">"Non-Collusive Oligopoly"</a>, <i>Modern Microeconomics</i>, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 215–236, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-16077-8_9">10.1007/978-1-349-16077-8_9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16077-8"><bdi>978-1-349-16077-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Microeconomics&rft.atitle=Non-Collusive+Oligopoly&rft.pages=215-236&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-16077-8_9&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16077-8&rft.aulast=Koutsoyiannis&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-16077-8_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoine_Augustin_Cournot1897" class="citation book cs1">Antoine Augustin Cournot (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AGoGpyJY_SAC"><i>Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth</i></a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches+into+the+Mathematical+Principles+of+the+Theory+of+Wealth&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Antoine+Augustin+Cournot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_AGoGpyJY_SAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerritt1898" class="citation journal cs1">Merritt, F. D. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1819059">"Review of Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 426–430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F250526">10.1086/250526</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1819059">1819059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Review+of+Researches+into+the+Mathematical+Principles+of+the+Theory+of+Wealth&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=426-430&rft.date=1898&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1819059%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F250526&rft.aulast=Merritt&rft.aufirst=F.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1819059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgeworth1898" class="citation journal cs1">Edgeworth, F. Y. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2956713">"Review of Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth.; A Brief Introduction to the Infinitesimal Calculus, Designed Especially to Aid in Reading Mathematical Economics and Statistics, Irving Fisher"</a>. <i>The Economic Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (29): 111–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2956713">10.2307/2956713</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0133">0013-0133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2956713">2956713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Review+of+Researches+into+the+Mathematical+Principles+of+the+Theory+of+Wealth.%3B+A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Infinitesimal+Calculus%2C+Designed+Especially+to+Aid+in+Reading+Mathematical+Economics+and+Statistics%2C+Irving+Fisher&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=111-114&rft.date=1898&rft.issn=0013-0133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2956713%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2956713&rft.aulast=Edgeworth&rft.aufirst=F.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2956713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1938" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Irving (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907051">"Cournot Forty Years Ago"</a>. <i>Econometrica</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 198–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907051">10.2307/1907051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9682">0012-9682</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907051">1907051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=Cournot+Forty+Years+Ago&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=198-202&rft.date=1938&rft.issn=0012-9682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1907051%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1907051&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1907051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarian2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Varian" title="Hal Varian">Varian, Hal R.</a> (2006) [Originally published 1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EA1iQgAACAAJ"><i>Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach</i></a> (Seventh ed.). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393927024" title="Special:BookSources/0393927024"><bdi>0393927024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intermediate+Microeconomics%3A+A+Modern+Approach&rft.pages=490&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0393927024&rft.aulast=Varian&rft.aufirst=Hal+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEA1iQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMartin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TMartin_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThierry_Martin" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thierry Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclo-philo.fr/cournot-a/">"Cournot (A)"</a>. <i>encyclo-philo.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclo-philo.fr&rft.atitle=Cournot+%28A%29&rft.au=Thierry+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclo-philo.fr%2Fcournot-a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Augustin_Cournot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouffut2007" class="citation book cs1">Touffut, Jean-Philippe, ed. (2007). <i>Augustin Cournot: Modelling Economics</i>. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-654-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-654-1"><bdi>978-1-84720-654-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustin+Cournot%3A+Modelling+Economics&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84720-654-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>For an early 20th century evaluation see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cournot, Antoine Augustin"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cournot,_Antoine_Augustin">"Cournot, Antoine Augustin" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cournot%2C+Antoine+Augustin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Augustin_Cournot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Antoine Augustin Cournot">Antoine Augustin Cournot</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Antoine Augustin Cournot">Antoine Augustin Cournot</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509153657/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/cournot.htm">"Antoine Augustin Cournot" in <i>New School Profiles</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cournot.html">"Antoine Augustin Cournot"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antoine+Augustin+Cournot&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FCournot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoine+Augustin+Cournot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGVVXpy4PCDB4HcGTmBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118677144">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50017644">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11897951m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11897951m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436749">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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